<link href="WileyTemplate_v5.1.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <link href="index.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <meta content="urn:uuid:e0000000-0000-0000-0000-000004432241" name="Adept.expected.resource"/> </head> <body> <section> <header> <h1 id="c1">Index</h1> </header> <section> <ul> <li>Note: Page numbers in <i>italics</i> refer to figures, those in <b>bold</b> refer to tables and boxes. References are to pages within chapters, thus 58.10 is page 10 of Chapter 58.</li> </ul> </section> <section> <h2>A</h2> <ul> <li>A fibres</li> <li>α-adrenoceptor agonists</li> <li>abacavir <ul> <li>drug eruptions</li> <li>HLA allele association</li> <li>hypersensitivity</li> <li>pharmacological hypersensitivity</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>ABCA12</i> gene mutations</li> <li><i>ABCC6</i> gene mutations</li> <li><i>ABCC11</i> gene mutations</li> <li>abdominal wall, lymphoedema</li> <li><i>ABHD5</i> gene mutations</li> <li>abrasions, sports injuries</li> <li>Abrikossoff tumour</li> <li>abscesses <ul> <li>anal</li> <li>aseptic abscess syndrome</li> <li>breast</li> <li>filler adverse reaction</li> <li>glanders</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>immunodeficiency association</li> <li>intraoral</li> <li>krokodil abuse</li> <li>subungual</li> </ul> </li> <li>acantholysis <ul> <li>pemphigus</li> </ul> </li> <li>acantholytic dermatoses <ul> <li>Hailey–Hailey disease variants</li> <li><i>see also</i> transient acantholytic dermatosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>acantholytic disorders, inherited <ul> <li><i>see also</i> Darier disease; Hailey–Hailey disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>acantholytic dyskeratosis <ul> <li>focal</li> </ul> </li> <li>acanthoma fissuratum</li> <li>acanthosis <ul> <li>Bowen disease</li> <li>peristomal papules</li> </ul> </li> <li>acanthosis nigricans <ul> <li>acquired generalized lipodystrophy</li> <li>acral</li> <li>associated disorders</li> <li>benign</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>confluent and reticulated papillomatosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>congenital generalized lipodystrophies</li> <li>Darier disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>definition</li> <li>dermatomyositis association</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>drug-induced</li> <li>endocrine disorder skin signs</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>familial</li> <li>familial partial lipodystrophy association</li> <li>generalized</li> <li>genital</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>malignant</li> <li>management</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>paraneoplastic</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>predisposing factors</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>unilateral</li> <li>variants</li> <li>vulval</li> </ul> </li> <li>acanthosis palmaris</li> <li>Acari</li> <li>Acaridae</li> <li>accelerated rheumatoid nodulosis</li> <li>acetone</li> <li>acetyl hexapeptide 3</li> <li>acetylcholine <ul> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>itching in skin disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>acetylcholine receptor antibodies</li> <li>Achenbach syndrome</li> <li>achondroplasia, osteogenesis imperfecta differential diagnosis</li> <li>aciclovir <ul> <li>erythema multiforme</li> <li>herpes simplex virus <ul> <li>in HIV</li> <li>neonatal</li> </ul> </li> <li>post-herpetic neuralgia</li> <li>resistance</li> <li>topical</li> <li>varicella-zoster virus</li> </ul> </li> <li>acid glycosaminoglycans</li> <li>acid lipase</li> <li>acid orcein–Giemsa stain</li> <li>acid phosphatase <ul> <li>lysosomal</li> </ul> </li> <li>acids, chemical burns</li> <li><i>Acinetobacter</i></li> <li><i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i></li> <li>acitretin <ul> <li>congenital ichthyoses</li> <li>discoid lupus erythematosus treatment</li> <li>hand eczema treatment</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa management</li> <li>keratitis–ichthyosis–deafness syndrome treatment</li> <li>keratoacanthoma treatment</li> <li>neutral lipid storage disease with ichthyosis treatment</li> <li>pityriasis rubra pilaris treatment</li> <li>psoriasis <ul> <li>generalized pustular</li> <li>plaque</li> </ul> </li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma secondary prevention</li> <li>subcorneal pustular dermatosis</li> <li>Vohwinkel syndrome treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>Ackerman tumour <i>see</i> verrucous carcinoma</li> <li>acne <ul> <li>agminate</li> <li>antibiotic therapy <ul> <li>ocular side effects</li> </ul> </li> <li>arthritis association</li> <li>comedonal <ul> <li>management</li> <li>mid-facial</li> <li>treatment algorithm</li> </ul> </li> <li>cosmetica</li> <li>defensin activity</li> <li>detergent</li> <li>ectopic</li> <li>endocrine disorder skin signs</li> <li>environmental, differential diagnosis</li> <li>environmental pollution</li> <li>excoriée</li> <li>granulomatous</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa</li> <li>hirsutism association</li> <li>hyperandrogenism</li> <li>infantile <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>inversa</li> <li>isotretinoin treatment</li> <li>joint symptom association</li> <li>keloid-like</li> <li>mechanical</li> <li>mid-childhood <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>necrotica</li> <li>neonatal <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>occupational <ul> <li>chemical origin</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>papular elastorrhexis differential diagnosis</li> <li>penile</li> <li>photodynamic therapy</li> <li>pomade</li> <li>prepubertal <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>scarring</li> <li>severity</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Propionibacterium acnes</i></li> <li>psychological impact</li> <li>pyogenic sterile arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum and acne syndrome</li> <li>quality of life measurement</li> <li>surgery</li> </ul> </li> <li>acne aestivalis</li> <li>acne conglobata <ul> <li>acne fulminans differential diagnosis</li> <li>assessment</li> <li>associated diseases</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>dissecting cellulitis of scalp association</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa differential diagnosis</li> <li>infants</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>acné excoriée</li> <li>acne fulminans <ul> <li>acne conglobata differential diagnosis</li> <li>assessment</li> <li>associated disorders</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>infections</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>isotretinoin-induced flare</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>acne inversa <i>see</i> hidradenitis suppurativa</li> <li>acne keloidalis <ul> <li>nuchae</li> <li>scarring</li> </ul> </li> <li>acne mechanica</li> <li>acne of chemical origin <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa differential diagnosis</li> <li>management</li> <li>occupational disorders</li> </ul> </li> <li>Acne Quality of Life Scale (AQOL)</li> <li>Acne Symptom and Impact Scale (ASIS)</li> <li>acne vulgaris <ul> <li>acneform drug eruption differential diagnosis</li> <li>adolescence</li> <li>alcohol consumption</li> <li>anxiety</li> <li>assessment</li> <li>associated diseases</li> <li>azelaic acid treatment</li> <li>body mass index association</li> <li>causative organisms</li> <li>chemical peels <ul> <li>skin of colour</li> </ul> </li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>cosmetics association</li> <li>definition</li> <li>depression</li> <li>diet</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>drug-induced</li> <li>eating disorder association</li> <li>environmental factors</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>ethnicity</li> <li>genetic factors</li> <li>hormonal investigations</li> <li>hyperpigmentation</li> <li>immune response</li> <li>inflammation</li> <li>inflammatory <ul> <li>treatment algorithm</li> </ul> </li> <li>inflammatory lesions</li> <li>inflammatory macules</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>itching</li> <li>lifestyle factors</li> <li>management <ul> <li>first line therapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>menstrual cycle</li> <li>neurophysiology</li> <li>nodular</li> <li>occupational acne differential diagnosis</li> <li>papulopustular <ul> <li>systemic therapy</li> <li>topical therapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>papulopustular rosacea differential diagnosis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>periorificial dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>photoaggravated, actinic folliculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>predisposing factors</li> <li>pregnancy</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li><i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> infection</li> <li>psychological problem association</li> <li>psychosocial effects</li> <li>pyogenic granuloma</li> <li>quality of life impact</li> <li>rosacea conglobata differential diagnosis</li> <li>scarring <ul> <li>mimics</li> </ul> </li> <li>seborrhoea</li> <li>severe <ul> <li>treatment</li> <li>treatment algorithm</li> </ul> </li> <li>severity rating</li> <li>sinus tracts</li> <li>sleep deprivation</li> <li>smoking</li> <li>stress factors</li> <li>suicide risk</li> <li>tuberous sclerosis complex differential diagnosis</li> <li>UV radiation</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>acneform eruptions <ul> <li>chemical peels</li> <li>drug-induced</li> </ul> </li> <li>Acne-specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (Acne-QoL)</li> <li>acquired angio-oedema (AAE)</li> <li>acquired autoinflammatory disorders</li> <li>acquired digital fibrokeratoma</li> <li>acquired elastotic haemangioma</li> <li>acquired generalized lipodystrophy (AGL) <ul> <li>acquired partial lipodystrophy differential diagnosis</li> <li>associated diseases</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>acquired immune deficiency syndrome <i>see</i> AIDS</li> <li>acquired immunodeficiency <i>see</i> immunodeficiency, acquired</li> <li>acquired lipodystrophy <ul> <li>congenital</li> <li>generalized</li> <li>HIV-associated</li> <li>juvenile dermatomyositis</li> <li>localized</li> </ul> </li> <li>acquired partial lipodystrophy (APL) <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>acquired progressive lymphangioma</li> <li>acquired seed-like keratoses of palms and soles</li> <li>acquired ungual fibrokeratoma</li> <li>acral fibromyxoma <ul> <li>superficial</li> </ul> </li> <li>acral keratosis, mosaic</li> <li>acral peeling skin syndrome (APSS) <ul> <li>keratolysis exfoliativa differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>acral persistent papular mucinosis</li> <li>acral self-healing collodion baby</li> <li>acroangiodermatitis <ul> <li>Kaposi sarcoma, differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>acrocyanosis <ul> <li>neonates</li> <li>proximal nail fold capillaroscopy</li> <li>Raynaud phenomenon differential diagnosis</li> <li>Sneddon syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans <ul> <li>Lyme disease</li> <li>sclerosing panniculitis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>acrodermatitis chronica migrans</li> <li>acrodermatitis continua of Hallopeau <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>psoriasis</li> <li>radiotherapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>acrodermatitis dysmetabolica</li> <li>acrodermatitis enteropathica <ul> <li>breastfed infants</li> <li>perineal candidosis of infancy differential diagnosis</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>perioral involvement</li> <li>telogen effluvium</li> <li>zinc deficiency association</li> </ul> </li> <li>acro-dermato-ungual-lacrimal-tooth (ADULT) syndrome <ul> <li>ectrodactyly–ectodermal dysplasia–cleft lip/palate syndrome differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>acrodynia, mercury toxicity</li> <li>acrogeria <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>mandibuloacral dysplasia differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>acrokeratoelastoidosis <ul> <li>punctate palmoplantar keratoderma differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>acrokeratosis paraneoplastica <ul> <li>psoriasis differential diagnosis</li> <li><i>see also</i> Bazex syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>acrokeratosis verruciformis <ul> <li>Darier disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidermodysplasia verruciformis differential diagnosis</li> <li>longitudinal erythronychia</li> <li>plantar wart differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>acromegaly <ul> <li>acne association</li> <li>endocrine disorder skin signs</li> <li>facial changes</li> <li>hyperpigmentation</li> <li>macroglossia</li> </ul> </li> <li>acromelalgia <i>see</i> erythromelalgia</li> <li>acronecrosis</li> <li>acro-osteolysis <ul> <li>with keratoderma</li> </ul> </li> <li>acroparasthesiae, Fabry disease</li> <li>acropustulosis <ul> <li>infantile</li> <li>psoriasis</li> </ul> </li> <li>acrospiroma, malignant</li> <li>acrylates, allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>acrylic resins, self-curing</li> <li>actin</li> <li>actinic cheilitis <ul> <li>carbon dioxide laser ablation</li> <li>photodynamic therapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>actinic comedonal plaque</li> <li>actinic dermatitis <i>see</i> chronic actinic dermatitis</li> <li>actinic elastosis <i>see</i> solar elastosis</li> <li>actinic folliculitis</li> <li>actinic granuloma <ul> <li>solar elastosis association</li> </ul> </li> <li>actinic keratoses <ul> <li>basal cell carcinoma association</li> <li>benign lichenoid keratosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>Bowen disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>bowenoid</li> <li>causative organisms</li> <li>chondrodermatitis nodularis differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features <ul> <li>immunocompromised patients</li> </ul> </li> <li>complications/co-morbidity</li> <li>cutaneous horn differential diagnosis</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>eyelid</li> <li>Flegel disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>histological sections</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>hyperplastic, squamous cell carcinoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>imiquimod therapy</li> <li>immunocompromised patients</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>keratoacanthoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>lichenoid</li> <li>lower leg eczema differential diagnosis</li> <li>management <ul> <li>ingenol mebutate therapy</li> <li>topical diclofenac therapy</li> <li>topical 5-fluorouracil</li> </ul> </li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>photodynamic therapy <ul> <li>daylight regimen</li> <li>pain</li> </ul> </li> <li>porokeratosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>post-ionizing radiation keratosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>pre-malignant neoplasm of ear</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>progression prevention</li> <li>seborrhoeic keratosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>skin cancer risk</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma <ul> <li>association</li> <li>development risk</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>sunscreen protection</li> <li>transplant recipients</li> <li>UV treatment-related</li> <li>variants</li> <li>venous lake association</li> </ul> </li> <li>actinic lentigines <ul> <li>chemical peel</li> <li>laser treatment</li> <li>sun exposure</li> </ul> </li> <li>actinic prurigo <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>ethnic groups</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>polymorphic light eruption <ul> <li>association</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>actinic purpura</li> <li>actinic reticuloid</li> <li><i>Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans</i></li> <li><i>Actinomyces bovis</i></li> <li><i>Actinomyces israelii</i></li> <li>actinomycetoma</li> <li>actinomycosis <ul> <li>abdominal</li> <li>botryomycosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>cervico-facial</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa differential diagnosis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pelvic</li> <li>primary cutaneous</li> <li>thoracic</li> <li>variants</li> <li>vulval</li> </ul> </li> <li>activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM)</li> <li>active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) of drugs</li> <li>acupuncture</li> <li>acute abdomen, IgA vasculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>acute adenolymphangitis (ADL)</li> <li>acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (ACLE)</li> <li>acute disseminated epidermal necrosis (ADEN)</li> <li>acute epidermal distension</li> <li>acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) <ul> <li>acute haemorrhagic oedema in infancy</li> <li>causes</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diagnostic criteria</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>DRESS differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>postpustular desquamation</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>subcorneal pustular dermatosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>symmetrical drug-related intertriginous and flexural exanthem differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>acute haemorrhagic oedema of childhood</li> <li>acute intermittent porphyria</li> <li>acute limb ischaemia, treatment</li> <li>acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) <ul> <li>leukaemia cutis</li> <li>neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis association</li> </ul> </li> <li>acute necrotizing (ulcerative) gingivitis</li> <li>acute oedema blisters</li> <li>acute papular onchodermatitis (APOD)</li> <li>acute scrotum</li> <li>acute syndrome of apoptotic panepidermolysis</li> <li>acute-phase proteins (APPs)</li> <li><i>ACVRL1</i> gene mutations</li> <li>adalimumab <ul> <li>acne conglobata treatment</li> <li>dosage</li> <li>psoriasis treatment</li> <li>psoriatic arthritis treatment</li> <li>pyoderma gangrenosum treatment</li> <li>TNF-α neutralization</li> </ul> </li> <li>ADAMs</li> <li><i>ADAM10</i> gene mutations</li> <li>Adamantiades–Behçet disease <i>see</i> Behçet disease</li> <li>Adams–Oliver syndrome <ul> <li>amniotic band syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>aplasia cutis congenita</li> <li>congenital disorders of glycosylation</li> </ul> </li> <li>ADAMTS</li> <li>adapalene</li> <li>adaptive immune system <ul> <li>acne vulgaris</li> <li>antigen presentation</li> <li>immunological memory</li> <li>late-phase response</li> <li>mast cell roles</li> <li>MHC complex</li> <li>TGF-β role</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>ADAR1</i> gene mutation</li> <li>Addison disease <ul> <li>acanthosis nigricans differential diagnosis</li> <li>chemotherapy-induced hyperpigmentation differential diagnosis</li> <li>chronic mucocutaneous candidosis</li> <li>dermatitis herpetiformis association</li> <li>endocrine disorder skin signs</li> <li>hyperpigmentation</li> <li>melanocortins</li> <li>melanocyte-stimulating hormone</li> <li>oral hyperpigmentation</li> <li>sweat sodium levels</li> </ul> </li> <li>addisonian pigmentation</li> <li>adenoid cystic carcinoma</li> <li>adenoma sebaceum <i>see</i> angiofibromas</li> <li>adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) <ul> <li><i>see also</i> Gardner syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>adenopathy and extensive skin patch overlying a plasmacytoma (AESOP) syndrome</li> <li>adenosine deaminase deficiency</li> <li>adenosine triphosphate (ATP)</li> <li>adermatoglyphia</li> <li>adherence to treatment <ul> <li>improvement</li> <li>technological solutions</li> <li><i>see also</i> non-adherence to treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>adherens junctions</li> <li>adhesins</li> <li>adhesion molecules <ul> <li>on activated keratinocytes</li> <li>endothelial</li> <li>metastatic spread role</li> </ul> </li> <li>adipocytes <ul> <li>anatomy</li> <li>brown fat</li> <li>energy metabolism</li> <li>ghost <ul> <li>infectious panniculitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>immune system interaction</li> <li>lobules</li> <li>mature</li> <li>necrosis</li> <li>oedema</li> <li>perivascular</li> <li>vascular supply</li> <li>white fat</li> </ul> </li> <li>adipocytic tumours</li> <li>adipogenesis</li> <li>adipokines</li> <li>adiponectin</li> <li>adipophilin</li> <li>adipose tissue <ul> <li>ablation</li> <li>abnormal deposition</li> <li>brown</li> <li>energy homeostasis</li> <li>genetic disorders</li> <li>pain in Dercum disease</li> <li>physiology</li> <li>white</li> <li><i>see also</i> lipodystrophy; obesity</li> </ul> </li> <li>adiposis dolorosa</li> <li>adiposis oedematosa</li> <li>adnexal polyp, neonates</li> <li>adnexal tumours, eyelid</li> <li>adolescence <ul> <li>acne vulgaris</li> <li>annular lichenoid dermatitis of youth</li> <li>cholinergic urticaria</li> <li>impact of skin conditions</li> <li>skin disease impact measurement</li> </ul> </li> <li>adrenal carcinoma, hirsutism</li> <li>adrenal hyperfunction</li> <li>adrenal insufficiency</li> <li>adrenal steroid genesis pathway</li> <li>adrenocortical disease, acquired</li> <li>adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) <ul> <li>Cushing syndrome</li> <li>ectopic ACTH syndrome</li> <li>ectopic production causing oral hyperpigmentation</li> <li>solid malignant tumours</li> <li>therapy causing oral hyperpigmentation</li> <li>tumour in Cushing disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>adult myofibromatosis</li> <li>adult T-cell leukaemia–lymphoma (ATLL) <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>adulthood, impact of skin conditions</li> <li>adult-onset Still disease <ul> <li>drug-induced serum sickness-like reaction differential diagnosis</li> <li>polyarteritis nodosa differential diagnosis</li> <li>Schnitzler syndrome differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>adverse events <ul> <li>case–control studies</li> <li>clinical trials</li> <li>cohort studies</li> <li>photodynamic therapy</li> <li><i>see also</i> drug eruptions/reactions</li> </ul> </li> <li>aeroallergens</li> <li><i>Aeromonas</i></li> <li><i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i></li> <li>AESOP syndrome (adenopathy and extensive skin patch overlying a plasmacytoma)</li> <li>afamelanotide, skin cancer treatment</li> <li>α-fetoprotein</li> <li>African tick bite fever</li> <li>agammaglobulinaemia <ul> <li>autosomal recessive</li> <li><i>see also</i> X-linked agammaglobulinaemia</li> </ul> </li> <li>age <ul> <li>wound healing</li> <li><i>see also</i> adolescence; children; infant(s); neonates; older people</li> </ul> </li> <li>ageing of skin <ul> <li>anatomical site</li> <li>asymmetrical</li> <li>atrophic photoageing</li> <li>barrier dysfunction</li> <li>Bateman purpura</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>collagen fibrils <ul> <li>fragmentation</li> <li>synthesis decrease</li> </ul> </li> <li>collagenous and elastotic marginal plaques of hands</li> <li>colour</li> <li>cosmetic implications</li> <li>dermal connective tissue changes</li> <li>dermatoporosis</li> <li>drug therapeutic outcome effects</li> <li>dyspigmentation <ul> <li>neck</li> </ul> </li> <li>erythema</li> <li>external ear changes</li> <li>extrinsic <ul> <li>colour</li> <li>neck</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>fibroblasts</li> <li>filler use</li> <li>gene expression</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>grading</li> <li>hydration changes</li> <li>hyperpigmentation</li> <li>hypertrophic photoageing</li> <li>hypopigmentation</li> <li>idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis</li> <li>implications</li> <li>intrinsic <ul> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>photonumerical scale</li> </ul> </li> <li>laxity</li> <li>lipid synthesis</li> <li>measurement</li> <li>menopausal</li> <li>natural</li> <li>neck</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>photonumerical scale</li> <li>premature</li> <li>reactive oxygen species</li> <li>SCINEXA score</li> <li>smoking</li> <li>social implications</li> <li>solar elastosis</li> <li>telangiectases</li> <li>topical retinoid therapy</li> <li>ultraviolet irradiation</li> <li>venous lake association</li> <li><i>see also</i> photoageing; wrinkling</li> </ul> </li> <li>AGel amyloidosis</li> <li>Agent Orange</li> <li>aggrecan</li> <li>agonists, inverse/partial</li> <li>agranulocytosis <ul> <li>aphthous ulceration</li> <li>dapsone-induced</li> </ul> </li> <li>α-hydroxy