INDEX

Figures are denoted by italicized page numbers. Endnotes are denoted by n and note number following the page number.

• abolitionists: Douglass as (see Douglass, Frederick); fugitive slave protection by, 78; The Greek Slave and, 32; legal cases by, 295n53; photographs used by, 71; on Pushkin, 82, 298n96; Shamil influencing, 52; white slavery opposition by, 31, 36
• administration, Wilson’s policies on, 222–224, 348n95
• Adoration of the Kings, The (Dürer), 186
• Adventures in Caucasia (Dumas), 25, 35, 36, 54
• aesthetics: and art and propaganda, 166–167, 177, 186–188, 192, 215, 243; Du Bois on importance of, 184, 186–187, 335n182; racial hierarchies and, 61, 135; Rancière on, 291–292nn10–11; Ruskin on, 90, 110–112, 224–225. See also vision and visual representation
• “Africa” (French), 239
• Agassiz, Louis, 20, 43, 274n25
• Ah Yup, In re, 268n18
• albinos, 76, 83
• Aldridge, Ira, 53–54, 289n177
• Allen, Theodore, 26
• American Gothic (Parks), 253, 254
• American Negro Academy, 238–239, 241
• American Negro Exhibit (Exposition Universelle, Paris): cartography, geography, and, 141, 176–180, 183–188, 329–330n134; civil service recognition in, 204–205; funding for, 176; The Georgia Negro in, 176–179, 178, 184, 186–188, 240–242, 242, 334n172; image of, 185
• Anglo-Saxon whiteness, 5, 79, 106, 114, 130, 142
• Antietam, battle of, 40, 41
• Apollo Belvedere, 62, 135
• Armenians, 16–17, 212
• Askew, Thomas, 184, 334n172
• Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, 175
• At the Museum, Fourth Grade (Johnston), 158, 159
• Axson, Ellen (later Wilson), 28, 213, 222, 225, 349n109

• Baker, Ray Stannard, 233
• Barnard, George, 39, 40
• Barnum, Phineas T.: American Museum and, 19–23, 32, 273n18, 275n33; Caucasian War descriptions by, 29, 46–47; Circassian Beauties of, 19–23, 27–32, 34–38, 46–47, 51, 52, 74, 83, 86, 97, 273n22; white Negro exhibits of, 76
• Beitler, Lawrence, 247–248, 248
• Beloved (Morrison), 194
• Berger, Martin A., 134–135
• Bhagat Singh Thind; United States v., 89, 170, 269n18
• Birth of a Nation (Griffith), 17, 218, 227, 234–238
• Black Atlantic, 7; as term, 145–146
• Black Book, The (Morrison), 193–194, 339n213
• Black History Month, 175
• blackness: of Caucasians, 23–25, 26; citizenship and, 269n19; Confederate flags and, 43; of corpses, 41–42; hair as empowerment signature of, 21; of monument figures, 120, 122, 124–125, 239
• Black Sea Composite series (Painter), 171–173, 328n116; Black Sea Composite 7, 171–173, 172; Black Sea Composite Map 5 Circassians Frequently Sell, 171, 172
• Black’s General Atlas of the World, 146–147, 148–149, 319–320n40
• Black Skin, White Masks (Fanon), 165–166
• Blonde Venus (von Sternberg), 85, 300n114
• Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich: Caucasian skull of, 34, 280n81; on Caucasus as whiteness homeland, 2, 23, 265n4; contesting Circassian claims of, 114; On the Natural Varieties of Mankind by, 23; racial categorization by, 23, 26, 79, 268n15, 276n50, 320n41
• Bobo, Lawrence, 187
• Boucicault, Dion, 76–77, 78, 295n61, 296n66
• Bourdieu, Pierre, 98, 170, 277n55
• Brady, Mathew: Circassian Beauty photography by, 20, 36, 37, 37, 39, 51, 72, 282n106; Civil War photographs by, 39–40; gallery of, 39–40, 282–283nn106,109–110; “Illustrious Americans” by, 33
• Brecht, Bertolt, 55, 297n82
• Brigham, Carl Campbell, 170, 328n112
• British interests in Caucasus, 35–36, 212, 277n57, 281n93
• Brown, John, 52
• Brown, Michael, 1
• Brown, William Wells, 78, 298n96
• Brown v. Board of Education, 256
• Buick, Kirsten Pai, 132, 134, 304–305n19, 313n124
• Burial Party, Cold Harbor, Virginia, A (Reekie), 40, 41

