Marc Andreesen and his lesser-known colleagues at NCSA deserve some sort of prize for their efforts. Not only did they invent a brilliant vehicle fornavigatingthe Internet—but they gave it away.
84 BYTE SEPTEMBER 1995
In 1975, the number of people going online was smaller than the membership of the Young Republicans for Captain Beefheart Fan Club. Now, those massive networks of computers and databases known as the on-line world have become an electronic extension of the traditional, off-line world.
■ Fun & Games
If you want to play in the MUD, see alt.mud, a good introduction to multiuser dimension games. Game Server at the University of Stuttgart provides a huge list. Telnet to castor.tat.physik.uni-tuebingen.de and
type games at the log-in.
■ Technical Support
A Web page that you can visit to get technical assistance sure beats listening to cheesy music when you're on hold. Novell's home page is one of the best examples of how useful a Web site can be. Point your browser at http://www.noveII.com.
^T Lycos" nfc
The Ounlog of the Internet
LOST? GONE FOREVER? OH, MY! DARLING, OON'TYOU WORRY-SERVICES LIKE LYCOS WILLiNDEX AND
FINO CLEMENTINE IN A MATTER OF SECONDS.
■ Text Search Tools
Information is buried on the Internet. Tunneling its way to fame is gopher. If your site is gopherless, you can Telnet to consuItant.micro.umn.edu and type gopher at the log-in prompt. Even better are WAlSes (Wide Area Information Servers). If your system doesn't have a WAIS client,Telnet to bbs.oit.unc.edu and type bbs at the log-in prompt. Follow the directions.
■ Code Talk
Tools, languages, source code, tips and tricks, advice, and folks who've gone through hell. Sound good? Here are some of the best sites. For programming languages, anonymous ftp to quartz.rutgers.edu and take the path /pub/computer/languages/*. For a discussion of the 32-bit Windows API, see the Usenet newsgroup comp.os.ms-windows.programmer .Win32. For Unix, post your problem in the Usenet newsgroup comp.unix.questions.
■ Internet Directories
If Hercules were around today, one of his labors would be indexing the Internet. Luckily, someone has already done the work. Go to Yahoo at http://www .yahoo.com. Or, you can try the WWW (World Wide Web) Virtual Library. It's at http://www.w3.org/ hypertext/ DataSources/bySubject/overview. html.
■ Web Spelunkers
What if you need to find something on the Web fast? Lycos is from Carnegie Mellon University, and it's hot. Start at http://Iycos. cs.cmu.edu. WebCrawler is good, too, at http://webcrawIerxs.washington.edu/ WebCrawIer/WebQuery.html. For its part, InfoSeek can pull information from anywhere. But it costs $9.95 a month. Send E-mail to info@infoseek.com.
■ Finder of Missing E-Mail Addresses
What if you don't have your recipient's address? Four 11 is like an ace detective. To step into its office, E-mail info@fourll.com, or point your browser at http://www. Fourll.com.
1950' a fun U back... Tlte original BURP GUN. It's safe ...it's exiciung ... and it's great for tods of all ages.
T7iis is the original air-poireied Burp Gun, the same one that'3 been produced since the 1950's. Bttrpco tracked down the original Italian manufacturer and brought the B urp Gun back to the USA. The Burp Gun's proven sales reflect the demand by adults rediscovering the childhood classic. And mv, anev generation is discovering the Burp Gun for the first time.
Pan from the SO'a is back for kids and gnmraps, too!
ABURP GUN? EXCUSEME?
ONLY ON THE INTERNET WILL YOU FINO LOVING RESTORATIONS OF SUCH ODDITIES AS THE BURP GUN. SPECIFICALLY, YOU'LL FIND IT (AND NEARLY EVERYTHING ELSE) AT YOUR LOCAL BRANCH MALL
SEPTEMBER 1995 KYTE 85
"k Best lungs.
■ Home pages
We like Netscape Communications' page: http://www.nctscape.com. It's diverse and fun. But for serious computer talk, try the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at http://www.ncsa.uiuc .edu/General/Internet/WWW/HTML Primer.html.
■ Mailing Lists
Mailing lists are the most efficient way to get targeted information. An electronic version of Prentice Hall's Internet: Mailing Lists book is available via anonymous ftp to ftp.nisc.sri.com and follow ihe path /netinfo/interest-groups.
foshiaki Araki's Home Page
THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM AND THE MOMA CAN EAT THEIR HEARTS DUT: THE INTERNET IS HDME TO ELECTRONIC
VERSIONS OF SOME OF THE GREATEST ART EVER CREATED.
NO NEED FOR THE WEATHER CHANNEL. JUST TUNE YOUR BROWSER TO THE NATIONAL CLIMATIC DATA CENTER.
■ News
Online Today on CompuServe is the most timely source of daily computer news. But Clarinet distributes the Dilbert comic strip. Look for newsgroups that start with clari.
■ Travel Arrangements
With CompuServe, you can make air, hotel, and rental car reservations. Type GO TRAVEL and be on your way. On America Online, click on the Travel block.
■ Music
If you want to talk about music or keep up with what's new, the Internet's the place. For alternative bands, go to http://www .iuma.com. Or try out the Music Server: Anonymous ftp to ftp.uwp.edu; path is /pub/music.
■ Financial Information
If you haven't spent all your money on connect time, invest some of it. Clarinet provides the broadest range of financial and business information, clari.biz.market gives you the latest on the stock market and clari.biz.invest discusses IRAs, mutual funds, and other investment arcana.
■ Weather
If you want to know what's going on outside without having to look up from your computer, try the National Climatic Data Center's http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ interesting/us-se-wxmap.html.
■ Education Resources
AskERIC, run by the Educational Resource and Information Center, is like a giant help desk for K-l 2 teachers. The address is askeric@ericir.syr.edu, or point your browser at http://eryx.syr.edu/ COVVSHome.html.
■ Sounds
If it's been recorded, it's on-line somewhere. Try the Usenet group alt .binaries.sounds.misc. And DSP Group's
BYTE publishes its first issue; articles include "Write Your Own Assembler" and "Recycling Used ICs."
FBI agents capture kidnapped rich-girl-turned-liberation-soldier Patty Hearst.
TsPlayer lets you play a WAV sound file before you download it. Anonymous ftp to ftp://oak.oakland.edu/SimTel/win3/ sound/tspIaylOO.zip.
■ Free Software
All you have to provide is the shrink-wrap. For PC software, gopher to merlot.welch .jhu.edu. For Mac software, anonymous ftp to oak.oakIand.edu; the path is /pub2/ macintosh. You Unix mavens will find a C archive if you anonymous ftp to wuarchive.wustl.edu; use the path /systems/unix/unix-c/*. Finally, you'll get OS/2 software at anonymous ftp to ftp-os2.nmsu.edu; the path is/os2/*.
■ Art
From Mona Lisa to Beavis and Butt-Head, you can get a look at the digitized works of some of the world's greatest artists. Start with ArtMap at http://wimsey.com/ anima/ARTWORLDonline.html. Then try ArtServe at http://rubens.anu .edu.au/.
■ Shopping
There's no re-creating the mall experience. Thank God. Start at the Branch Mall at http://branch.com. AutoPages is the place to shop for that new Lamborghini. Speed on over to http://www.clark.net/pub/ networx/autopage/autopage.html.
■ Talk to Computer Companies
CompuServe's company forums are still the best places to tell vendors what you think, to talk with company officials. Join the Hardware and Software Forums for starters—most major companies have support forums on CIS.
86 BYTE SEPTEMBER 1995
Reliability you can depend on
In 1994, Sentinel improved its industry leading reliability to over 99.985% -far more reliable than any other software protection product.
Manage network licenses
NetSentinel lM is the only protection NetWare t0 undergo rigorous testing by and StfoS) receive approval from Novell.
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Our partnerships with Apple,
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y$&
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Sentinel keys are available with proprietary ASIC technology, multiple EEPROM cells or even a microcontroller -giving you the world's best software protection.
»
Why this dongle protects more software than all others combined!
Over 6,500,000 Sentinel® keys protect software worldwide. In fact, 55% of all protected software has a Sentinel key, from Rainbow Technologies.
Today, software piracy is at an all-time high. If you're selling software without protection, you're losing sales and revenue.
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SETUmEL
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^RAINBOW
T E C H N 0 L 0
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FROM THE EASTERN U.S. & CANADA, CALL 1-800/843-0413 ■ VISIT OUR HOME PAGE AT: http://www.RNBO.COM
WORLD HEADQUARTERS: 50 Technology Drive, Irvine, CA 92718 ■ Tel: 714/450-7300 ■ Fax: 714/450-7450 ASIA/LATIN AMERICA: 714/450-7300 ■ U.K.: (44) 1932 570066 ■ FRANCE: (33) 1 41 43 2900 ■ GERMANY: (49) 89 32 17 98 0
ARGENTINA: Agri-Aid, S.A. 54 1 8030536 AUSTRALIA: LOADPLAN 61 3 690 0455 BELGIUM/LUXEMBURG: E2S 32 92 21 11 17 BRAZIL: MIPS SistemasLtda. 55 11 574 8686 BULGARIA: KSIMETRO 35 9279 1478 CHILE: ChileSoft Ltda. 56 2 232761 7 CHINA (Eastern): Shanghai Pudong Software Park Development Company 86 21 4371500
CHINA (Northern): CS&S 86 10 8316524 COLOMBIA: Construdata 57 1 610 7500 CZECH REPUBLIC: ASKON Int'l 42 2 3103 652 GREECE: Byle Computer S.A. 301 924 17 28 HONG KONG: Computers & Peripherals 852 2515 0018 HUNGARY: Polyware Kft 36 76 481 236 INDONESIA P.T. Promptrade InfoScan 62 21 375 166 IRAN: GAM Electronics 98 21 22 22374
ITALY: BFIIBEXSA SPA 39 23 31 00535 ITALY: Siosistemi 39 30 24 21074 JAPAN: Giken Shoji Co., Ltd. 81 52 972 6544 JORDAN: CDG Engineering 96 26 863 861 KOREA: Genesis Technologies 82 2 578 3528 LEBANON: National Group Consultants 961 1 494317 MALAYSIA: Eastern 5ys Design (M) Sdn Bhd 60 3 2411183 MEXICO: Impex Comp., S.A. de C. V. 52 66 210 291
MIDDLE EAST: Hoche Int'l 44 81 459 8822 MOROCCO: Futur & Soft 212 2 40 03 97 NETHERLANDS: IntroCom 31 74 430 105 PHILIPPINES Mannasoft Tech. Corp 63 2 813 4162 POLAND: HITEX Sp. z o.o. 48 22 41 97 51 PORTUGAL: COMELTA 351 194165 07 SCANDINAVIA: Perico A7S47 2249 1500 SINGAPORE: Systems Design PTE LTD 65 747 2266
SPAIN: MECCO 34 3 422 7700 SWITZERLAND: 18VAG 41 1741 2140 SWITZERLAND: Safe Compaid S.A. 41 2421 5386 TAIWAN: Evershine Tech. 886 2 8208925 THAILAND: BCS Int'l 66 2 319 4451 TUNISIA: ASCI 2 16 1 781 751 TURKEY: BIMEKS, Ltd. 9 0 216 348 3508 VENEZUELA: HRT-M Osers 58 2 261 4282
1995 Rainbow Technologies, Inc. Sentinel, SentinelSuperPro and NetSentinel are trademarks of Rainbow Technologies. All other product names are trademarks of their respective owners.
Circle 243 on Inquiry Card.
V # here was a time you could find anything youneeded at a general M ■ store. Nowadays Gateway 2000® can offer you that same neighborly service and wide selection of quality products.
We care about our customers. That's why Gateway offers a large assortment of cutting-edge, quality, professional desktop systems. Whether you need a solid 486 workstation or the power of the P5-133XL — we can help you out. Stocked with the latest technology, the P5-133XL includes a 133MHz Intel Pentium processor, 16MB EDO performance-enhanced memory, 256K pipelined burst cache, Matrox MGA Millennium graphics accelerator with 2MB WRAM, and MS Office 95 Professional Edition upgrade upon release. Plus you'll receive a three-year on-site warranty and priority toll-free technical support 24 hours a day, seven days a week with our new Gateway Gold Premium Service, standard only on the P5-133XL!