acids (AHA) <ul> <li>antiageing products</li> <li>chemical peels</li> </ul> </li> <li>Aicardi syndrome <ul> <li>MIDAS syndrome differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>AIDS <ul> <li>case definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>progression to <ul> <li>predictors</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>see also</i> HIV infection</li> </ul> </li> <li>AIDS wasting syndrome</li> <li>AIDS-defining illnesses <ul> <li>histoplasmosis</li> <li>HPV-associated cancers</li> <li>oesophageal candidosis</li> <li>opportunistic infections</li> <li>penicilliosis</li> <li>strongyloidosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>ainhum</li> <li>AKT/PIK3/mTOR pathway</li> <li>Alagille syndrome</li> <li>albendazole <ul> <li>ancylostomiasis treatment</li> <li>cutaneous larva migrans treatment</li> <li>cysticercosis treatment</li> <li>enterobiasis treatment</li> <li>gnathostomiasis treatment</li> <li>loiasis treatment</li> <li>lymphatic filariasis management</li> <li>strongyloidosis treatment</li> <li>visceral larva migrans treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>albinism <ul> <li>oculocutaneous <ul> <li>prenatal diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>rufous</li> </ul> </li> <li>albinism–deafness syndrome</li> <li>Albright hereditary osteodystrophy</li> <li>Alcian blue staining</li> <li>alcohol abuse/misuse <ul> <li>α<sub>1</sub>-antitrypsin deficiency panniculitis</li> <li>benign symmetrical lipomatosis association</li> <li>dermatitis passivata</li> <li>hyperhidrosis</li> <li>pancreatic panniculitis</li> <li>psoriasis</li> <li>psoriatic arthritis association</li> <li>skin disease</li> <li>toxic shock syndrome association</li> </ul> </li> <li>alcohol consumption <ul> <li>acne vulgaris</li> <li>erythroplasia</li> <li>isotretinoin efficacy</li> <li>oral cancer risk</li> <li>porphyria cutanea tarda risk</li> </ul> </li> <li>alcohol sensitivity, flushing</li> <li>alcoholic cirrhosis, palmar fascial fibromatosis</li> <li>alcohols, topical medication</li> <li><i>Alcyonidium diaphanum</i> (sea chervil)</li> <li>aldehydes <ul> <li>inhalation injury with burns</li> <li>topical therapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>alexandrite laser <ul> <li>hair removal</li> </ul> </li> <li>Alezzandrini syndrome <ul> <li>hair pigmentary defect</li> </ul> </li> <li>algal infection</li> <li>alginate fillers</li> <li>algodystrophy</li> <li>algoneurodystrophy</li> <li>Alibert, Jean-Louis</li> <li>alitretinoin <ul> <li>atopic eczema treatment</li> <li>congenital ichthyosis treatment</li> <li>topical</li> </ul> </li> <li>alkali tests, occupational disorders</li> <li>alkaline phosphatase</li> <li>alkalis, chemical burns</li> <li>alkaptonuria <ul> <li>ochronosis</li> <li>pinna</li> </ul> </li> <li>all or none clinical observations</li> <li>alleles <ul> <li>dominant</li> <li>recessive</li> </ul> </li> <li>allergenicity, theoretical</li> <li>allergens <ul> <li>airborne</li> <li>baseline series</li> <li>binding to skin components</li> <li>clothing</li> <li>exposure reduction regulations</li> <li>nail abnormalities</li> <li>nail varnish</li> <li>occupational disorders</li> <li>plant <ul> <li>airborne</li> </ul> </li> <li>pollution effects</li> <li>solubility</li> </ul> </li> <li>allergic contact dermatitis <ul> <li>acrylates</li> <li>active treatment</li> <li>age</li> <li>allergen containment/replacement</li> <li>allergy sources</li> <li>ano-genital</li> <li>antimicrobial agents</li> <li>arms</li> <li>atopic eczema relationship</li> <li>atopy</li> <li>avoidance advice</li> <li>axillae</li> <li>behaviours</li> <li>bryozoan</li> <li>case definition</li> <li>causative organisms</li> <li>chemical burns differential diagnosis</li> <li>chemical factors</li> <li>chemical peels</li> <li>children</li> <li>chronic</li> <li>climate</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>clothing</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>compound allergy</li> <li>corporate responsibility</li> <li>corticosteroid-induced</li> <li>cosmetic vehicles</li> <li>cosmetics</li> <li>cultural factors</li> <li>data collection</li> <li>definition</li> <li>delayed reaction time</li> <li>depigmentation</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>discoid</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>distribution</li> <li>domestic risks</li> <li>drug influences</li> <li>drug-induced eczema differential diagnosis</li> <li>duration</li> <li>ears</li> <li>eczema complication</li> <li>eczema development model</li> <li>education of community/workforce</li> <li>elicitation</li> <li>environmental factors</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>erythema multiforme-like reactions</li> <li>ethnicity</li> <li>exposed sites</li> <li>eyelids</li> <li>face</li> <li>feet</li> <li>generalized erythroderma</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>granulomatous reactions</li> <li>haemodialysis complication</li> <li>hair dyes</li> <li>hand</li> <li>hand eczema</li> <li>historical aspects</li> <li>hobbies</li> <li>hormone effects</li> <li>hyperpigmentation</li> <li>hyposensitization</li> <li>incidence</li> <li>investigations <ul> <li>intradermal tests</li> <li>open tests</li> <li>patch testing</li> <li>repeat open application tests</li> <li>spot tests</li> <li>usage tests</li> <li><i>in vitro</i> tests</li> </ul> </li> <li>irritant contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>jewellery</li> <li>leg <ul> <li>lower</li> </ul> </li> <li>legal measures</li> <li>lichen planus</li> <li>lichenification</li> <li>lichenoid reactions</li> <li>lips</li> <li>lymphomatoid eruptions</li> <li>management</li> <li>medicament vehicles/excipients</li> <li>mercury toxicity</li> <li>metals <ul> <li>systemically reactivated</li> </ul> </li> <li>mucous membranes</li> <li>nail varnish</li> <li>neck</li> <li>non-eczematous responses</li> <li>occupational</li> <li>occupational irritant contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>onycholysis</li> <li>pathology</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pattern of spread</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>perioral region</li> <li>periorificial dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>photocontact</li> <li>plastics</li> <li>population studies</li> <li>predisposing factors</li> <li>presentation</li> <li>preservatives</li> <li>prevention</li> <li>previous history</li> <li>primary patterns</li> <li>primary site</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>purpuric reactions</li> <li>regulatory measures</li> <li>relapse</li> <li>resins</li> <li>rubber allergy</li> <li>scalp</li> <li>seborrhoeic dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>seborrhoeic dermatitis-like pattern</li> <li>sensitivity levels</li> <li>sensitization</li> <li>severity</li> <li>sex</li> <li>shoe allergy</li> <li>socioeconomic factors</li> <li>standardization</li> <li>stoma complication</li> <li>streaky</li> <li>systemic reactions <ul> <li>drug-induced</li> </ul> </li> <li>systemically reactivated</li> <li>thighs</li> <li>topical drugs</li> <li>transient acantholytic dermatosis association</li> <li>T<sub>reg</sub> cells</li> <li>trunk</li> <li>ultraviolet filters</li> <li>ultraviolet light exposure</li> <li>variants</li> <li>vulval</li> <li><i>see also</i> patch testing; photoallergic contact dermatitis; plant allergens</li> </ul> </li> <li>allergic contact urticaria <ul> <li>anaphylaxis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>cross-reactivity</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>foodstuffs</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>latex allergy</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>vulval</li> </ul> </li> <li>allergic drug reactions</li> <li>allergic eczema, infection relationship</li> <li>allergic rhinitis, atopic eczema association</li> <li>allergic rhinoconjunctivitis</li> <li>allergy <ul> <li>alleviation of development</li> <li>atopic eczema role</li> <li>basophil role</li> <li>CCR3 role</li> <li>compound</li> <li>contact</li> <li>corticosteroid</li> <li>early-phase response</li> <li>effector phase</li> <li>eosinophil association</li> <li>food additives</li> <li>hand eczema</li> <li>historical aspects</li> <li>inflammatory response</li> <li>late-phase response</li> <li>phases</li> <li>photocontact</li> <li>photodynamic therapy</li> <li>prevalence</li> <li>primary immunodeficiency</li> <li>prostanoid secretion</li> <li>respiratory system disorders</li> <li>sensitization phase</li> <li>systemic</li> <li>Th2 cells</li> <li><i>see also</i> <i>named conditions and allergens</i></li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Alliaceae</i></li> <li>allopurinol <ul> <li>adverse drug reactions</li> <li>DRESS association</li> <li>exanthem induction</li> <li>gout treatment</li> <li>hypersensitivity reactions</li> </ul> </li> <li>all-<i>trans</i>-retinoic acid</li> <li>allylamines</li> <li>aloe, anti-inflammatory products</li> <li>alopecia <ul> <li>acquired cicatricial <ul> <li>causes</li> <li>definition</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>symptoms</li> </ul> </li> <li>androgenetic <ul> <li>associated diseases</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>follicle miniaturization</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>hair cycle dynamics</li> <li>hormonal influences</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>papulopustular rosacea association</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pattern</li> <li>psychological consequences</li> <li>sex</li> <li>telogen effluvium differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>aplasia cutis</li> <li>arsenic toxicity</li> <li>artefactual</li> <li>camouflage</li> <li>chemotherapy-induced</li> <li>cicatricial <ul> <li>central centrifugal</li> <li>discoid lupus erythematosus</li> <li>follicular lichen planus</li> <li>folliculitis decalvans</li> <li>non-specific</li> <li>primary</li> <li>pseudopelade of Brocq</li> <li>secondary</li> <li>tufted folliculitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>circumscribed of congenital origin</li> <li>cosmetic</li> <li>discoid lupus erythematosus</li> <li>eating disorders</li> <li>frontal fibrosing</li> <li>hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>Hodgkin disease</li> <li>junctional epidermolysis bullosa</li> <li>lichen planus</li> <li>lipoedematous</li> <li>mucinosa</li> <li>neonatal occipital</li> <li>non-scarring</li> <li>non-specific cicatricial</li> <li>organoid naevi</li> <li>permanent with chemotherapy</li> <li>psoriatic</li> <li>recessive generalized severe dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa</li> <li>scalp biopsy</li> <li>scalp metastases</li> <li>scarring <ul> <li>discoid lupus erythematosus differential diagnosis</li> <li>sarcoidosis</li> <li>scalp biopsy</li> <li>syphilitic gumma</li> <li>traction alopecia</li> </ul> </li> <li>sutural</li> <li>syphilitic</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>thallium poisoning</li> <li>tick bites</li> <li>traction</li> <li>traumatic, tinea capitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>triangular</li> <li>trichothiodystrophy differential diagnosis</li> <li>vitamin D deficiency</li> <li>wigs</li> </ul> </li> <li>alopecia areata <ul> <li>addisonian pigmentation</li> <li>atopy association</li> <li>camouflage</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course/prognosis</li> <li>Down syndrome</li> <li>environmental factors</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>exclamation mark hairs</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>hair cycle disturbance</li> <li>hair pigmentary defect</li> <li>hair regrowth induction</li> <li>hairpiece wearing</li> <li>histological sections</li> <li>historical descriptions</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>immune privilege</li> <li>infants</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>lichen planus association</li> <li>loose anagen syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pili annulati association</li> <li>psychological factors</li> <li>rapid-onset hair greying</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>tinea capitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>and totalis</li> <li>trichotillomania differential diagnosis</li> <li>Turner syndrome</li> <li>white hair sparing</li> <li>wig wearing</li> </ul> </li> <li>alopecia universalis congenita <ul> <li>atrichia with papular lesions differential diagnosis</li> <li>Olmsted syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>ALOXE3</i> mutations</li> <li><i>ALOX12B</i> mutations</li> <li>α-lipoic acid (ALA)</li> <li>alphaviruses</li> <li>Alport syndrome, collagen type IV</li> <li>al-Razi, Muhammed ibn Zakaryiya</li> <li><i>Alstromeriaceae</i></li> <li>alternative splicing</li> <li>alternative therapies <i>see</i> complementary therapies; herbal products/medications</li> <li>aluminium <ul> <li>factitious panniculitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>aluminium acetate</li> <li>aluminium chloride hexahydrate</li> <li>aluminium chloride, hyperhidrosis treatment</li> <li>aluminium hydrochloride hexahydrate</li> <li>amalgam fillings</li> <li>amalgam tattoos</li> <li>AMD3100, wound healing</li> <li>American Indians, actinic prurigo</li> <li>American Rheumatism Association, systemic lupus erythematosus diagnostic criteria</li> <li>amicrobial pustulosis of the skin folds</li> <li>amineptine, acne association</li> <li>amino acid disorders</li> <li>5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) <ul> <li>acne conglobata treatment</li> <li>acne treatment</li> <li>actinic keratosis treatment</li> <li>application</li> </ul> </li> <li>aminopenicillins</li> <li>aminopeptidase N (APN)</li> <li>amiodarone <ul> <li>drug-induced hyperpigmentation <ul> <li>laser treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>phototoxicity</li> </ul> </li> <li>amniocentesis</li> <li>amniotic band syndrome <ul> <li>lymphoedema</li> <li>raised linear bands of infancy differential diagnosis</li> <li><i>see also</i> constricting bands of the extremities</li> </ul> </li> <li>amniotic band theory</li> <li>amniotic membrane, burn coverage</li> <li>amoebiasis <ul> <li>genital</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> </ul> </li> <li>amorolfine</li> <li>amphotericin <ul> <li>blastomycosis treatment</li> <li>candidosis treatment</li> <li>cryptococcosis treatment</li> <li><i>Talaromyces marneffei</i> treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>amphotericin B, liposomal</li> <li>amputation stump neuroma</li> <li>Amsterdam dwarf <i>see</i> Cornelia de Lange syndrome</li> <li>amyloid <ul> <li>disease-causing</li> <li>functional</li> <li>high-power microscopy</li> <li>purpura</li> <li>ultrastructure</li> </ul> </li> <li>amyloid A amyloidosis</li> <li>amyloid deposits <ul> <li>histological sections</li> <li>staining</li> </ul> </li> <li>amyloid K</li> <li>amyloid light-chain amyloidosis</li> <li>amyloidogenesis</li> <li>amyloidoses <ul> <li>AGel</li> <li>amyloid light-chain</li> <li>cardiac involvement</li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical presentation</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>electron microscopy</li> <li>gelsolin</li> <li>hereditary</li> <li>histology</li> <li>hyperpigmentation</li> <li>immunohistochemistry</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>leprosy differential diagnosis</li> <li>lipoid proteinosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>localized cutaneous <ul> <li>associated diseases</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>ethnicity</li> <li>familial</li> <li>incidence</li> <li>lichenoid</li> <li>macular</li> <li>mixed</li> <li>nodular</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>prevalence</li> <li>primary</li> <li>secondary</li> <li>sex</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>macroglossia</li> <li>macular</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>management</li> <li>mevalonate kinase deficiency complication</li> <li>oral</li> <li>penile</li> <li>pressure ulcer association</li> <li>primary <ul> <li>systemic</li> </ul> </li> <li>respiratory disorder association</li> <li>secondary <ul> <li>cutaneous</li> <li>oral</li> </ul> </li> <li>solitary intraoral</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus association</li> <li>systemic with cutaneous involvement <ul> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>hereditary subtypes</li> <li>immunoglobulin production</li> <li>oral mucosa</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>variant</li> </ul> </li> <li>topical treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>anabolic steroid use <ul> <li>acne vulgaris association</li> <li>linear keloids</li> </ul> </li> <li>α-<i>N</i>-acetyl-galactosaminidase deficiency</li> <li>anaemia <ul> <li>acquired pernicious <ul> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus association</li> <li>vitamin B<sub>12</sub> deficiency association</li> </ul> </li> <li>aplastic</li> <li>congenital</li> <li>generalized severe recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa</li> <li>haemolytic <ul> <li>congenital</li> <li>dapsone-induced</li> </ul> </li> <li>iron deficiency</li> <li>megaloblastic</li> <li>renal failure</li> <li>severe</li> </ul> </li> <li>anaesthesia <ul> <li>nail surgery</li> <li>skin resurfacing</li> <li><i>see also</i> local anaesthesia</li> </ul> </li> <li>anaesthetic agents, anaphylactic reactions</li> <li>anagen <ul> <li>androgenetic alopecia</li> </ul> </li> <li>anagen release <ul> <li>delayed</li> <li>immediate</li> </ul> </li> <li>anagrelide</li> <li>anakinra</li> <li>anal abscess <ul> <li>fistula formation</li> <li>pilonidal sinus differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>anal agenesis</li> <li>anal canal</li> <li>anal duplication</li> <li>anal fissure <ul> <li>Crohn disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>sexual abuse</li> </ul> </li> <li>anal fistula <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>Crohn disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>severity classification</li> </ul> </li> <li>anal glands</li> <li>anal intraepithelial neoplasia <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>human papillomavirus infection</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>anal orifice</li> <li>anal rhagades</li> <li>anal sphincter, internal</li> <li>anal stenosis</li> <li>anal tags</li> <li>analgesia <ul> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa management</li> <li>Stevens–Johnson syndrome</li> <li>toxic epidermal necrolysis</li> </ul> </li> <li>analgesics, anaphylactic reactions</li> <li>anaphylactoid purpura, allergic genital</li> <li>anaphylactoid reactions</li> <li>anaphylatoxins</li> <li>anaphylaxis <ul> <li>allergic urticaria</li> <li>analgesics</li> <li>arthropod bites/stings</li> <li>definition</li> <li>drug-induced</li> <li>exercise-induced <ul> <li>wheat-dependent</li> </ul> </li> <li>flushing</li> <li>histamine mediation</li> <li>Hymenoptera stings</li> <li>IgA-mediated with IVIG therapy</li> <li>mastocytosis</li> <li>platinum toxicity</li> <li>pseudoallergic reactions</li> <li>spina bifida</li> <li>tick bites</li> <li>wheat-dependent exercise-induced</li> </ul> </li> <li>anaplasia</li> <li>anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) <ul> <li>cutaneous lymphomas</li> </ul> </li> <li>anatomists' warts <i>see</i> tuberculosis, cutaneous, warty</li> <li>anchoring fibrils <ul> <li>function</li> </ul> </li> <li>anchoring filaments</li> <li>Ancient Egypt</li> <li>Ancient Greece</li> <li>Ancient India</li> <li><i>Ancylostoma brasiliense</i></li> <li><i>Ancylostoma caninum</i></li> <li><i>Ancylostoma ceylonicum</i></li> <li><i>Ancylostoma duodenale</i></li> <li><i>Ancylostoma</i>, urticaria weals</li> <li>ancylostomiasis</li> <li>androgen(s) <ul> <li>deficiency</li> <li>female pattern hair loss</li> <li>fetal</li> <li>hair growth</li> <li>hirsutism</li> <li>male balding</li> <li>mechanism of action of hair follicles</li> <li>metabolism <ul> <li>abnormalities in acne</li> </ul> </li> <li>synthesis</li> <li>testicular</li> </ul> </li> <li>androgen receptor(s) <ul> <li>polymorphisms</li> <li>sweat coils</li> </ul> </li> <li>androgen receptor blockers, papulopustular acne treatment</li> <li>androstenedione</li> <li>anetoderma <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>Jadassohn–Pellizzari type</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>of prematurity</li> <li>primary</li> <li>Schweninger–Buzzi type</li> <li>secondary</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>aneuploidy</li> <li>aneurysmal bone cysts, radiography</li> <li>angina bullosa haemorrhagica <ul> <li>immunostaining</li> </ul> </li> <li>angioblastoma of Nakagawa</li> <li>angioendothelioma, papillary intralymphatic</li> <li>angioendotheliomatosis, reactive</li> <li>angiofibromas <ul> <li>acne vulgaris differential diagnosis</li> <li>cellular</li> <li>carbon dioxide laser ablation</li> <li>laser therapy</li> <li>penile ectopic lesions</li> <li>tuberous sclerosis complex</li> </ul> </li> <li>angiogenesis <ul> <li>chemokines role</li> <li>metastatic spread role.</li> <li>wound healing <ul> <li>diabetic wounds</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma</li> <li>angiokeratomas <ul> <li>cherry angioma differential diagnosis</li> <li>circumscriptum</li> <li>corporis diffusum <ul> <li>Fabry disease</li> <li>lysosomal disorders</li> </ul> </li> <li>Fabry disease,</li> <li>of Fordyce</li> <li>fucosidosis</li> <li>glycoprotein degradation disorders</li> <li>Kanzaki disease</li> <li>labia majora</li> <li>laser therapy</li> <li>lysosomal storage diseases</li> <li>of Mibelli</li> <li>multiple</li> <li>purpura differential diagnosis</li> <li>solitary</li> <li>tuberous sclerosis complex</li> <li>venous lake differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>angioleiomyoma</li> <li>angiolipoma</li> <li>angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia <ul> <li>follicular mucinosis association</li> <li>pinna</li> </ul> </li> <li>angioma(s) <ul> <li>cavernous</li> <li>cherry</li> <li>laser therapy</li> <li>macroglossia</li> <li>senile</li> <li>spider</li> <li>tufted</li> <li>venous</li> </ul> </li> <li>angioma serpiginosum <ul> <li>Fabry disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>livedo reticularis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma</li> <li>angiomyofibroblastoma</li> <li>angiomyxoma <ul> <li>cutaneous focal mucinosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>deep</li> <li>superficial</li> </ul> </li> <li>angio-oedema <ul> <li>ACE inhibitor-induced</li> <li>allergic contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>bradykinin-induced</li> <li>caterpillar reactions</li> <li>cholinergic</li> <li>definition</li> <li>drug-induced</li> <li>episodic with eosinophilia <ul> <li>recurrent cutaneous necrotizing eosinophilic vasculitis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>erythema marginatum association</li> <li>granulomatous cheilitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>loiasis</li> <li>macroglossia</li> <li>oral</li> <li>pseudoallergic reactions</li> <li>recurrent without weals <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>laboratory profiles</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>solar</li> <li>systemic capillary leak syndrome</li> <li>urticaria</li> <li>vibratory</li> <li><i>see also</i> acquired angio-oedema (AAE); angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor-induced angio-oedema; hereditary angio-oedema (HAE); mast cell mediator-induced angio-oedema</li> </ul> </li> <li>angiosarcoma <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epithelioid</li> <li>eyelid oedema</li> <li>facial lymphoedema</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>post-irradiation</li> <li>radiotherapy-induced</li> <li>Stewart–Treves syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)</li> <li>angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor(s) <ul> <li>Marfan syndrome treatment</li> <li>pruritus induction</li> </ul> </li> <li>angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor-induced angio-oedema <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>disease course/prognosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>angiotrophic lymphoma</li> <li>angular cheilitis <ul> <li>candidosis</li> <li>folate deficiency association</li> <li>riboflavin deficiency differential diagnosis</li> <li>vitamin B<sub>12</sub> deficiency association</li> <li>zinc deficiency</li> </ul> </li> <li>angular stomatitis, deficiency glossitis</li> <li>anhidrosis <ul> <li>acquired idiopathic generalized</li> <li>Fabry disease</li> <li>Horner syndrome</li> <li>neurological causes</li> <li>Ross syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>animal dander, atopic eczema</li> <li>animals, exposure to <ul> <li>atopic eczema</li> </ul> </li> <li>ankle–brachial Doppler pressure