• Calloway, Thomas J., 176, 329–330n134
• Capitol riot (January 6, 2021), 130, 262
• Carolus Linnaeus, 26
• cartes de visite, 70
• cartography: accessibility of maps for study of, 145, 319nn33,35; Caucasian and Circassian inclusion in, 6, 146–147, 152–154, 161–164, 168, 327n102; Caucasus and Caucasian erasure in, 6, 139–146, 150, 152, 154, 156, 169–175, 195–197; census data and, 147, 150, 180–183, 301n120; colonialism, imperialism, and, 143–146, 158, 162, 165–168, 177, 187, 190–191, 198; conceptual filing error in study of, 144, 154, 194; demographic data and, 144, 160; Du Bois’ work with, 141, 176–180, 183–189, 191, 193, 197, 240; educational use of, 136, 137–138, 141–142, 145, 147, 156–198; fugitive pedagogy for narrative correction of / with, 175–198; Homer’s art and, 189–191; Mercator projection distortion of, 166, 168, 177; negation or omissions via, 6, 138–146, 150, 152, 154, 156, 164, 169–175, 184, 188–189, 195–198, 320n45; omissions of history of, 192–193; Painter’s art on, 171–173; production techniques for, 144, 150, 152, 154; as propaganda, 138, 141, 166–167, 186, 188; racial adjudication and, 141, 175–198; racial hierarchies and, 138–143, 150, 152–154, 156, 161, 166–167, 192, 195, 197–198; racial scripts with, 156–168; teaching negative assembly with, 169–175, 195–198; white supremacy and, 138–143, 150, 152, 160, 164–165, 167–168, 177, 179, 187–188, 196–198
• Cartozian; United States v., 17, 212
• Cather, Willa, 83
• Caucasian Chalk Circle, The (Brecht), 55, 297n82
• Caucasian racial whiteness: amnesia regarding, 5, 173–174; anthropological exhibits on, 107–109; beauty standards and, 15–16, 276n47 (see also Circassian Beauties); Blumenbach on (see Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich); cartography inclusion of, 6, 146–147, 152–154, 161–164, 168, 327n102; cartography omissions and, 6, 139–146, 150, 152, 154, 169–175, 195–197; Caucasian War ungrounding, 2, 3–4, 19, 23, 29, 55, 114; Circassian Beauties and, 19–23, 26–38, 54–55, 66–70, 72–79, 83–86, 97; common knowledge / sense of, 6, 66, 87, 89, 116, 126, 129, 268n18; definition of Caucasian and, 320nn46–47; Duveneck’s art and, 93–119, 126, 128–133, 136; eugenics and, 17, 76, 89, 106–107; fictions or myths of, 2–5, 11–12, 19, 22–26, 28–31, 35, 38, 55–56, 65–66, 83–89, 95, 114–115, 125–128, 275n35; immigration and, 5, 11, 86–88, 129, 156, 173, 216; legal cases on, 5–6, 17, 26, 66, 86–89, 115–116, 129, 170, 212, 268–269n18, 301n123; monuments to white common soldiers and, 96–97, 119–125, 129; Orientalism and, 30–31, 35, 98, 109, 117–119; Pushkin and, 31, 76, 79–82, 297n86; racial adjudication to repudiate, 65–70, 72–89, 95–100, 115–116, 125–130, 136, 174; racial categorization and, 26, 79, 268n15; racial science and, 2, 5, 25, 30, 56, 79, 86–87, 89, 115, 129, 170, 262, 268n18; scholarship on visual representation and, 134–135; segregation and, 3, 139–140; Shamil and, 54–55; silence on truth of, 93, 95, 97–99, 112–115, 132, 136; skull as ideal of, 34, 280n81; unsilencing history of, 11–12, 98–99, 125–130, 136, 262–263; white slavery and, 30–35, 36, 278nn64,66–67; Wilson’s interest in, 3, 15–19, 25, 27–29, 56, 86, 198, 212, 257, 262, 271–272n1
• Caucasian Soldier. See Circassian, A (later Caucasian Soldier) (Duveneck)
• Caucasian War: American Civil War and, 3–4, 38–39, 40–41, 46, 50–54, 56; casualties of, 4, 46, 49–50; Caucasian racial whiteness ungrounded in, 2, 3–4, 19, 23, 29, 55, 114; Chechen conflict and, 266n6; Circassian Beauties and, 29, 46–47, 52; Circassians in, 4, 6, 29, 38–39, 46–56, 114, 269n21, 285n141, 287n165; historical omissions of, 47, 277n57; media coverage of, 38–39, 46–51, 54; memorabilia and collections from, 38–39; Shamil as resistance leader in (see Shamil); uprisings following, 54, 79, 96
• Caucasus: cartography erasure of, 139–146, 152, 156, 169–175, 195–197; cartography inclusion, 146–147, 161–162; Christianity ties to, 25–26, 35, 37, 49, 86, 276n46; Cossacks in, 47, 49, 286nn148–149; demographic complexity of, 3–4, 19, 26, 79, 86–87, 127, 168, 173; descriptions of, 35, 47, 145; language and speech in, 55, 168, 169–170, 290n187; racial whiteness from (see Caucasian racial whiteness); self-determination of stateless nations in, 4, 16–17, 212
• census data, 87, 147, 150, 180–183, 181, 301nn120,122
• Chardin, Sir John (Jean), 26, 27, 34, 265n4, 276n47
• Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, 88
• Christianity, Caucasus ties to, 25–26, 35, 37, 49, 86, 276n46
• Cincinnati Art Museum / Art Academy, 103–105, 104, 306n33
• Circassian, A (later Caucasian Soldier) (Duveneck), 91, 93–102, 94, 109–114, 119, 126, 128–133, 133, 136, 308–309nn65
• Circassian Beauties: on the Bowery, 72–73; Caucasian racial whiteness and, 19–23, 26–38, 54–55, 66–70, 72–79, 83–86, 97; Caucasian War and, 29, 46–47, 52; debut of, 273n18; dress or costumes of, 30, 37, 66; Eisenmann’s photographs of, 30, 66–70, 72–78 (see also specific images); hair of, 19–21, 31, 34, 35–37, 75, 83; as Jackson Whites, 84; omissions of racial identities of, 83–85; posing of, 51, 66–69; racial hierarchies challenged by, 21, 29, 35, 66–70, 76, 78; racial science and, 21, 23, 30; scrutiny and assessment of, 75, 295n52; Shamil and, 35–37, 51, 54–55, 70; trope persistence for, 85–86; white slavery and, 30–35, 36, 278nn64,66–67
• Circassian Beauties (Brady), 37, 37
• Circassian Beauty (Brady), 20, 36
• Circassian Beauty (Eisenmann, 1880), 22, 67
• Circassian Beauty (Eisenmann, undated), 22, 30, 67, 68
• Circassians: cartographic omissions of, 6, 150, 152, 154, 169; cartographic references to, 6, 146–147, 152–154; in Caucasian War, 4, 6, 29, 38–39, 46–56, 114, 269n21, 285n141, 287n165; as Circassian Beauties (see Circassian Beauties); commercialization of, 34; descendants on history of, 262–263; Duveneck’s art on, 91, 93–119, 126, 128–133, 136; flag of, 263, 281n93; historical omissions of, 47, 285n141; independence movement by, 285n141; Native American comparison to, 48–49; postwar uprisings of, 54, 96; Shamil as resistance leader of (see Shamil)
• citizenship, 6, 63, 87–89, 122, 269n19, 301n123
• civil rights movement, 249, 252, 260–261
• civil service: interpretation of discrimination in, 230–231, 236; positions in, 342n29; segregation in, 199–202, 204–209, 213–215, 222–223, 226–231, 236, 342–343nn30–31
• Civil War, US: blackened corpses of, 41–42; casualties of, 4, 40–42, 49–50, 283n117; Caucasian War and, 3–4, 38–39, 40–41, 46, 50–54, 56; 50th anniversary of, 211–212; monuments to white common soldiers of, 96–97, 119–125, 129; paintings of, 43, 45; photographs of, 39–40; second founding of US with, 8, 56–57, 253; Wilson on, 211–212, 215. See also Confederacy
• Cliff, Michelle, 110, 307n52
• Clifford, J. R., 214, 214, 219, 345n59
• “Climatic Chart of the World. Showing the Distribution of the Human Race and the Animal & Vegetable Kingdoms” (Yaggy), 164
• colonialism: cartography and, 143–146, 158, 162, 165–168, 177, 187, 190–191, 198; Caucasian War and, 266n6
• Committee on Public Information, Foreign Press Bureau, 226
• confections. See racial fictions or myths
• Confederacy: Barnum opposition by, 22; Caucasians comparison to, 4, 50–51; Caucasus geography education by, 147; flags and emblems for, 42–43, 44, 284n127; Lost Cause narrative for, 121, 235, 261; monuments and memorials to, 109, 121–125, 234–235, 259–261, 352n147
• Congressional Government (Wilson), 52, 213
• constructive imagination, 10, 223–224, 349n101
• Correspondents’ Club, The, 231
• Cossacks, 47, 49, 286nn148–149
• Craft, Ellen and William, 77–78, 296nn74, 76
• Cram, George F. & Co.: People’s Illustrated and Descriptive Family Atlas of the World Indexed, 152, 153; Unrivaled Atlas of the World, Indexed, 144, 154, 155, 321n51
• Crimean War, 19, 40, 51, 277n57
• Crisis, The, 184, 186, 201, 206, 234
• “Criteria of Negro Art” (Du Bois), 184, 243
• critical race theory, 141, 195–196, 339n218
• Cromwell, John Wesley, 241
• Crosscurrents (Homer), 191, 191
• Curée, La (Zola), 74