Gateway also has a Grade A inventory of portable PCs as diverse as our desktop line. At 4.2 pounds, the Liberty DX4-100 Base system is chock-full of features like an Intel 100MHz DX4 processor and 10.4-inch display. It's the perfect partner for your desktop PC, and when you're off for pans unknown. Our shelves are full of tantalizing options that include expanded RAM, lithium ion batteries, external CD-ROM drives, huge hard drives, fax/modems and PCMCIA network cards to satisfy any PC buyer's taste.
Times may change, but Gateway 2000's tradition of providing high-quality, feature-packed computers remains the same. And by ordering now, you'll reserve your copy of Microsoft's new operating system, Windows 95. Call Gateway today and talk to your friends in the business.
©I 995 Gateway 2000, Inc. Gateway 20(X), black and white spot design, "G" logo and "You've got a friend in the business" slogan are registered trademarks, and EZ Point, TelePath, Vivitron, Liberty and Gateway Gold are trademarks of Gateway 2000, Inc. The Intel Inside Logo, Intel and Pentium are registered trademarks of Intel Corporation. Monitors' diagonal measurements
indicate the size of the cathode-ray tube. Prices do not include shipping or applicable sales tax.
Intel Verified: Upgradable
16MB EDO Performance-Enhanced Memory
256K Pipelined Burst Cache
1.62GB Mode 4,9ms IDE Hard Drive
PCI Enhanced IDE Interface
Matrox® MGA™ Millennium™ Graphics Accelerator
W/2MBWRAM \
4X 3-CD Changer, 16-Bit Ensoniq® Wavetable & i
Altec!" ACS-31 Speakers w/ Subwoofer
TelePatrT 28.8 Fax/Modem Communication Center
3.5" Diskette Drive
17" ,26dp Vivitron 1 " Color Monitor ^ —\
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101 -fey Keyboard & MS Mouse 2.0 j^p
MS-DOS*6.22,WFW3.11
Microsoft® Windows® 95 and Office 95
Professional Edition Upgrades
4.2 Lbs., 10" x 8" x 1.6"
10.4 DSTN Color Display
8MB RAM
Removable 340MB Hard Drive
1MB Video RAM
Choice of Desktop IR Receptor or
External Floppy Drive
Intel 100MHz486DX4 Processor
Instant On
NiMH Battery & AC Pack
2 PCM CI A Type II ^ots
EZ Point 1 " Integrated Pointer
78-Key Keyboard
Parallel, Serial, VGA & PS/2® Ports
OAG* FlightDisk® World Clock, & Ascend® personal
information manager (PIM) for use w/ Franklin Day
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MS-DOS 6.22, WFW 3.11
Microsoft Windows 95 Upgrade
MS Works for Windows3.0
MfifflM
$2999
EDITORS 1 CHOICE
August 1995
July .1995
l PDUUTIONcRfVffJTES
r-
Gateway Liberty DX4/1DQ Gateway Liberty DX4/10O
v
GATEWX2OO0
"You 've got a friend in the business. " 3
610
MS Office Professional 4.3, Bookshelf 15 & Money 3.0 Gateway Gold 1 " Premium Service J3999 International
General Sales 800-846-2058 • Portables 800-846-4289
Gateway Drive • P.O. Box 2000 • N. Sioux City, SD .57049-2000 • Phone 605-232-2000
TDD 800-846-1778 • Fax 605-232-2023 • FaxBack 800-846-4526 FaxBack Access 605-232-2561 • Sales Hours: 7am-10pm Weekdays, 9am-4pm Saturdays (CDT)
Be honest. As a technology leader people look to you for new ideas and innovative solutions. You've been successful. Now you have responsibilities. Demands on your time keep increasing. Your office never seems to be quite large enough. It's almost as if time and space have shrunk around you. You're cool 'except, that is, when you can't find something, then you go completely stark raving bonkers! Now at last a tool that is really going to help you. We call it EasiFile.
EasiFile is a complete network-ready electronic filing system. Designed to give you instant retrieval of all your paper based information, however vast. EasiFile deals with the very documents you find so difficult to file and find. Technical articles, CVs, reports, product specs, news releases, bills, even cherished letters from old friends can be scanned and stored quickly with fully automatic or structured indexing. With EasiFile you are master of you own information.
Because your time is so precious, we have designed EasiFile as a total solution. From the moment you open the box it's ready to work for you. Everything you need is included, pentium based
network
users conquer time and
space
system unit, network interface, scanner, optical storage, monitor, keyboard, mouse and, of course, the software.
With our software, forget wait states.
Scan, compress, display images, write to optical
disk at once thanks to our multi-threaded,
multi-tasking, application. At last, a product
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can be configured to run on virtually any
network, including, LanServer, Novell, DECnet and TCP. Sharing paper
documents with colleagues on the network has never been easier
than with EasiFile.
MDi started in a Scottish garage in 1989 and have risen to supply some of the World's top companies with document management solutions. Now our technology and experience is available to you in a system that is easy to use, available worldwide and does not cost the earth.
So why not give us a call on our free phone number or surf over to us on the Net. We believe this will be the best time investment you ever make.
CALL FREE ON 0800 37 11 86
Callers outside the UK should call (44) 1368 850 650. Worldwide Web http://www.mdisystems.co.uk/easifile
email: easifile@mdisystems.co.uk
MDi Systems Limited,
Newmains, Stenton, Dunbar,
Scotland EH42 1TQ UK.
Tel: (44) 1368 850 678 Fax: (44) 1368 850 679
Co
o
5
C/)
MDi
Resellers Wanted Worldwide
Circle 282 on Inquiry Card.
US RESELLERS: EAST COAST: Intelisys Technologica Inc. Tel: (703) 356 9803 Fax: (703) 356 9805 WEST COAST: 2M Invest Inc. Tel: (415) 655 3765 Fax: (415) 372 9107 CENTRAL: REMTEKTel: (214) 387 2855 Fax: (214) 387 3342 email: edremtek@metronet.com ASIA AND PACIFIC RIM: MDI Ltd. Tel: (852) 2545 0567 Fax: (852) 2543 4666
These are the books and CO-ROMs that have advanced the state of computing, that best chronicle the past two digital decades, and that manifest the innovative use of electronic publishing. Read on.
BOOKS
■ The Art of Computer Programming
Donald E. Knuth (Addison-Wesley, 1973-1981) The bible of all fundamental algorithms and the work that taught many of today's software developers most of what they know about computer programming.
■ The Cuckoo's Egg: Tracking a Spy Through the Maze of Computer Espionage
Clifford Stoll (Doubleday, 1989)
Astronomer Stoll notices a tiny accounting error and ends up catching a spy in this real-life thriller. The Cuckoo's Egg is much more than your basic thriller, though; it raises extremely important questions about international on-line ethical behavior, which is an important issue in the information age.
■ Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies: Computer Models of the Fundamental Mechanisms of Thought
Douglas Hofstadter and the Fluid Analogies
Research Group
(Basic Books, 1995)
Whether you agree with Hof stadter's concepts or
not, he has moved the AI debate beyond mere
rhetoric to actually writing programs that can test
the AI hypothesis.
STILL KIDDERING AROUND
AFTER ALL THESE YEARS.
■ Fumbling the Future: How Xerox Invented, then Ignored, the First Personal Computer
Douglas K. Smith and Robert C. Alexander (William Morrow, 1988)
Asadtaleof a company thatcomes up with so many brilliant ideas but lets them die in the R&D labs.
■ Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution
Steven Levy
(Anchor Doubleday, 1984)
The best book there is about the unconventional
brainiacs and code wizards who started it all.
■ Inside the IBM PC
Peter Norton
(R.J.Brady, 1983)
The Master of Utilities rolls up his sleeves andpro- SOME WENTONTO BECOME
duces the first popular book to expose the innards of MILLIONAIRES. SOME WENT
IBM's personal computer. One of the best tutorials DIRECTLYTO JAIL.
on what's inside the box.
■ Programming Windows 3.1
Charles Petzold
(3d edition, Microsoft Press, 1992)
In its time, it was the ultimate guide for Windows
applications developers.
■ The Soul of a New Machine
Tracy Kidder
(Little, Brown, 1981)
A true-life engineering adventure story.
■ Unauthorized Windows 95: Developer's Resource Kit
Andrew Schulman (IDG Books Worldwide, 1994) What makes Windows 95 tick? Not only does Schulman tell developers about the code behind Windows 95, he tells them what decisions and tradeoffs Microsoft made.
INSIDE YOU'LL FINO A
GREAT RECIPE FOR CHOCOLATE-CHIP COOKIES. REALLY.
SEPTEMBER 1995 BYTE 91.
■ Understanding Computers and Cognition: A New Foundation for Design
Terry Winograd and Fernando Flores (Ablex, 1986)
One of the first books that explores for a large audience how computers fit into—and change—our lives.
CD-ROMS
■ Cinemania
Microsoft
A must for movie lovers. Great for settling trivia debates. Summaries of more than 19,000 films, from contemporary to classic. Updated annually. Nothing like it exists in book form. Many thumbs up.
THESE ARE THE VOYAGES OF THE STARSHIP ENTERPRISE-YOUR VOYAGES, THANKS TO SOME ASTOUNDING VIRTUAL REALITY.
TANGLED UP IN BIG BLUE: DYLAN'S NEW HIGHWAY 61 INTERACTIVE CD-ROM FOR THE PC.
■ Computer Select
Ziff Communications Do you need to research a computer product or get a feel for what's hot? Do you want to find the printed buzz on a particular piece of hardware or software? Computer Select is the easiest way to search the full text of 28 computer magazines and abstracts from 110 other periodicals. Updated monthly.
■ Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia for Windows
Compton's Learning Co. The best interactive encyclopedia keeps getting better. Maps, charts, animations, high-resolution pictures, and an easy-to-use interface bring the printed version's 32,000 articles to life.
■ Highway 61 Interactive
Graphix Zone
When you're lost in the rain in Juarez, and it's Easter time, too, turn on this disc to see just how good a CD-ROM can be. A Bob Dylan multimedia museum.
■ Mayo Clinic Family Health Book
IVI Publishing
Helps you understand anatomy, diseases, and health issues. Provides the full text of the 1 378-page printed version, plus 500 narrated illustrations. Uses animations and video clips to explain basic physiological concepts. Has a slick morph-like animation of human anatomy.
■ McGraw-Hill Science and Technical Reference Set, release 2.0
McGraw-Hill
From the company that owns BYTE, this disc contains McGraw-Hill's Concise Encyclopedia of Science and Technology and the unabridged McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. Your technical library just isn't complete without it.
■ Microsoft Bookshelf
Microsoft
Tons of information at your fingertips, with some of it illuminated by audio and graphics. Includes The American Heritage Dictionary, Roget s Thesaurus, World Almanac, The Hammond Intermediate World Atlas, the Concise Columbia Encyclopedia, and the Columbia Dictionary of Quotations. Updated annually.
■ Myst
Broderbund Software A fantastic fantasy game with great graphics, animation, music, and entertaining (if diabolical) puzzles. The first CD to bring a new kind of art to our society.
■ Star Trek: The Next Generation Interactive Technical Manual
Simon & Schuster Interactive Apple's QuickTime VR panoramic video technology lets you explore the starship Enterprise and the entire Federation as never before possible.
■ Taxi
Middlegate
Before you go to New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Chicago, and Washington, D.C., check out Taxi. It lets you create personalized city maps for the above cities, including Zagat Survey reviews and ratings of hotels and restaurants. Information becomes more important when it's personalized to your needs.
92 BYTE SEPTEMBER 1995
fc-a-,
There's only one thing about our computer that's not in keeping
with industry standards
The performance
Silicon *§p Graphics'
Computer Systems
M
vp-i
F&
Indy Modeler. The affordable CAD/CAM/CAE solution.
There's one computer in the market that runs all major CAD/CAM/CAE software, supports network standards like TCP/IP, Netware'" and NFS'" comes standard with SoftWindows* and innovative workgroup collaboration software, and gives you incredibly powerful 3D modeling performance.
Indy Modeler'*
So it's hardly surprising that it won the AIM Benchmark award for best price/ performance in its class.