index <ul> <li>arterial leg ulceration</li> <li>lower leg eczema</li> </ul> </li> <li>ankyloblepharon–ectodermal defect–cleft lip/palate syndrome <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>clinical variants</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>management</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>prognosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum</li> <li>ankyloglossia <ul> <li>recessive generalized severe dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa</li> <li>superior syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis differential diagnosis</li> <li>annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma</li> <li>annular erythema of infancy <ul> <li>causative organisms</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>lesions</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathology</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> </ul> </li> <li>annular lichenoid dermatitis of youth <ul> <li>annular erythema of infancy differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>ano-genital intraepithelial neoplasia <ul> <li>genital wart differential diagnosis</li> <li>transplant recipients</li> </ul> </li> <li>ano-genital region <ul> <li>allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>congenital abnormalities</li> <li>developmental abnormalities</li> <li>eczema</li> <li>embryogenesis</li> <li>extramammary Paget disease</li> <li>function</li> <li>haemangiomas</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa</li> <li>male</li> <li>pilonidal sinus</li> <li>pruritus</li> <li>psoriasis</li> <li>structure</li> <li><i>see also</i> genital dermatoses</li> </ul> </li> <li>ano-genital ulceration, HIV infection</li> <li>ano-genital warts <ul> <li>causative organisms</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>common</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>external</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>human papillomavirus</li> <li>imiquimod therapy</li> <li>infectivity</li> <li>management</li> <li>men who have sex with men</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>perianal</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>transmission</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>anonychia <ul> <li>hereditary</li> </ul> </li> <li>ano-rectal abscess <ul> <li>anal fistula</li> </ul> </li> <li>ano-rectal adenocarcinoma, extramammary Paget disease association</li> <li>ano-rectal fistula</li> <li>ano-rectal pain</li> <li>anorexia nervosa</li> <li>antenatal procedures, complications</li> <li>Anthozoa</li> <li>anthrax <ul> <li>carbuncle differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>vaccination</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>anthrax toxin receptor 2 (<i>ANTXR2</i>) gene mutations</li> <li><i>Anthrenus</i></li> <li>antiageing products <ul> <li>antioxidants</li> <li>carnosine</li> <li>phytochemicals</li> </ul> </li> <li>antiandrogens <ul> <li>female pattern hair loss management</li> <li>hirsutism treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>antiangiogenic agents, port-wine stains</li> <li>antibiotics <ul> <li>acne conglobata treatment</li> <li>acne treatment <ul> <li>comedonal</li> <li>ocular side effects</li> <li>severe</li> </ul> </li> <li>acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans</li> <li>anaphylactic reactions</li> <li>anti-inflammatory effects</li> <li>anti-p200 pemphigoid treatment</li> <li>atopic eczema relationship</li> <li>bowel-associated dermatosis–arthritis syndrome treatment</li> <li>cellulitis treatment</li> <li>confluent and reticulated papillomatosis treatment</li> <li>DRESS association</li> <li>drug-induced serum sickness-like reaction</li> <li>eczema induction</li> <li>eosinophilic pustular folliculitis treatment</li> <li>exanthem induction</li> <li>fixed drug eruption</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa management</li> <li>ocular side effects</li> <li>oral contraceptive interactions</li> <li>papulopustular acne treatment</li> <li>periorificial dermatitis management</li> <li>prepubertal acne</li> <li>recurrent cellulitis management</li> <li>rosacea treatment</li> <li>side effects</li> <li>topical</li> </ul> </li> <li>antibody deficiencies</li> <li>antibody-dependent cellular toxicity (ADCC)</li> <li>anticentromere antibodies (ACA), morphoea</li> <li>anticholinergics <ul> <li>hyperhidrosis treatment</li> <li>topical</li> </ul> </li> <li>anticoagulants <ul> <li>antiphospholipid syndrome treatment</li> <li>surgical bleeding complications</li> </ul> </li> <li>anticonvulsants <ul> <li>DRESS association</li> <li>exanthem induction</li> </ul> </li> <li>anticytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (anti-CTLA-4)</li> <li>antidepressants <ul> <li>prescribing</li> <li>scalp dysaesthesia treatment</li> <li>switching drugs</li> </ul> </li> <li>antidiabetic drugs, pruritus induction</li> <li>antiepileptic drugs, acne association</li> <li>antifungal agents <ul> <li>confluent and reticulated papillomatosis treatment</li> <li>topical</li> </ul> </li> <li>antigen presentation</li> <li>antigen presenting cells (APC) <ul> <li>B7 family proteins</li> <li>late-phase allergic response</li> <li>sensitization</li> </ul> </li> <li>antiglomerular basement membrane vasculitis disease</li> <li>antihistamines <ul> <li>adverse effects</li> <li>cautions</li> <li>children</li> <li>contraindications</li> <li>dermatological uses</li> <li>dose</li> <li>drug–drug interactions</li> <li>first-generation</li> <li>itch in atopic eczema</li> <li>lichen simplex treatment</li> <li>mastocytosis management</li> <li>pharmacological properties</li> <li>pregnancy</li> <li>recurrent angio-oedema without weals</li> <li>regimens</li> <li>second-generation</li> <li>solar urticaria</li> <li>topical</li> <li>urticaria management</li> <li>urticarial vasculitis treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>anti-infective agents, topical</li> <li>anti-inflammatory products <ul> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa management</li> <li>phytochemicals</li> </ul> </li> <li>anti-105 kDa antigen pemphigoid</li> <li>anti-laminin γ1 pemphigoid <i>see</i> anti-p200 pemphigoid</li> <li>antimalarials <ul> <li>adverse effects</li> <li>cardiotoxicity</li> <li>cautions</li> <li>contraindications</li> <li>cutaneous toxicity</li> <li>dermatological uses</li> <li>discoid lupus erythematosus treatment</li> <li>dosage</li> <li>drug combinations</li> <li>drug–drug interactions</li> <li>gastrointestinal toxicity</li> <li>hyperpigmentation <ul> <li>oral</li> </ul> </li> <li>monitoring</li> <li>myelotoxicity</li> <li>nail coloration</li> <li>neuromuscular toxicity</li> <li>ocular side effects</li> <li>oculotoxicity</li> <li>pharmacological properties</li> <li>pre-treatment screening</li> <li>regimens</li> <li>reticular erythematous mucinosis treatment</li> <li>sarcoidosis treatment</li> <li>side effects</li> <li>subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> </ul> </li> <li>antimicrobial agents <ul> <li>allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>Darier disease</li> <li>topical corticosteroid formulations</li> </ul> </li> <li>antimicrobial peptides <ul> <li>immunity against ringworm</li> <li>innate immunity</li> <li>role in immunity/inflammation</li> </ul> </li> <li>antimicrobial resistance <ul> <li>gonococcus</li> <li>syphilis</li> </ul> </li> <li>antimony, reactions to</li> <li>antineoplastic agents, topical</li> <li>antinuclear antibodies (ANA) <ul> <li>discoid lupus erythematosus</li> <li>morphoea</li> <li>scleroderma</li> <li>Sjögren syndrome</li> <li>Sneddon syndrome</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>systemic sclerosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>antioestrogen drugs, alopecia</li> <li>antioxidants <ul> <li>ageing skin</li> <li>antiageing effects</li> <li>cosmeceuticals</li> <li>photoageing prevention</li> <li>phytochemicals</li> <li>preservatives in topic medications</li> </ul> </li> <li>anti-p200 pemphigoid <ul> <li>autoantibody specificity</li> <li>bullous systemic lupus erythematosus differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>antiparasitic agents, topical</li> <li>antiperspirants</li> <li>antiphospholipid antibodies <ul> <li>primary anetoderma association</li> <li>Sneddon syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>antiphospholipid syndrome <ul> <li>cardiac involvement</li> <li>catastrophic</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diagnostic criteria</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>livedoid vasculopathy</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>primary anetoderma association</li> <li>respiratory disease association</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> </ul> </li> <li>antiplatelet drugs, surgical bleeding complications</li> <li>anti-programmed-death 1 (anti-PD-1) antibodies</li> <li>antipsychotic medication <ul> <li>body dysmorphic disorder</li> <li>hyperprolactinaemia induction</li> </ul> </li> <li>antiretroviral drugs <ul> <li>cutaneous morbidity reduction</li> <li>cutaneous side effects</li> <li>hair loss association</li> <li>Kaposi sarcoma</li> <li>lipodystrophy</li> <li>timing of initiation</li> </ul> </li> <li>antirheumatic therapies, cutaneous adverse reactions</li> <li>anti-Ro antibody</li> <li>antiseptics</li> <li>antisynthetase syndrome <ul> <li>respiratory disease association</li> </ul> </li> <li>anti-TNF-α <ul> <li>non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections</li> <li>tuberculosis treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>α<sub>1</sub>-antitrypsin deficiency <ul> <li>respiratory disorder association</li> <li>severe</li> </ul> </li> <li>α<sub>1</sub>-antitrypsin deficiency panniculitis <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pancreatic panniculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>antituberculous chemotherapy <ul> <li>drug eruptions</li> <li><i>see also</i> ethambutol; isoniazid; rifampicin; thioacetazone</li> </ul> </li> <li>anti-type IV collagen pemphigoid</li> <li>antiviral agents <ul> <li>erythema multiforme</li> <li>herpes zoster treatment</li> <li>topical</li> </ul> </li> <li>ants <ul> <li>bites <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>venom</li> </ul> </li> <li>anus <ul> <li>imperforate</li> <li>pigmented lesion</li> <li><i>see also</i> <i>anal entries</i></li> </ul> </li> <li>anxiety <ul> <li>acne vulgaris</li> <li>integrated management</li> <li>peno-scrotodynia association</li> <li>seborrhoeic dermatitis association</li> <li>social</li> <li>solar urticaria association</li> <li>vulvodynia association</li> <li>xeroderma pigmentosum</li> </ul> </li> <li>anxiolytics</li> <li>AP-1, ageing of skin</li> <li>APECED (autoimmune polyendocrinopathy, candidosis and ectodermal dystrophy) syndrome</li> <li>Apert syndrome <ul> <li>acne</li> <li>cutis laxa differential diagnosis</li> <li>microtia</li> </ul> </li> <li>aphthous stomatitis <ul> <li>Behçet syndrome</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>fixed drug eruption differential diagnosis</li> <li>haematological disease</li> <li>infections</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>low-power laser therapy</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>recurrent <ul> <li>major</li> <li>minor</li> </ul> </li> <li>Sweet syndrome</li> <li>systemic diseases association</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>aphthous ulcers <ul> <li>Behçet disease</li> <li>oral and inflammatory bowel disease association</li> <li>penile</li> <li>scrotal</li> <li>vulval</li> </ul> </li> <li>aphthovirus</li> <li><i>Apis mellifera</i></li> <li>aplasia cutis <ul> <li>alopecia</li> <li>congenita</li> <li>congenital erosive and vesicular dermatosis with reticulated scarring differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidermolysis bullosa differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>aplastic anaemia</li> <li>apocrine glands <ul> <li>anatomy</li> <li>carcinoma</li> <li>cutaneous myoepithelioma</li> <li>cylindroma <ul> <li>malignant</li> </ul> </li> <li>disorders</li> <li>hair-bearing sites</li> <li>hidradenocarcinoma</li> <li>hidradenoma</li> <li>hidrocystoma</li> <li>microcystic adnexal carcinoma</li> <li>miliaria</li> <li>mixed tumour of the skin</li> <li>mucinous carcinoma</li> <li>physiology</li> <li>pregnancy</li> <li>spiradenocarcinoma</li> <li>spiradenoma</li> <li>tubular adenoma</li> <li>tumours <ul> <li>carcinomas</li> <li>follicular</li> <li>follicular carcinoma</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>apoeccrine glands</li> <li>Apoidea</li> <li>apolipoprotein E</li> <li>apoptolysis, pemphigus</li> <li>apoptosis <ul> <li>defects</li> <li>diabetic wounds</li> <li>inflammation</li> <li>keratinocyte-induced</li> <li>protease role</li> <li>regulation</li> <li>Stevens–Johnson syndrome</li> <li>toxic epidermal necrolysis</li> <li>UVR-regulated</li> </ul> </li> <li>appearance role in society</li> <li>appliances causing callosities</li> <li>apremilast <ul> <li>plaque psoriasis treatment</li> <li>psoriatic arthritis treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>aquaporin(s) (AQPs) <ul> <li>gene, ageing skin</li> </ul> </li> <li>aqueous cream</li> <li>arachidonic acid</li> <li>arachis oil</li> <li>Arachnida <ul> <li>Acari</li> <li>Araneae</li> <li>Hexathelidae</li> <li>Lycosidae</li> <li>Scorpiones</li> <li>Sicariidae</li> <li>Theridiidae</li> </ul> </li> <li>arachnidism</li> <li>Araneae</li> <li>arbutin</li> <li><i>Arcanobacterium haemolyticum</i></li> <li><i>Areca</i> nut</li> <li>arecoline</li> <li>arenavirus infections</li> <li>Argasidae</li> <li>Argentinian haemorrhagic fever</li> <li>arginine catabolic mobile element</li> <li>argininosuccinic aciduria <ul> <li>trichorrhexis nodosa</li> </ul> </li> <li>Argyll Robertson pupils</li> <li>argyria <ul> <li>ear piercing complications</li> <li>earrings</li> <li>generalized</li> </ul> </li> <li>arm, swollen <ul> <li>causes</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>lymphoedema</li> <li>management</li> <li>overgrowth</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>predisposing factors</li> <li>psychosocial impact</li> <li><i>see also</i> digit(s); fingers; hand(s)</li> </ul> </li> <li>armadillo family of proteins</li> <li>armchair legs</li> <li>aromatase inhibitors, alopecia</li> <li>array chromosomal genomic hybridization (array CGH) <ul> <li>chromosomal mosaicism detection</li> </ul> </li> <li>arrector pili hamartoma</li> <li>arsenic keratosis <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>Flegel disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>multiple minute digitate keratoses differential diagnosis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>spiny keratoderma differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>arsenic, reactions to <ul> <li>basal cell carcinoma risk</li> <li>pigmentation</li> </ul> </li> <li>artefacts <ul> <li>male genital dermatoses</li> <li>penile</li> <li>perianal/perineal</li> </ul> </li> <li>arterial disease</li> <li>arterial occlusion <ul> <li>acrocyanosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>filler adverse reaction</li> </ul> </li> <li>arterial thrombosis <ul> <li>antiphospholipid syndrome association</li> <li>HIV infection</li> </ul> </li> <li>arterial tortuosity syndrome</li> <li>arterial/arteriolar disorders <ul> <li>arterial disease</li> <li>cherry angiomas</li> <li>neurovascular disorders</li> <li>thromboangiitis obliterans</li> <li><i>see also</i> angiokeratomas; erythromelalgia; telangiectasia</li> </ul> </li> <li>arteriogenesis</li> <li>arterioles</li> <li>arteriovenous disorders</li> <li>arteriovenous fistula (AVF)</li> <li>arteriovenous malformations (AVM) <ul> <li>associated conditions</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>infants</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>peripheral</li> </ul> </li> <li>arteritis, cannabis</li> <li>arthritis <ul> <li>acne association</li> <li>acne conglobata association</li> <li>adult-onset Still disease</li> <li>Behçet disease</li> <li>bowel-associated dermatosis–arthritis syndrome</li> <li>cervical</li> <li>dermatomyositis</li> <li>distal interphalangeal joint</li> <li>mutilans</li> <li>pyogenic, hidradenitis suppurativa association</li> <li>pyogenic sterile arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum and acne syndrome</li> <li>septic</li> <li>seronegative</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li><i>see also</i> juvenile rheumatoid arthritis; mixed connective tissue disease; psoriatic arthritis; reactive arthritis; rheumatoid arthritis</li> </ul> </li> <li>arthrochalasia multiplex congenita</li> <li>arthrogryposis renal dysfunction cholestasis (ARC)</li> <li>arthropods, skin disease <ul> <li>allergen injection</li> <li>anaphylaxis</li> <li>bite reactions</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>contact reactions</li> <li>definition</li> <li>disease transmission</li> <li>environmental factors</li> <li>injection of irritant/cytotoxic/pharmacologically active substances</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>mechanical trauma</li> <li>mechanisms of action</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pet animals</li> <li>prevention</li> <li>retained mouthparts reactions</li> <li>secondary infection</li> <li><i>see also</i> <i>named arthropods and conditions</i></li> </ul> </li> <li>aryl sulphatase, lysosomal</li> <li>asbestos, occupational acne</li> <li>Ascher syndrome</li> <li>Asclepius (Ancient Greek physician)</li> <li><i>Ascomycota</i></li> <li>ascorbic acid <ul> <li>milaria treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>aseptic abscess syndrome</li> <li>ash-leaf macules, tuberous sclerosis complex</li> <li>ashy dermatosis <ul> <li>pinta differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>aspartylglucosaminuria</li> <li>aspergillosis <ul> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>panniculitis</li> <li>rhinocerebral</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Aspergillus niger</i>, otomycosis</li> <li><i>Aspergillus</i>, systemic mycosis</li> <li><i>Aspergillus terreus</i></li> <li>aspirin <ul> <li>Kawasaki disease treatment</li> <li>stabilization</li> <li>thrombocytosis treatment</li> <li>urticarial eruptions</li> </ul> </li> <li>assassin bugs</li> <li>Assessments of the Psychological and Social Effects of Acne (APSEA) questionnaire</li> <li>asteatosis <ul> <li>skin barrier function effects</li> <li><i>see also</i> eczema, asteatotic</li> </ul> </li> <li>asthma <ul> <li>atopic</li> <li>atopic eczema association</li> <li>eosinophil association</li> <li>platelet activating factor dysregulation</li> <li>platinum toxicity</li> </ul> </li> <li>astringents</li> <li>astrocytoma <ul> <li>melanoma–astrocytoma syndrome</li> <li>neurofibromatosis association</li> </ul> </li> <li>asymmetric periflexural exanthem of childhood</li> <li>ataxia telangiectasia <ul> <li>respiratory disorder association</li> </ul> </li> <li>ataxia with vitamin E deficiency (AVED)</li> <li>atazanavir</li> <li>atherosclerosis</li> <li>athletes <i>see</i> sports injuries</li> <li>athlete's foot <i>see</i> tinea pedis</li> <li>athlete's nodule</li> <li>athyroidal hypothyroidism with spiky hair and cleft palate syndrome</li> <li><i>ATM</i> gene mutations</li> <li>atopic blepharoconjunctivitis <ul> <li>clinical characteristics</li> </ul> </li> <li>atopic dermatitis <i>see</i> atopic eczema (dermatitis)</li> <li>atopic dirty neck</li> <li>atopic eczema (dermatitis) <ul> <li>actinic prurigo differential diagnosis</li> <li>β-adrenergic signalling defect</li> <li>adult phase</li> <li>allergic contact dermatitis <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>relationship</li> </ul> </li> <li>allergic rhinitis association</li> <li>allergy management</li> <li>ano-genital</li> <li>antimicrobial peptides</li> <li>assessment</li> <li>assessment tools</li> <li>asthma association</li> <li>autoantigens</li> <li>autoimmunity</li> <li>bathing</li> <li>breastfeeding impact</li> <li>childhood phase <i>41.17–19</i></li> <li>children with HIV infection</li> <li>chronic actinic dermatitis association</li> <li>cigarette smoke association</li> <li>climate factors</li> <li>clinical features <i>41.17–19</i></li> <li>collagen type XXIX</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>Compositae allergy</li> <li>defensin activity</li> <li>definition</li> <li>dermatophyte-induced onychomycosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>desensitization</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>diagnostic criteria</li> <li>diet</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>disease flares</li> <li>dry skin association</li> <li>eczema herpeticum</li> <li>eczematous cheilitis</li> <li>educational underachievement</li> <li>emollients</li> <li>endocrine factors</li> <li>environmental factors</li> <li>eosinophil granule proteins</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>filaggrin mutations</li> <li>filaggrin status</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>growth delay</li> <li>hand</li> <li>hand eczema association</li> <li>history</li> <li>HIV infection <ul> <li>children</li> </ul> </li> <li>hygiene hypothesis</li> <li>hyperpigmentation</li> <li>hypopigmentation</li> <li>IFN-γ treatment</li> <li>IgE</li> <li>immune dysregulation</li> <li>immunological abnormalities</li> <li>incidence</li> <li>infantile phase</li> <li>infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>infections</li> <li>inflammation suppression</li> <li>innate immune cells</li> <li>innate immunity</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>irritant contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>itch management</li> <li>keratosis pilaris <ul> <li>association</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>lichenification</li> <li>lipids</li> <li>lip-lick cheilitis</li> <li>lower leg</li> <li>lymphoma association</li> <li>macrophage inhibitory factor role</li> <li>management <ul> <li>first line treatment</li> <li>second line treatment</li> <li>third line treatment</li> <li>topical tacrolimus</li> </ul> </li> <li>mast cell role</li> <li>MHC role</li> <li>mucous membrane pemphigoid differential diagnosis</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>non-adherence to treatment</li> <li>occupational advice</li> <li>occupational allergic contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>occupational irritant contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>ocular abnormalities</li> <li>oral therapy</li> <li>pathogenesis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>patient education</li> <li>pharmacological abnormalities</li> <li>photoaggravated, chronic actinic dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>phototherapy</li> <li>pollution association</li> <li>prevalence</li> <li>prevention</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>protein–energy malnutrition differential diagnosis</li> <li>pruritus</li> <li>psoriasis differential diagnosis</li> <li>psychological factors</li> <li>psychological impact</li> <li>PUVA</li> <li>quality of life <ul> <li>measures</li> </ul> </li> <li>recurrent herpes simplex</li> <li>severity <ul> <li>classification</li> </ul> </li> <li>sex steroid influence</li> <li>skin barrier function</li> <li>social class trend</li> <li>social stigma</li> <li>staphylococcal infections</li> <li><i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> infection <ul> <li>disease flares</li> </ul> </li> <li>streptococcal infections</li> <li>stress role</li> <li>subtypes</li> <li>sweating</li> <li>topical therapy <ul> <li>tacrolimus</li> </ul> </li> <li>treatment</li> <li>T-reg cells</li> <li>trigger factor reduction</li> <li>urban versus rural living</li> <li>UVA-1 phototherapy</li> <li>UVB phototherapy</li> <li>vascular abnormalities</li> <li>weaning age</li> <li>wet wrap technique</li> <li>white dermographism</li> <li>xerosis cutis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>atopic eruption of pregnancy</li> <li>atopic eye disease <i>109.18–19</i>, <i>109.20–2</i> <ul> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features <i>109.18–19</i>, <i>109.20–2</i></li> <li>clinical variants</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management <ul> <li>algorithm</li> </ul> </li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> </ul> </li> <li>atopic keratoconjunctivitis <ul> <li>clinical characteristics <i>109.20–1</i></li> <li>severity classification</li> </ul> </li> <li>atopic march</li> <li>atopy <ul> <li>allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>Comèl–Netherton syndrome</li> <li>lichen striatus association</li> <li>patch test</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>ATP7A</i> gene mutations</li> <li>atranol</li> <li>atrial myxoma</li> <li>atrichia <ul> <li>with papular lesions</li> </ul> </li> <li>atrophia maculosa varioliformis, pachydermodactyly association</li> <li>atrophie blanche <ul> <li>chronic venous insufficiency</li> <li>Klinefelter syndrome</li> <li>malignant atrophic papulosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> </ul> </li> <li>atrophoderma <ul> <li>follicular</li> <li>linear</li> <li>of Pasini–Pierini</li> <li>vermiculatum</li> </ul> </li> <li>atrophy of skin <ul> <li>atrophic scars</li> <li>corticosteroid-induced <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>facial hemiatrophy</li> <li>follicular atrophoderma</li> <li>linear atrophoderma</li> <li>onchocerciasis</li> <li>panatrophy</li> <li>paroxysmal finger haematoma</li> <li><i>see also</i> acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans; ageing of skin; photodamage; poikiloderma, acquired; striae</li> </ul> </li> <li>atropine-like drugs, hyperhidrosis treatment</li> <li>atypical cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorder (ACLD)</li> <li>atypical fibroxanthoma <ul> <li>radiation-induced</li> </ul> </li> <li>atypical intradermal smooth muscle neoplasm</li> <li>atypical lipomatous tumour</li> <li>atypical vascular proliferation after radiotherapy (AVPR)</li> <li>auramine–rhodamine staining</li> <li>Auspitz's sign</li> <li>autism, trichothiodystrophy association</li> <li>autoantibodies <ul> <li>systemic sclerosis</li> <li>transplacental transfer of maternal</li> </ul> </li> <li>autoantigens, atopic eczema</li> <li>auto-eczematization</li> <li>autoimmune disorders <ul> <li>acquired generalized lipodystrophy association</li> <li>adrenalitis</li> <li>blistering <ul> <li>erythema multiforme differential diagnosis</li> <li>immunofluorescence studies</li> <li>immunopathology techniques</li> </ul> </li> <li>bullous pemphigoid association</li> <li>complement defects</li> <li>delayed-type hypersensitivity</li> <li>diabetes</li> <li>interstitial granulomatous dermatosis association</li> <li>mixed cryoglobulinaemia</li> <li>morphoea association</li> <li>nitric oxide role</li> <li>pityriasis rubra pilaris association</li> <li>pregnancy</li> <li>primary immunodeficiency</li> <li>proximal nail fold capillaroscopy</li> <li>reactive oxygen species production</li> <li>respiratory system disorder association</li> <li>sarcoidosis association</li> <li>systemic sclerosis association</li> <li>systemic with renal involvement</li> <li>TNF-α role</li> <li>vitiligo</li> <li><i>see also</i> dermatomyositis; systemic sclerosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>autoimmune gastritis, vitamin B<sub>12</sub> deficiency association</li> <li>autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome</li> <li>autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome <ul> <li>diabetes associations</li> <li>type 1</li> </ul> </li> <li>autoimmune polyendocrinopathy, candidosis and ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) syndrome</li> <li>autoimmune thyroid disease <ul> <li>dermatitis herpetiformis association</li> <li>DRESS association</li> <li>granuloma annulare association</li> <li>palmoplantar pustulosis association</li> <li>pityriasis rubra pilaris association</li> <li>sarcoidosis association</li> <li>systemic sclerosis association</li> <li>urticaria association</li> </ul> </li> <li>autoimmunity <ul> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>morphoea</li> </ul> </li> <li>autoinflammatory disorders <ul> <li>acquired</li> <li>classification</li> <li>complex and polygenic presenting with urticarial/maculopapular rash</li> <li>hereditary</li> <li>management</li> <li>monogenic <ul> <li>definition</li> </ul> </li> <li>musculoskeletal</li> <li>pyoderma gangrenosum association</li> </ul> </li> <li>autoinflammatory granulomatosis of childhood</li> <li>autoinflammatory syndromes with pustulosis</li> <li>autonomic nervous system <ul> <li>dysfunction and benign symmetrical lipomatosis association</li> </ul> </li> <li>autosomal dominant familial partial lipodystrophy</li> <li>autosomal dominant periodic fever <i>see</i> tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS)</li> <li>autosomal dominant punctate porokeratosis</li> <li>autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) <ul> <li>bathing</li> <li>collodion baby association</li> <li>Comèl–Netherton syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>hyperparathyroidism</li> <li>management</li> <li>palmoplantar hyperkeratosis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>autosomal recessive hypotrichosis <ul> <li>localized</li> <li>syndromic</li> </ul> </li> <li>autosomal recessive ichthyosis with hypotrichosis <ul> <li>pili torti</li> </ul> </li> <li>avalvulosis</li> <li>avidin</li> <li>avidin–biotin–peroxidase complex (ABC) method</li> <li>axilla <ul> <li>allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>bacterial flora</li> <li>extramammary Paget disease</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa</li> </ul> </li> <li>axillary vault excision</li> <li>axillary web syndrome</li> <li>axon reflex response</li> <li>azathioprine <ul> <li>adverse effects</li> <li>anti-p200 pemphigoid treatment</li> <li>atopic eczema treatment</li> <li>breastfeeding mothers</li> <li>bullous systemic lupus erythematosus treatment</li> <li>carcinogenesis</li> <li>cautions</li> <li>chronic actinic dermatitis management</li> <li>contraindications</li> <li>dermatological uses</li> <li>dose</li> <li>hypersensitivity syndrome</li> <li>infection risk</li> <li>irritant contact dermatitis</li> <li>monitoring</li> <li>myelosuppression</li> <li>pemphigus treatment</li> <li>pharmacological properties</li> <li>polymorphic light eruption management</li> <li>pre-treatment screening</li> <li>regimens</li> <li>skin cancer association</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>azelaic acid <ul> <li>comedonal acne treatment</li> <li>papulopustular acne treatment</li> <li>rosacea treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>azoles</li> <li>azone, penetration enhancer</li> </ul> </section> <section> <h2>B</h2> <ul> <li>B cell(s) <ul> <li>biological therapies against</li> <li>histamine regulation of function</li> <li>IgE-committed</li> <li>immunogenotyping</li> <li><i>see also</i> B-cell lymphoma; cutaneous B-cell lymphoma</li> </ul> </li> <li>B-cell receptor</li> <li>β-blockers, flushing treatment</li> <li>β-catenin</li> <li>β-defensins</li> <li>babesiosis</li> <li>bacillary angiomatosis <ul> <li>cherry angioma differential diagnosis</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>Fournier</li> <li>Kaposi sarcoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>oral lesions</li> </ul> </li> <li>bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) <ul> <li>disseminated infection</li> <li>infection</li> <li>polyclonal antibody</li> <li><i>see also</i> BCG vaccination</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Bacillus anthracis</i></li> <li><i>Bacillus oleronius</i>, rosacea association</li> <li>bacitracin</li> <li>back, upper, surgery</li> <li>bacteria, skin <ul> <li>adherence <ul> <li><i>Staphylococcus aureus</i></li> </ul> </li> <li>age effects</li> <li>ethnic differences</li> <li>hydration effects</li> <li>microbial ecology</li> <li>modifying factors</li> <li>normal flora</li> <li>quantitative cultural studies</li> <li>sampling methods</li> <li>sex differences</li> <li>skin defences</li> <li>specialized areas</li> <li>temporary resident</li> </ul> </li> <li>bacterial antigens <ul> <li>delayed sensitivity testing</li> <li>delayed-type tests</li> <li>infective eczema</li> </ul> </li> <li>bacterial endocarditis, hyperhidrosis</li> <li>bacterial furuncle, tinea capitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>bacterial infections <ul> <li>abnormal sweat odour</li> <li>anaerobic</li> <li>aphthous ulceration</li> <li>arthropathies</li> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>children with HIV</li> <li>chronic otitis externa</li> <li>confluent and reticulated papillomatosis</li> <li>dysgonic fermenters</li> <li>ear piercing complications</li> <li>erythema annulare centrifugum</li> <li>erythema multiforme</li> <li>erythema nodosum</li> <li>eugonic fermenters</li> <li>eyes</li> <li>gastrointestinal in rosacea</li> <li>Gram-negative bacteria <ul> <li>anaerobic</li> </ul> </li> <li>Gram-positive bacteria</li> <li>HIV infection <ul> <li>children</li> </ul> </li> <li>host defence</li> <li>immunodeficiency association</li> <li>infectious panniculitis</li> <li>infective cheilitis</li> <li>lymphatic malformations</li> <li>mucous membrane pemphigoid differential diagnosis</li> <li>neonates</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>pinna</li> <li>pityriasis lichenoides</li> <li>polyarteritis nodosa induction</li> <li>reactive arthritis</li> <li>secondary with varicella infection</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus association</li> <li>umbilicus</li> <li>vulval</li> <li>X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency</li> <li><i>see also</i> <i>named organisms and conditions</i></li> </ul> </li> <li>bacterial interference</li> <li>bactericidal respiratory burst</li> <li><i>Bacteroides</i></li> <li>balanitis <ul> <li>candidal</li> <li>circinate and reactive arthritis</li> <li>penile cancer risk</li> <li>pseudoepitheliomatous micaceous and keratotic</li> <li>xerotica obliterans</li> <li>Zoon plasma cell</li> </ul> </li> <li>balanoposthitis <ul> <li>lichen sclerosus differential diagnosis</li> <li>non-specific</li> <li>non-syphilitic spirochaetal ulcerative</li> </ul> </li> <li>balding, common <ul> <li>associated diseases</li> <li><i>see also</i> hair loss, pattern</li> </ul> </li> <li>balicatib, morphoea association</li> <li>ballooning degeneration</li> <li>balsam(s)</li> <li>balsam of Peru <ul> <li>delayed-type hypersensitivity</li> </ul> </li> <li>bamboo hair, Netherton syndrome</li> <li>Bamforth–Lazarus syndrome</li> <li>Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndrome <ul> <li>benign symmetrical lipomatosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>infiltrating lipomatosis of the face differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>BAPomas</li> <li>barber's hair sinus</li> <li>barley itch</li> <li>Barmah Forest virus</li> <li>Barraquer–Simons syndrome</li> <li>barrier cream, hand eczema protection</li> <li>Bartholin's abscess <ul> <li>vulval</li> </ul> </li> <li>Bartholin's cyst, vulval</li> <li>Bartholin's gland <ul> <li>malakoplakia involvement</li> <li>obstruction</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Bartonella</i></li> <li><i>Bartonella alsatica</i></li> <li><i>Bartonella bacilliformis</i></li> <li><i>Bartonella henselae</i> <ul> <li>bacillary angiomatosis</li> <li>cat scratch disease</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Bartonella quintana</i> <ul> <li>bacillary angiomatosis</li> <li>head louse association</li> <li>trench fever</li> </ul> </li> <li>Bart–Pumphrey syndrome <ul> <li>knuckle pad association</li> </ul> </li> <li>basal cell carcinoma (BCC) <ul> <li>actinic keratosis association</li> <li>advanced</li> <li>allergic contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>ano-genital</li> <li>basosquamous</li> <li>benign lichenoid keratosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>Bowen disease association</li> <li>chondrodermatitis nodularis differential diagnosis</li> <li>cicatricial pemphigoid differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features <ul> <li>immunocompromised patients</li> </ul> </li> <li>cytodiagnosis</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>with eccrine differentiation</li> <li>environmental factors</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>external ear</li> <li>eyelid</li> <li>fibroepithelial</li> <li>genetic syndromes</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>genital</li> <li>high-risk</li> <li>histological patterns</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>imiquimod therapy</li> <li>immunocompromised patients <ul> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>incidence</li> <li>infiltrative</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>keloid differential diagnosis</li> <li>lip</li> <li>lupus vulgaris co-morbidity</li> <li>management <ul> <li>Mohs micrographic surgery</li> <li>photodynamic therapy</li> <li>radiotherapy</li> <li>surgical treatment</li> <li>topical 5-fluorouracil therapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>metastatic</li> <li>metatypical</li> <li>micronodular</li> <li>Mohs micrographic surgery <ul> <li>high-risk facial tumour</li> </ul> </li> <li>morphoeic (sclerosing)</li> <li>naevoid syndrome <ul> <li>epidermoid cysts</li> </ul> </li> <li>nail apparatus</li> <li>nodular</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>Paget disease of the nipple differential diagnosis</li> <li>pathology</li> <li>pathophysiology <i>141.7–8</i></li> <li>photocarcinogenesis</li> <li>photodynamic therapy</li> <li>phymatous rosacea differential diagnosis</li> <li>pigmented</li> <li>post-organ transplantation</li> <li>radiation-induced</li> <li>radiodermatitis presentation</li> <li>radiotherapy <ul> <li>adjuvant</li> <li>recurrence</li> </ul> </li> <li>rosacea obscuring</li> <li>seborrhoeic keratosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>skin wrinkling</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>superficial <ul> <li>actinic keratosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>Bowen disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>carbon dioxide laser ablation</li> <li>disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>surgical treatment</li> <li>topical 5-fluorouracil therapy</li> <li>ulcerated</li> <li>UV radiation as risk factor</li> <li>UVR role</li> <li>variants</li> <li>vulval</li> <li><i>see also</i> naevoid basal cell carcinoma (BCC) syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>basal cell naevus syndrome</li> <li>basal cell papilloma <i>see</i> seborrhoeic keratosis</li> <li>basal lamina <ul> <li>lymphatic system</li> </ul> </li> <li>basaloid follicular hamartoma</li> <li>base excision repair (BER)</li> <li>basement membrane <ul> <li>adhesion to dermis</li> <li>barrier</li> <li>collagen</li> <li>mechanical function</li> <li>vascular</li> <li>wound healing</li> </ul> </li> <li>basement membrane zone (BMZ) <ul> <li>attachment structures</li> <li>biochemical components</li> <li>laminins</li> <li>molecular components</li> <li>ultrastructure</li> </ul> </li> <li>basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)</li> <li><i>Basidiobolus ranarum</i></li> <li><i>Basidiomycota</i></li> <li>basiloma <i>see</i> basal cell carcinoma (BCC)</li> <li>basophils</li> <li>Bateman purpura</li> <li>Bateman, Thomas</li> <li>bath itch</li> <li>bath oils</li> <li>Bazex syndrome <ul> <li>atrichia with papular lesions differential diagnosis</li> <li>basal cell carcinoma</li> <li>milia association</li> <li>pili torti <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>see also</i> acrokeratosis paraneoplastica</li> </ul> </li> <li>Bazin disease <i>see</i> erythema induratum of Bazin</li> <li>B-cell lymphoma <ul> <li>age-related Epstein–Barr virus-associated</li> <li>diffuse large B-cell lymphoma</li> <li><i>see also</i> cutaneous B-cell lymphoma</li> </ul> </li> <li>B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders, Schnitzler syndrome association</li> <li>BCG vaccination <ul> <li>complications</li> <li>leprosy</li> <li>lupus vulgaris <ul> <li>complications</li> </ul> </li> <li>primary inoculation tuberculosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>bcl-2</li> <li>bcl-6</li> <li>beard <ul> <li>growth</li> <li>ringworm</li> <li><i>see also</i> pseudofolliculitis barbae</li> </ul> </li> <li>Beare-Stevenson syndrome</li> <li>Beau's lines</li> <li>becaplermin <ul> <li>neuropathic ulcers</li> </ul> </li> <li>Becker melanosis <ul> <li>laser treatment</li> <li>speckled lentiginous naevi differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome <ul> <li>macroglossia</li> <li>pinna creases</li> </ul> </li> <li>bedbugs <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>infestation prevention</li> <li>management</li> <li>papular urticaria</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>bees <ul> <li>stings <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>venom</li> </ul> </li> <li>beeswax</li> <li>beetles <ul> <li>allergenic species</li> <li>vesicating species</li> </ul> </li> <li>Behçet disease <ul> <li>aetiology</li> <li>anal fissure differential diagnosis</li> <li>aphthous stomatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>autoimmune mechanisms</li> <li>bowel-associated dermatosis–arthritis syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>causative organisms</li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>cytokine mediators</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>endothelial cells</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>erythema nodosum differential diagnosis</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>genital ulceration</li> <li>heat shock proteins</li> <li>IL-1 antagonist therapy</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>mucocutaneous lesions</li> <li>mucous membrane pemphigoid differential diagnosis</li> <li>ocular disease</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>presentation</li> <li>prevention</li> <li>respiratory disorder association</li> <li>severity</li> <li>subcutaneous Sweet syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>systemic lesions</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus differential diagnosis</li> <li>thrombophlebitis migrans association</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> <li>variants</li> <li>vulval ulcers</li> </ul> </li> <li>bejel</li> <li>beliefs, role in distress</li> <li>belimumab <ul> <li>discoid lupus erythematosus treatment</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>Bell palsy, HSV infection</li> <li>benign cephalic histiocytosis <ul> <li>infants</li> <li><i>see also</i> juvenile xanthogranuloma</li> </ul> </li> <li>benign hypergammaglobulinaemic purpura</li> <li>benign lichenoid keratosis</li> <li>benign lymphangioendothelioma</li> <li>benign migratory glossitis</li> <li>benign symmetrical lipomatosis <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>benzalkonium chloride</li> <li>benzimidazole, dracunculiasis treatment</li> <li>1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one</li> <li>benznidazole, trypanosomiasis treatment</li> <li>benzocaine, topical</li> <li>benzodiazepines, restless legs syndrome management</li> <li>benzoic acid <ul> <li>Whitfield's ointment</li> </ul> </li> <li>benzoyl peroxide <ul> <li>comedonal acne treatment</li> <li>papulopustular acne treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>benzyl benzoate, scabies treatment</li> <li>Berardinelli–Seip syndrome <ul> <li>hypertrichosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>beriberi</li> <li>Berloque dermatitis</li> <li>beryllium, reactions to <ul> <li>sarcoidosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Bet v1 allergen</li> <li>β-blockers <ul> <li>anaphylactic reactions</li> <li>drug eruptions</li> <li>Marfan syndrome treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>β-hydroxyl acids (BHA), antiageing products</li> <li>betel nut <ul> <li>argyria</li> <li>erythroplasia</li> <li>lichen planus</li> <li>oral cancer risk</li> <li>oral hyperpigmentation</li> <li>oral submucous fibrosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Bethyloidea</li> <li>bexarotene</li> <li>bias <ul> <li>language</li> <li>publication</li> </ul> </li> <li>Bible, the</li> <li>Biett, Laurent</li> <li>bilharziasis <i>see</i> schistosomiasis</li> <li>biliary tract disease</li> <li>bilirubin</li> <li>biliverdin</li> <li>bimatoprost <ul> <li>hypertrichosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>biocides <ul> <li>formaldehyde-releasing</li> <li>isothiazolinones</li> </ul> </li> <li>biofeedback therapies</li> <li>biofilms, bacterial</li> <li>biological therapies <ul> <li>acne fulminans treatment</li> <li>adverse effects</li> <li>anaphylactic reactions</li> <li>atopic eczema treatment</li> <li>B-cell directed</li> <li>cautions</li> <li>contraindications</li> <li>directed against cytokines</li> <li>disadvantages</li> <li>dose</li> <li>drug immunogenicity</li> <li>drug–drug interactions</li> <li>erythema nodosum treatment</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa management</li> <li>monitoring</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>ocular side effects</li> <li>palmoplantar pustulosis</li> <li>pharmacological properties</li> <li>plaque psoriasis</li> <li>pre-treatment screening</li> <li>psoriatic arthritis treatment</li> <li>pyoderma gangrenosum treatment</li> <li>regimens</li> <li>side effects</li> <li>skin cancer association</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus treatment</li> <li>TNF antagonists</li> <li>urticarial vasculitis treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>biomarkers, atopic eczema treatment</li> <li>biomaterials, wound healing</li> <li>biopsy <ul> <li>fetal</li> <li>nail <i>95.55–7</i></li> <li>penis</li> <li>sentinel lymph node</li> </ul> </li> <li>biopsy of skin <ul> <li>artefacts</li> <li>care of specimen</li> <li>contraindications</li> <li>curettage</li> <li>elliptical surgical</li> <li>excision</li> <li>fixatives <ul> <li>artefacts</li> </ul> </li> <li>immunofluorescence technique</li> <li>incision</li> <li>incisional <ul> <li>panniculitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>indications</li> <li>information provided with specimen</li> <li>informed consent</li> <li>instruments</li> <li>investigative techniques</li> <li>laboratory methods</li> <li>lesion type</li> <li>local anaesthesia</li> <li>multiple</li> <li>needle</li> <li>punch <ul> <li>panniculitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>shave</li> <li>site <ul> <li>histological variation</li> <li>selection</li> </ul> </li> <li>skin surface</li> <li>snap freezing</li> <li>snip</li> <li>surgical planning</li> <li>techniques</li> <li>transport media</li> <li>type</li> <li>ultrastructural studies</li> </ul> </li> <li>bioterrorism, anthrax</li> <li>biotin deficiency <ul> <li>acrodermatitis enteropathica differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>biotin metabolism disorders</li> <li>biotinidase deficiency <ul> <li>trichorrhexis nodosa</li> </ul> </li> <li>bipolar disorder</li> <li><i>Bipolaris</i></li> <li>Birbeck granules</li> <li>birch pollen allergy</li> <li>Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome <ul> <li>acne vulgaris differential diagnosis</li> <li>fibrofolliculoma</li> <li>perifollicular fibroma</li> <li>renal involvement</li> <li>respiratory disorder association</li> <li>trichodiscoma</li> </ul> </li> <li>birthweight, acne vulgaris association</li> <li>bismuth</li> <li>bisphenols</li> <li>bisphosphonates, osteogenesis imperfecta treatment</li> <li>bite injuries <ul> <li>infants</li> <li>penile</li> <li>rodent</li> <li><i>see also</i> insect bites</li> </ul> </li> <li>bitumen, occupational skin cancers</li> <li>Björnstad syndrome, pili torti <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Black Death</li> <li>black heel/palm</li> <li>black piedra</li> <li>black skin, biological significance</li> <li>blackflies <ul> <li>vectors</li> </ul> </li> <li>blackfoot disease</li> <li>bladder carcinoma, stoma</li> <li>Blaschkitis</li> <li>Blaschko's lines <ul> <li>erythema multiforme</li> <li>generalized skin disease</li> <li>linear atrophoderma</li> <li>linear morphoea</li> <li>pigmentary mosaicism</li> <li>porokeratosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>blast crisis</li> <li><i>Blastomyces dermatitidis</i></li> <li>blastomycosis <ul> <li>chromoblastomycosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disseminated</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>genital</li> <li>HIV infection-associated</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>paracoccidioidomycosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>primary cutaneous</li> <li>pulmonary</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> </ul> </li> <li>Blau syndrome <i>see</i> autoinflammatory granulomatosis of childhood</li> <li>bleach</li> <li>bleomycin <ul> <li>cutaneous sclerosis induction</li> <li>drug eruption</li> <li>flagellate hyperpigmentation induction</li> <li>HPV infections</li> <li>intralesional therapy <ul> <li>warts</li> </ul> </li> <li>topical</li> </ul> </li> <li>blepharitis <ul> <li>acute</li> <li>chronic</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathology</li> <li>staphylococcal</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> </ul> </li> <li>blepharochalasis</li> <li>blepharoconjunctivitis <ul> <li>atopic</li> <li>herpes simplex virus</li> </ul> </li> <li>blepharophyma</li> <li>blindness <ul> <li>atopic keratoconjunctivitis</li> <li>onchocerciasis</li> <li>vitamin A deficiency</li> <li>vitamin E deficiency</li> </ul> </li> <li>blister(s) <ul> <li>acute oedema</li> <li>formation</li> <li>friction</li> <li>sports