• Davis, Jefferson, 4, 22, 234
• Dietrich, Marlene, 85, 300n114
• Dillingham Commission, 268n15
• dime museums, 72–73
• Disdéri, André Adolphe Eugène, 70
• Donahue, M.A. / M.A. Donahue & Co., 232
• Douglass, Charles R., 206
• Douglass, Frederick: books and catalogues of, 90–91, 126, 128; on contrast, 64, 90; The Greek Slave miniature owned by, 32; images of, 60, 61, 122, 204; “Lessons of the Hour” speech by, 90, 179; on lynching, 245; My Bondage and My Freedom by, 4–5, 64, 65; on “Negro Problem,” 181; “Our Composite Nationality” speech by, 88; on photography, 8–10, 61, 64–66, 70–72, 74–75; “Pictures and Progress” speech by, 8–9, 59–61, 63–64, 66, 71–72; on Punch, 33; Pushkin and, 82; racial adjudication by, 8–10, 56–57, 59–61, 63–66, 70–72, 74, 88, 89–91; on thought pictures, 9, 64, 69, 75, 270n28; in Washington, DC, 204, 204
• Du Bois, W. E. B.: cartography work of, 141, 176–180, 183–189, 191, 193, 197, 240; “Criteria of Negro Art” by, 184, 243; on educational pedagogy, 137, 197; The Georgia Negro by, 176–179, 178, 184, 186–188, 240–242, 242, 334n172; “Government Clerks,” 204, 205; at Harvard, 112, 147, 182, 333n162; “Jesus Christ in Georgia” (later “in Texas”) by, 186, 335n179; on lynching, 179, 186, 246, 335n179; Murray’s critique of and discord with, 239–241, 243, 354n168, 355n173; in Niagara Movement, 214, 214; personal history of, 177; The Philadelphia Negro by, 180; The Princess Steel by, 240; on propaganda, 141, 166–167, 184, 186, 188, 215, 243; The Souls of Black Folk by, 177, 335n182; “The Souls of White Folk” by, 141, 187–188; as teacher, 179–180, 183, 213; “Valuation of Town and City Property Owned by Georgia Negroes,” 241, 242; on visual representation as truth-telling, 64; on white supremacy, 187–188, 240; Wilson and, 206, 213, 220; on World War I military racism, 233–234
• Dumas, Alexandre, 25, 35, 36, 54
• Dürer, Albrecht, 186
• Duveneck, Frank: A Circassian (later Caucasian Soldier) by, 91, 93–102, 94, 109–114, 119, 126, 128–133, 133, 136, 308–309nn65; Head of a Black Woman by, 102–105, 103; images of, 104; James and, 95, 101, 113, 118, 309n66; painting style and training of, 95, 100–107; at Panama-Pacific International Exposition, 105–106; personal history of, 120, 128, 309n66; sculptures by, 120; signature of, 101, 305n22; The Turkish Page by, 117, 117–118
• Dyer, Leonidas, 238

• “Earth, The” (Cram’s Unrivaled Atlas of the World, Indexed), 155
• education: cartography and geography in, 136, 137–138, 141–142, 145, 147, 156–198; criminalization of black literacy in, 175; critical race theory in, 141, 195–196, 339n218; fugitive pedagogy for narrative correction in, 175–198; racial scripts in, 156–168; teaching negative assembly in, 169–175, 195–198. See also specific institutions
• Eisenmann, Charles, 22, 30, 30, 66–70, 67, 68, 72–78
• Eisgruber, Christopher L., 203, 220
• Eliot, Charles W., 120, 161, 181–182, 349n101
• Emancipation and the Freed in American Sculpture (Murray), 215, 236, 238–239, 241, 243, 353n150, 355n179
• embalming, 42
• environmental determinism, 160
• Ethiopian, 239
• “Ethnographical Chart of the World Shewing the Distribution and Varieties of the Human Race” (Black’s General Atlas of the World), 146–147, 148–149
• “Ethnographical Chart of the World Shewing the Distribution and Varieties of the Human Race” (Scribner-Black Atlas of the World), 151
• Eugene Onegin (Pushkin), 80
• eugenics, 10, 17, 76, 89, 106–107, 213, 226, 307n44
• Exposition Universelle, Paris, American Negro Exhibit at. See American Negro Exhibit
• Extent of the Negro Problem. Social Conditions, United States Census of 1900. Composition and Distribution of Population (Gannett), 180–183, 181

• Fanon, Frantz, 165–166
• Farm Security Administration (FSA) project, 249, 252
• Faust, Drew Gilpin, 40–42, 50, 121
• fictions, racial. See racial fictions or myths
• Fields, Lew, 72
• figuring, 159–161, 166, 213, 226, 228
• Fillmore, Millard, 62
• “Five Zones Showing in a Graphic Manner the Climates, Peoples, Industries & Productions of the Earth, The” (Yaggy), 162, 163
• Fleetwood, Nicole, 145, 269n20
• Frederick Douglass (Miller), 60
• Freedman, The (Ward), 122, 123
• Freedom’s Banner. Charley, A Slave Boy from New Orleans (Paxson), 71
• Free Enterprise (Cliff), 110, 307n52
• French, Daniel Chester, 239
• friction, racial, 221–222
• FSA (Farm Security Administration) project, 249, 252
• fugitive pedagogy, in geography education, 175–198
• fugitives from slavery, 62–63, 77–78, 88–89, 296nn74,76, 302n130
• Fugitive Slave Act (1850), 62–63, 77–78