Indy Modeler runs all major software including Pro/Engineer,'" Pro/JR.'." AutoCAD® R13, SDRC IDEAS Master Modeler." Matra Datavision-Prelude and MicroStation Modeler."
For copies of the Indy Modeler brochure and video, and the name of your nearest reseller, call 1-800-636-8184, Dept. D44 0, or visit us on the World Wide Web at http://www.sgi.com/Works
t* 199S Silicon Graphics. Inc. All rights reserved. Silicon Graphics is a registered trademark, and Indy, Indy Modeler and see what's possible are trademarks, of Silicon Graphics. Inc. Netware Is a trademark of Novell. NFS is a trademark of Sun Microsystems. SoftWindows is a trademark of Insignia. Pro/Engineer and Pro/JR are trademarks of Parameiric Technology Corporation. AutoCAD is a registered trademark of Autodesk. Inc. IDEAS Masrer Modeler is a trademark of SDRC. Microstatlon Modeler is a trademark of Bentley Systems. Inc. Screen image courtesy of Intergraph Corp.
The New Texas Instruments IVavelMate™ L,
• 75MHz Pentium processor • Two Lithium ion battery • 10.4" Active Matrix or 10,5" Dual
Scan displays • 524 Million bytes (=500MB) or 810 million bytes (= 772MB) Hard Disk Drives* • 8MB RAM, expandable to 32MB • 2MB Video memory • Multimedia package: Built-in 16-bil sound, internal speaker & dual mode microphone
Pentium
■PROCESS OB
Introducing
The First Notebook
Tb Maximize The Pentium
Processor's Full Potential.
PTZ?
When the rush was on to introduce a notebook with a Pentium® processor, Texas Instruments decided to do what others thought couldn't be done.
We created a notebook that maximizes Pentium performance by integrating/^// PCI bus architecture in our TravelMate 5000.
And for flexible connectivity, we designed a way to allow external access from the PCI bus to the latest peripherals.
It was a challenge we addressed for two simple reasons: to give users true desktop Pentium perior-
al ~^X) ij
mance for faster running software and expansion capabilities for investment protection.
So now you have a notebook with smoother full-motion video and enhanced 3-D graphics. In addition, we designed the TravelMate 5000 to take advantage of the "plug and play" capabilities of Windows 95® when it becomes available.
But our engineers didn't stop there. We added a second lithium ion battery without sacrificing size, weight or eliminating a floppy drive.
In addition, wireless communication with other notebooks and desktops is very quick and easy with our integrated infrared capabilities.
The TI TravelMate 5000. For more on what others thought you couldn't do with a notebook, call 1-800-TI-TEXAS (e-mail: 2ti@msg.ti.com or on the Internet: http://www.ti.com).
EXTENDING YOUR REACH™
yf Texas Instruments
Warranty may vary from country to country. Contact your local Tl office for details. Batteries and options are covered by a one year limited warranty. *Depending on model. TravelMate and "Extending Your Reach" are trademarks of Texas Instruments. Windows 95 is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation. The Intel Inside Logo and Pentium are registered trademarks of Intel Corporation. © 1995 Tl.
Circle 247 on Inquiry Card (RESELLERS: 248).
Reliable, Scalable Client/Server Communication. FirstClass Delivers — Now.
Cd
U
w
h
b
iVot only is Soft Arc's FirstClass client/server e-mail and groupware product available today — but it's used by more than three million people in twelve languages worldwide.
Other electronic mail vendors are still
struggling with client/server
architectures. SoftArc's
FirstClass has offered the
industrial-strength
messaging that sites like
yours demand, combined
with group collaboration
and remote access ... all
since 1991.
FirstClass integrates full fledged electronic mail with workgroup discussion databases. Communicate elegantly with individuals or groups with the world's easiest, cross-platform graphical mail interface.
FirstClass also offers access to enterprise databases, interface customization and outstanding remote connectivity ... all for the price of traditional e-mail.
Finally, even after three million users sold, SoftArc continues to offer
free technical support and unlimited free upgrades
to registered owners of FirstClass.
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r Advanced e-mail features, including auto-reply, message tracking and receipting
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T Messages with multiple fonts, styles and colors in personal mail and conferences; unlimited file attachments in messages
r Background searching of folders, conferences or whole of system
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r Optional gateways to the
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T Easy remote or local graphical administration with the same FirstClass client all others use
r Support fordozens of modems for remote mail, conference and files access
T Optional command-line access f or VT100 text terminal users
P Training available
Administer multi-server FirstClass networks from a single location. Synchronize directories between sites. Add powerful Internet gateways for instant global communication. Offer news feeds or collaborative areas for workgroups. Connect with other mail systems and technologies, including faxes and PDAs
1995 MacLife Japan Grand Prize
1994 MacUser Best New Communication Product Finalist
1994 Datateknik Sweden Editor's Choice Networking Software
1994 MacUser UK Editor's Choice Networking Software
1993 MacUser Best New Communication Product
1993 BYTE Award of Merit
1993 Macworld Germany E-Mail Product of The Year
communication.
Conferencing and groupware systems lack real e-mail. FirstClass offers both ... and more.
BVTE
Circle 262 on Inquiry Card,
SoftArc Inc.
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QNX Software Systems Ltd., 175 Terence Matthews Crescent, Kanata, Ontario, Canada K2M 1VV8 Voice: 613-591-0931 Fax: 613-591-3579 Email: info@qnx.oom Web: www.qnx.com Europe: 17 Bishops Court, Church Road, Bishopstoke, Hampshire, S050 6PL, England Voice: (+44) 1703 611800 Fax: (+44) 1703 641153 Email: QNXeurope@qnx.com ♦According to a recent report by Emerging Technologies Group, QNX has "the largest realtime operating system marketshare in the Intel© 80X86 marketplace." © QNX Software Systems Ltd. 1995. QNX is a registered trademark and Photon is a trademark of QNX Software Systems Ltd. All other trademarks belong to their respective owners.
Circle 238 on Inquiry Card.
Which of the 5000 computer companies got us where we are today? Here are the top 20.
■ Adobe Systems
As if inventing and commercializing PostScript weren't enough, Adobe also developed most of the tools of the desktop publishing revolution: Photoshop, Illustrator, and, of course, scalable fonts; and it acquired Aldus PageMaker, the program that practically defined desktop page layout. Adobe's influence in document production has grown from the desktop to the prepress shop. It has also reached into other creative domains: Its Premiere video-editing suite could be the training studio for the Martin Scorseses of digital cinema. John Warnock and Charles Geschke have been steering the company through the foggy nightscape of electronic documents. Whether or not Acrobat will become the interchangeable document standard, as PostScript did for printing, it has made a permanent mark on desktop publishing and computer graphics.
■ Apple Computer
This might be something to argue about, but you could make a good case that Apple has had more influence on personal computing than any other company. Who personifies the industry, the culture of personal computing, more than Woz the electronics whiz and Jobs the dynamo salesman—the engineer and the entrepreneur—hopping with ideas, quitting their clay jobs, working in a garage, and selling a VW microbus to finance the company?
The affordable Apple II turned thousands of people on to computing. Then came the Mac, foryears the computer that Intel-based PCs wanted to be when they grew up, with its graphical interface, built-in networking, and plug-and-play design. As it's done for nearly 20 years— something very few clone makers can say—Apple continues to influence the state of personal computing.
■ AT&T
Its attempts to build personal computers have never been anything to call home about. (Can you remember the PC 6300? Did you ever even hear of it?) But AT&T has contributed three things of monumental importance to computing: Unix, the phone system, and the cumulative genius of the researchers at Bell Labs. Even those tedious "You Will" ads can't overshadow these significant accomplishments.
■ Autodesk
CAD on a personal computer? You've got to be kidding. But John Walker and his 12 programming disciples weren't. When they started Autodesk in 1982, their objective was a PC software package that would provide 80 percent of the functionality of a mainframe CAD system at 20 percent of the price. Later that year, they shipped AutoCAD. It couldn't do everything a mainframe program could, but it was good for the kinds of things most designers do. Plus, it was affordable—you no longer had to be Boeing to have a CAD system. Today, with a million copies sold and versions across all major platforms, AutoCAD is the uncontested champ of desktop CAD. Other companies have built better, easier-to-use, less expensive CAD programs—but every
AN ARTIST'S REPRESENTATION DF MICROSOFT HEADQUARTERS (IT COULDN'T BE REAL-IT'S NOT RAINING).
HARVARO UNIVERSITY, MIT, AND THE TASTY:
ALL CONTRIBUTING PEOPLE AND KNOWLEOGE TO LOTUS.
MostJmpoitant
EoniDa
one of them has one thing in common: the AutoCAD file format. More than anything, that says Autodesk defined PC CAD.
■ Borland International
In 1983, a year of major announcements— the XT, NetWare, Windows—one of the biggest splashes, a Pascal compiler for $49.95, was made by this obscure company. Turbo Pascal wasn't just cheap. It was fast, and it was good. With one successful ad in BYTE, Turbo Pascal launched Borland into the stratosphere of micro software companies. More important, it made Pascal programming affordable. Borland killed the notion that languages and programming tools had to be expensive to be good. In 1987, with Quattro Pro, they did the same for spreadsheets, substantially undercutting theprice of Lotus 1-2-3. Maybe Borlandshould have concentrated
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on programming tools—like its recent Delphi—instead of getting caught up in price warsandLotus lawsuits. Regardless, Borland tools have been adopted by a generation of developers, and the company's impact on software prices has been good for users.
■ Commodore International
Commodore's role as a personal computing pioneer is sadly overshadowed by its business failures. But along with Apple and Tandy, it was one of the 1977 Trinity: the three companies who brought out ready-to-run PCs. The Commodore PET had a built-in monitor, a tape drive, and a bargain price of $795. Then came the VIC-20, the industry's first million seller. No wonder; it was a color computer that cost less than $300. The string of hits continued with the Commodore 64. Not only was it possibly the biggest seller of all time, it was the first with a synthesizer chip. Then, in 1985, came the world's first multimedia PC: the Amiga, a classic example of a product ahead of its time. Besides design innovations, Commodore's other big contribution can be summarized by the slogan of its founder, JackTramiel: ''Computers for the masses, not the classes."
■ Compaq Computer
Houston, Texas, February 1982: Three men sit in the House of Pies kicking around a product idea. A year later, their newfound company would ship the Compaq Portable. (They shipped 53,000 of them that year.) The computer in the famous sewing machine case could run all the software de-velopedforthe IBM PC. It became the benchmark of PC compatibility. Because of its dedication to solid engineering, Compaq also became the benchmark of quality. Even True Blue shops learned to trust the brand. Compaq made it OK to buy a clone. Other clones sold for less, but if you bought a Compaq, you knew you didn't have to hold your breath and cross your fingers every
Tandy introduced its TRS-80 Model III.
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the public has a right to attend criminal trials.
.
*
time you fired up Lotus 1 -2-3. Plus, you could carry the thing home. (Does that mean we should blame Compaq for the extension of the workday?) Did those three guys in the pie shop know how big their PC clone idea would become?
■ CompuServe
Much of what we expect on an on-line service, we expect because we saw it on CompuServe: forums, vendor support, free software, newswires, and E-mail to everywhere; business and personal services; reliable global communication; and most recently, access to the Internet. CompuServe turned the switch on-line in 1979 and now claims more than2.5 million users. For a good portion of the PC public, CompuServe is what it thinks of when it thinks of going on-line.
■ Digital Equipment Corp.
If DEC founder Ken Olsen had had his way, the company probably wouldn't be on this list. After all, this is the man who said, essentially, that the destiny of home computers was in the closet. Despite Olsen's antiquarian contrarian attitude, Digital made some significant contributions to personal computing—especially networking in academic environments. Once it acknowledged the personal computer as a business machine, it proceeded wholeheartedly to produce superb networking equipment; today, it's a leading hub vendor. Digital also helped advance Ethernet and FDDI, and it developed the spanning tree bridging algorithm that many large companies used to build their enterprise
lOO BYTE SEPTEMBER 1995
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Circle 272 on Inquiry Card (RESELLERS: 273).
A Sequoia Company
Hwte
networks before multiprotocol routers began to adopt other algorithms.