injuries</li> <li>sucking</li> </ul> </li> <li>blister beetles</li> <li>blistering <ul> <li>buffalopox</li> <li>calcium pump disorders</li> <li>congenital erosive and vesicular dermatosis healing with reticulated supple scarring</li> <li>desmosomal disorders</li> <li>hereditary diseases</li> <li>infants</li> <li>juvenile spring eruption</li> <li>metabolic disorders</li> <li>monkeypox</li> <li>neonates</li> <li>oral mucosa</li> <li>peeling skin syndromes</li> <li>PUVA side effect</li> <li>signalling disorders</li> <li>treatment</li> <li>vaccinia virus</li> <li><i>see also</i> epidermolysis bullosa; keratoderma</li> </ul> </li> <li>blistering distal dactylitis</li> <li>Bloch, Bruno</li> <li>blocking, artefacts</li> <li>blood pressure, UVR role</li> <li>blood transfusions, anaphylactic reactions</li> <li>blood vessels <ul> <li>abnormal/decreased support</li> <li>innervation</li> <li>skin</li> <li>vasculogenesis</li> <li>vasodilatation/vasoconstriction</li> </ul> </li> <li>Bloom syndrome <ul> <li>basal cell carcinoma</li> <li>Cockayne syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>discoid lupus erythematosus differential diagnosis</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>neonatal lupus erythematosus differential diagnosis</li> <li>Rothmund–Thomson syndrome differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>blowflies</li> <li>blue rubber bleb naevus syndrome <ul> <li>cherry angioma differential diagnosis</li> <li>oral haemangiomas</li> </ul> </li> <li>blue toe syndrome</li> <li>blueberry muffin baby</li> <li>blushing <ul> <li>clinical presentation</li> <li>complications</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>physiology</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>psychosocial aspects</li> </ul> </li> <li>bocaparvovirus</li> <li>body art <ul> <li>piercing</li> <li><i>see also</i> tattoos</li> </ul> </li> <li>body contouring</li> <li>body dysmorphic disorder <ul> <li>acne vulgaris association</li> <li>assessment</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>body mass index (BMI), acne vulgaris</li> <li>body odour, olfactory reference syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>body temperature, core</li> <li>body washing, compulsive</li> <li>boils <i>see</i> furuncle</li> <li>Bolivian haemorrhagic fever</li> <li><i>Bombus</i></li> <li>bone <ul> <li>glucocorticoid adverse effects</li> <li>metabolic defect in NF1</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus effects</li> </ul> </li> <li>bone marrow <ul> <li>failure in dyskeratosis congenita</li> <li>mastocytosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>bone marrow transplantation <ul> <li>Chédiak–Higashi syndrome</li> <li>Griscelli–Pruniéras syndrome</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>oral ulceration</li> <li>permanent alopecia</li> <li>wound healing</li> </ul> </li> <li>bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) <ul> <li>hair follicle stem cell activity regulation</li> <li>inhibitory factors</li> <li>signalling</li> </ul> </li> <li>Book syndrome, premature hair greying</li> <li>Bordeaux mixture</li> <li>borderline personality disorder, dermatitis artefacta</li> <li><i>Borrelia</i> <ul> <li>morphoea association</li> <li>tick vector</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Borrelia afzelii</i></li> <li><i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i> <ul> <li>acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans</li> <li>atrophoderma of Pasini–Pierini</li> <li>infectious panniculitis</li> <li>lichen sclerosus</li> <li>lymphocytoma cutis</li> <li>morphoea</li> <li>primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Borrelia recurrentis</i></li> <li>bosentan, Raynaud phenomenon treatment</li> <li>botflies</li> <li>botryomycosis <ul> <li>HIV infection</li> </ul> </li> <li>botulinum toxin <ul> <li>acquired resistance</li> <li>aesthetic uses</li> <li>antiageing products</li> <li>characteristics</li> <li>combination treatment</li> <li>early research</li> <li>gustatory sweating</li> <li>historical aspects</li> <li>manufacture</li> <li>ocular side effects</li> <li>potency</li> <li>rosacea treatment</li> <li>topical application</li> </ul> </li> <li>botulinum toxin A injection <ul> <li>adverse events</li> <li>aesthetic uses</li> <li>brow elevation</li> <li>clinical applications <ul> <li>history</li> </ul> </li> <li>contraindications</li> <li>crow's feet</li> <li>developments</li> <li>early research</li> <li>facial muscles</li> <li>forehead</li> <li>glabella</li> <li>historical aspects</li> <li>hyperhidrosis treatment</li> <li>lateral periocular lines</li> <li>lower face</li> <li>mentalis muscle</li> <li>mid face</li> <li>neck muscles</li> <li>orbicularis oris muscle</li> <li>pharmacology</li> <li>upper face</li> </ul> </li> <li>botulinum toxin B</li> <li>botulism, wound from injecting drug abuse</li> <li>Bouchard nodes</li> <li>Bourneville disease <i>see</i> tuberous sclerosis complex</li> <li>boutonneuse fever</li> <li>bovine collagen fillers</li> <li>bowel disease, dermatosis association</li> <li>bowel-associated dermatosis–arthritis syndrome (BADAS) <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathergy</li> <li>pyoderma gangrenosum differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Bowen disease <ul> <li>actinic keratosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>anal intraepithelial neoplasia</li> <li>anogenital</li> <li>associated diseases</li> <li>basal cell carcinoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>benign lichenoid keratosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features <ul> <li>immunocompromised patients</li> </ul> </li> <li>carbon dioxide laser ablation</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>Crohn disease association</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>extramammary Paget disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>genital HPV association</li> <li>human papillomavirus</li> <li>immunocompromised patients</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>lupus vulgaris differential diagnosis</li> <li>malignant transformation risk</li> <li>management <ul> <li>algorithm</li> </ul> </li> <li>Paget disease of the nipple differential diagnosis</li> <li>pagetoid</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>penile</li> <li>perianal</li> <li>photodynamic therapy</li> <li>pigmented</li> <li>pre-malignant neoplasm of ear</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>progression prevention</li> <li>radiotherapy</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma association</li> <li>topical 5-fluorouracil</li> <li>transplant recipients</li> <li>variants</li> <li>vulval intraepithelial neoplasia</li> </ul> </li> <li>bowenoid papulosis <ul> <li>Bowen disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>human papillomavirus</li> <li>penile</li> <li>vulval intraepithelial neoplasia</li> </ul> </li> <li>BP180 autoantibody</li> <li>brachioradial pruritus</li> <li>Braden scale for pressure ulcers</li> <li>Bradford–Hill criteria of causality</li> <li>bradykinin formation/breakdown</li> <li>BRAF inhibitors</li> <li><i>BRAF</i> mutated melanoma</li> <li>BRAF–MEK inhibitor combination therapy, melanoma</li> <li>brain surgery, medical trauma hair loss</li> <li>brain–skin axis</li> <li>branchial arch/branchial cleft syndrome <ul> <li>microtia</li> <li>peri-auricular anomalies</li> <li>syndromic cleft lip/palate</li> </ul> </li> <li>branchio-otic syndrome</li> <li>branchio-oto-renal syndrome <ul> <li>periauricular cysts/sinuses</li> </ul> </li> <li>Brazilian haemorrhagic fever</li> <li>breast <ul> <li>abscess</li> <li>masses in traumatic panniculitis</li> <li>sebaceous glands of areola</li> <li>swollen</li> </ul> </li> <li>breast cancer <ul> <li>carcinoma en cuirasse</li> <li>carcinoma erysipeloides</li> <li>Cowden syndrome association</li> <li>cutaneous sarcoidosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>inflammatory</li> <li>metastases</li> <li>post-irradiation angiosarcoma</li> <li>subcutaneous sarcoidosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>telangiectatic metastatic carcinoma</li> </ul> </li> <li>breast cancer-related lymphoedema <ul> <li>psychosocial impact</li> </ul> </li> <li>breast lymphoedema <ul> <li>breast reconstruction</li> </ul> </li> <li>breast reconstruction, lymphoedema</li> <li>breast surgery, Mondor disease</li> <li>breastfeeding <ul> <li>atopic eczema prevention</li> <li>azathioprine for SLE treatment</li> <li>scabies management</li> <li>zinc deficiency</li> </ul> </li> <li>breathing exercises, lymphoedema</li> <li>BRESEK syndrome</li> <li>BRESHECK syndrome</li> <li><i>Brevibacterium</i></li> <li>brilliant green</li> <li>Brill–Zinsser disease</li> <li>brimonidine</li> <li>British Association of Dermatologists: Dermatological Diagnostic Index System</li> <li>brittle bone disease <i>see</i> osteogenesis imperfecta</li> <li>brittle cornea syndrome</li> <li>brodalumab, plaque psoriasis treatment</li> <li>bromhidrosis</li> <li>bromides, acne association</li> <li>bromidrosiphobia</li> <li>2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (bronopol)</li> <li>bromoderma</li> <li>bromodomains, systemic sclerosis</li> <li>bronze baby syndrome</li> <li>Brooke–Spiegler syndrome <ul> <li>spiradenoma</li> </ul> </li> <li>brown adipose tissue <ul> <li>adipocyte mitochondria</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Brucella</i></li> <li>brucellosis <ul> <li>contact</li> <li>hyperhidrosis</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Brugia malayi</i></li> <li><i>Brugia timori</i></li> <li>bruising <i>see</i> ecchymosis</li> <li>Brunsting–Perry pemphigoid <ul> <li>mucous membrane pemphigoid differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Bryant's sign</li> <li>Bryozoa</li> <li>B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)</li> <li>bubble hair</li> <li>bubo <ul> <li>chancroid</li> <li>plague</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Bubostomum phlebotomum</i></li> <li>buccal fat-pad herniation</li> <li>buccal mucosa</li> <li>Buddhism, early</li> <li>Buerger disease <i>see</i> thromboangiitis obliterans</li> <li>buffalo hump <ul> <li>HIV-associated lipodystrophy</li> </ul> </li> <li>buffalopox</li> <li>bugs <ul> <li>Anthocoridae</li> <li>Belostomatidae</li> <li>Cimicidae</li> <li>classification</li> <li>Pentatomidae</li> <li>Reduviidae</li> </ul> </li> <li>bulimia</li> <li>bullae <ul> <li>blistering distal dactylitis</li> <li>diabetic</li> <li>neonatal differential diagnosis</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> </ul> </li> <li>bullous cicatricial pemphigoid</li> <li>bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma</li> <li>bullous dermatosis of childhood, chronic <ul> <li>oral ulceration</li> </ul> </li> <li>bullous diseases <ul> <li>arthropod bites/stings</li> <li>autoimmune, erythema multiforme differential diagnosis</li> <li>cytodiagnosis</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>digestive system</li> <li>electron microscopy</li> <li>HSV infection</li> <li>immunofluorescence studies</li> <li>infants</li> <li>internal malignancy association</li> <li>renal failure</li> <li>skin picking disorder differential diagnosis</li> <li>vulval</li> </ul> </li> <li>bullous impetigo <ul> <li>blistering distal dactylitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood differential diagnosis</li> <li>cytodiagnosis</li> <li>epidermolysis bullosa differential diagnosis</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>linear IgA disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>neonatal</li> </ul> </li> <li>bullous lichen planus</li> <li>bullous lichen planus pemphigoides</li> <li>bullous pemphigoid <ul> <li>acute epidermal distention differential diagnosis</li> <li>anti-p200 pemphigoid differential diagnosis</li> <li>autoantibodies <ul> <li>screening</li> <li>serum</li> <li>specificity</li> <li>tissue-bound</li> </ul> </li> <li>autoimmune disorder association</li> <li>blister formation</li> <li>bullous systemic lupus erythematosus differential diagnosis</li> <li>cellular immune response</li> <li>chemokines</li> <li>childhood</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>collagen type XVII</li> <li>complement deposition</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>cytodiagnosis</li> <li>cytokines</li> <li>definition</li> <li>dermal–epidermal basement membrane changes</li> <li>diagnostic pathway</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>epidermolysis bullosa acquisita differential diagnosis</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>histopathology</li> <li>immunoglobulins</li> <li>immunostaining</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>linear IgA disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>localized</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>management</li> <li>mucous membrane pemphigoid differential diagnosis</li> <li>papular</li> <li>pathogenic mechanisms</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>predisposing factors</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>prurigo nodularis</li> <li>prurigo-like</li> <li>radiodermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>refractory</li> <li>renal disease</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>stoma complication</li> <li>treatment guidelines</li> <li>variants</li> <li>vulval, clinical features</li> </ul> </li> <li>bullous pemphigoid (BP) antigen</li> <li>bullous systemic lupus erythematosus <ul> <li>autoantibodies <ul> <li>specificity</li> </ul> </li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>clinical signs</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>prognosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>bullying</li> <li>bumblebees</li> <li>Bunyamwera virus</li> <li>bunyavirus infections</li> <li>burden of skin disease <ul> <li>economic</li> </ul> </li> <li>Bureau–Barrière syndrome</li> <li><i>Burkholderia</i></li> <li><i>Burkholderia mallei</i></li> <li><i>Burkholderia pseudomallei</i></li> <li>Burkitt lymphoma</li> <li>burning feet syndrome</li> <li>burning mouth syndrome <ul> <li>causes</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>oral soreness</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>primary</li> <li>secondary</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> </ul> </li> <li>burns <ul> <li>bioengineered products</li> <li>biological membranes</li> <li>biosynthetic membranes</li> <li>cause of death</li> <li>chemical <ul> <li>oral cavity</li> </ul> </li> <li>children</li> <li>depth <ul> <li>evaluation</li> </ul> </li> <li>dermal</li> <li>dermal substitutes</li> <li>escharotomy</li> <li>full-thickness</li> <li>hypermetabolism</li> <li>infections <ul> <li>central line-associated</li> <li>control</li> <li>inhalation injuries</li> <li>systemic</li> <li>topical</li> </ul> </li> <li>inhalation injury</li> <li>initial assessment</li> <li>management <ul> <li>skin grafting</li> </ul> </li> <li>nutrition in hypermetabolic response management</li> <li>oral cavity</li> <li>overresuscitation</li> <li>partial-thickness</li> <li>pharmacological therapies</li> <li>physical therapy</li> <li>pre-hospital care</li> <li><i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> infection</li> <li>resuscitation</li> <li>resuscitation formula</li> <li>second-degree</li> <li>sepsis <ul> <li><i>Acinetobacter</i></li> </ul> </li> <li>shock</li> <li>size</li> <li>skin grafting</li> <li>stem cell use</li> <li>surgical management</li> <li>synthetic membranes</li> <li>thermal injury complications</li> <li>topical dressing</li> <li>underresuscitation</li> <li>ventilator-associated pneumonia</li> <li>wound excision and closure</li> </ul> </li> <li>Burow's solution</li> <li>Burton's lead line</li> <li>Buruli ulcer <ul> <li>genital</li> <li>giant water bug carrier</li> </ul> </li> <li>Bury disease</li> <li>Buschke–Löwenstein tumour</li> <li>Buschke–Ollendorff syndrome <ul> <li>congenital elastoma</li> <li>papular elastorrhexis differential diagnosis</li> <li>pseudoxanthoma elasticum differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>busulphan <ul> <li>alopecia induction</li> <li>hyperpigmentation</li> <li>oral hyperpigmentation</li> </ul> </li> <li>butenafine</li> <li>butterflies <ul> <li>clinical features of reactions</li> <li>epidemiology of reactions</li> <li>pathophysiology of reactions</li> </ul> </li> <li>butyl nitrite, drug eruptions</li> <li>Bwamba fever virus</li> </ul> </section> <section> <h2>C</h2> <ul> <li>C chemokines</li> <li>C fibres <ul> <li>eccrine glands</li> <li>erythromelalgia</li> </ul> </li> <li>C1-esterase inhibitor (C1INH) <ul> <li>hereditary angio-oedema treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>C1-esterase inhibitor (C1INH) deficiency <ul> <li>acquired</li> <li>disease course/prognosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>oral</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>replacement therapy</li> <li><i>see also</i> hereditary angio-oedema (HAE)</li> </ul> </li> <li>C1q deficiency</li> <li>C2 deficiency</li> <li>C3 deficiency</li> <li>cabergoline, restless legs syndrome management</li> <li>cacosmia</li> <li>CACP (camptodactyly, arthropathy, coxa vara and pericarditis) syndrome</li> <li>cadherins <ul> <li>desmosomal</li> </ul> </li> <li>caeruloplasmin</li> <li>café-au-lait macules <ul> <li>laser treatment</li> <li>McCune–Albright syndrome</li> <li>NF1</li> <li>and pulmonary stenosis</li> <li>speckled lentiginous naevi differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>caffeine</li> <li><i>CAGI1</i> gene mutations</li> <li>Calabar swelling</li> <li>calamine lotion, milaria treatment</li> <li>calamine powder</li> <li>calcaneal petechiae</li> <li>calcific uraemic arteriolopathy <ul> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li><i>see also</i> calciphylaxis</li> </ul> </li> <li>calcification <ul> <li>acne scarring</li> <li>dystrophic <ul> <li>ghost adipocytes</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>secondary to trauma/injection/infusion of calcium-containing materials</li> <li>secondary to tumours/genetic disease</li> <li>traumatic panniculitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>dystrophic secondary to inflammatory disease/infections <ul> <li>causative organisms</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> </ul> </li> <li>ectopic disorders</li> <li>familial tumoral calcinosis</li> <li>idiopathic of skin and subcutaneous tissues</li> <li>metastatic <ul> <li>malignancy association</li> </ul> </li> <li>sarcoid granulomas</li> </ul> </li> <li>calcified cutaneous nodules of the heels</li> <li>calcifying aponeurotic fibroma</li> <li>calcifying chondrodysplasia</li> <li>calcifying fibrous tumour/pseudotumour</li> <li>calcifying lupus panniculitis, subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus association</li> <li>calcifying nodule, pinna</li> <li>calcineurin inhibitors, topical <ul> <li>atopic eczema treatment</li> <li>drug eruption treatment</li> <li>hand eczema treatment</li> <li>plaque psoriasis treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>calcinosis cutis <ul> <li>dermatomyositis association</li> <li>dystrophic <ul> <li>lupus panniculitis association</li> <li>subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus association</li> </ul> </li> <li>familial tumoral calcinosis</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>miliary</li> <li>sarcoidosis association</li> <li>systemic sclerosis</li> <li><i>see also</i> scrotal calcinosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, oesophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly and telangiectasia (CREST) syndrome</li> <li>calcinosis, scrotal <i>61.5.</i></li> <li>calciphylaxis <ul> <li>associated disorders</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>cutaneous</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diabetes association</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>genital ulceration</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>renal disease</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> </ul> </li> <li>calcipotriol <ul> <li>structure</li> <li>topical corticosteroid formulations</li> </ul> </li> <li>calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) <ul> <li>atopic eczema</li> </ul> </li> <li>calcitriol <ul> <li>plaque psoriasis</li> <li>structure</li> </ul> </li> <li>calcium channel blockers <ul> <li>anal fissure management</li> <li>lower limb oedema</li> <li>phototoxicity</li> <li>Raynaud phenomenon treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>calcium hydroxylapatite fillers</li> <li>calcium pump disorders</li> <li>calcium-channel deficiencies</li> <li>calf muscle pump <ul> <li>ambulatory venous pressure</li> </ul> </li> <li>Calliphoridae</li> <li>callosities <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>fingers</li> <li>hereditary</li> <li>management</li> <li>musical instruments</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>calluses <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>sports injuries</li> </ul> </li> <li>calponin</li> <li><i>Calymmatobacterium granulomatis</i> <ul> <li>HIV infection</li> </ul> </li> <li>Camisa syndrome <ul> <li>collodion baby</li> </ul> </li> <li>Campbell de Morgan spots <ul> <li>male genital</li> </ul> </li> <li>camphor</li> <li>camptodactyly</li> <li>camptodactyly, arthropathy, coxa vara and pericarditis (CACP) syndrome</li> <li>camptodactyly, tall stature and hearing loss (CATSHL) syndrome</li> <li>canakinumab</li> <li>Canale–Smith syndrome</li> <li>cancer <ul> <li>drug induced</li> <li>phobias</li> <li><i>see also</i> malignancy; metastases; <i>named tumours, diseases and conditions</i>; skin cancer</li> </ul> </li> <li>cancer-associated coagulopathy</li> <li>cancer-related lymphoedema <ul> <li>abdominal wall lymphoedema</li> <li>genital lymphoedema</li> <li><i>see also</i> breast cancer-related lymphoedema</li> </ul> </li> <li>cancrum oris <ul> <li>infective cheilitis</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Candida</i> <ul> <li>acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>adherence</li> <li>allergy</li> <li>antigen test</li> <li>chronic paronychia</li> <li>classification</li> <li>cutaneous infection in infants</li> <li>diabetic infections</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>ecology</li> <li>genetic typing methods</li> <li>hyphae</li> <li>identification</li> <li>mycelium formation</li> <li>onychomycosis</li> <li>otomycosis</li> <li>papillary hyperplasia</li> <li>primary immunodeficiency</li> <li>stoma infection</li> <li>syndrome</li> <li>virulence</li> <li>yellow nail syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Candida albicans</i> <ul> <li>annular erythema of infancy</li> <li>cutaneous carriage</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>identification</li> <li>melanin production</li> <li>oral carriage</li> <li>vaginal carriage</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Candida glabrata</i> <ul> <li>fluconazole resistance</li> <li>HIV infection</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Candida krusei</i> <ul> <li>fluconazole resistance</li> <li>HIV infection</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Candida parapsilosis</i>, HIV infection</li> <li><i>Candida tropicalis</i> <ul> <li>HIV infection</li> </ul> </li> <li>candidiasis <ul> <li>acrodermatitis continua of Hallopeau differential diagnosis</li> <li>chronic mucocutaneous</li> <li>congenital</li> <li>neonatal</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>psoriasis differential diagnosis</li> <li>severe combined immunodeficiency</li> <li>vulvo-vaginal</li> </ul> </li> <li>candidosis <ul> <li>acute erythematous</li> <li>acute pseudomembranous</li> <li>angular cheilitis</li> <li>aphthous ulceration</li> <li>balanitis</li> <li>chronic <ul> <li>erythematous</li> <li>nodular</li> <li>oral</li> <li>plaque-like</li> <li>pseudomembranous</li> </ul> </li> <li>chronic mucocutaneous <ul> <li>APECED syndrome</li> <li>autosomal recessive/dominant</li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>endocrinopathy associated</li> <li>hypothyroidism association</li> <li>idiopathic</li> <li>immunodeficiency association</li> <li>immunological abnormalities</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>late-onset</li> <li>management</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>congenital</li> <li>cutaneous</li> <li>definition</li> <li>endocrine factors</li> <li>first line treatment</li> <li>genital mucous membranes</li> <li>histology</li> <li>HIV infection <ul> <li>association</li> <li>children</li> <li>infants</li> <li>management</li> <li>oral</li> </ul> </li> <li>host factors</li> <li>immunological factors</li> <li>intertrigo</li> <li>management</li> <li>median rhomboid glossitis</li> <li>nail area</li> <li>nodular/granulomatous of the napkin area</li> <li>oesophageal</li> <li>onychomycosis</li> <li>oral <ul> <li>acute</li> <li>children with HIV</li> <li>denture-related