• Galton, Francis, 107
• Gannett, Henry, 180
• Gardner, Alexander, 39, 40
• Garner, Margaret, 194
• Garrison, William Lloyd, 160
• Gaston, James McFadden, 43
• Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.: on Blumenbach’s racial categorization, 26; on Douglass, 90; on Redemption, 18, 273n19; on segregation, 224; on signifying, 187; on white supremacy, 2, 140
• gender: idealized white womanhood and, 131; Shamil’s feminization and, 54–55; white slavery and, 30–35, 36; women as public speakers and, 296n76
• geography: educational study of, 136, 137–138, 141–142, 145, 147, 156–198; figuring through, 159–161, 166; fugitive pedagogy for narrative correction of / with, 175–198; mapping of (see cartography); Orientalism and, 31, 118–119; racial scripts for, 156–168
• Geography. Class in Current Events (Johnston), 157, 157
• Geography: Studying the Seasons (Johnston), 137, 138, 141, 187
• Georgia Negro, The. A Social Study (Du Bois), 176–179, 178, 184, 186–188, 240–242, 242, 334n172
• gerrymandering, 141, 196
• Gettysburg, battle of, 41–42, 211–212
• Gibson, James, 39
• Gilman, Daniel Coit, 160
• Givens, Jarvis R., 168, 175, 197
• Gliddon, George R., 61–62, 62
• Gooding-Williams, Robert, 186, 188
• Gorky, Maxim, 23
• “Government Clerks” (Du Bois), 204, 205. See also civil service
• Great Depression, 249, 252
• Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations, 33–34
• Greek Slave, The (Powers), 32–33, 33, 238, 279n74, 280n76
• Griffith, D. W., 17, 218, 227, 234–238
• Grimké, Archibald (“Archie”), 209, 230–231, 252
• Grimké, Francis J., 219
• Gruzinsky, Pyotr Nikolayevich, 48, 48
• Gulf Stream, The (Homer), 189, 189–191, 336nn192–193

• hair: as black empowerment signature, 21; of Circassian Beauties, 19–21, 31, 34, 35–37, 75, 83; of Pushkin, 80–82; of Shamil, 36–37, 290n184; as signifier of racial quality, 274n25
• Hamlin, Charles S., 208, 226–229, 231
• Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute: geography education at, 137, 142, 156–158, 161, 187, 197, 321n57; Making Negro Lives Count series by, 237; Peabody as trustee of, 182; pedagogy of, 137
• Harbord, James G., 15–16, 18, 86, 271–272n1
• Hartfield, John, 245, 245
• Harvard University: Du Bois at, 112, 147, 182, 333n162; geology and geography at, 147, 167, 170, 180–182, 338n208; social reform and social ethics at, 181–183, 183, 332–333nn156–159, 161–162, 165
• Head of a Black Woman (Kinkead and Duveneck), 102–105, 103
• Heirlooms & Accessories (Marshall), 248–249, 250–251
• Hershaw, Lafayette M., 214
• Heth, Joice, 21
• Hhareem, Cairo, The (Lewis), 67, 69
• History of the American People, A (Wilson), 52, 215, 236
• Hobbes, Thomas, 209, 211
• Hoffman, Frederick, 180
• Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 39–40, 70, 90, 107
• Homer, Winslow: Crosscurrents by, 191, 191; dignified black subjects painted by, 105, 189–190, 336n192; The Gulf Stream by, 189, 189–191, 336nn192–193; The Veteran in a New Field by, 43, 45, 45
• hooks, bell, 192
• Hooper, Alice Sturgis, 100, 109–114, 147, 307n52, 308–309nn65
• Hooper, Samuel, 147
• Hooper, William Sturgis, 110
• Hopper, Edward, 130
• Horizon, The, 214, 215, 239, 355n173
• Horsman, Reginald, 26
• Hose, Sam, 176
• Hottentot Venus (Sara Baartman), 295n53
• housing, segregation of, 141, 203, 221
• Hughes, Langston, 23–25, 25, 64, 203–204, 275n40
• Human Statue of Liberty (Mole and Thomas), 211
• Human U.S. Shield, The (Mole and Thomas), 211, 254–255
• Huxley, T. H., 54, 295n52

• “Illustrious Americans” (Brady), 33
• images. See photography; vision and visual representation; specific images by title
• Imam Shamil with His Sons (Roinashvili), 37
• immigration: cartography and, 147, 156, 160; Caucasian racial whiteness and, 5, 11, 86–88, 129, 156, 173, 216; eugenics and, 17, 106–107; racial detailing and visual tactics for, 216–217; Wilson’s policies on, 17
• imperialism, 143–146, 167–168, 177, 187, 190–191, 198
• Indigenous peoples. See Native Americans
• inkwell (Pushkin), 79–80, 80, 297n86
• internationalism, 212
• Islam: Caucasus tied to, 4, 96, 127; Shamil as Imam of, 37, 54, 55, 127

• Jackson Whites, 84
• Jacobs-Jenkins, Branden, 296n66
• Jacobson, Matthew Frye, 5, 26, 74, 106, 173
• James, Henry, 95, 101, 113, 118, 309n66
• “Jesus Christ in Georgia” (later “in Texas”) (Du Bois), 186, 335n179
• Jim Crow rules. See segregation
• John, 1st Baron Byron (Wiley), 132–134, 133
• “John Hartfield Will Be Lynched by Ellisville Mob at 5 O’Clock This Afternoon” (New Orleans States), 245, 245
• Johnson, James Weldon, 246
• Johnston, Frances Benjamin: At the Museum, Fourth Grade by, 158, 159; Geography. Class in Current Events by, 157, 157; Geography: Studying the Seasons by, 137, 138, 141, 187; Hampton Album by, 157–158, 161; Harvard Social Museum including work of, 183
• Jones, Alice, 115–116
• Journey to Arzrum, The (Pushkin), 80, 297n88, 299n97

• Kant, Immanuel, 32, 34, 270n28, 273n17, 278n64, 357n196
• Karabakhski “Arab” Negro Mountaineer, 24
• Keith’s, 27–28, 28
• Kelly, Lucretia Mott, 206
• Kendrick, Hattie D., 256
• Kendrick, Ruby (Moyse), 199–202, 200, 209, 256
• Kendrick, Swan M.: family of, 256–257, 341n9; images of, 200; segregation and discrimination opposition by, 201, 209, 214, 219–220, 230–234, 256; segregation experiences of, 199–202, 203, 253
• Kendrick Brooks, Charlotte Swan, 256–257
• Kendrick Brooks, Joseph, 256
• Kennan, George, 23, 114, 125–128
• King, Martin Luther, Jr., 260
• Kinkead, Mary, 103, 103, 306n33
• Kiprensky, Orest Adamovich, 81, 81
• Koestler, Arthur, 25
• Ku Klux Klan, 17, 234