■ IBM
Why does everyone make fun of IBM's failures? It's the butt of more jokes than Rodney Dangerfield's wife. But in 1981, the computing giant brought out the IBM PC. IBM might as well have called it the DFS, for de facto standard. If that doesn't earn the company a place in history, then consider these inventions: the Winchester disk drive, the floppy disk drive, and the laser printer. In some ways, you might also put Microsoft on IBM's list of inventions.
■ Intel
All those millions of x86 chips; the dominant computing architecture; the Pentium franchise. Any questions?
■ Lotus Development
People thought it was crazy when upstart Lotus announced it was bringing out a spreadsheet program. VisiCalc was king. But Lotus had a good idea—combining worksheet, calculation engine, and graphics functions into one product. And Lotus had the brilliance to go after the next big thing instead of fighting for the current big thing. That next big thing was the IBM PC. Lotus developed its spreadsheet program for IBM's machine, not the Apple 11. Smart move. For the next decade, Lotus owned the spreadsheet market. Even though competitors have taken away a big share, those competing products all look suspiciously like Lotus 1 -2-3. Whetheror not Lotus can
dominate with its innovative Notes software remains to be seen (IBM surely thinks so), but its investment in this group-ware technology shows traces of the foresight that inspired the creation of Lotus 1-2-3.
■ Microsoft
Once upon a time, these two guys wrote a version of BASIC for microcomputers. Then they acquired this OS, which they renamed MS-DOS. Then they made this once-in-a-lifetime deal with IBM. Then they sold millions of copies of Windows. Then they ruled the world. The End.
■ Motorola
Galvin Manufacturing Corp. helped make car radios ubiquitous in the 1930s. Forty years later, under the name it used to brand those mobile radios—Motorola—the company helped make semiconductors ubiquitous. Its 6800 chip inspired the inexpensive 6502 (developed by ex-Motorola engineers who had defected to MOS Technology) that Steve Wozniak picked to be the brain of his new computer. Later, Motorola's influence was more direct: Apple could afford the 68000 series for the Macintosh.
■ Novell
Other companies also came up with software to connect personal computers, but Novell was smart enough to design an open network OS with hooks. It was willing to work with other parties to enhance the system. While partners were developing extra goodies, Novell focused on the core OS. It got out of the hardware business and concentrated on its sure thing: connectivity software. The result is NetWare's position as the king of NOSes (network OSes), the means by which millions of PCs are connected.
■ Shugart/Seagate
When Shugart Associates brought out its 5-MB 5/4-inch hard drive in 1980, the com-
pany started something as big as the drive's capacity seemed to be: theideathat personal computer users could have their own massive storage device, right there, at a reasonable price. Five megabytes—how could you ever fill that much space? Four years earlier, Shugart had introduced another breakthrough: the 5/4-inch minifloppy for $390. The company also originated the concept that became SCSI; in 1 979, it proposed a general-purpose expansion bus called Shugart Associates System Interface, which eventually became an ANSI standard known as SCSI-1.
Alan Shugart went on to head Seagate, today one of the leading makers of hard disks. Seagate has continued the Shugart tradition of innovations in storage technology. By the end of this year, you' 11 be able to buy a 1 -GB drive for $300. This kind of low-cost, high-capacity storage is the legacy of Shugart and his engineering team at Shugart Associates.
■ Sun Microsystems
Sun set out in 1982 with an objective that the big guys scoffed at: to build powerful, affordable, personal workstations for scientists andengineers. And it was going to build them from off-the-shelf parts and use a powerful OS with available source code— Berkeley Unix. Early on, Sun realized the importance of built-in networking. And its SPARC architecture is one of the most successful RISC designs in history. Although it has seen competition from high-end PCs, Sun has responded by steadily pushing down the costs of its workstations. It must be doing something right. Today, Sun controls at least a third of the workstation market, and its systems are finding lots of work as Internet servers.
■ Tandy
Tandy was one of the three companies to ship a ready-to-run personal computer in 1977 (along with Apple and Commodore). The TRS-80 came with a monitor and
3L02 BYTE SEPTEMBER 1995
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© 1995 MaxTech Corp. All brand names are Lhe properly of their respective holders.
Circle 278 on Inquiry
As one of the world's largest OEMs, MaxTech has been part of many of the best-selling PC brands for over 17 years. OEM manufacturers know MaxTech delivers reliable, high quality and affordable products. Now you know it too. Look for the full line of MaxTech personal computing products at your favorite computer store now.
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Card (RESELLERS: 279).
n ^ A
m&
6
Microsoft BASIC, so you could start programming right away. Tandy's large retail network helped establish personal computers as products you could buy anywhere. All you had to do was walk into one of the 3000 Radio Shack stores with $600 in hand. Although some of the company's executives couldn't see it, true believers at Tandy knew that computers were most powerful when in the hands of individuals. TheTRS-80 was one of the seeds that grew into the PC industry. The little wonder known as the Model 100 could be safely described as one of the first laptops. By building low-cost machines, and with help from its enthusiastic, gospel-spreading users, Tandy helped popularize microcomputing.
■ WordPerfect
OK, so it doesn't score well on the Vision-O-Meter. Four years after Michael Shrayer invented Electric Pencil, the first word processor for micros, and a year after Seymour Rubinstein came out with WordStar for the PC, WordPerfect (then called Satellite Software) was working on a word processor for Data General machines. When the company woke up to the personal computing phenomenon, it apparently didn't sleep again for years—too busy bringing out new versions for multiple platforms and grabbing market share in a crowded market. WordPerfect grew to be the world's dominant word processor, with an impressive user base estimated at 5 million.
■ Xerox PARC
Thisplaceoughtto becalledBrainiac City. Xerox's PARC (Palo Alto Research Center) has been home to some of the most brilliant scientists and idea generators in computing. Many products we take for granted today started out as concepts in the mind of a PARC scientist— e.g., the graphical interface, networking, the book-size computer, bit-mapped displays, and visually oriented programming languages. Today, PARC continues exploring new ways of using and operating computers as well as experimenting with very-high-resolution screens, environments that imitate physical space, and user interfaces radically different from the PARC-bred point-and-click approach.
MiNUTBDMUN>
1-800-238-7272
Para Systems, Inc.
1455 LeMay Drive
Carrollfon, Texas 75007
214/446-7363
Fax: 214/446-9011
Product and company names mentioned herein
may be trademarks or registered trademarks of
their respective companies.
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Circle 224 on Inquiry Card.
An Idea Without R&D Simply Won't Fly.
At Advanced Micro Devices, we champion ideas that make a difference to our customers. Ideas were willing to back with over $1.2 billion in research and development in the past live years alone. Which means customers lor our personal computer and communications microchips can rest assured that when they buckle up and taxi down the runway with AMD, their performance curves are going to soar. These days, you simply can't aiford to invest in a computer or communications system unless it has the power to launch you into the future. That's why we will continue to invest our resources in one vision:
If it's a good idea. If it makes a difference. Run witli it.
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1-800-222-9323 Internet: http://www.amcl.com
%\Q90 Advanced Micro Devices. Inc. AMD and the AMD logo are registered trademarks of Advanced Micro Des
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California garages again store cars and junk, not computer research labs as they did in the halcyon days of Woz and Jobs. Today, the myths may be tamer, but the pace of innovation hasn't changed. Here are the major technologies of the past 20 years.
■ Microkernel OSes
Proprietary OSes and closed hardware platforms were the reality when the goal was heterogeneous computing. Microkernel OSes burst these constraints with modern, modular OS cores that helped developers build applications faster and port software to a range of hosts without taking a performance hit. Programmers can build new functions into a system by mixing and matching code modules at run time. NextStep introduced these ideas to the commercial world with its Mach-kernel variation, which controlled memory and process management as well as interprocess communications. Carnegie Mellon University's Mach 3.0 now provides the underpinnings for IBM, the OSF, and Taligent's OS development. Microsoft's NT also borrows from the microkernel approach for smoother porting to Intel, Mips, and Alpha-based systems. Similarly, Apple's upcoming Copland release coalesces around a compact microkernel.
■ Structured Query Language (SQL)
How can telemarketers be sure they'll find your number the minute the dinner hour strikes? SQL is one essential tool, thanks to its ability to handle sets of data. SQL provided a way for interacting with relational databases, and it works with standard programming languages. For years, the burden for database manage-
ment fell on individual users, until 1969, when E. F. Codd, then at IBM, developed his relational theory of data, which addressed data structure, integrity, and manipulation. However, it wasn't until the mid-1970s that elements of his theories gained industry acceptance via SQL in Oracle and DB2.
■ Ethernet
We were so busy joking about when the Year of the LAN would finally come that we didn't realize when it had already happened. The key? Fast, easy-to-install Ethernet networks. Ethernet was visionary because it defined a network capable of 10-Mbps data rates before we needed that speed. Defined by Dr. Robert Metcalfe at Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center), it took the combined efforts of Xerox, DEC, and Intel to turn Ethernet into a commercially viable standard. The version 1.0 specification arrived in September 1980. Two years later, version 2.0 addressed problems related to large networks, reliability, cost, and otheris-sues. Changestothespecification included electrical signaling, cable types,connectors, packet formats, CSMA/CD and back-off algorithms, CRC (cyclic-redundancy check) calculation, and system timing.
PEOPLE CAN'T MEMORIZE COMPUTER INDUSTRY ACRONYMS.
PLAIN BOX,FANCY PARALLEL ARCHITECTURE.
YOUCANBENO IT, SPINDLE IT, AND EVEN MUTILATE ITBY APPLYING RULES ANDTRIGGERS. IT'S E-MAIL, THE EPISTOLARY TOOL FOR THE 1990S.
SEPTEMBER 1995 BYXK 109
■a
List #.10..
Predictions for the Year 2DDD
On the "Killer App"
"A 'killer app' that takes over all of computerdom no longer exists, because computerdom is so big that even a large thing like the Web is still such a small piece. ..I think a killer application [today] is usually defined as something that takes a new configuration of hardware and makes it viable."
—Dan Bricklin, VisiCalc inventor
On Mobile Computing
"Mobile wireless computers are like mobile pipeless bathrooms—portapotties. They will be common on vehicles, construction sites, and rockconcerts. My advice is to wire up yourhomeand stay there. Use information highways to let you stay home with your kids, not to make you more of a road warrior."
—Bob Metcalfe, inventor of Ethernet
On Programming
"I've never been too good at predicting the future, but I can tell you what I wish wouldhappen. I want software tools to become more literate and readable by peopleotherthan the programmer.. .1 hope there will be a Pulitzer prize for the best writing of a computer program.. There may be new tools to help nonprofessional programmers write programs, but programming is never going to be simple."
—Donald Knuth, TeX inventor
On Voice Recognition
"I believe that voice recognition will become more important in the future but only for trivial functions. TheproblemisthatspokenEnglish isterribly imprecise, even when used by experts. ..I cannot imagine a more efficient interface for complicated tasks than a combination of mouse pointing and a standard keyboard." —Thomas Kurtz, BASIC inventor
On Wishful Thinking
Q: If you could get in the time machine and go back and change one thing that's happened in the history of computing, what would it be? A: "I would have written a BASIC interpreter for the first PCs."
—Bob Metcalfe, inventor of Ethernet
On PDAs
In five years, PDAs will become a useful product because of the rapid increase in processing power, their ability to handle cross-platform data, and the communications infrastructure that will be in place.
—David Nagel, Apple
On "Intelligent Agents"
"The computer as intelligent agent is not in our future; we haven't even achieved a Congress of intelligent agents after 200 years of trying. Instead, the computer for the twenty-first century will be the computer that stays out of your way, gets out of your desktop and into your clothing, connects you with people instead of with itself."
—Mark Weiser, Xerox PARC
On Computer Interfaces
"The new things will be highly related to communication...Anthropomorphic-type appearances on-screen that are appealing, engaging."
—Bill Gates, Microsoft
"We'll continue to see some ill-fated attempts, like Microsoft's Bob and the Japanese Friend 2000 project, to animate the computer."