stomatitis</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>HIV-associated</li> <li>iron deficiency anaemia</li> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>oral mucosa</li> <li>paronychia</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>perianal</li> <li>perineal of infancy</li> <li>pseudomembranous disease</li> <li>scrotal</li> <li>systemic</li> <li>therapeutic agents</li> <li>thrush</li> <li>tinea cruris differential diagnosis</li> <li>vaginal</li> <li>vulvo-vaginal</li> </ul> </li> <li>CANDLE (chronic atypical neutrophilic dermatosis with lipodystrophy and elevated temperature) syndrome</li> <li>canicola fever</li> <li>cannabis</li> <li>Cannon disease <i>see</i> white sponge naevus</li> <li>canthus, inner, radiotherapy for skin cancer</li> <li>Cantu syndrome</li> <li>capecitabine, skin cancer treatment in immunocompromised patients</li> <li>capillaries</li> <li>capillaritis</li> <li>capillaroscopy, proximal nail fold</li> <li>capillary aneurysm–venous lakes</li> <li>capillary disorders</li> <li>capillary haemangioma <ul> <li>lobular</li> <li>progressive</li> <li><i>see also</i> infantile haemangiomas; pyogenic granuloma</li> </ul> </li> <li>capillary malformation–arteriovenous malformation <ul> <li>arteriovenous malformations</li> </ul> </li> <li>capillary malformations <ul> <li>in localized overgrowth syndromes</li> <li>phakomatosis pigmentovascularis</li> <li>progressive patchy</li> <li>Sturge–Weber syndrome</li> <li><i>see also</i> port-wine stains</li> </ul> </li> <li>capillary naevi, livedo reticularis differential diagnosis</li> <li><i>Capnocytophaga canimorsus</i></li> <li>capsaicin</li> <li>carbamazepine, hypersensitivity reactions</li> <li>carbaryl</li> <li>carbidopa, cutaneous sclerosis induction</li> <li>carbon dioxide laser <ul> <li>basal cell carcinoma treatment</li> <li>hair removal</li> <li>incisional surgery</li> <li>NF1 treatment</li> <li>photothermal ablation</li> <li>port-wine stains</li> <li>skin resurfacing</li> <li>tuberous sclerosis complex treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>carbon monoxide toxicity, inhalation injury with burns</li> <li>carboxylase deficiency, hereditary multiple</li> <li>carboxypeptidase</li> <li>carbuncle</li> <li>carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)</li> <li>carcinogenesis <ul> <li>azathioprine</li> <li>field</li> <li>infrared radiation-induced</li> <li>oxygen-dependent cytotoxicity</li> <li>photocarcinogenesis</li> <li>radiation</li> <li>reduced immune surveillance</li> <li>UV radiation</li> <li>UVB phototherapy</li> <li>viral infections</li> </ul> </li> <li>carcinoid syndrome <ul> <li>flushing</li> <li>niacin deficiency association</li> <li>pigmentation</li> <li>scleroderma-like skin changes</li> </ul> </li> <li>carcinoid tumour <ul> <li>endocrine disorder skin signs</li> </ul> </li> <li>carcinoma en cuirasse</li> <li>carcinoma erysipeloides <ul> <li>perineal</li> </ul> </li> <li>carcinoma <i>in situ</i> <ul> <li>ano-genital psoriasis differential diagnosis</li> <li>penis</li> <li>vulval intraepithelial neoplasia</li> <li><i>see also</i> Bowen disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>carcinoma simplex, vulval intraepithelial neoplasia</li> <li><i>CARD14</i> gene mutations</li> <li><i>CARD14-</i>mediated pustular psoriasis (CAMPS)</li> <li><i>CARD15</i> gene mutations</li> <li>cardiac disorders <ul> <li>dermatoses with skin features</li> <li>hereditary syndromes</li> <li>infections</li> <li>inflammatory disorders</li> <li>sarcoidosis</li> <li>skin signs</li> <li>systemic diseases with skin features</li> <li>tuberous sclerosis complex</li> </ul> </li> <li>cardiac embolus</li> <li>cardiac pacemakers, skin problems</li> <li>Cardiff Acne Disability Index (CADI)</li> <li>cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome</li> <li>cardiomyopathy <ul> <li>dermatomyositis</li> <li>iron deficiency association</li> <li>selenium deficiency</li> </ul> </li> <li>cardiovascular disease <ul> <li>dermatomyositis</li> <li>DRESS association</li> <li>neonatal lupus erythematosus</li> <li>oral manifestations</li> <li>pseudoxanthoma elasticum</li> <li>psoriasis association</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>UVR role</li> <li>Williams–Beuren syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>caring attitudes</li> <li>carmustine, topical</li> <li>Carney complex <ul> <li>diagnostic criteria</li> <li>lentigines</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>oral mucosa</li> </ul> </li> <li>carnosine</li> <li>carotenaemia</li> <li>β-carotene <ul> <li>polymorphic light eruption management</li> </ul> </li> <li>carotenoderma <i>see</i> carotenaemia</li> <li>carotenoids <ul> <li>skin colour</li> </ul> </li> <li>carpal tunnel syndrome, pachydermodactyly association</li> <li>carpet beetle</li> <li>Carpoglyphidae</li> <li>carrier peptides</li> <li>cartilage hair hypoplasia <ul> <li>basal cell carcinoma</li> </ul> </li> <li>Carvajal–Huerta syndrome <ul> <li>woolly hair <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>carvernoma</li> <li>case–control studies about adverse events</li> <li>caspases</li> <li>Castellani's paint</li> <li>Castleman disease <ul> <li>paraneoplastic pemphigus association</li> <li><i>see also</i> multicentric Castleman disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>castor oil</li> <li>cat bites</li> <li>cat fleas</li> <li>cat scratch disease <ul> <li>anthrax differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>cataract <ul> <li>atopic eczema association</li> <li>polar bear rug <i>109.20–1</i></li> <li>PUVA side effects</li> </ul> </li> <li>catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome</li> <li>catecholamines</li> <li>β-catenin gene mutations</li> <li>caterpillar dermatitis</li> <li>cathelicidins</li> <li>cathepsin B</li> <li>cathepsin C</li> <li>cathepsin D</li> <li>cathepsin G</li> <li>cathepsin K</li> <li>cathepsin S</li> <li>catheter-related infections (CRI), burns</li> <li>CATSHL (camptodactyly, tall stature and hearing loss) syndrome</li> <li>cauda equina</li> <li>cauliflower ear</li> <li>causalgia</li> <li>causation</li> <li>caustics <ul> <li>wart treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>cavernous angioma</li> <li>cavernous haemangiomas <i>see</i> infantile haemangiomas</li> <li>CC chemokines</li> <li><i>CCBE1</i> gene mutations</li> <li>CCL18</li> <li>CCL27</li> <li><i>CCM1</i>,<i> CCM2</i> and <i>CCM3</i> gene mutations</li> <li>CCR1</li> <li>CCR2</li> <li>CCR3</li> <li>CCR4</li> <li>CCR5</li> <li>CCR5 co-receptor antagonists</li> <li><i>CCR5</i> gene</li> <li>CCR6</li> <li>CCR7</li> <li>CCR8</li> <li>CCR9</li> <li>CCR10</li> <li>CCR11</li> <li>CD nomenclature</li> <li>CD1a</li> <li>CD2</li> <li>CD3</li> <li>CD4</li> <li>CD4 receptor</li> <li>CD4+ T cells <ul> <li>drug hypersensitivity reactions</li> <li>oral candidosis in AIDS patients</li> </ul> </li> <li>CD4 T-helper cells</li> <li>CD5</li> <li>CD7</li> <li>CD8</li> <li>CD8+ T cells <ul> <li>drug hypersensitivity reactions</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>lichen planus</li> </ul> </li> <li>CD10</li> <li>CD20</li> <li>CD23</li> <li>CD28</li> <li>CD30</li> <li>CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders <i>see</i> cutaneous CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders</li> <li>CD31</li> <li>CD34</li> <li>CD40 deficiency</li> <li>CD40 ligand</li> <li>CD44</li> <li>CD45</li> <li>CD56</li> <li>CD68</li> <li>CD80</li> <li>CD86</li> <li>CD99</li> <li>CD123</li> <li>CD151</li> <li>CD163</li> <li>CDAGS (craniostenosis, delayed closure of the fontanelles, cranial defects or deafness, anal anomalies, genitourinary anomalies and skin eruption) syndrome</li> <li><i>CDKN2A</i> gene mutations</li> <li>CEACAM1</li> <li><i>CECR1</i> gene mutations</li> <li>CEDNIK (cerebral dysgenesis–neuropathy–ichthyosis–palmoplantar keratoderma)</li> <li>celiprolol</li> <li>cell adhesion, keratinocytes</li> <li>cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)</li> <li>cell death <i>see</i> apoptosis; necrosis</li> <li>cell therapy</li> <li>cell–cell adhesion in epidermis/dermis during inflammation</li> <li>cellist's chest</li> <li>cell-mediated immune response</li> <li>cellular angiofibroma</li> <li>cellular neurothekeoma</li> <li>cellular retinoic acid binding proteins (CRABP)</li> <li>cellular retinol binding proteins (CRBP)</li> <li>cellulite</li> <li>cellulitis <ul> <li>abdominal wall lymphoedema cause</li> <li><i>Aeromonas</i>-induced</li> <li>allergic contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>ano-genital <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>associated diseases</li> <li>bullous</li> <li>causative organisms</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>clostridial</li> <li>cutaneous vasculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>dissecting of scalp</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>gangrenous</li> <li>glanders</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>ingrowing toenail</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>lipodermatosclerosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>Lyme disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>lymphoedema <ul> <li>association</li> <li>complication</li> <li>genital</li> <li>obesity-related</li> </ul> </li> <li>management</li> <li>necrotizing</li> <li>necrotizing subcutaneous infection differential diagnosis</li> <li>neonatal</li> <li>orbital</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>perianal streptococcal</li> <li>periorbital</li> <li>preorbital</li> <li>recurrent</li> <li>sclerosing panniculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>staphylococcal genital</li> <li>stoma infection</li> <li>tongue</li> <li>toxic shock syndrome association</li> <li>vulval</li> <li><i>see also</i> erysipelas; lipodermatosclerosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>centipedes</li> <li>central nervous system (CNS), DRESS involvement</li> <li>centrifugal lipodystrophy (CLD)</li> <li>centrofacial lentiginosis syndrome</li> <li>Cephalopoda</li> <li>cephalosporins</li> <li>ceramide A</li> <li>ceramide B</li> <li>ceramide synthase 3</li> <li>Ceratophyllidae</li> <li>Ceratopogonidae</li> <li>cercarial dermatitis</li> <li>cerebellar ataxia, Refsum disease</li> <li>cerebral cavernous malformation</li> <li>cerebral dysgenesis–neuropathy–ichthyosis–palmoplantar keratoderma (CEDNIK)</li> <li>cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal syndrome <ul> <li>Cockayne syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>xeroderma pigmentosum differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis <ul> <li>tendon xanthomas</li> </ul> </li> <li>certolizumab, psoriatic arthritis treatment</li> <li>cerumen</li> <li>ceruminous gland tumours</li> <li>cervical arthritis</li> <li>cervical carcinoma <ul> <li>human papillomavirus</li> <li>invasive</li> </ul> </li> <li>cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)</li> <li>cervical lymph nodes</li> <li>cervical lymphadenitis, <i>Mycobacterium scrofulaceum</i></li> <li>cervical spine disease, scalp dysaesthesia</li> <li>cervicitis, gonococcal</li> <li>cestode infections</li> <li>cetearyl alcohol</li> <li>cetomacrogols</li> <li>cetrimide</li> <li><i>CFTR</i> gene mutations <ul> <li>carriers, transient aquagenic keratoderma differential diagnosis</li> <li>chloride transport</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>CGCX</i> gene mutations</li> <li>Chagas disease <i>see</i> trypanosomiasis</li> <li>chalazion <ul> <li>eyelid</li> <li>Merkel cell carcinoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>sebaceous gland carcinoma of eyelid differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>chamomile <ul> <li>anti-inflammatory products</li> <li>antioxidant products</li> <li>antioxidant properties</li> <li>hair dye</li> </ul> </li> <li>Chanarin–Dorfman <i>see</i> neutral lipid storage disease with ichthyosis</li> <li>chancre <ul> <li>extragenital</li> <li>primary syphilitic on finger</li> <li>trypanosomiasis</li> </ul> </li> <li>chancriform pyoderma</li> <li>chancroid <ul> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> </ul> </li> <li>CHAND syndrome <ul> <li>tricho-dento-osseous syndrome differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>chapping of lips</li> <li>Charcot joints</li> <li>Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease <i>see</i> peroneal muscular atrophy</li> <li>CHARGE (coloboma, heart defects, atresia of the nasal choanae, retardation of growth/development, genital/urinary abnormalities and ear abnormalities and deafness) syndrome</li> <li>Chédiak–Higashi syndrome, <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>neoplasia incidence</li> <li>neutrophil defects</li> <li>oculocutaneous albinism differential diagnosis</li> <li>primary immunodeficiency</li> </ul> </li> <li>cheek <ul> <li>biting</li> <li><i>see also</i> buccal mucosa</li> </ul> </li> <li>cheilitis <ul> <li>allergic contact</li> <li>causes</li> <li>clarinettist's</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>contact</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>drug-induced</li> <li>eczematous</li> <li>exfoliative</li> <li>factitious</li> <li>flavouring agents</li> <li>foreign body</li> <li>glandular</li> <li>infective</li> <li>irritant contact dermatitis</li> <li>lip-lick</li> <li>lipsticks/lipsalves</li> <li>management</li> <li>nail varnish</li> <li>nickel</li> <li>plasma cell</li> <li>retinoid</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus association</li> <li><i>see also</i> actinic cheilitis; angular cheilitis; granulomatous cheilitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>cheiroarthropathy, diabetes association</li> <li>chemical burns <ul> <li>acids</li> <li>acronecrosis</li> <li>alkalis</li> <li>ano-genital</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>management</li> <li>occupational</li> <li>oral cavity</li> <li>selenium toxicity</li> <li>severity classification</li> </ul> </li> <li>chemical cautery, ingrowing toenail</li> <li>chemical depigmentation</li> <li>chemical exposure <ul> <li>exogenous photosensitizers</li> <li>nail colour changes</li> <li>photosensitivity</li> <li>scleroderma induction</li> </ul> </li> <li>chemical peels <ul> <li>acne treatment</li> <li>acneform eruptions</li> <li>actinic keratosis treatment</li> <li>allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>Bowen disease treatment</li> <li>caustic</li> <li>chemical burns</li> <li>chemistry</li> <li>complications</li> <li>consent</li> <li>contraindications</li> <li>counselling</li> <li>deep</li> <li>depth</li> <li>indications</li> <li>infection</li> <li>medium depth</li> <li>metabolic action</li> <li>milia</li> <li>photo documentation</li> <li>pigmentary disorder treatment</li> <li>postinflammatory hyper-/hypo-pigmentation</li> <li>post-peel care</li> <li>premature peeling</li> <li>pre-peel procedure</li> <li>procedure</li> <li>side effects</li> <li>skin of colour</li> <li>skin priming</li> <li>superficial</li> <li>systemic toxicity</li> <li>technique</li> <li>toxic action</li> </ul> </li> <li>chemokine receptors</li> <li>chemokines <ul> <li>expression by NK cells</li> <li>functions</li> <li>inflammation role</li> <li>keratinocyte function regulation</li> <li>Langerhans cell migration</li> <li>lichen planus</li> <li>morphoea</li> <li>neutrophil adhesion role</li> <li>wound healing</li> </ul> </li> <li>chemotherapy <ul> <li>alopecia</li> <li>dermatoses</li> <li>dyspigmentation</li> <li>hair changes</li> <li>hyperpigmentation</li> <li>hypertrichosis</li> <li>hypopigmentation</li> <li>intertrigous eruption associated with</li> <li>Kaposi sarcoma</li> <li>lymphatic filariasis treatment</li> <li>melanoma</li> <li>Merkel cell carcinoma</li> <li>mycosis fungoides</li> <li>nail changes</li> <li>oral ulceration</li> <li>papulopustular reactions</li> <li>photosensitivity induction</li> <li>recall reaction</li> <li>scalp cooling</li> <li>scalp pustules</li> <li>Sézary syndrome</li> <li>skin cancer association</li> <li>subcutaneous extravasation</li> <li>topical</li> <li>toxic erythema <ul> <li>symmetrical drug-related intertriginous and flexural exanthem differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>uncombable hair syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>cherry angioma</li> <li><i>Cheyletiella</i> mites</li> <li>Chiari malformation type 1, syringomyelia association</li> <li>chickenpox <i>see</i> varicella infection</li> <li>chigoes</li> <li>Chikungunya fever <ul> <li>genital ulceration</li> <li>oral ulceration</li> </ul> </li> <li>chilblain(s) <ul> <li>discoid lupus erythematosus differential diagnosis</li> <li>proximal nail fold capillaroscopy</li> </ul> </li> <li>chilblain lupus</li> <li>chilblain-like lesions</li> <li>child abuse <ul> <li>anal trauma</li> <li>genital wart transmission</li> <li>lichen sclerosus differential diagnosis</li> <li>male ano-genital signs</li> <li>Menkes disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>osteogenesis imperfecta differential diagnosis</li> <li>perianal trauma</li> <li>traumatic ecchymoses</li> <li><i>see also</i> non-accidental injury</li> </ul> </li> <li>CHILD (congenital hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform erythroderma and limb defects) syndrome <ul> <li>congenital epidermal naevi</li> <li>management</li> <li>spinal dysraphism association</li> </ul> </li> <li>childbirth <ul> <li>perineal trauma</li> <li>telogen gravidarum</li> </ul> </li> <li>Childhood Atopic Dermatitis Impact Scale (CADIS)</li> <li>children <ul> <li>acne</li> <li>acute haemorrhagic oedema</li> <li>age effects on drug therapeutic outcomes</li> <li>AIDS case definition</li> <li>annular erythema of infancy</li> <li>annular lichenoid dermatitis of youth</li> <li>antihistamines</li> <li>asymmetric periflexural exanthem</li> <li>atopic eczema <i>41.17–19</i></li> <li>atrichia with papular lesions</li> <li>autoinflammatory granulomatosis of childhood</li> <li>bites</li> <li>blistering distal dactylitis</li> <li>bronze baby syndrome</li> <li>bullous pemphigoid</li> <li>burns</li> <li>cat scratch disease</li> <li>chronic atypical neutrophilic dermatosis with lipodystrophy and elevated temperature syndrome</li> <li>chronic mucocutaneous candidosis</li> <li>cold panniculitis</li> <li>contact dermatitis</li> <li>cutis laxa</li> <li>diffuse neurofibroma</li> <li>disseminated superficial porokeratosis</li> <li>early childhood impact of skin conditions</li> <li>Epstein–Barr virus</li> <li>flushing</li> <li>generalized pustular psoriasis</li> <li>genital wart transmission</li> <li>granuloma annulare</li> <li>granulomatous periorificial dermatitis</li> <li>hair loss</li> <li>hair pulling</li> <li>hair-pulling tic</li> <li>HIV immunorestoration</li> <li>HIV infection <ul> <li>papular pruritic eruption</li> </ul> </li> <li>Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome</li> <li>hypertrichosis in hypothyroidism</li> <li>idiopathic facial aseptic granuloma</li> <li>immunosuppression</li> <li>inclusion body fibromatosis</li> <li>juvenile hyaline fibromatosis</li> <li>juvenile plantar dermatosis</li> <li>Kaposi sarcoma</li> <li>Kawasaki disease</li> <li>keratitis–ichthyosis–deafness syndrome</li> <li>keratolytic winter erythema</li> <li>leukaemia cutis</li> <li>lichen nitidus</li> <li>linear IgA disease</li> <li>lipoatrophic panniculitis of the ankles</li> <li>lipoblastoma</li> <li>lipofibromatosis</li> <li>loricrin keratoderma</li> <li>malnutrition <ul> <li>severity classification</li> </ul> </li> <li>meningococcal infection</li> <li>Menkes disease</li> <li>molluscum contagiosum</li> <li>morphoea <ul> <li>disease course</li> <li>pansclerotic</li> </ul> </li> <li>multiple sulphatase deficiency</li> <li>Münchausen syndrome by proxy</li> <li>nails</li> <li>neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis</li> <li>non-accidental injury <ul> <li>chemical burns differential diagnosis</li> <li>irritant contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>organ transplantation</li> <li>pansclerotic morphoea</li> <li>papular pruritic eruption of HIV</li> <li>patch testing</li> <li>pigmented neuroectodermal tumour</li> <li>pityriasis alba</li> <li>polyomavirus</li> <li>porokeratosis</li> <li>prepubertal acne</li> <li>primary herpetic gingivostomatitis</li> <li>psoriasis</li> <li>Refsum disease</li> <li>roseola infantum</li> <li>scabies</li> <li>scarlet fever</li> <li>seborrhoeic dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>Sjögren–Larsson syndrome</li> <li>skin disease impact measurement</li> <li>staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome</li> <li>streptococcal dermatitis/perianal cellulitis</li> <li>streptococcal vulvovaginitis</li> <li>sun exposure</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>tropical ulcer</li> <li>urticaria</li> <li>UV radiation exposure</li> <li>varicella infection</li> <li>vernal keratoconjunctivitis</li> <li>vitamin D deficiency management</li> <li>waxy keratoses</li> <li>Werner syndrome</li> <li>wound healing</li> <li>yaws</li> <li>zinc deficiency</li> <li><i>see also</i> infant(s); neonates; syphilis, congenital</li> </ul> </li> <li>Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI)</li> <li>Chilopoda</li> <li>CHIME (coloboma heart defect–ichthyosiform dermatosis–mental retardation–ear anomalies) syndrome</li> <li>China, history of medicine</li> <li>Chironomidae</li> <li>Chi-square test</li> <li><i>Chlamydia</i> infection <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>environmental factors</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>genital</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Chlamydia pneumoniae</i></li> <li><i>Chlamydia psittaci</i></li> <li><i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> <ul> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>elementary body</li> <li>inclusion bodies</li> <li>life cycle</li> <li>lymphogranuloma venereum</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>reticulate body</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Chlamydophila pneumoniae</i>, rosacea association</li> <li>chloasma</li> <li>chloracne <ul> <li>chemicals causing</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>comedones</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>dioxins</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa differential diagnosis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>chloramphenicol, grey baby syndrome</li> <li>chlorhexidine</li> <li>chloride, sweat composition</li> <li>chloride transport, <i>CFTR</i> gene mutations</li> <li>chlorine-releasing agents</li> <li>chloroatranol</li> <li>chlorocresol</li> <li>chloroform</li> <li>chloroma, HIV infection</li> <li>Chloropidae</li> <li>chloroquine <ul> <li>acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis predisposition</li> <li>discoid lupus erythematosus treatment</li> <li>dosage</li> <li>drug eruptions</li> <li>hair pigmentary changes</li> <li>nail colouration</li> <li>porphyria cutanea tarda treatment</li> <li>pruritus induction</li> <li>subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus treatment</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>chloroxylenol</li> <li>chlorphenamine</li> <li>chlorpromazine <ul> <li>hyperpigmentation</li> <li>phototoxicity</li> </ul> </li> <li>chlorpropamide, eczema induction</li> <li>choanal atresia and lymphoedema</li> <li>cholera</li> <li>cholestanol</li> <li>cholestasis, chronic <ul> <li>xanthelasmas</li> </ul> </li> <li>cholesteatoma, external auditory canal</li> <li>cholesterol emboli <ul> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> </ul> </li> <li>cholesterol embolization syndrome (CES)</li> <li>cholesterol synthesis disorders <ul> <li><i>see also</i> congenital hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform erythroderma and limb defects (CHILD) syndrome; Conradi–Hünermann–Happle syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>cholesterol, X-linked syndromes concerning distal biosynthesis</li> <li>chondrocytes, hamartomatous proliferations</li> <li>chondrodermatitis nodularis <ul> <li>basal cell carcinoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>chondroid syringoma, malignant</li> <li>chordomas</li> <li>choriocarcinoma <ul> <li>pemphigoid gestationis</li> <li>transplacental transfer of maternal disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>chorionic villus sampling (CVS)</li> <li>choroidoretinitis, congenital syphilis</li> <li>Christ–Siemens–Touraine syndrome <ul> <li>hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>chromhidrosis</li> <li>chromium <ul> <li>allergic contact dermatitis <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>prognosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>avoidance</li> <li>chemistry</li> <li>patch tests</li> <li>regulatory measures</li> <li>systemically reactivated allergic contact dermatitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>chromoblastomycosis <ul> <li>causative