• Lamprey, J. H., 295n52
• Lee, Shadrach Emmanuel, 197–198
• legal cases: by abolitionists, 295n53; on Caucasian racial whiteness, 5–6, 17, 26, 66, 86–89, 115–116, 129, 170, 212, 268–269n18, 301n123; photography as evidence for, 115; for racial adjudication, 86–89; on segregation, 142, 256, 350n127. See also specific cases
• Leja, Michael, 75, 158, 315n135
• L’Esperance (Pushman), 15–16, 16
• “Lessons of the Hour” (Douglass), 90, 179
• Leviathan (Hobbes), 209, 211
• Levick, Edwin, 216–217, 217
• Lewis, John Frederick, 67, 69
• Link, Arthur S., 220
• Living American Flag, The (Mole and Thomas), 211
• Locke, Alain, 64, 184, 189, 215, 221, 241, 243
• Lodge, Henry Cabot, 332n156
• Lothrop, Thornton Kirkland, 110, 307n54
• Lothrop, William Sturgis Hooper, 112, 147
• lynching: advertisements for, 244–245; antilynching legislation, 238, 249, 354n158; Du Bois on, 179, 186, 246, 335n179; NAACP on, 206, 208, 244, 244, 246, 335n179; racial detailing to protest, 243–249; white supremacy and, 140; Wilson on, 206, 272n10

• mapping. See cartography
• Marx, Karl, 114
• mass meetings, 230
• Maury, Matthew Fontaine, 190–191, 337n195
• McAdoo, William, 221, 227
• Meeropol, Abel, 247
• Meiners, Christoph, 34, 265n4
• Mellon, Andrew W., 261
• Michigan Soldiers and Sailors Monument (Rogers), 120
• Miller, Samuel J., 60
• Milmore, Martin, 121, 121
• Mitchell, W. J. T., 7, 134, 145, 314–315n134, 318n24
• mobility of objects, 170–171, 328n115
• Mole, Arthur S., 209–211, 210, 254–255, 256, 344nn48–49
• monuments and memorials: to black soldiers / people, 120, 122, 124–125, 239; to Confederacy, 109, 121–125, 234–235, 259–261, 352n147; as invisible, 235; to white common soldiers, 96–97, 119–125, 129
• Morrison, Toni: Beloved by, 194; The Black Book by, 193–194, 339n213; on Caucasian racial whiteness, 169; Playing in the Dark by, 7, 112, 339n213; on silences and omissions, 7, 83, 112, 174, 193–194, 339n213; vision scholarship by, 134
• Morse, Sidney Edwards, 150
• Mother Goose nursery rhymes, 232
• Mountaineers Leave the Aul, The (Gruzinsky), 48, 48
• Moyse, Ruby (later Kendrick), 199–202, 200, 209, 256
• Murray, Daniel, 176
• Murray, Freeman Henry Morris: Du Bois critique by and discord with, 239–241, 243, 354n168, 355n173; Emancipation and the Freed in American Sculpture by, 215, 236, 238–239, 241, 243, 353n150, 355n179; on The Greek Slave, 32; The Horizon and, 214, 215, 239, 355n173; in Niagara Movement, 213–214, 214; segregation and discrimination opposition by, 213–215, 219–220, 236, 238–240, 253, 256; on visual representation as truth-telling, 64
• Museum Epiphany III (Prosperi), 130–132, 131
• Museum of Fine Arts, Boston: A Circassian (later Caucasian Solider) (Duveneck) in, 91, 93–97, 94, 100, 109, 113–114, 119, 126, 128, 130–132, 133; Hooper as patron of, 100, 109–114, 147; John, 1st Baron Byron (Wiley) in, 132–134, 133; Museum Epiphany III (Prosperi) in, 130–132, 131; Slave Ship (Turner) in, 109, 112
• Muslims. See Islam
• My Bondage and My Freedom (Douglass), 4–5, 64, 65
• myths, racial. See racial fictions or myths

• NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People): lynching and racial violence opposition by, 206, 208, 244, 244, 246, 335n179; segregation opposition by, 208–209, 230–231
• Nast, Thomas, 124–125, 125
• National Independent Political League (NIPL), 219, 230
• Native Americans: Circassians comparison to, 48–49; geography education characterization of, 158–160, 164; terminology for, 315n1
• nativism, 86–88, 89, 147, 232
• negation and negative assembly: in cartography and geography, 6, 138–146, 150, 152, 154, 156, 164, 169–175, 184, 188–189, 195–198, 320n45; critical race theory and, 141, 195–196; definition and meaning of, 141, 315–316n4; negative sight and, 139; and Paul C. Taylor on assembly, 143; as propaganda, 188; racial domination, white supremacy, and, 1–2, 56, 139–140, 142, 198, 257; on segregation, 202; teaching of, 169–175, 195–198; at World’s Fair, 179. See also omissions
• Negro Problem, The (Washington), 180–181
• New Orleans States, 245
• New-York Caucasian, 193–194, 194, 338n212
• New York City, NY: Circassian Beauties in (see Circassian Beauties); Civil War and, 283n114; Ellen Axson in, 28, 225, 349n109; Mathew Brady studio in, 39–40, 72, 282–283nn106, 109–110; Silent Protest Parade in, 246, 247
• New York Public Library, 139; Map Division, 145
• Niagara Movement, 213–214, 214
• NIPL (National Independent Political League), 219, 230
• Nordic whiteness, 5, 79
• Norfleet, Barbara (“Bobbie”), 333n165
• Nott, Josiah Clark, 61–62, 62
• Now and Forever (Marshall), 259, 260, 261
• Nydia, the Blind Girl of Pompeii (Rogers), 131