—Mark Weiser, Xerox PARC
"The PC operating systems are not going to be innovative ground for user interfaces. If you look at a lot of the CD-ROM products, they don't use the PC's user interface, they just make up their own. So maybe that's going to be some of the ground for the advances." —Steven Jobs, Next
On Schools
"I think we are going to expand a lot beginning with the schools thataremore up on things, more the leaders. The keyboarding classes are going to [become...] classes that really teach about the guts of the computer...I think [we'll see] topics in schools teaching... how to use it... [and] how to get from one place to another."
—Steve Wozniak, inventor, lots of stuff
Ethernetdefined physical media and connections as well as how data, described as frames, is transferred across a LAN. (Very slight differences in how frames are defined separate the official IEEE 802.3 specification from the de facto Ethernet standard.)
■ Client/Server Networks
It's the tie that binds our desktop computers to the processing power, data, and resources of entire organizations. The architecture is the foundation for keeping a business running even if one component crashes. Client/server computing is also the means for technical democratization: We can choose the hardware and software that's best for us ratherthan declaring allegiances to a particular vendor. Without it, the mobile workers would remain a step behind office-bound comrades in having access to company resources; collaborative workgroups would still be defined by geographical proximity.
■ DSPs
What makes an application really sing? Lurking somewhere under thecovers of audio, video, voice, and other multimedia applications are DSPs (digital signal processors). Modern versions of this venerable technology benefit from new chips and multitasking software that let DSPs simultaneously handle two or more processes.
HO BYTE SEPTEMBER 1995
WHERE DO YOU
WANT TO GO
TO DAY 7
Good question
Microsoft.
C^-
Evolving standards will make DSP application development easier, while general-purpose OSes, including Windows 95, are expected to include DSP programming interfaces, whichcouldpushDSPs further into traditional markets. In the future, digital hard drives will likely rely on DSP-powered drive controllers to process signals from the disk.
■ Floppy Disks
Like the proverbial 2-cent bolt that can ground a 767, how could we have worked without the lowly floppy disk? It has given us an inexpensive way to distribute applications and data. Floppies also gave uncon-
Faster Faster
ETHERNET, DISK DRIVES. MICROPROCESSORS.
RAPID APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT
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Lotus Devetopmsn) Coip/s metamorphosis in the 1990s has beendriven bylhree tore phenomena - growth byacquisiton. independent but cnordinaiedpiodiictlines and e dntamnned focus A wondsr of the ea/ry 1980s, its attempts to expand beyond a one-pro dud identify in (he lata 19flSsganera)iy failed By 1991. mp."iy outsiders, looking at Lohis'lnobiliyio elfectK.«ymove ontoWndows. consideredwtitSng Ihe company oB es a long-term pleyer. is stock bottoming b< snoe did LoUji take that led to ite ib
The mind of the corporation, the soul reengineering: Groupware.
of
nected workgroups "sneakernets," inelegant but essential hacks in the pre-networked world. The Internet, WANs, and CD-ROMs may be cutting into the floppy's territory. And the world probably already has enough floppies in circulation—we just need to reformat all thedisks stashed in desk drawers and file cabinets. But before you think floppies are obsolete, break the shrinkwrap on Microsoft's Office Professional 4.3: The collection of programs is still available on 31 disks.
■ Software Components
How do you implement custom applications quickly and not bust your operations budget? Plug in a component—those reusable, binary software objects that extend OSes by addressing specific needs. For Windows and the Mac, there are already OCXes (OLE controls); and components are also reshaping the various implementations of Unix and OS/2.
■ The Mouse
Like God and Man touching fingertips in Michelangelo's Creation, n o other peripheral has done more to symbolically link computers with our humanness. Forget touch-typing or even hunt and peck; the mouse provided a way for computers to become accessible for millions of people. The original design dates back to the Stanford Research Institute and Douglas Engelbart's 1963 wooden prototype. In 1982, Mouse Systems introduced the first commercial mouse (a three-button design) for the IBM PC. The Apple mouse, originally for the Lisa, and Microsoft's mouse, with two buttons, came a year later. Today, the basic structure of interacting with our computers, whether Macintosh, Windows, or Unix, hinges on the mechanical or optical strains of this peripheral.
■ GUIs
The second component in humanizing how we interact with computers, modern GUIs
U
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A new Seiko wristwatch computer lets you enter data with a separate Hershey bar-size keyboard.
An unemployed security guard kills 20 people at a
McDonald's in
San Ysidro.
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trace their roots to PARC (Palo Alto Research Center) research and the Xerox Star. GUI features introduced successfully in 1984 with Apple's Macintosh (e.g., windows, point-and-shoot menus, program and file icons, dialog boxes, and other now-familiar elements) let us manage our electronic desktops to suit our individual desires.
■ Hard Drives
The peripheral that taught us that too much is never enough. The fixed disk drive became a staple of microcomputers, thanks to its fast data access and transfer speeds. The technology never stood still. We're now getting gigabytes of storage space in petite form factors. In recent years, hard drives have increased data densities at an annual rate of about 60 percent. Magneto-resistive heads are leading the next charge by providing greater areal density than thin film or ferrite-inductive heads. Lower seek times, caching optimizations, and higher spin rates push performance even more. In the future, the digital read channel may double the amount of information we can jam onto drive platters.
■ Laser Printers
These fast, trusty machines have done more to impede the paperless office than any other peripheral. Once laser beams began to transfer images into toner on a
112 BYTE SEPTEMBER 1995
Butwhat about tomorrow?
Ask Windows users where they want to go today, and their answer is likely to be this: Windows 95. It is, after all, a ~^ major advance in the state of Windows --^4, computing. And it does, finally, bring some of the innovations pioneered by Apple in 1984 to the PC desktop of 1995.
PC by 63% on average. When running scientific
While other PC manufacturers are still struggling to get CDs to load Macintosh users can create their own multimedia, work in 3-D, surf the Internet and see what's real about virtual reality. Today.
That's great, today. But where, one has to ask, is desktop computing going tomorrow? And is moving to Windows 95 really the right way to get there?
The future of computing.
In a word, it's multimedia. Microsoft and Intel say it's the future. So do we. The difference is, we deliver that future today. To see what we mean, simply turn a Power Mac ,u on. When you do, you can not only get down to work (or play) with the CD-ROM of your choice, you can also start using 3-D graphics. You can talk to your Mac!" And have it recognize your command. You can videoconference across continents. You can even dive into virtual reality." All at the touch of a few keys and the click of a mouse. ter ■■»
Thepowertodoit.
To do all this, you need power. And the best way to get it is with a PowerMac. In recent tests, for example, the RrSC-based Power Macintosh'" 9500 outperformed a
'.;
Because Power Mac computers are based on the blistering fast PowerPC RISC chip, they have power to spare for tomorrow's advanced applications like inter-120 MHz Pentilim-prOCeSSOr-based active media and virtual reality.
and technical apps, the performance advantage J jumped to 80%. And for graphics, the
Power Mac was more than twice as fast!* Eleven years after it was
first introduced, Macintosh is still the only personal
The easiest way to get there, computer hi the wrid
designed from tte start as
a seamless integration of Q COUl'Se, all the raw power in the hardware and software.
world is worthless if you can't use it. That's why every new Mac includes an innovative help system that doesn't just answer your questions, but shows you what to do, where to click and what to type to get things done. And why we make it so easy to create Internet connections, install new software and set up entire new networks from scratch.
More choices than ever.
Tbday, every new Macintosh"can read and write DOS and Windows disks. But our compatibility goes further than tei^jiMSKiDM that.The Power Macintosh 6100/66
DOS Compatible includes
both a 66MHz 486 chip and j^r\o n 4.-M c i
a Rise-based PowerPC chip, DOS Compatible, for example, runs
making if the most compatible computer you can find, thousands or DOS and Windows applications, in addition to thousands of programs for Macintosh. And our new Power Mac systems accept standard PCI cards.
In the future, Apple innovations will further break down the barriers between cross-platform collaboration. Distinctions between the platforms themselves will diminish. Even the boundaries between applications will blur.
All of which will add up, once again, to the most important kind of power of all. The power to be your best"
To learn more about Macintosh power today, and tomorrow, visit us on the Internet today at http://www.apple.com.
t < li u, ii ' » l Rji i ' > t ,!> I n, I I II, ,n l> ' 'I t i i\'\trjt I nrhl' , i ' ' ' s i \ ) t i i h ,f '; ; \" t \i t t I l ,
tl U I I Milan!',;!! mid ■'fhet-ouer .'" heymr I t t> i 1 i 11 t1 in <<(.\;p!c i:,m;>:i!e!: inc i I r V i n i Minm!><i> > Irademiirh ■ •■/ ,[/■/.,',■ t '■■'!:;'u!< >: ii;e !'•* it is a I i * » >> > ' it Mad'u:,^ l r i I i it under I > tbenfmm. "Where dn \ on wan! to go Unlay'" is a trademark of'Micro*,]} G>r:><>ritt:tm. .!.'/ Muc;tit,sb Computer.-, are designed k, lh ticce.^ibte to md;: iduaU u sib disability.
114 BYTE SEPTEMBER 1995
t At last. Connectivity without the cord.]
Stop hunting for phone jacks! Make your laptop really portable with the Personal Messenger™ 100 Wireless Modem Card from Motorola. With this compact, easy-to-use card, you can send/receive E-mail from your office network or the Internet, send faxes, or access corporate databases, and more— free of phone lines. With the modem card and Motorola's AirMobile™ wireless software, laptop users with Lotus® cc:Mail" Mobile for Windows® can directly access their corporate E-mail server to exchange messages and files over the ARDIS 5M nationwide wireless data network. It's a single mailbox solution to support mobile workforces, traveling executives and others who want to keep in contact from just about anywhere.* And, using the ARDIS network, there are no roaming or long-distance charges. To untether your laptop from phone lines forever, call for your nearest dealer and an information kit. And, for a limited time, take advantage of a special introductory rebate offer. Call our toll-free number for details.
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Ideal for Lotus 0 cc:Mail™ Mobile users.
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* * )
Topx20
xknno
an electronic guardian angel. These small but smart programs travel into the world to interact, extract information, or deliver data and messages to other systems. The promise is to get work done or to react to fast changes in our business lives while we're off doing other things. However, security fears of these "good" viruses need resolution by the Safe-TCL (First Virtual Holdings) and Telescript (General Magic) developers of the world.
Jimmy Stewart in The Philadelphia Story called alcohol ''the great leveler." The same could be said about E-mail. E-mail has become more than a mechanism for communication: It's given our ideas a forum for being presented to anyone in the organization, regardless of official chains of command. The Postal Service may go out of business.
■ Groupware
Work smarter. Collaborate. Meld the right people on a project-by-project basis. Break down the barriers among departments. Lotus Notes has been carrying this mantle since the late 1980s, and the payoff may be near, evidenced by the rising list of competitors. Groupware helps us tackle unstructured data in the form of text files, graphics, faxes, and E-mail that form the essence of our businesses. Once this data is organized into cohesive units, groupware helps us move the information throughout
organizations and provides a way for us to find it and pass it around quickly.
■ CD-ROMs
Turns out that the sum total of our business and cultural knowledge can be served up quite handily in 600-MB chunks. CD-ROMs have made video, audio, and text more accessible by letting us search for and randomly access information quickly and accurately. They have also become the medium of choice for companies needing to distribute proprietary information as well as service and training manuals.
■ PC Card (PCMCIA)
This technology survives in spite of itself. PC Card turns portables into customizable computing platforms that quickly connect to LANs, send and receive data files and faxes, and store information sensitive enough to require nighttime lock up. Developed by Neil Chandra for the Poquet computer, PC Card has grown to encompass much more than its original job as a memory card. However, diversity begat conflicts among cards, hardware platforms, OSes, applications, and driver software. Card and Socket Services has helped smooth out incompatibilities, and the latest incarnations of PC Card include support for a 32-bit data path, bus mastering, and 3.3-V operation.
■ Visual Programming
Visual programming levels the elite and arcane aspects of programming to give tools for applications development, prototyping, and solving particular problems to a broader audience. HyperCard popularized the notion of visual prototyping and laid the groundwork for Visual Basic and Visual C++. Digilalk's Parts. PowerSoft's PowerBuilder, Oracle's PowerObjects, and Meta Software's Design/CPN are other descendants.