organisms</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> </ul> </li> <li>chromogranin A</li> <li>chromophores <ul> <li>cellular epidermis</li> <li>UVR effects</li> </ul> </li> <li>chromosomal disorders <ul> <li>autosomal</li> <li>genetic tools</li> <li>mosaicism</li> <li>sex chromosome defects</li> </ul> </li> <li>chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA)</li> <li>chromosome(s) <ul> <li>abnormalities <ul> <li>external ear anomaly association</li> </ul> </li> <li>complex rearrangements</li> <li>crossing-over</li> <li>deletions</li> <li>insertions</li> <li>microdeletions</li> <li>pseudo-autosomal region</li> <li>structural rearrangements</li> <li>substitutions</li> <li>translocations</li> </ul> </li> <li>chromosome 4, short-arm deletion syndrome</li> <li>chromosome 5, short-arm deletion syndrome</li> <li>chromosome 5p syndrome <i>see</i> cri du chat syndrome</li> <li>chromosome 18, long-arm deletion syndrome</li> <li>chronic actinic dermatitis <ul> <li>associated diseases</li> <li>chemical-induced photosensitivity differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>drug-induced photosensitivity differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>nodular prurigo-like morphology</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>polymorphic light eruption differential diagnosis</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>chronic atypical neutrophilic dermatosis with lipodystrophy and elevated temperature (CANDLE) syndrome</li> <li>chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood <ul> <li><i>see also</i> immunobullous disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CCLE)</li> <li>chronic granulomatous disease <ul> <li>bacterial infections</li> <li>functional phagocyte deficiency</li> <li>primary immunodeficiency</li> </ul> </li> <li>chronic infantile neurological, cutaneous and articular (CINCA) syndrome <ul> <li>infantile urticaria</li> </ul> </li> <li>chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) <ul> <li>basal cell carcinoma incidence</li> <li>leukaemia cutis</li> <li>necrobiotic xanthogranuloma association</li> <li>paraneoplastic pemphigus association</li> <li>skin cancers</li> </ul> </li> <li>chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML) <ul> <li>leukaemia cutis</li> <li>perniosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>chronic obstructive pulmonary disease <ul> <li>benign symmetrical lipomatosis association</li> <li>psoriasis association</li> <li>urticarial vasculitis complication</li> </ul> </li> <li>chronic pain syndromes, genital</li> <li>chronic papillomatous dermatitis <ul> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>chronic papular onchodermatitis (CPOD)</li> <li>chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO)</li> <li>chronic renal disease <ul> <li>pruritus</li> </ul> </li> <li>chronic venous disease, oedema</li> <li>chronic venous insufficiency <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>lipoedema differential diagnosis</li> <li>lymphoedema</li> <li>management</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>severity classification</li> </ul> </li> <li>chrysarobin, hair pigmentary changes</li> <li>chrysiasis</li> <li>chrysoderma</li> <li>Churg–Strauss syndrome <i>see</i> eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis</li> <li>chylous reflux</li> <li>chyluria, lymphatic filariasis</li> <li>chymase</li> <li>cicatricial pemphigoid <ul> <li>bullous</li> <li>electron microscopy</li> <li>genital</li> <li>mucous membrane pemphigoid differential diagnosis</li> <li>oral mucosa</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>scalp</li> </ul> </li> <li>ciclopirox olamine</li> <li>ciclosporin <ul> <li>acne association</li> <li>acne conglobata treatment</li> <li>adverse effects</li> <li>atopic eczema treatment</li> <li>cautions</li> <li>contraindications</li> <li>CYP3A4 interactions</li> <li>dermatological uses</li> <li>dose</li> <li>DRESS treatment</li> <li>drug–drug interactions</li> <li>dyslipidaemia induction</li> <li>generalized pustular psoriasis treatment</li> <li>HIV infection complications</li> <li>hyperlipidaemia</li> <li>hypertrichosis</li> <li>irritant contact dermatitis</li> <li>male genital lichen planus</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>monitoring</li> <li>nephrotoxicity</li> <li>pemphigus treatment</li> <li>pharmacological properties</li> <li>plaque psoriasis treatment</li> <li>polymorphic light eruption management</li> <li>pre-treatment screening</li> <li>psoriasis treatment</li> <li>regimens</li> <li>skin cancer association</li> <li>solar urticaria</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma secondary prevention</li> <li>Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis</li> <li>topical therapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>cidofovir <ul> <li>human papillomavirus treatment</li> <li>topical therapy</li> <li>wart treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Cimex lectularius</i></li> <li>Cimicidae</li> <li>CINCA (chronic infantile neurological, cutaneous and articular) syndrome <ul> <li>infantile urticaria</li> </ul> </li> <li>cinnamal</li> <li>cinnamic acid</li> <li>circumcision <ul> <li>genital lymphoedema</li> <li>lichen sclerosus management</li> <li>penile carcinoma protection</li> </ul> </li> <li>circumscribed neurodermatitis</li> <li>cirsoid aneurysm</li> <li>citric acid, antiageing products</li> <li>citrullinaemia, pili torti differential diagnosis</li> <li>citrullinated peptides</li> <li><i>Cladophialophora carrionii</i></li> <li>clarinettist's cheilitis</li> <li>Clarkson syndrome</li> <li>claudication, treatment</li> <li>claudins <ul> <li>gene mutations</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>CLDN1</i> gene mutations</li> <li>clear cell acanthoma</li> <li>clear cell sarcoma</li> <li>cleft lip/palate <ul> <li>amniotic band association</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>syndromes including</li> <li>syndromic</li> <li>van der Woude syndrome</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>clegs</li> <li>climate, allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>clindamycin <ul> <li>comedonal acne treatment</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa management</li> <li>papulopustular acne treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>clinical trials <ul> <li>about adverse events</li> <li>application of results to specific patient</li> <li>clinical outcome measures</li> <li>company sponsored</li> <li>concealment of treatment allocation</li> <li>core outcome measures</li> <li>critical appraisal</li> <li>diagnostic tests</li> <li>ethics</li> <li>evidence-based medicine</li> <li>identification of adverse events</li> <li>importance of results</li> <li>indices</li> <li>intention to treat analysis</li> <li>likelihood ratio</li> <li>masking</li> <li>negative results</li> <li>outcome variables</li> <li>phase I studies</li> <li>power</li> <li>pre-/post-test probability</li> <li>random assignment of patients</li> <li>registration</li> <li>reporting guidelines</li> <li>sample size</li> <li>substitute/surrogate end points</li> <li>validity <ul> <li>strengthening</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>see also</i> randomized controlled trials (RCT)</li> </ul> </li> <li>clioquinol, topical</li> <li>clitoris <ul> <li>melanoma</li> <li>variations</li> </ul> </li> <li>clofazimine <ul> <li>acne fulminans treatment</li> <li>erythema nodosum leprosum treatment</li> <li>hyperpigmentation</li> <li>leprosy treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>clomipramine, trichotillomania treatment</li> <li>clonidine, hyperhidrosis treatment</li> <li>clostridial myonecrosis</li> <li><i>Clostridium</i> <ul> <li>cellulitis</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Clostridium botulinum</i></li> <li><i>Clostridium perfringens</i></li> <li><i>Clostridium sordelli</i> <ul> <li>heroin users</li> <li>toxic shock syndrome association</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Clostridium tetani</i></li> <li>clothing <ul> <li>allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>callosities</li> <li>dyes</li> <li>formaldehyde</li> <li>photoprotection</li> </ul> </li> <li>clotrimazole, candidosis treatment</li> <li>Clouston syndrome <ul> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>oral lesions</li> </ul> </li> <li>CLOVES (congenital lipomatous overgrowth, vascular malformations, epidermal naevi and skeletal/spinal anomalies) syndrome <ul> <li>capillary malformations</li> <li>lymphatic malformations</li> <li>naevi</li> </ul> </li> <li>club foot, amniotic band association</li> <li>clubbing <ul> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>paraneoplastic</li> <li>sarcoidosis association</li> <li>with tripe palms</li> </ul> </li> <li>cluster of jewels sign</li> <li>Clutton's joints, congenital syphilis</li> <li>Cnidaria</li> <li>coagulation disorders <ul> <li>ecchymoses</li> <li>liver disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>coagulation, protease role</li> <li>coagulopathy <ul> <li>cancer-associated</li> <li>erythema multiforme differential diagnosis</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>systemic</li> </ul> </li> <li>coal tar</li> <li>coal-tar distillates <ul> <li>actinic keratosis</li> <li>eczema treatment <ul> <li>hand</li> </ul> </li> <li>plaque psoriasis</li> </ul> </li> <li>cobalamin deficiency</li> <li>cobalt allergy <ul> <li>avoidance</li> <li>chemistry</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>occurrence</li> <li>patch tests</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>systemically reactivated allergic contact dermatitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Cobb syndrome</li> <li>cocaine</li> <li><i>Coccidioides immitis</i></li> <li><i>Coccidioides posadasii</i></li> <li>coccidioidin test</li> <li>coccidioidomycosis <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>endemic</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>coccygeal dimple</li> <li>coccygodynia, idiopathic</li> <li>Cochrane Collaboration</li> <li>Cochrane Library</li> <li>Cockayne syndrome <ul> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>Mulvihill–Smith syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>neonatal lupus erythematosus differential diagnosis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>premature ageing</li> <li>progeria differential diagnosis</li> <li>Rothmund–Thomson syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>severity</li> <li>skin ageing</li> <li>trichothiodystrophy differential diagnosis</li> <li>type A</li> <li>type B</li> <li>variants</li> <li>xeroderma pigmentosum differential diagnosis</li> <li>xeroderma pigmentosum/Cockayne syndrome complex</li> </ul> </li> <li>Cockayne syndrome proteins A and B</li> <li>cockroaches</li> <li>cocoa butter</li> <li>coeliac disease <ul> <li>aphthous stomatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>urticaria association</li> </ul> </li> <li>coenzyme Q10</li> <li>Coffin–Lowry syndrome</li> <li>Cogan syndrome, urticarial vasculitis association</li> <li>cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) <ul> <li>body dysmorphic disorder</li> </ul> </li> <li>cohort studies <ul> <li>about adverse events</li> </ul> </li> <li>colchicine <ul> <li>acne conglobata treatment</li> <li>adverse effects</li> <li>Behçet syndrome management</li> <li>contraindications</li> <li>cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis treatment</li> <li>dermatological uses</li> <li>dose</li> <li>drug–drug interactions</li> <li>epidermolysis bullosa acquisita treatment</li> <li>erythema nodosum treatment</li> <li>monitoring</li> <li>pharmacological properties</li> <li>regimens</li> <li>Sweet syndrome treatment</li> <li>urticarial vasculitis treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>cold <ul> <li>diseases caused/aggravated by</li> <li>paronychia</li> <li>physiological reactions</li> </ul> </li> <li>cold agglutinin(s) <ul> <li>monoclonal</li> </ul> </li> <li>cold agglutinin disease</li> <li>cold agglutinin-related cutaneous occlusion <ul> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>cold injury <ul> <li>neonatal <ul> <li>subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn</li> </ul> </li> <li>sports enthusiasts</li> </ul> </li> <li>cold panniculitis <ul> <li>adults</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>equestrian</li> <li>infants</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>neonates</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>cold-induced sweating syndrome</li> <li>cold-induced vasodilation</li> <li>Cole disease</li> <li>Coleoptera</li> <li>colicapictorum</li> <li>colitis <ul> <li>collagenous</li> <li><i>see also</i> ulcerative colitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>collagen <ul> <li>biology</li> <li>biosynthesis</li> <li>cross-linking</li> <li>degradation</li> <li>extracellular matrix</li> <li>fibrils <ul> <li>fragmentation in ageing</li> <li>synthesis decrease</li> </ul> </li> <li>gene expression regulation</li> <li>genetic heterogeneity</li> <li>hydroxylation reactions</li> <li>inherited disorders</li> <li>light absorption</li> <li>mechanical function</li> <li>scar tissue</li> <li>selective photothermolysis</li> <li>subunits</li> <li>synthesis <ul> <li>by fibroblasts</li> <li>in hypopituitarism</li> </ul> </li> <li>transepidermal elimination</li> <li>type(s)</li> <li>type I <ul> <li>ageing of skin</li> </ul> </li> <li>type III</li> <li>type IV <ul> <li>anti-type IV collagen pemphigoid</li> <li>basement membrane</li> <li>bullous systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>diagnosis of epidermolysis bullosa</li> <li>wound healing</li> </ul> </li> <li>type V</li> <li>type VI</li> <li>type VII <ul> <li>diagnosis of epidermolysis bullosa</li> <li>dominant generalized dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa</li> <li>dominant/recessive dystrophic bullous dermolysis of the newborn</li> <li>dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa</li> </ul> </li> <li>type XVII</li> <li>type XXIX</li> <li>wound healing</li> </ul> </li> <li>collagen fillers <ul> <li>with polymethylmethacrylate</li> </ul> </li> <li>collagen vascular disease <ul> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>primary immunodeficiency</li> <li>urticaria differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>collagenase</li> <li>collagenoma <ul> <li>congenital</li> <li>verrucous perforating</li> </ul> </li> <li>collagenosis <ul> <li>nuchae</li> <li>reactive perforating <ul> <li>familial</li> <li>lip</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>collagenous and elastotic marginal plaques of hands</li> <li>collagenous colitis</li> <li>collier's stripes</li> <li>collodion baby <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>loricrin keratoderma</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>restrictive dermopathy differential diagnosis</li> <li>trichothiodystrophy</li> </ul> </li> <li>collodions</li> <li>colloid body</li> <li>colloid degeneration <ul> <li>nodular</li> <li>penile</li> </ul> </li> <li>colloid milia <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>electron microscopy</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>solar elastosis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>colloid osmotic pressure</li> <li>coloboma heart defect–ichthyosiform dermatosis–mental retardation–ear anomalies (CHIME) syndrome</li> <li>coloboma, heart defects, atresia of the nasal choanae, retardation of growth/development, genital/urinary abnormalities and ear abnormalities and deafness (CHARGE) syndrome</li> <li>colonic adenocarcinoma</li> <li>colony-stimulating growth factors</li> <li>colophonium</li> <li>colophony allergy</li> <li>Colorado tick fever</li> <li>colour Doppler scanning</li> <li>colour of skin <ul> <li>ageing</li> <li>black skin biological significance</li> <li>chemical peels</li> </ul> </li> <li>combined immunodeficiencies <ul> <li>with associated features</li> <li>cartilage hair hypoplasia</li> <li>common variable immunodeficiency</li> <li>DOCK8 deficiency</li> <li>MHC class I deficiency</li> <li>P13κδ deficiency</li> <li>syndromic</li> <li>Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome</li> <li>X-linked lymphoproliferative diseases</li> <li><i>see also</i> dyskeratosis congenita; Fanconi anaemia; severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)</li> </ul> </li> <li>comedo naevus</li> <li>comedones <ul> <li>acne</li> <li>amineptine-induced</li> <li>closed</li> <li>familial</li> <li>mechanical acne</li> <li>open</li> <li>removal</li> <li>retinoic acid therapy</li> <li>secondary</li> <li>senile</li> <li>solar</li> <li>subtypes</li> <li>surgery</li> <li><i>see also</i> chloracne</li> </ul> </li> <li>Comèl–Netherton syndrome</li> <li>common variable immunodeficiency <ul> <li>epidemiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>communication, medication errors</li> <li>community diagnosis</li> <li>co-morbidities</li> <li>comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), melanoma diagnosis</li> <li>complement <ul> <li>activation <ul> <li>primary anetoderma</li> <li>regulation defects</li> </ul> </li> <li>bullous disorders</li> <li>macrophage role</li> <li>pathway</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> </ul> </li> <li>complement 1q (C1q)</li> <li>complement diseases</li> <li>complementary therapies <ul> <li>acne therapy</li> <li><i>see also</i> herbal products/medications</li> </ul> </li> <li>complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>dermatological manifestations</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>stages</li> </ul> </li> <li>Compositae</li> <li>composite haemangioendothelioma</li> <li>compression therapy <ul> <li>immobility-induced lymphoedema</li> <li>lipodermatosclerosis</li> <li>lymphatic malformations</li> <li>lymphoedema</li> <li>obesity-related lymphoedema</li> <li>phlebolymphoedema</li> </ul> </li> <li>conception, effects on drug therapeutic outcome</li> <li>conditioners (hair)</li> <li>condoms, rubber accelerators</li> <li>condyloma, giant of penis</li> <li>condylomata acuminata <ul> <li>giant</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>oral</li> <li><i>see also</i> ano-genital warts</li> </ul> </li> <li>condylomata lata <ul> <li>genital wart differential diagnosis</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>secondary syphilis</li> </ul> </li> <li>cone-nosed bugs</li> <li>confidence intervals</li> <li>confluent and reticulated papillomatosis (CARP) <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>confocal microscopy <i>see</i> reflectance confocal microscopy</li> <li>confounding</li> <li>congenital acquired lipodystrophy</li> <li>congenital adrenal hyperplasia <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>hirsutism</li> <li>late-onset, acne association</li> <li>non-classical</li> </ul> </li> <li>congenital candidosis</li> <li>congenital cutis laxa</li> <li>congenital cystic median raphe anomalies</li> <li>congenital dermal sinuses</li> <li>congenital disorders of glycosylation</li> <li>congenital epidermal naevi <i>see</i> naevi, congenital epidermal</li> <li>congenital erosive and vesicular dermatosis with reticulated scarring</li> <li>congenital erythropoietic porphyria <ul> <li>bone marrow transplantation</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>genetic counselling</li> <li>hypertransfusion</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>prognosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>congenital fascial dystrophy</li> <li>congenital generalized lipodystrophies</li> <li>congenital generalized multiple fibromatosis</li> <li>congenital haemangiomas</li> <li>congenital heart block <ul> <li>neonatal lupus erythematosus</li> </ul> </li> <li>congenital hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform erythroderma and limb defects (CHILD) syndrome <ul> <li>congenital epidermal naevi</li> <li>management</li> <li>spinal dysraphism association</li> </ul> </li> <li>congenital hypertrichosis <ul> <li>generalized</li> <li>lanuginosa</li> <li>localized</li> </ul> </li> <li>congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>congenital ichthyosis–follicular atrophoderma–hypotrichosis–hypohidrosis (IFAH)</li> <li>congenital lipodystrophy <ul> <li>acquired</li> <li>generalized</li> </ul> </li> <li>congenital lipomatous overgrowth, vascular malformations, epidermal naevi and skeletal/spinal anomalies (CLOVES) syndrome <ul> <li>capillary malformations</li> <li>lymphatic malformations</li> <li>naevi</li> </ul> </li> <li>congenital localized hypertrichosis</li> <li>congenital malformations <ul> <li>ano-genital region</li> <li>prenatal diagnosis</li> <li>superficial capillary (<i>see</i> port-wine stains)</li> <li>vulval</li> </ul> </li> <li>congenital melanocytic naevi <i>see</i> naevi, congenital melanocytic</li> <li>congenital melanocytic naevus syndrome</li> <li>congenital muscle hamartoma</li> <li>congenital pseudo-ainhum <ul> <li>raised linear bands of infancy differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>congenital rubella syndrome <ul> <li>neonatal lupus erythematosus differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>congenital self-healing reticulohistiocytosis (CSHRH)</li> <li>congenital syphilis <i>see</i> syphilis, congenital</li> <li>congenital tuberculosis</li> <li><i>Conidiobolus coronatus</i></li> <li>conjunctiva <ul> <li>chancre</li> <li>irritation</li> <li>Kaposi sarcoma</li> <li>local anaesthesia</li> <li>melanoma</li> <li>naevi</li> <li>papillomas</li> <li>ulceration</li> <li>xerosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>conjunctivitis <ul> <li>chronic allergic</li> <li>cicatricial associated with immunobullous disorders <i>109.28–9</i>, 109.36 <i>see also</i> Stevens–Johnson syndrome; toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) <ul> <li>clinical features <i>109.28–9</i></li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>erythema multiforme major</li> <li>graft-versus-host disease</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>mucous membrane pemphigoid <i>109.28–9</i></li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>gonococcal</li> <li>herpes simplex virus</li> <li>Lyme disease</li> <li>psoriatic arthritis association</li> </ul> </li> <li>connective tissue, ageing/photodamage changes</li> <li>connective tissue diseases <ul> <li>acquired <ul> <li>ageing</li> <li>elastic fibre degradation</li> <li>elastic tissue deposition</li> <li>excessive response to injury</li> <li>fibromatoses</li> <li>fibrous cutaneous nodules</li> <li>perforating dermatoses</li> <li>photodamage</li> <li>skin atrophy</li> </ul> </li> <li>hand–arm vibration syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>histological sections</li> <li>immunological tests</li> <li>immunopathology techniques</li> <li>inherited <ul> <li>collagen disorders</li> <li>ectopic calcification disorders</li> <li>elastic fibre disorders</li> <li>infantile stiff skin syndromes</li> <li>mineralization abnormalities</li> <li>premature ageing syndromes</li> </ul> </li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>overlap</li> <li>papular/nodular mucinosis</li> <li>radiography</li> <li>renal involvement</li> <li>Sjögren syndrome association</li> <li>subcorneal pustular dermatosis association</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus differential diagnosis</li> <li>systemic sclerosis overlap</li> <li>undifferentiated</li> <li>urticarial vasculitis co-morbidity</li> <li><i>see also</i> mixed connective tissue disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)</li> <li>connexin(s) <ul> <li>scarring</li> </ul> </li> <li>connexin disorders <ul> <li>keratitis–ichthyosis–deafness syndrome</li> <li>palmoplantar keratoderma and hearing impairment</li> </ul> </li> <li>connexin-26, associated disorders</li> <li>connexons</li> <li>Conradi–Hünermann–Happle syndrome <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>constricting bands of the extremities <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>variants</li> <li><i>see also</i> amniotic band syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>constriction artefact</li> <li>construct validity</li> <li>contact dermatitis <ul> <li>airborne, chronic actinic dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>arsenic toxicity</li> <li>cellulitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>children</li> <li>chronic otitis externa</li> <li>delayed-type hypersensitivity</li> <li>discoid lupus erythematosus differential diagnosis</li> <li>ear piercing complications</li> <li>erysipelas differential diagnosis</li> <li>erythematotelangiectatic rosacea differential diagnosis</li> <li>eyelids</li> <li>gold reactions</li> <li>hand eczema</li> <li>historical aspects</li> <li>lichen planus-like</li> <li>mast cell role</li> <li>mercury toxicity</li> <li>musical instruments</li> <li>non-immune</li> <li>perianal</li> <li>phototoxic</li> <li>purpura</li> <li>scalp