• Octoroon, An (Jacobs-Jenkins), 296n66
• Octoroon, The (Boucicault), 76–77, 78, 295n61, 296n66
• omissions: of black Americans in World’s Columbian Exposition, 179; in cartography and geography, 6, 138–146, 150, 152, 154, 156, 164, 169–175, 184, 188–189, 195–198, 320n45; of cartography history, 192–193; of Caucasian War, 47, 277n57; of Circassian Beauties’ racial identities, 83–85; of Circassian history, 47, 285n141; critical race theory and, 141, 195–196; in gerrymandering, 141, 196; Morrison on, 7, 83, 112, 174, 193–194, 339n213; of segregation policy, 202, 206–207, 211, 213, 219–221, 227–228, 230–231; of segregation solutions, 215–216; of whiteness and white supremacy, 1–2, 139–140, 142. See also negation and negative assembly; silence
• “On the Different Races of Mankind” (Kant), 273n17, 357n196
• On the Natural Variety of Mankind (Blumenbach), 23
• “Ontogeny” exhibit (Panama-California Exposition), 108
• Orientalism, 30–31, 35, 98, 109, 117–119
• O’Sullivan, Timothy, 39
• O’Toole, Patricia, 220
• “Our Composite Nationality” (Douglass), 88

• Painter, Nell, 11, 26, 86, 124, 171–173, 172, 328n116
• Panama-California Exposition, 107–109, 108
• Panama-Pacific International Exposition, 105–107
• Paris Exposition, American Negro Exhibit at. See American Negro Exhibit
• Parks, Gordon, 249, 252–253, 254, 256
• “Patience on a Monument” (Nast), 124, 125
• Paxson, Charles, 71
• Peabody, Francis Greenwood, 181–183, 332n156, 333n162
• Pens at Ellis Island, Registry Room, The (Levick), 216–217, 217
• People’s Illustrated and Descriptive Family Atlas of the World Indexed, 152, 153
• period eye, 202, 341n20
• Philadelphia Negro, The (Du Bois), 180
• photography: albums displaying, 73–74; cartes de visite and, 70; of Circassian Beauties (see Circassian Beauties); Civil War shift in, 39–40; contrast with, 64; Douglass on, 8–10, 61, 64–66, 70–72, 74–75; fictions and myths unmasked by, 70–71, 74–75, 77; as legal evidence, 115; of moon, 70, 293n30; scrutiny and assessment of, 74–75; sculpture and, 120; social power of, 64, 70, 73; Wilson’s interest in, 226. See also specific images by title
• Physical Geography of the Sea, The (Maury), 190
• “Pictures and Progress” (Douglass), 8–9, 59–61, 63–64, 66, 71–72
• picturing, 7, 12, 41, 61, 68, 89–90, 292n12. See also photography; vision and visual representation; specific images by title
• Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (Morrison), 7, 112, 339n213
• Plessy v. Ferguson, 142
• politics: administration separation from, 222–224; cartography use for, 192; eugenics and, 106; visual representation and, 8–9, 59–61, 63, 90
• polygenesis, 26, 43, 61
• Poole, Ernest, 226
• Portrait of Imam Shamil, 36
• Portrait of James the White Negro (Willson), 76
• Portrait of the Poet Alexander Pushkin (Kiprensky), 81, 81
• Powers, Hiram, 32–33, 33, 238, 279n74, 280n76
• Prest, Thomas Peckett, 51
• Princess Steel, The (formerly The Megascope) (Du Bois), 240
• Princeton University, 52, 203, 207, 213, 220, 226
• Prisoner of the Caucasus, A (Pushkin), 31, 79–80, 297n88, 299n97
• propaganda, 138, 141, 166–167, 184, 186, 188, 215, 243
• Prosperi, Warren and Lucia, 130–132, 131
• Public Health Service Dispensary #32, 207, 208
• Punch; or, The London Charivari, 33
• Pushkin, Alexander: on Caucasian War, 49; Douglass and, 82; Eugene Onegin by, 80; images of, 80–82, 81; inkwell of, 79–80, 80, 297n86; The Journey to Arzrum by, 80, 297n88, 299n97; A Prisoner of the Caucasus by, 31, 79–80, 297n88, 299n97; racial identity and ancestry of, 79–82, 297n86, 298–299nn90,96–97
• Pushman, Hovsep, 15–16, 16

• racial adjudication: cartography, geography, and, 141, 175–198; contrast and, 64, 90; Douglass’ work for, 8–10, 56–57, 59–61, 63–66, 70–72, 74, 88, 89–91; fugitives from slavery and, 62–63, 77–78, 88–89; legal cases for, 86–89; of racial whiteness, 65–70, 72–89, 95–100, 115–116, 125–130, 136, 174; segregation opposition for, 201, 207, 208–209, 213–219, 227–228, 230–257; unsilencing racial history as, 11–13, 98–99, 125–130, 136, 257, 262–263
• racial detailing: interpretation as countermeasure to, 230–231, 239; as protest, 243–257; segregation and, 10–11, 202–203, 208, 209, 212–213, 216–219, 223–227, 230–231, 239
• “Racial Differences” exhibit (Panama-California Exposition), 108
• racial domination: cartography and geography as tool for, 166–168, 179, 187–188, 192, 197–198; Confederacy support for, 43; federal government regime of, 28; negation or omission for narratives of, 1–2, 56, 139–140, 142, 198, 257; racial detailing for, 202, 213, 230–231; racial fictions and myths underlying, 19, 28–29, 56–57, 65–66, 83, 90, 257; segregation for, 29, 56, 202–203, 213, 215–216, 230–231; vision, visual representation, and, 2, 7, 56–57, 61–66, 71, 90, 235–236; World War I grounding of, 18. See also white supremacy
• racial fictions or myths: of Caucasian racial whiteness, 2–5, 11–12, 19, 22–26, 28–31, 35, 38, 55–56, 65–66, 83–89, 95, 114–115, 125–128, 275n35; negative evidence to support (see negation and negative assembly; omissions; silence); photography unmasking, 70–71, 74–75, 77; racial adjudication to combat (see racial adjudication); on racial domination, 19, 28–29, 56–57, 65–66, 83, 90, 257
• racial friction, 221–222
• racial hierarchies: aesthetics and, 61, 135; cartography and, 138–143, 150, 152–154, 156, 161, 166–167, 192, 195, 197–198; Circassian Beauties challenging, 21, 29, 35, 66–70, 76, 78; Civil War images challenging, 41–42; lynching to reinforce, 244; monuments to white common soldiers enforcing, 120, 122; negation or omissions to sustain, 2, 8, 139–142; racial fictions and myths underlying, 2–3, 19, 28–29, 56–57, 257; segregation to maintain (see segregation); unsilencing history of, 98–99, 257; vision, visual representations, and, 6–7, 64, 66–67, 70, 78, 97–98, 292n12
• racial profiling, 202
• racial science: Caucasian racial whiteness and, 2, 5, 25, 30, 56, 79, 86–87, 89, 115, 129, 170, 262, 268n18; Circassian Beauties and, 21, 23, 30; development of, 266n5; eugenics and, 106–107; hair in, 274n25. See also scientific racism
• racial stereotypes. See stereotypes
• racial violence: fugitive pedagogy to combat, 175, 176–177; lynching as (see lynching); monuments addressing, 124; segregation and, 206, 208, 212, 238, 243–249; white supremacy and, 140, 176–177, 261; Wilson on, 17–18, 206, 246, 272n10
• racial whiteness. See whiteness
• Ralph, Joseph, 228–229
• Rancière, Jacques, 63, 291–292nn10–11
• rational management, 221–222, 226
• “Real Thing, The” (James), 118
• Red Cross Magazine, 231–232
• Redemption, 18, 273n19
• redlining, 141, 203
• Reekie, John, 40, 41
• representation. See vision and visual representation
• Rhinelander v. Rhinelander, 115–116
• Riis, Jacob, 226
• Robert Gould Shaw and the 54th Regiment Memorial (Saint-Gaudens), 121, 122
• Roediger, David, 26, 167
• Rogers, Randolph, 120, 131
• Roinashvili, Alexander, 37
• Roosevelt, Franklin, 249
• Roosevelt, Theodore, 107, 114, 206
• Roxbury Soldier monument, 121, 121
• Ruskin, John, 90, 110–112, 224
• Russians: Caucasian racial division from, 276n48; Caucasian War with (see Caucasian War); Crimean War with, 19, 40, 51, 277n57; Pushkin as (see Pushkin, Alexander); Russian-Turkish War of 1877–1878 with, 79; Shamil’s reception studied by, 267n12