■ Parallel Processing
With the capability to perform a variety of operations simultaneously, parallel
WHERE WILL THE INNOVATIONS STOP? NEXT COMPUTER NOT ONLY MADE UNIX PALATABLE. IT BUILT A UNIX BASED ( THE MACH MICROKERNEL ARCHITECTURE. TOO BAD IT DIDN'TSELL.
processing gives new punch to database servers and the evolving computational servers. Shared-memory machines pool memory resources so that each CPU dips from the same pool. This limits scalability, but systems built on this model can run software intended for single-processor PCs. They also use standard CPUs and OSes like NT and Unix. Message-passing systems retain private memory reserves and form the basis for massively parallel supercomputers. The result: superhigh performance for pennies.
■ Caching
New generations of CPUs grab the headlines, but MIPS alone won't make our applications run faster. By maximizing throughput from the CPU to system memory, memory caching helps memory chips keep pace with the needs of processors. Similarly, disk caching circumvents roadblocks between the CPU and slovenly hard and floppy drives by using a portion of system memory, in case chunks of data needed in the recent past are needed again. Slower CD-ROMs accrue similar performance benefits. Today, many types of CPUs have their own internal cache to squirrel away information important to the processor.
U6 15 Y r
SEPTEMBER 1995
Find the manual, find the other manual,
read them both to get the information to fix your printer.
Or click on the CompuServe icon.
j j| Volumes, pages, and diagrams. Or a few clicks
I";"""; ' ;' '\ on CompuServe. The first choice, and you're all 1 ' alone with your problem. Choose CompuServe,
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Need help on a Windows-related application? You'll find it in CompuServe's WinSupport area. Over 400 Windows-related support providers are online with answers day or night. With WinSupport you'll discover what's hot in computers. Download files. Or pick up the latest shareware. Once you're online, just GO WinSupport!
But helping to keep your computer running isn't the only thing CompuServe makes easier. We have more than 3,000 other places to go and things to do. Complete access to and from the Internet is easy on CompuServe, too, and we were the first online information service
lii'COinr n CompuServe member vi.i ilic Internet .it liup://w\vw.comptiscr\'e.com "New members only, please. All names listed ,irc proprietary irm.'ieni.iiks or rheir respective corporations.
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k <E>
Ship Today!
Tired of waiting and waiting for your new PC? Wait no more. With our special Computers Now!® program many of our award-winning and most popular packages can be shipped the same day you call.
It's As Easy As:
O Choose the ZEOS system package you want. (A sampling of what's available is shown.)
fZ\ For same da y shi PP in g. cal1 ZE0S at 800-554-5226 ▼"J r before 1 p.m. Central Time, Monday-Friday
©Upon credit approval, we'll ship your system the same day you order!*
Our Guarantee To You:
If we accept your order for immediate shipment and fail to ship your system under the conditions outlined, we will ship it at our expense as soon as it is ready.*
Need A Bigger Monitor?
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Pantera™
486DX2-66
$1695
Pentium™ Processor
Buy With Confidence
Not only are you getting a ZEOS PC fast, you're getting a fast PC. ZEOS has earned dozens of top industry awards for power and performance, besting the competitors time and time again. With an awesome price, ZEOS computers Are your best value.
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Pentium
■processor
mtel
injMjJ
75 MHz $1945
Pantera™ Pentium™ Processors
jajQ
tm 75 MHz
■ $1995 ■& 90 MHz & $2095
Pantera™ Pentium™ Processor
75 MHz $2145
Package #2:
> 8MB RAM (Pentium processor includes EDO RAM)
> 850MB local bus EIDE hard drive
> 4X CD-ROM drive, 3.5" 1.44MB floppy drive
> Diamond Stealth 64 PCI local bus graphics card with 1MB DRAM
> 15 "SVGA color monitor >6-bay desktop case
> MS-DOS 6.2, Window's for Workgroups, Microsoft Mouse
> MS Works Multimedia CD
Discovery™ MM:
> 8MB EDO RAM
> 528MB local bus EIDE hard drive
> 4X CD-ROM drive, 3-5" 1.44MB floppy drive
> Sound Blaster 16® stereo sound card and speakers
> 14,400 bps send/receive fax modem
> Diamond Stealth 64 PCI local bus graphics card with 1MB DRAM
> 15 "SVGA color monitor >6-bay desktop case
> MS-DOS 6.2, Windows for Workgroups, Microsoft Mouse
> MS Works Multimedia CD
Top Gun:
> 8MB EDO RAM, 256K synchronous SRAM cache
> 850MB local bus EIDE hard drive
> 4X CD-ROM drive, 3.5" 1.44MB floppy drive
> 14,400 bps send/receive fax modem
> Diamond Stealth 64 Video PCJ local bus graphics card with 2MB VRAM
> 15" SVGA color monitor
> 6-bay desktop case
> MS-DOS 6.2, Windows for Workgroups, Microsoft Mouse
> MS Works Multimedia CD
♦Orders must be for Computers Nov/! configurations; we've listed just a sampling here. Since we continuously update this list of configurations, please call to confirm your system is on the list. This oiler is gotdonly us long as these pre-built systems remain in stock. Monitor upgrades available as long as monitors remain in stock. Other ZEOS systems and configurations take slightly longer-aboul a week. Credit cards are subject to authorization. Orders must be received by 1 p.m. Central Time, M-F.
Purchase orders are subject to approval. Business leasing programs available. All prices, specifications and availability are subject to ch;mgc withoulnotice; call to confirm these and warranty details. Prices do not include shipping. All producis and company names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders. Windows is a registered trademark of Miciosof (Corporation in the U.S. and other countries. ZEOS is a registered trademark; Computers Now! is a registered servicemark; Z-Card is a servicemark: Ambra. Pantera and Meridian trademarks oi Micron Electronics. Inc. © 1995 MEL ZEOS, 1301 Industrial Blvd., Minneapolis, MN 55413 USA. Micron Electronics, Inc. is a publicly traded company (NASDAQ symbol: ML'KI). NOW2-BYT-95I9
Pantera™
486DX2-66
$2095
Pentium™ Processor 75 MHz $2345 90 MHz $2445
Package #3;
► 16MB RAM (Pentium processor includes EDO RAM)
► IGB local bus EIDE hard drive
► 4X CD-ROM drive, 3-5" 1.44MB floppy drive
► Diamond Stealth 64 PCI local bus graphics card with 1MB DRAM
► 15" SVGA color monitor
► 6-bay desktop case
► MS-DOS 6.2, Windows for Workgroups, Microsoft Mouse
► MS Office Pro and Bookshelf CD
SSS? ■■ Pantera™
IffSI Pentium™
Processor
75 MHz
$2945
100MHz
$3195
133 MHz
$3545
Best MM:
► 16MB EDO RAM, 256K synchronous SRAM cache
► 850MB local bus EIDE hard drive
► 4X CD-ROM drive, 3.5" 1.44MB floppy drive
► Sound Blaster 16* stereo sound card and speakers
► Diamond Stealth 64 Video PCI local bus graphics card with 2MB VRAM
► 17" SVGA color monitor
► 10-bay vertical case
► MS-DOS 6.2, Windows for Workgroups, Microsoft Mouse
► MS Office Pro and Bookshelf CD
WINDOWS"
Meridian DX4-100 $2795
400C
Package #3:
► 8MB RAM
► 350MB IDE hard drive
► External 15"1.44MB floppy drive
► 14.4 PCMCIA fax/modem
► 79 "dual-scan color VGA display
► Custom leather carrying case
► Extra battery
► MS-DOS 6.2, Windows for Workgroups
► MS Works
► 7.8"xl0.2"xl.7";3.9lbs.
For active matrix display, add $700
EDITORS' CHOICE
ft Pantera™
f I Pentium™ "* Processor
90 MHz $2745 100 MHz $2895 120 MHz $3095
Hottest:
► 16MB EDO RAM, 256K synchronous SRAM cache
► 1GB local bus EIDE hard drive
► 4X CD-ROM drive, 3-5" 1.44MB floppy drive
► Diamond Stealth 64 Video PCI local bus graphics card with 2MB VRAM
► 15" SVGA color monitor
► 10-bay vertical case (90 MHz, 100 MHz & 120 MHz)
► MS-DOS 6.2, Windows forWorkgroups, Microsoft Mouse
► MS Office Pro and Bookshelf CD
Pantera™ Pentium™ Processor
100 MHz $3745 120 MHz $3945 133 MHz $4095
Best MM Supreme:
► 24MB EDO RAM, 256K synchronous SRAM cache
► 1.2GB local bus EIDE hard drive
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We've come a long way from computers programmed with wires and punch cards. Maybe not as far as some would like, though. Here are the innovations in programming.
ca. 1946
Konrad Zuse, a
German engineer working alone while hiding out in the Bavarian Alps, develops Plankalktil. He applies the language to, among other things, chess.
1949
Short Code, the first
computer language actually used on an electronic computing device, appears. It is, however, a "hand-compiled" language.
1951
Grace Hopper, working for Remington Rand, begins design work on the first widely known compiler, named A-0. When the language is released by Rand in 1957, it is called MATH-MATIC.
1952
Alick E. Glennie, in his
spare time at the University of Manchester, devises a programming system called AUTOCODE, a rudimentary compiler.
1957
FORTRAN— mathematical FORmula TRANslating system— appears. Heading the team is John Backus, who goes on to contribute to the development of ALGOL and the well-known syntax-specification system known asBNF.
1958
FORTRAN II appears, able to handle subroutines and links to assembly language. John McCarthy at M.I.T. begins work on LISP—LISl Processing. The original specification for ALGOL appears. The specification does not describe how data will be input or output; that is left to the individual implementations.
1959
LISP 1.5 appears. COBOL is created by the Conference on Data Systems and Languages (CODASYL).
1960
ALGOL60, the first
block-structured language, appears. This is the root of the family tree that will ultimately produce the likes of Pascal. ALGOL goes on to become the most popular language in Europe in the mid- to late-1960s.
Sometime in the early 1960s, Kenneth Ivcrson begins work on the language that will become A PL—A Programming Language. It uses a specialized character set that, forpropcr use. requires APL-compatible I/O devices.
1962
APL is documented in Ivcrson's book. A Programming Language. FORTRAN IV appears.
Work begins on the sure-fire winner of the "clever acronym" award. SNOBOL— SlriNg-Oriented sym-BOlic Language. It will spawn other clever acronyms: FASBOL. a SNOBOL compiler (in l97l).andSP!TBOL— SPccdy Implemen-
Tation of snoBOL— also in 1971.
1963
ALGOL60isrcvised. Work begins on PL/1.
1964
APL\360 is implemented. At Dartmouth University, professors John G. Kcmeny and Thomas E. Kurtz invent BASIC.The first implementation is a compiler. The first BASIC program runs at about 4:00 a.m. on May 1, 1964. PL/1 is released.
1965
SNOBOL3 appears,
1966
FORTRAN 66 appears. LISP 2 appears. Work begins on LOGO at Bolt.
Bcranek, & Newman. The team is headed by Wally Fucrzeigand includes Seymour Papert. LOGO is best known for its "turtle graphics."
1967
SNOBOL4, a much-enhanced SNOBOL, appears.
1968
ALGOL 68, a monster compared to ALGOL 60, appears. Some members of the specifications committee— including C.A.R. Hoaic and Niklaus Wirth—
protest its approval. ALGOL 68 proves difficult to implement. ALTRAN,aFOR-TRAN variant, appears. COBOL is officially defined by ANSI. Niklaus Wirth begins work on Pascal.
1969
500 people attend an APL conference at IBM's headquarters in Armonk, New York. The demands for APL's distribution are so great that the event is later referred to as "The March on Armonk."
1970
Sometime in the early
1970s, Charles Moore writes the first significant programs in his new language, Forth. Work on Prolog begins about this time. Also sometime in the
early 1970s, work on Smalltalk begins at Xerox PARC, led by Alan Kay.Early versions will include Smalltalk-72,Small-talk-74,andSmall-talk-76.
An implementation of Pascal appears on a CDC 6000-series computer.
Icon, a descendant of SNOBOL4, appears.
1972
The manuscript for
Konrad Zuse's Plankalktil (see 1946) is finally published. Dennis Ritchie produces C. The definitive reference manual for it will not appear until 1974.
The first implementation of Prolog —by Alain Colmerauer and Phillip Roussel— appears.