• Saint-Gaudens, Augustus, 121, 122
• Sapphira and the Slave Girl (Cather), 83
• Saturday Evening Post, 232
• Sayce, Archibald H., 16
• Sayre, Francis B., Jr., 260–261
• Schamyl; or the Wild Woman of Circassia. An Original Historical Romance (Prest), 51
• Schamyl, the Circassian Chief, 52, 53, 288n172
• Schomburg, Arturo, 239, 241
• scientific racism: Caucasian racial whiteness and, 3, 18, 24, 79, 115, 140; Enlightenment and, 266n5; eugenics and, 107. See also racial science
• Scribner-Black Atlas of the World, 150, 151, 152, 319n40
• segregation: and Archibald Grimké, 230–231, 252; Birth of a Nation and, 17, 218, 227, 234–238; cartography, geography, and, 141–142, 158, 161, 324n76; Caucasian racial whiteness and, 3, 139–140; and Charles S. Hamlin, 208, 216, 226–229; civil service and, 199–202, 204–209, 213–215, 222–223, 226–231, 236, 342–343nn30–31; Great Migration to escape, 199; interpretation as countermeasure to, 230–243; legal cases on, 142, 256, 350n127; legislation outlawing, 249, 256; letter-writing campaign to dispute, 231–234; lynching and, 238, 243–249; mapping of, 226–230; opposition to, 201, 207, 208–209, 213–219, 227–228, 230–257; racial detailing and, 10–11, 202–203, 208, 209, 212–213, 216–219, 223–227, 230–231, 239; racial domination via, 29, 56, 202–203, 213, 215–216, 230–231; racial violence and, 206, 208, 212, 238, 243–249; rational management approach to, 221–222, 226; solutions to resist, 215–216, 230–231; as unseen / unspoken yet inaugurated, 202–203, 206–208, 211, 213, 219–221, 224, 226–228, 230–231; Wilson policies on, 3, 17, 161, 199–204, 206–209, 211–216, 219–228
• Sekula, Allan, 70, 165
• Sentinel, The; or Soldier of the Line (Rogers), 120
• sexuality, 30, 84, 233. See also white slavery
• Seymour, Horatio, 40, 124
• Shahid, Ex parte, 89
• Shamil: books about, 51–52, 267n10, 288–289n168; Caucasian racial whiteness and, 54–55; Circassian Beauties and, 35–37, 51, 54–55, 70; Davis comparison to, 4; feminization of, 54–55; hair of / like, 36–37, 290n184; images of, 36, 37, 51, 289n177; imprisonment of, 52–54, 289n174; Islamic identity of, 37, 54, 55, 127; plays and operas about, 36, 51, 52, 53, 288–289nn172–175; Russian scholarship on, 267n12; Wilson on, 52
• Shipp, Thomas, 247, 248
• sight. See vision and visual representation
• silence: on black lives and experiences, 7, 179, 299n101; of the Blonde Venus, 85; on Caucasian racial whiteness truth, 93, 95, 97–99, 112–115, 132, 136; on A Circassian title change, 129; in historical records of racial issues, 7, 83, 98–99, 304–305n19; on segregation, 202, 206–208, 211, 213, 219–220, 227–228, 230–231; on slavery, 112–113, 238; unsilencing racial history vs., 11–13, 98–99, 125–130, 136, 257, 262–263; of Wilson on racial violence, 18, 206, 246. See also omissions
• Silent Protest Parade, 246, 247
• Sincerely Yours, Woodrow Wilson 21,000 Officers and Men, Camp Sherman, Chillicothe, Ohio, Brig. Gen. Mathew C. Smith, Commanding (Mole and Thomas), 209–211, 210
• Sir John Chardin with an Unknown Male Attendant (unknown), 27
• Slave Girl from New Orleans, A (Paxson), 71
• slavery: abolitionist stance against (see abolitionists); as commodification of humans, 202; Confederacy support for, 43; fugitives from, 62–63, 77–78, 88–89, 296nn74,76, 302n130; The Greek Slave symbolizing, 32–33, 238; monuments addressing, 124; New-York Caucasian support for, 193; Redemption backlash following, 18; social death inherent to, 61; transatlantic, 31–33, 35, 177; Turner’s art on, 109–114; white, 30–35, 36, 278nn64, 66–67; Wilson on, 215
• Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon Coming On) (Turner), 109–114, 111
• Smith, Abram, 247, 248
• Smith, James McCune, 4, 64, 65
• Sochi, 51, 269n21, 285n141
• Social Ethics Museum (Harvard University), 181–183, 183, 332–333n159, 165
• Soldiers and Sailors Monument (Milmore), 121, 121
• Souls of Black Folk, The (Du Bois), 177, 335n182
• “Souls of White Folk, The” (Du Bois), 141, 187–188
• South Africa, apartheid in, 158
• sovereign power, 209, 211
• State, The (Wilson), 213, 345n58
• stereotypes: cartography omissions reinforcing, 174; Circassian Beauties and, 30; photographs challenging, 9, 61, 63, 64–65, 184; racial profiling with, 202; war of imagery on, 192
• sterilization laws, 106–107
• Stone Mountain, 109, 234, 235
• “Strange Fruit” (Meeropol), 247
• strikes, labor, 212
• Stryker, Roy, 252–253
• “Study of Administration, The” (Wilson), 222
• “Study of Politics, The” (Wilson), 223
• surrogation, 293n20
• sutures, 6, 269n20
• Systema Naturae (Carolus Linnaeus), 26