"IT'S BETTER TO ASK FORGIVENESS THAN IT IS TO GET PERMISSION."—THE LATE REAR AOMIRAL GRACE HOPPER. WHO LEO THE EFFORTTO CREATE COBOL
SEPTEMBER 1995 BYTE 121
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1974
Another ANSI specification for COBOL appears.
FORTRAN. RATFOR is used in Kernighan and Plaugefs "Software Tools," which appears in 1976.
1975
Tiny BASIC by Bob
Albrecht and Dennis Allison (implementation by Dick Whipple and John Arnold) runs on a microcomputer in 2KBofRAM.A4-KB machine is sizable, which left 2 KB available for the program. Bill Gates and Paul Allen write a version ofBASlCthattheysell to MITS (Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems) on a per-copy royalty basis. MITS is producing the Altair. an 8080-based microcomputer. Scheme, a LISP dialect by G.L.Steele and G.J. Sussman. appears.
Pascal User Manual and Report, by Jensen andWirth, is published. Still considered by many to be the definitive reference on Pascal. B.VV. Kerninghan describes RATFOR— RATional FORTRAN. It is a preprocessor that allows C-like control structures in
1976
Design System Language, considered to be a forerunner of PostScript, appears.
1977
TheANSI standard for MUMPS— Massachusetts General Hospital Utility Multi-Programming System—appears. Used originally to handle medical records, MUMPS recognizes only a string data-type. Later renamed M. The design competition that will produce Ada begins. Honeywell Bull's team, led by Jean Ichbiah, will win the competition. Kim Harris and others set up FIG. the FORTH interest group. They develop FIG-FORTH, which they sell for around $20. Sometime in the late 1970s, Kenneth Bowles produces UCSD Pascal, which makes Pascal available on PDP-11 andZ80-based computers.
Niklaus VVirth begins work on Modula, forerunner of Modula-2 and successor to Pascal.
1978
AWK —a text-processing language named after the designers, Alio, Weinberger, and Kernighan—appears. The ANSI standard for FORTRAN 77 appears.
1980
Smalltalk-80 appears. Modula-2 appears. Franz LISP appears. BjarneStroustrup
develops a set of languages—collectively referred to as "C With Classes"—that serve as the breeding ground for C++.
1981
Effort begins on a
common dialect of LISP, referred to as Common LISP. Japan begins the Fifth Generation Computer System project. The primary language is Prolog.
1982
ISO Pascal appears. PostScript appears.
1983
Smalltalk-80: The Language and Its Implementation by Goldberg et al is published.
Ada appears. Its name comes from Lady Augusta Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace and daughter of the English poet Byron. She has been called the first computer programmer be-
cause of her work on Charles Babbage's analytical engine. In
1983, the Department of Defense directs that all new "mission-critical" applications be written in Ada.
In late 1983 and early
1984, Microsoft and Digital Researchboth release the first C compilers for microcomputers.
In July, the first implementation of C++ appears. The name is coinedby Rick Mascitti. In November, Borland's Turbo Pascal hits the scene like a nuclear blast, thanks to an advertisement in BYTE magazine.
1984
A reference manual
forAPL2 appears. APL2 is an extension of APL that permits nested arrays.
1985
Forth controls the submersible sled that locates the wreck of the Titanic. Vanilla SNOBOL4 for microcomputers is released. Methods, a line-oriented Smalltalk for PCs, is introduced.
1986
Smalltalk/V
appears—the first widely available version of Smalltalk for microcomputers. Apple releases Object Pascal for the Mac.
Borland releases Turbo Prolog.
Charles Duff releases Actor, an object-oriented language for developing Microsoft Windows applications. Eiffel, another object-oriented language, appears. C++ appears.
1987
Turbo Pascal version 4.0 is released.
1988
The specification for
CLOS —Common LISP Object System-is published. NiklausVVirth finishes Oberon, his follow-up to Modula-2.
1989
TheANSI C specification is published. C++ 2.0 arrives in the form of a draft reference manual. The 2.0 version adds features such as multiple inheritance and pointers to members.
1990
C++2.1, detailed in Annotated C + + Reference Manual by B. Stroustrup etal, is published. This adds templates and exception-handling features. FORTRAN 90 includes such new elements as case statements and derived types.
Imagine a $500 PC that has a built-in modem, fits in your pocket, and is battery powered.
Two British explorers reach the North Pole by way of the
[ South Pole.
Kenneth Iverson
and Roger Hui present J at the APL90 conference.
1991
Visual Basic wins BYTE's Best of Show award at Spring COMDEX.
1992
Dylan —named for Dylan Thomas—an object-oriented language resembling Scheme, is released by Apple.
1993
ANSI releases the X3J4.1 technical report —the first-draft proposal for (gulp) object-oriented COBOL. The standard is expected to be finalized in 1997.
1994
Microsoft
incorporates Visual Basic forApplications into Excel.
1995
In February, ISO
accepts the 1995 revision of the Ada language. Called Ada 95, it includes OOP features and support for real-time systems.
1996
Anticipated release of first ANSI C++ standard.
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Bugs in computer hardware and software are no more than the crystallization in silicon and plastic of the mental mistakes all people make. People are only human, after all, so computers can only reflect our own humanity.
■ The Bug That Never Was, Thank Heaven
1983: The SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative) proposal was intended to defend the U.S. against a nuclear missile attack by using computer-aimed weapons to shoot down the missiles. It was estimated that the software would have required some 10 million to 100 million lines of code. Without the Soviet Union's cooperation in staging nuclear missile attacks to test it, the system would have to work perfectly—bug-free—the first time it waseverused. Despite widespread misgivings, a 1986 Department of Defense panel concluded that the concept was still feasible.
■ Check Box to Prepay
1985: An IRS computer error resulted in 27,000 companies receiving warning notices to pay employee federal withholding taxes that they had, in fact, already paid. The House and the Senate planned hearings to investigate.
■ The Bug That Killed
1985-1987: At least four people died when they were exposed to lethal doses of radiation from Therac-25 linear accelerator machines (made by Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd.), used for radiation treatment of cancer. Software errors caused the machines to incorrectly cal-
culate the amount of radiation being delivered to the patient. The most tragic incident to date of death or injuries to human beings due to defective computer software, this incident is a reminder that, as we entrust human lives and health to computers, the seriousness of eliminating bugs becomes a life-or-death proposition.
■ A Bug in a Worm in a Net
1988: A math error caused a "worm" program to multiply 14 times faster than intended, and as a result, the Internet was swamped and overwhelmed in a few hours. It was weeks before affected systems recovered from the damage wrought, costing in the hundreds of millions of dollars. Robert T. Morris, Jr., the Cornell University graduate student who wrote and unleashed the worm, later said, "It was a mistake. I'm sorry."
■ Computer's Down, Check Your Pitons
1988: Backup data, corrupted due to software errors, eventually destroyed all the main system data—and backup copies of data—at an automated Black & Decker distribution center in Northampton, England. Employees were eventually forced to climb the racks of inventory in the unlit warehouse with mountain-climbing equipment to check stock.
■ To Whom It May Concern...
1989: A computer in Paris read files on traffic violations and then mistakenly sent out letters charging 41,000 traffic offenders with crimes including murder, drug trafficking, extortion, and prostitution. Recipients were described as "surprised."
■ Why Doesn't This Ever Happen at Our Bank?
1989: A British bank that understandably wishes to remain nameless mistakenly transferred an extra £2 billion to customers in only 1 hour, when a bug permitted payment orders to be issued twice. Since there was no way to distinguish real from duplicate transactions, the bank had to depend on the honesty of its customers to recover the extra payments.
SEPTEMBER 1995 BYTE 125
BYTE
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■ Dial B for Bug
1990: A logic error in its call-handling computers shut down AT&T's long-distance telephone network for 9 hours, the most severe breakdown in the history of the U.S. telephone system. Some 74 million longdistance and 800-number calls were not completed, bringing phone-dependent businesses—like car, hotel, and airline reservations systems, and credit-card approval services—to a standstill.
■ Sin of Omission
1991: American Patriot missiles were fairly successful. However, the failure of some Patriot missiles to track and destroy Iraqi Scud missiles during the Persian Gulf War may have been due to a software problem of the system. During one such Iraqi missile attack, 28 American soldiers were killed in their barracks in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
■ A Better Windows than DOS
1991: With the introduction of Microsoft Windows 3.0, "unrecoverable application error" became a household phrase, soon to be replaced by "general protection fault" in version 3.1 (heralded by the headline "Windows Upgrade Crashes Less Often").
■ Don't Use the Calculator! We Need the Right Answer!
1991: It was revealed in 1994 that the Calculator applet in Microsoft Windows did not display correct answers. Reportedly, it took the Pentium bug brouhaha to motivate Microsoft to admit and fix a bug it may have known about since 1991.
■ You Are Lost and Gone Forever...
1993: An $80 million satellite called Clementine was hopelessly lost in space after a software error caused its thruster rockets to fire continually, consuming all its fuel before its asteroid-rendezvous mission was completed.
X
■ Double, Double, Toil and Trouble
1993: The DoubleSpace automatic hard disk compression software included in Microsoft MS-DOS 6.0—billed as capable of nearly doubling the effective space on hard drives—corrupted data, was incompatible with certain BlOSes, and crashed programs and networks. Besides which, Microsoft lost a compression patent-infringement suit brought by Stac Electronics, to the tune of over$100 million. (Of course, it later struck a partnership with Stac.) Version 6.2, which cleared up the majority of these problems, was denied to be a "bug fix."
■ Don't Even Leave the Airport
1994: For months, bugs in a computerized baggage-handling system delayed the opening of the new Denver airport. The system would drive automated baggage carts into walls or deposit bags at the wrong airport destination. After an additional expenditure of some $80 million to fix the system, the airport finally opened in February 1995— with a manual baggage-handling system that will be phased out gradually. Sometimes you just can't beat the human touch.
■ Dividing We Fall
1994: The Pentium bug, probably the most widely reported-on bug in history, was a glitch in the lookup table used to perform floating-point division in Intel's flagship chip. The magnitude of errors ranged from 1 out of 10,000 to 1 out of 1 quadrillion, while estimates of the frequency of errors varied widely from days to millennia. Probably more significant than the defect itself was the fact that Intel's reputation was tarnished needlessly: Intel knew about the problem, decided to keep it a secret, and then downplayed the defect when it was discovered independently. It is estimated that Intel may have lost upward of $400 million due to the Pentium bug.
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Steve Ciarcia builds the ultimate infrared remote control device: It controls all your other remotes.
U.S. Surgeon General C. Everett Koop recommends televised condom
commercials to
fight AIDS.
■ Oh, I Just Can't Wait to Be (Wor)king
1994: Disney Interactive was the cause of some Christmas-morning traumas when its Lion King animated story CD-ROM, easily the most-anticipated and best-selling title during that season, wouldn't work. Inadequate testing by third-party developers caused installation failures on many PC systems. This may have been the first bug to affect popular culture.
■ And on Wall Street, 166 Funds Remain Unchanged
1994: One day, Fidelity Investments, the $250 billion mutual fund corporation, was temporarily unable to calculate the "net asset value" for 166 of its 208 mutual funds because a bug had overwritten every stock in its database with 9s. A low-level employee authorized using the closing prices of the previous day rather than admitting that Fidelity didn't know what the actual prices were. The subsequent uproar resulted in the establishment of rules for handling such situations in the future.
■ The Incredible Growing File
1994: A bug in CorelDraw 5 caused the size of a file to multiply wildly when certain operations were performed, transforming 2-MB files into 30-MB behemoths. Although fixed in subsequent releases, another file size problem later emerged.
126 B YXE SEPTEMBER 1995
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■ Three of Life's Certainties: Death, Taxes—and Bugs
1994-1995: Intuit announced that calculation errors or loss of data could occur in both its TurboTax and MacInTax income tax preparation programs. Many people use such programs because they are worried about making errors by doing their taxes manually. Can you say "irony"?
■ Absolutely, Positively Deleted
1995: Millions of Super Bowl telecast watchers were impressed by ads for Federal Express's new Windows software for handling package pickup and keeping track of FedEx deliveries. Unfortunately for the estimated 15,000 companies that started using the first release, all their records were deleted on the first day of each month.
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■ The Bug Is Yet to Be
2000: When the global odometer turns over on January 1, 2000 A.D., computer systems the world over are expected to buckle. Legacy mainframe programs hard-coded to treat the year "00" as 1900 will begin calculating negative ages, seniorities, andbene-fits. Where will your bet be when the mil-lennialroulette wheel comes up "00"?
JesLComi
puterJShowsi
Of late, it seems many trade shows are more about chachkis than products or technologies. But that wasn't always the way...
The Faire Queen
The West Coast Computer Faire earns top honors from those who remember it. One year, it filled (and we mean filled) Brooks Convention Center in San Francisco, with booths in the halls and in the chair storage room—and even in the garbage collection area! It was where the first 68000 was shown, where the Lilith was shown, and where little computers got seen by a lot of people who had never paid any attention to them before. So what if its name is spelled funny?
CD Chance
Bill Gates isn't just the head of the largest software company in the world—he's also the father of the CD-ROM Conference. At the time, it seemed a financial risk for him (the richest man in the world), but looking back, it was clearly right.
On the First Comdex
It was a small show. Contributing editor Jerry Pournelle went to it because he could drive to it. He says, "Wasn't much, but it sure kicked things off." By the third Comdex, things were really happening. Now it cripples Las Vegas every fall.
Wescon
Trolley cars, the Golden Gate Bridge, and fog aren't the only things to come out of San Francisco. In the mid-1970s, it was also the place to hear about the latest chips. Among other things, the MOS Technology 6502 (to become the brains of Steve Wozniak's Apple II) was introduced there.
Tell All
The microprocessor field is highly competitive and very secretive. The Microprocessor Forum is a kind of you-show-me-yours-and-l'll-show-you-mine show. If you keep your ears and eyes open, you'll see what every major processor company is planning for the next three to five years. Well, maybe not everything.
Fall'95
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128 BYTE SEPTEMBER 1995
Samsung monitors.
Designed from your point of view.
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Circle 274 on Inquiry Card.
SyncMaster 17GLL
Today's applications demand more from your monitor. That's why Samsung created the GLi Series monitors. They work the way you do.
Performance is only part of the reason to buy a new 17-inch SyncMaster monitor. \ has big, bright, crisp, clear images that you can depend on year after year.
Simplicity is also important. The GLi Series offers Plug and Play* compatibility, so you can get right to work. Its intuitive controls and on-screen programming keep concentration where it belongs - on the job.
Plus, Samsung delivers outstanding Value - in the comfort of a three-year warranly, and the satisfaction of a competitive price.
If you take your work seriously, think about an exceptional monitor. Think about the SyncMaster 17GLi. After all, it's your point of view.
Call 1-800-933-4110 or use fax-on-demand at 1-800-229-2239 for more information.
Actual viewable areas are HCTUSGLi] and 16.0" (17GLi end 17GLsi).
AMSUN
Bell & Howell Copiscan IT Document Scanners
Laboratory tests
prove you'd rather have
our paper path.
Think what it's like inside a scanner. Heat, noise, gears, belts, rollers. No wonder so many little pieces of paper get mangled. No wonder users spend so much time trying to pull tiny shreds out of the rollers with their bare hands. That's why we design our scanners with the simplest, most straightforward paper path in the industry. So they can handle any kind of document.
From onionskin to card stock. Ripped, wrinkled, or stapled. So if there's any doubt in your mind who makes the best scanners, just ask yourself a simple question. Which one would you rather go through? We have a brochure that describes all our Copiscan II scanners. For a copy, call 1-800-SCAN-494.
BEU+HOWELL
L pj The Document Management People Circle 216 on Inquiry Card (RESELLERS: 217).
ZOContfitiotion
aociefy
Computers have changed our world. That's a tired cliche, but it's true. Perhaps no other instrument of the late twentieth century has had such a fundamental and pervasive impact on our everyday lives.
Astronomy
The Hubble Space Telescope is now fixed. But astronomers were able to salvage useful images from it even before the Space Shuttle's repair mission. Image-processing software let them extract clear images from the fuzzy ones sent down by the Hubble camera.
Aviation
The Boeing 777 is the first of a new generation of airframes. It was designed entirely on computers, never going through mock-ups and prototypes. It represents the natural culmination of the trend toward CAD.
Biology
The Human Genome Project, an ambitious multiyear effort to map the human genetic code, would be impossible without computers to store and sort the mountains of data nature has put into the human genetic sequence.
Business
If, as some recent advertisements claim, business is the engine of society, then computers must be the fuel. How elsecould arbitrageurs force huge swings in stock prices, without computers to show them the point spreads and rapidly execute their trades before the spread closes? And how else could Federal Express track billions of packages, delivering them accurately and on time?
Communities
On-line communities have evolved to meet almost any interest. Whether you want to rail against Barney the dinosaur, compare Captain Janeway to Captains Picard and Kirk, or trade mealloaf recipes, there is a virtual community for you somewhere. It can be tough sometimes to find those who share your interests, but they are almost surely out there.
Consumers
The relationship between customers and manufacturers has changed. The concept of beta testing was foreign to most of the population 20 years ago. Would anyone have bought an automatic transmission if the manufacturer told you that it occasionally locked up and sometimes rebooted to first gear for no apparent reason? Yet we accept software that way.
Education
The coming of the information age is forcing schools to rethink curricula, which they probably should do anyway. Unfortunately, some schools insist on using computers as glorified flash cards, transferring boring rote learning from paper to software. And some of the glitzy multimedia education tools go too far the other way, making education into a game. Somewhere in between are schools using computers to let kids run
SLOW BUSINESS IS NO BUSINESS.
WHERE WOULD INSIOER
TRADING BE WITHOUT COMPUTERS?
COMPUTERS CAN ARRANGE A VACATION FROM COMPUTERS.
SEPTEMBER 1995 BYXK 131
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experiments, analyze data, and write papers in ways that could not have been imagined 20 years ago.
Entertainment
Computers controlled the motion cameras that let George Lucas shoot all the components of a single scene separately—the Death Star, the Tie Fighters, and the Rebel ships—and then composite them into a single breathtaking piece of movie history.
Finance
Many of us would be bankrupt paupers without the control over our finances that programs such as Quicken have brought. Even if you don't use the programs yourself, it's likely your accountant does.
Government
Computers have created an industry that provides jobs forthousands of intelligent people who might otherwise be burdens on society—or worse, government bureaucrats. Thank your lucky stars.
Health Care
Computers empower the physically challenged to lead productive lives; the brilliant physicist Stephen W. Hawking is an excellent example. He suffers from the degenerative muscle disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) popularly called Lou Gehrig's disease. Although he cannot use his own voice to speak or his own hands to
tions
o society
«fc*\
THE $64,000,000,000 QUESTION: IS THIS AN OPPORTUNITY T0TAKE A CHEAP SHOT AT MILITARY SPENDING?
write, he continues to contribute world-class science.
Manufacturing
Just-in-time manufacturing, which seeks to reduce inventory while increasing responsiveness to changing markets, would not be possible without computers.
Medicine
Noninvasive imaging technologies, such as CAT (computerized axial tomography) scans, have given doctors the ability to perform exploratory surgery without ever opening up the body. Soon, computer software that was originally developed to spot Soviet tanks from satellite photos will join the doctor's arsenal as a way to identify possible cancers in a mammogram.
Meteorology
The percentage of incorrect weather reports has been dropping, due in large part to better weather models. The recently announced vBNS (very high-speed Backbone Network Service) will let several supercomputers work together on much larger simulations, which should further improve the accuracy of forecasts.
Military
As the Gulf War showed us, technical superiority can overwhelm numerical superiority. Getting there first with the most is no longer as important as having the most advanced weapons. Computer-controlled weapons help a small, well-equipped armed force keep the peace in a dangerous world.
Physics
A physicist with some new theories on star formation runs a simulation based on her new theories to test it out. Another seeking the basic quantum particles examines the remains of a proton/antiproton collision, like some voodoo priestexamining the entrails of matter rather than the entrails of chickens.
Politics
During his recent unsuccessful run for the U.S. Senate, OliverNorth was able to raise millions of dollars from outside his state, using mailing lists of like-minded individuals. A state-level operation never could have handled such a sophisticated, nationwide fund-raising effort without cheap, sophisticated databases.
Publishing
The very definition of a magazine is changing. It is now de rigueur to have a Web page on the Internet's WWW (World Wide Web). Bandwidth for most users is still too narrow to allow fully formatted pages of text and graphics, and there is still too small a percentage of the population on-line. But this is changing.
In the realm of publishing on paper, now anyone with a computer and some imagination can turn out professional publications thanks to the power of desktop publishing.
Travel
Computers have improved the way we travel, from reservation systems that instantly let us book flights anywhere to the early-warning systems that let pilots know of potentially dangerous microburst downdrafts.
Writing
E-mail has at least temporarily stayed the death sentence of writing. Sure, the quality of some E-mail is less than stellar, and the temptation of easy, almost anonymous, flaming has exposed the worst side of human nature. But communicating via E-mail lets us keep in touch with a far-flung network of friends and associates.
Thanks to word processors, the task of writing has gone from chiseling in stone to sculpting from clay. It's so much easier to push and prod your words when they are glowing phosphors on a screen than when they were typed on your old IBM Selectric. We don't always take advantage of this ability, but at least it's there.
132 BYTE SEPTEMBER 1995
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A. My job function is best classified as (check one):
1 [ ] Company Management
2 [ ] IS/MIS/IT Management
3 [ ] Systems Engineering/Integration
4 | ] Systems/Networking Consulting
5 ( | Departmental Management (non-IS/MIS)
6 [ ] Technical Services Support
7 [ ] Other (please describe)
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8 I | Business Services (Finance, Banking, Insurance, Healthcare, Professional)
9 [ ] Commerce/Industry (Retail, Wholesale, Construction, Mining, Manufacturing, Transportation)
10 [ ] Reseller/OEM (VAR, VAD, Systems/Network Integrator, Computer Product Manufacturer)
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C. Please indicate which specific fields of interest are important to you so that BYTE may serve you with supplemental information that best meets your needs (select all that apply):
14 ( ] UNIX and Workstations
15 [ ] Networking (LANs, WANs, and Telecommunications) 16| ]Multimedia
17 [ ] Reselling/Systems Integration
18 [ ] Applications Development
19 [ ]0ther(explain):
23 ( ] UNIX (any, including Solaris)
24 [ ] Windows
25 [ ] Windows/NT
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20 [ ]D0S
21 r ] os/2 '-I Please send me one year of BYTE 22[ ] Mac/OS Magazine for S19.97 and bill me. Offer
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E. The number of employees at my location and company-wide area (check one in each column):
At My
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28[]
29[]
30[]
31| ] 32[]
10,000 or more 5.000 to 9,999 1.000 to 4,999 100 to 999 Under 100
Company-Wide 33[] 34[] 35|| 36(] 37[]
September 1995 | 91 97 98 | Valid until November 30, 1995
Inquiry Numbers 1-187
105 106 122 123 137 138 139 140 154 155 156 157 171 172 173 174
5
22
39
56
73
90
107 108 109 124 125 126 141 142 143 158 159 160 175 176 177
Inquiry Numbers 375-561
375 376 392 393 409 410 426 427 443 444 460 461 477 478 494 495 511 512 528 529 545 546
377 378 394 395 411 412 428 429 445 446 462 463 479 480 496 497 513 514 530 531 547 548
379 380 381 396 397 398 413 414 415 430 431 432 447 448 449 464 465 466 481 482 483 498 499 500 515 516 517 532 533 534 549 550 551
Inquiry Numbers 749-935
749 750 766 767 783 784 800 801 817 818 834 835 851 852 868 869 885 886 902 903 919 920
751 752 768 769 785 786 802 803 819 820 836 837 853 854 870 871 887 888 904 905 921 922
753 754 755 770 771 772 787 788 789 804 805 806 821 822 823 838 839 840 855 856 857 872 873 874 889 890 891 906 907 908 923 924 925
127 128
144 145
161 162
178 179
382 383 399 400 416 417 433 434 450 451 467 468 484 485 501 502 518 519 535 536 552 553
756 757
773 774
790 791