• Taft, William Howard and administration, 201, 204, 206
• Takao Ozawa v. United States, 89, 269n18
• Terrell, Mary Church, 229, 350n127
• “This Is a White Man’s Government” cartoon (Nast), 124–125
• Thomas, John D., 209–211, 210, 254–255
• 369th Infantry Regiment, Harlem Hellfighters (Van Der Zee), 217–218, 218
• Trotter, William Monroe, 219–220, 222, 237
• Trouillot, Michel-Rolph, 3, 12, 28, 95, 98, 143, 167, 277n55
• Truth, Sojourner, 63
• Tsarnaev, Dzhokhar and Tamerlan, 174
• Turkish Page, The (Duveneck), 117, 117–118
• Turner, J. M. W., 109–114, 111
• Twain, Mark, 31, 112–113
• “Types of Mankind” (Nott and Gliddon), 61–62, 62
• “Types of the Races of Man” (People’s Illustrated and Descriptive Family Atlas of the World Indexed), 152, 153

• Underwood and Underwood, 247
• United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, 89, 170, 269n18
• United States v. Cartozian, 17, 212
• Unrivaled Atlas of the World, Indexed (Cram), 144, 154, 155, 321n51

• “Valuation of Town and City Property Owned by Georgia Negroes” (Du Bois), 241, 242
• Van Der Zee, James, 217–218, 218
• Veteran in a New Field, The (Homer), 43, 45, 45
• vision and visual representation: cartographic (see cartography); of Caucasian racial whiteness (see Caucasian racial whiteness); challenges of altering, 261–263; of Circassian Beauties (see Circassian Beauties); conditioned, 2, 7, 39, 56, 75, 90, 96, 98, 173–174; Douglass changing (see Douglass, Frederick); negative, 139 (see also negation and negative assembly; omissions); racial adjudication and (see racial adjudication); racial domination and, 2, 7, 56–57, 61–66, 71, 90, 107, 235–236 (see also racial domination; racial hierarchies; segregation; white supremacy); racial formation and, 1, 6–8, 13, 134–136. See also photography; specific images by title
• von Sternberg, Josef, 85, 300n114
• voting rights, 8, 88, 230. See also gerrymandering

• Walker, Francis Amasa, 147
• Ward, John Quincy Adams, 122, 123
• Wardrop, Oliver, 18
• Washington, Booker T., 158–159, 176, 180–181, 322n63
• Washington, DC: Gordon Parks in, 249, 252–253; racial violence in, 206, 212; and Roy Stryker, 252–253; segregation in, 17, 199–204, 207–209, 221, 229, 252–253; Swan Marshall Kendrick in, 199
• Washington, Jesse, 335n179
• Washington National Cathedral, 259–261
• Washington Post, 233
• Watson, Ella, 253, 254
• Weber, Joe, 72
• Weber, Max, 221
• Wells-Barnett, Ida B., 219, 238, 247–248, 249
• white flight, 141, 203
• whiteness: Caucasian (see Caucasian racial whiteness); of common soldier monument figures, 96–97, 119–125, 129; Confederate flags and, 43; of corpses, 42; Fugitive Slave Act and assessment of, 63; lynching and racial identity of, 356n184; nationalism conflation with, 18, 256, 357n196; omission of, 1; photographs manipulated for, 75–76; racial categorization and, 267–268nn14–15; scholarship on, 26, 134–135. See also white supremacy
• white slavery, 30–35, 36, 278nn64, 66–67
• white supremacy: cartography, geography, and, 138–143, 150, 152, 160, 164–165, 167–168, 177, 179, 187–188, 196–198; Caucasian racial whiteness and, 3, 11, 22–23, 136, 138–143, 169; Confederacy support for, 43; definition of, 316n9; Du Bois on, 187–188, 240; eugenics and, 106; monuments addressing, 124, 234–235; negation or omissions to sustain, 1–2, 56, 139–140, 142, 198, 257; New-York Caucasian support for, 193; racial violence and, 140, 176–177, 261 (see also lynching); Redemption era rise of, 18; Wilson’s support for, 17–18
• Wiley, Kehinde, 132–134, 133
• Willis, Deborah, 70, 134, 184, 334n172
• Willson, Charles, 76
• Wilson, Ellen (Axson), 28, 213, 222, 225, 349n109
• Wilson, Woodrow: on administration and politics, 222–224, 348n95; Birth of a Nation screening by, 17, 236; Caucasian nations self-determination and, 16–17, 212; Caucasian whiteness and, 3, 15–19, 25, 27–29, 56, 86, 198, 212, 257, 262, 271–272n1; civil service under, 199–202, 204, 206, 213–215, 222–223, 226–230, 342–343nn30–31; on Civil War, 211–212, 215; on constructive imagination, 10, 223–224, 349n101; election of, 206; on geography, 160; historical remembrances and biographies on, 219–220; images of, 209–211, 210; immigration under, 17; photography interest of, 226; at Princeton University, 52, 203, 207, 213, 220, 226; on racial domination, 56, 272n10; racial violence under, 17–18, 206, 246, 272n10; segregation under, 3, 17, 161, 199–204, 206–209, 211–216, 219–228; on Shamil, 52; tomb and memorial of, 259–261, 260; writings and speeches of, 52, 56, 213, 215, 220–221, 222–226, 236, 345nn57–58
• Winckelmann, Johann, 135
• Wood, Fernando, 40
• Woodson, Carter G., 165, 175, 184, 197, 238
• Woodward & Lothrop, 232
• World’s Columbian Exposition, 156, 179
• World War I: military racism during, 233–234; whiteness and nation conflation in, 18, 256
• Wynter, Sylvia, 159, 165, 168, 174, 197, 357n196

• Yaggy, L. W., 161–164, 163, 164, 166, 324n83

• Zalumma Agra, 19, 37, 51, 52, 282n106
• Zobeide Luti, 46–47, 282n106
• Zoe Meleke, 19, 31, 97
• Zoe Meleke: Biographical Sketch of the Circassian Girl (Barnum), 31
• Zola, Émile, 74
• Zuleika, 73, 83
• Zuruby Hannum, 97, 282n106