disorders</li> <li>symmetrical drug-related intertriginous and flexural exanthem differential diagnosis</li> <li>transient acantholytic dermatosis association</li> <li>urticaria differential diagnosis</li> <li>vesicular palmar</li> <li><i>see also</i> allergic contact dermatitis; irritant contact dermatitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>contact hypersensitivity (CHS) <ul> <li>acquired immunity model</li> <li>macrophage inhibitory factor role</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>contact urticaria syndrome <ul> <li><i>see also</i> allergic contact urticaria</li> </ul> </li> <li>contingency tables</li> <li>contrast agents, gadolinium causing nephrogenic systemic fibrosis</li> <li>Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) legislation</li> <li>contusion, external ear</li> <li><i>Conus</i> (cone shell)</li> <li>convertase</li> <li>coolants, occupational dermatitis</li> <li>Copenhagen Psoriasis Severity Index</li> <li>coping strategies</li> <li>copper <ul> <li>accumulation in Wilson disease</li> <li>contact allergy</li> </ul> </li> <li>copper deficiency <ul> <li>hair colour changes</li> <li>Menkes disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>copra itch</li> <li>coral bead sign</li> <li>coral strings</li> <li>cord tethering</li> <li>corneal argyrosis</li> <li>corneal opacity, recessive X-linked ichthyosis</li> <li>corneal scarring, atopic keratoconjunctivitis</li> <li>Cornelia de Lange syndrome <ul> <li>facial features</li> <li>hypertrichosis</li> <li>oral lesions</li> </ul> </li> <li>corneocytes <ul> <li>structure</li> </ul> </li> <li>corneodesmosin</li> <li>cornification, inherited disorders <ul> <li>exfoliative disorders</li> <li><i>see also</i> ichthyoses</li> </ul> </li> <li>corns <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>sports injuries</li> </ul> </li> <li>corona phlebectatica paraplantaris <ul> <li>chronic venous insufficiency</li> </ul> </li> <li>coronary artery disease <ul> <li>HIV-associated lipodystrophy association</li> <li>hyperlipoproteinaemia type III</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> </ul> </li> <li>corticosteroid-induced rosacea-like dermatosis</li> <li>corticosteroids <ul> <li>acne therapy</li> <li>acneform reactions</li> <li>acute graft-versus-host disease treatment</li> <li>adverse reactions</li> <li>allergy</li> <li>alopecia areata treatment</li> <li>anti-p200 pemphigoid treatment</li> <li>atopic eczema treatment</li> <li>atrophy of skin</li> <li>Behçet syndrome management</li> <li>blanching effect on skin</li> <li>bowel-associated dermatosis–arthritis syndrome treatment</li> <li>bullous systemic lupus erythematosus treatment</li> <li>candidosis effects</li> <li>chronic graft-versus-host disease treatment</li> <li>cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis treatment</li> <li>Darier disease treatment</li> <li>DRESS treatment</li> <li>dyslipidaemia induction</li> <li>eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis treatment</li> <li>eosinophilic pustular folliculitis treatment</li> <li>epidermolysis bullosa acquisita treatment</li> <li>erosive pustular dermatitis of scalp treatment</li> <li>erythema nodosum treatment</li> <li>fixed drug eruption treatment</li> <li>giant cell arteritis treatment</li> <li>granulomatosis with polyangiitis treatment</li> <li>granulomatous cheilitis treatment</li> <li>Hailey–Hailey disease treatment</li> <li>hypertrichosis treatment</li> <li>irritant contact dermatitis treatment</li> <li>itch in atopic eczema treatment</li> <li>lichen planus treatment <ul> <li>male genital</li> </ul> </li> <li>lichen sclerosus management</li> <li>lichen striatus treatment</li> <li>localized lipoatrophy induction</li> <li>melasma treatment</li> <li>mixed connective tissue disease treatment</li> <li>molecule structure</li> <li>morphoea treatment</li> <li>mucous membrane pemphigoid treatment</li> <li>ocular side effects</li> <li>pemphigus treatment</li> <li>phobias</li> <li>poststeroid panniculitis treatment</li> <li>potency</li> <li>purpura treatment</li> <li>pyoderma gangrenosum treatment</li> <li>recurrent aphthous stomatitis treatment</li> <li>sarcoidosis treatment</li> <li>seborrhoeic dermatitis treatment</li> <li>subcorneal pustular dermatosis treatment</li> <li>subcutaneous Sweet syndrome treatment</li> <li>tinea modification</li> <li>transdermal</li> <li>zoster infection treatment</li> <li><i>see also</i> glucocorticoid(s)</li> </ul> </li> <li>corticosteroids, intralesional <ul> <li>foreign-body reactions</li> <li>keloid</li> <li>skin atrophy</li> </ul> </li> <li>corticosteroids, oral <ul> <li>acne fulminans treatment</li> <li>discoid lupus erythematosus treatment</li> <li>mastocytosis treatment</li> <li>morphoea treatment</li> <li>psoriatic arthritis treatment</li> <li>subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus treatment</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus treatment <ul> <li>pregnancy</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>corticosteroids, systemic <ul> <li>dermatomyositis treatment</li> <li>erythema multiforme treatment</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa management</li> <li>safe treatments in pregnancy</li> <li>solar urticaria treatment</li> <li>Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis</li> <li>transient acantholytic dermatosis treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>corticosteroids, topical <ul> <li>allergic reactions</li> <li>antimicrobial agent combination</li> <li>asteatotic eczema treatment</li> <li>chronic actinic dermatitis treatment</li> <li>comedone formation</li> <li>cross-reactions</li> <li>discoid lupus erythematosus treatment</li> <li>eczema treatment</li> <li>endocrine impact</li> <li>eye drops</li> <li>formulations</li> <li>granuloma annulare treatment</li> <li>hand eczema treatment</li> <li>hydroa vacciniforme treatment</li> <li>indications</li> <li>infantile acropustulosis treatment</li> <li>infection exacerbation</li> <li>lichen simplex treatment</li> <li>lower leg eczema treatment</li> <li>mastocytosis treatment</li> <li>mechanism of action</li> <li>mycosis fungoides treatment</li> <li>nail psoriasis treatment</li> <li>necrobiosis lipoidica treatment</li> <li>occlusion</li> <li>perineum/perianal region reactions</li> <li>peristomal skin disease treatment</li> <li>pityriasis alba treatment</li> <li>pityriasis lichenoides management</li> <li>pityriasis rubra pilaris treatment</li> <li>plaque psoriasis treatment</li> <li>polymorphic light eruption management</li> <li>rebound phenomenon</li> <li>safe treatments in pregnancy</li> <li>side effects <ul> <li>local</li> <li>systemic</li> </ul> </li> <li>subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus treatment</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus treatment</li> <li>tachyphylaxis</li> <li>transient acantholytic dermatosis treatment</li> <li>vascular effects</li> <li>vehicles</li> <li>vitiligo treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>corticotrophin <i>see</i> adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)</li> <li>cortisol, endocrine impact of therapy</li> <li><i>Corynebacterium</i> <ul> <li>abnormal sweat odour</li> <li>pitted keratolysis</li> <li>trichomycosis pubis</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Corynebacterium acnes</i> <i>see</i> <i>Propionibacterium acnes</i></li> <li><i>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</i></li> <li><i>Corynebacterium minutissimum</i></li> <li><i>Corynebacterium pyogenes</i> <i>see</i> <i>Trueperella pyogenes</i></li> <li><i>Corynebacterium tenuis</i>, trichomycosis axillaris</li> <li>coryneform bacteria <ul> <li>classification</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diseases caused by</li> </ul> </li> <li>cosmeceuticals <ul> <li>antiageing <ul> <li>phytochemicals</li> </ul> </li> <li>coenzyme Q10</li> <li>herbal products/phytochemicals</li> <li><i>see also</i> antioxidants</li> </ul> </li> <li>cosmetic fillers, panniculitis</li> <li>cosmetic units, facial surgery</li> <li>cosmetics <ul> <li>acne vulgaris association</li> <li>allergic contact dermatitis <ul> <li>avoidance</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>incidence</li> </ul> </li> <li>comedonal acne</li> <li>facial melanosis</li> <li>hair <ul> <li>colouring</li> </ul> </li> <li>irritant contact dermatitis</li> <li>nails</li> <li>patch testing</li> <li>plant allergens</li> <li>vehicles</li> </ul> </li> <li>cost analysis study</li> <li>cost–benefit analysis (CBA)</li> <li>cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA)</li> <li>Costello syndrome <ul> <li>rhabdomyosarcoma risk</li> </ul> </li> <li>cost-minimization studies</li> <li>cost-of-illness <ul> <li>psoriasis</li> <li>skin cancer</li> <li>studies</li> </ul> </li> <li>cost–utility analysis (CUA)</li> <li>co-trimoxazole <ul> <li>drug eruptions</li> </ul> </li> <li>cotton-seed dermatitis</li> <li>counselling, interpersonal</li> <li>cow hair sinus</li> <li>Cowden syndrome <i>see</i> PTEN hamartomatous tumour syndrome</li> <li>Cowden-like syndrome</li> <li>cowpox <ul> <li>vulval lesions</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Coxiella burnetii</i>, infectious panniculitis</li> <li>Coxsackie virus infections <ul> <li>hand, foot and mouth disease</li> <li>oral ulceration</li> </ul> </li> <li>crab louse</li> <li>crack cocaine</li> <li>cradle cap</li> <li>Crandall syndrome, pili torti</li> <li>craniostenosis, delayed closure of the fontanelles, cranial defects or deafness, anal anomalies, genitourinary anomalies and skin eruption (CDAGS) syndrome</li> <li>craniosynostosis <ul> <li>cutis laxa differential diagnosis</li> <li>syndromic cleft lip/palate</li> </ul> </li> <li>C-reactive protein (CRP)</li> <li>creams</li> <li>creeping hair</li> <li>creosote</li> <li>CREST (calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, oesophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly and telangiectasia) syndrome <ul> <li>calcinosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, new variant</li> <li>cri du chat syndrome <ul> <li>premature hair greying</li> </ul> </li> <li>Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever</li> <li>crinkles</li> <li>Crisponi syndrome</li> <li>critical limb ischaemia</li> <li>Crohn disease <ul> <li>acne fulminans association</li> <li>anal abscess differential diagnosis</li> <li>anal fissure differential diagnosis</li> <li>anal fistula differential diagnosis</li> <li>ano-genital lesions</li> <li>aphthous stomatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>aphthous ulceration</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>cutaneous</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>erythema nodosum</li> <li>folliculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>genital</li> <li>genital erythema</li> <li>granulomatous cheilitis <ul> <li>association</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>haemorrhoids differential diagnosis</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa <ul> <li>association</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>investigations</li> <li>lesions</li> <li>lips</li> <li>lupus vulgaris differential diagnosis</li> <li>malakoplakia differential diagnosis</li> <li>management</li> <li>metastatic</li> <li>mucocutaneous features</li> <li>necrobiosis lipoidica association</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>perianal</li> <li>perineal</li> <li>pilonidal sinus differential diagnosis</li> <li>psoriasis association</li> <li>reactive lesions</li> <li>sarcoidosis differential diagnosis <ul> <li>vulval</li> </ul> </li> <li>selenium toxicity</li> <li>skin cancer association</li> <li>skin tags</li> <li>stoma complication</li> <li>subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus association</li> <li>vulval lesions</li> <li><i>see also</i> oro-facial granulomatosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>cromoglicate <ul> <li>solar urticaria</li> </ul> </li> <li>Cronkhite–Canada syndrome <ul> <li>intestinal polyposis </li> <li>telogen effluvium</li> </ul> </li> <li>Cross syndrome</li> <li>Crosti lymphoma</li> <li>crotamiton <ul> <li>rosacea treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>croton oil</li> <li>Crouzon syndrome</li> <li>Crowe's sign</li> <li>crown of jewels sign</li> <li>crow's feet, botulinum toxin injection</li> <li>crush injuries, gas gangrene</li> <li>crust</li> <li>cryofibrinogen</li> <li>cryofibrinogenaemia</li> <li>cryogelling/cryoagglutination disorders <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>cryogen spray cooling</li> <li>cryoglobulinaemia <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>cold urticaria</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>mixed</li> <li>myeloma-linked</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>Schnitzler syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus association</li> <li>type I</li> <li>urticarial vasculitis association</li> <li><i>see also</i> vasculitis, cutaneous, cryoglobulinaemic</li> </ul> </li> <li>cryoglobulins <ul> <li>cryoglobulinaemia type I diagnosis</li> <li>mechanism of action</li> <li>pathology</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> </ul> </li> <li>cryolipolysis</li> <li>cryoproteins, urticaria</li> <li>cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome</li> <li>cryosurgery <ul> <li>basal cell carcinoma treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>cryotherapy <ul> <li>actinic keratosis treatment</li> <li>Bowen disease treatment</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma treatment</li> <li>wart treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>cryptococcal meningitis</li> <li>cryptococcosis <ul> <li>genital</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>Kaposi sarcoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>oral lesions</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Cryptococcus gattii</i></li> <li><i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> <ul> <li>HIV infection</li> </ul> </li> <li>cryptogenic-organizing pneumonia</li> <li>cryptosporidiosis, HIV infection</li> <li>crystal globulin vasculopathy</li> <li>crystal methamphetamine abuse</li> <li>crystal violet</li> <li><i>Ctenophalides canis</i></li> <li><i>Ctenophalides felis</i></li> <li><i>CTSC</i> gene mutations</li> <li>C-type lectins</li> <li>Cubozoa</li> <li>Culicidae</li> <li>Cullen's sign</li> <li>cultural factors, diagnosis of skin disease</li> <li>cultured skin substitute (CSS)</li> <li>curettage <ul> <li>actinic keratosis treatment</li> <li>Bowen disease treatment</li> <li>keratoacanthoma</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>curlicue pattern</li> <li>Curth's angle</li> <li>Cushing disease <ul> <li>acne association</li> <li>ACTH-producing tumour</li> <li>endocrine disorder skin signs</li> <li>facial changes</li> </ul> </li> <li>Cushing syndrome <ul> <li>candidosis susceptibility</li> <li>familial partial lipodystrophy differential diagnosis</li> <li>hirsutism</li> <li>hyperpigmentation</li> <li>periocular oedema</li> <li>purpura</li> <li>striae</li> <li>symptoms/signs</li> </ul> </li> <li>cutaneous aggressive epidermotropic CD8+ T-cell lymphoma</li> <li>cutaneous anaplastic large-cell lymphoma <ul> <li>management <ul> <li>treatment algorithm</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>cutaneous B-cell lymphoma <ul> <li>biopsy</li> <li>classification</li> <li>diffuse large</li> <li>follicle centre cell</li> <li>immunopathology techniques</li> <li>intravascular large</li> <li>pathogenesis</li> <li>photodynamic therapy</li> <li>post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder</li> <li>primary</li> <li>radiotherapy</li> <li>secondary</li> <li>treatment algorithm</li> <li><i>see also</i> lymphomatoid granulomatosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>cutaneous calcinosis <i>see</i> calcinosis cutis</li> <li>cutaneous calciphylaxis</li> <li>cutaneous CD4+ small/medium-sized pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma</li> <li>cutaneous CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders <ul> <li>anaplastic large-cell lymphoma</li> <li>Hodgkin disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma</li> <li>treatment algorithm</li> <li><i>see also</i> lymphomatoid papulosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>cutaneous endometriosis</li> <li>cutaneous epithelioid angiomatous nodule</li> <li>cutaneous graft-versus-host disease <ul> <li>extracorporeal photochemotherapy</li> <li>UVA-1 phototherapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>cutaneous horn <ul> <li>keratoacanthoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>penile</li> </ul> </li> <li>cutaneous larva migrans <ul> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>oral</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> </ul> </li> <li>cutaneous lupus mucinosis</li> <li>cutaneous lymphoadenoma</li> <li>cutaneous lymphocyte antigen</li> <li>cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia <i>see</i> pseudolymphoma</li> <li>cutaneous meningioma</li> <li>cutaneous microvascular occlusion in sepsis with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)</li> <li>cutaneous mucinoses <i>see</i> mucinoses, cutaneous</li> <li>cutaneous myoepithelioma</li> <li>cutaneous myxoid cyst</li> <li>cutaneous neoplasms <ul> <li>immunopathology</li> <li>metastatic</li> </ul> </li> <li>cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma <i>see</i> Merkel cell carcinoma</li> <li>cutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphoma <ul> <li><i>see also</i> primary cutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphoma</li> </ul> </li> <li>cutaneous phobias</li> <li>cutaneous rhabdomyosarcoma</li> <li>cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis (CSVV) <ul> <li>aetiological triggers</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>erythema elevatum diutinum differential diagnosis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) <ul> <li>acquired ichthyoses</li> <li>aggressive epidermotropic CD8+</li> <li>angioimmunoblastic</li> <li>biopsy</li> <li>CD4+ small/medium-sized pleomorphic</li> <li>cell of origin</li> <li>chronic actinic dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidermotropism</li> <li>erythroderma</li> <li>extracorporeal photochemotherapy</li> <li>genital ulceration</li> <li>granulomatous slack skin disease</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>hydroa vacciniforme differential diagnosis</li> <li>hypopigmentation</li> <li>immunopathology techniques</li> <li>management <ul> <li>extracorporeal photochemotherapy</li> <li>mechlorethamine therapy</li> <li>novel therapies</li> <li>PUVA</li> <li>radiotherapy</li> <li>UVB phototherapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>molecular abnormalities</li> <li>non-Hodgkin lymphoma association</li> <li>pagetoid reticulosis</li> <li>peripheral</li> <li>photodynamic therapy</li> <li>poikiloderma atrophicans vasculare</li> <li>post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder</li> <li>primary</li> <li>PUVA</li> <li>radiotherapy</li> <li>secondary</li> <li>skin cancer</li> <li>UVB phototherapy</li> <li>variants</li> <li><i>see also</i> follicular mucinoses; mycosis fungoides; primary cutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphoma; Sézary syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>cutaneous–intestinal syndrome with oro-pharyngeal ulceration</li> <li>cuticle removers</li> <li>cutis hyperelastica <i>see</i> Ehlers–Danlos syndrome</li> <li>cutis laxa <ul> <li>acquired <ul> <li>anetoderma association</li> </ul> </li> <li>autosomal dominant</li> <li>autosomal recessive</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>congenital</li> <li>congenital disorders of glycosylation</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>Ehlers–Danlos syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>inherited generalized</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>Menkes disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>Michelin tyre baby differential diagnosis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pseudoxanthoma elasticum differential diagnosis</li> <li>pseudoxanthoma elasticum-like phenotype</li> <li>variants</li> <li>X-linked</li> </ul> </li> <li>cutis marmorata</li> <li>cutis marmorata telangiectasia congenita</li> <li>cutis verticis gyrata <ul> <li>endocrine disorder skin signs</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>scalp</li> </ul> </li> <li>cutting oils</li> <li>CX3C chemokines</li> <li>CX3CR1</li> <li>CXC chemokines</li> <li>CXCL8 <i>see</i> interleukin 8 (IL-8)</li> <li>CXCR2</li> <li>CXCR4 <ul> <li>mutations</li> </ul> </li> <li>cyanide toxicity</li> <li>cyanoacrylates, nail eczema</li> <li>cyanosis <ul> <li>peripheral (<i>see</i> acrocyanosis)</li> <li>platinum toxicity</li> </ul> </li> <li>cyclic haematopoiesis <ul> <li>bacterial infections</li> </ul> </li> <li>cyclohexylamine</li> <li>cyclo-oxygenase (COX) <ul> <li>acne vulgaris pathology</li> <li>prostanoid synthesis</li> </ul> </li> <li>cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitors</li> <li>cyclophosphamide <ul> <li>alopecia induction</li> <li>eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis</li> <li>granulomatosis with polyangiitis</li> <li>mucous membrane pemphigoid</li> <li>pemphigus treatment</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>CYLD</i> gene mutations <ul> <li>basal cell carcinoma</li> </ul> </li> <li>cylindroadenocarcinoma</li> <li>cylindroma <ul> <li>malignant</li> <li>scalp</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>CYP2D6</i> gene mutations</li> <li>CYP3A4 <ul> <li>ciclosporin drug interactions</li> <li>colchicine drug interactions</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>CYP4F2</i> gene mutations</li> <li><i>CYP21A2</i> gene mutations</li> <li>cyproterone acetate <ul> <li>female pattern hair loss management</li> <li>hirsutism treatment</li> <li>papulopustular acne treatment</li> <li>sebaceous gland hyperplasia treatment</li> <li>side effects</li> </ul> </li> <li>cyst(s) <ul> <li>cutaneous</li> <li>epidermoid</li> <li>mucinous vulval</li> <li>retention</li> <li>sebaceous</li> <li><i>see also</i> epidermoid cysts; milia; steatocystoma multiplex; trichilemmal cysts</li> </ul> </li> <li>cyst of Moll</li> <li>cyst of Zeiss</li> <li>cysteine protease</li> <li>cysteinyl leukotrienes</li> <li>cystic fibrosis <ul> <li>acrodermatitis enteropathica</li> <li>sweat electrolytes</li> </ul> </li> <li>cystic hygroma, Turner syndrome</li> <li>cysticercosis</li> <li>cytochrome P450 (CYPs) <ul> <li>drug interactions</li> <li>drugs as pro-haptens</li> <li>protease inhibitor effects</li> </ul> </li> <li>cytodiagnosis</li> <li>cytokeratin(s) <ul> <li>immunopathology</li> </ul> </li> <li>cytokeratin 7 (CK-7), Paget disease diagnosis</li> <li>cytokeratin 20 (CK-20), Merkel cell carcinoma diagnosis</li> <li>cytokines <ul> <li>antibodies causing immunodeficiency</li> <li>anti-inflammatory</li> <li>biological therapies against</li> <li>cascades in bacterial infections</li> <li>expression by NK cells</li> <li>immune response role</li> <li>immunity against ringworm</li> <li>inducible NOS regulation</li> <li>inflammation</li> <li>inhibitors</li> <li>keratinocyte function regulation</li> <li>mast cell</li> <li>mutations</li> <li>pro-inflammatory</li> <li>release by Langerhans cells</li> <li>signalling in macrophages in inflammatory dermatoses</li> <li>suppressors</li> <li>tissue repair and metastatic spread role</li> <li>wound healing</li> </ul> </li> <li>cytomegalovirus (CMV) <ul> <li>complications/comorbidities</li> <li>congenital <ul> <li>neonatal lupus erythematosus differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>disseminated infection</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>high-power microscopy</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>immune restoration disease</li> <li>infectious panniculitis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>papular-pruritic gloves and socks syndrome</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>primary mononucleosis</li> <li>systemic sclerosis</li> <li>vulval lesions</li> </ul> </li> <li>cytophagic histiocytic panniculitis</li> <li>cytotoxic agents <ul> <li>topical</li> <li><i>see also</i> chemotherapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4)</li> <li>cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) <ul> <li>erythema multiforme</li> <li>melanocyte-specific</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </section> <section> <h2>D</h2> <ul> <li>dabrafenib</li> <li>dacarbazine, melanoma treatment</li> <li>dactylitis <ul> <li>sarcoid <ul> <li>chronic</li> </ul> </li> <li>syphilitic</li> </ul> </li> <li>Dandy–Walker syndrome, facial haemangiomas</li> <li>dapsone <ul> <li>acne conglobata treatment</li> <li>acne fulminans treatment</li> <li>adverse effects</li> <li>anti-p200 pemphigoid treatment</li> <li>α<sub>1</sub>-antitrypsin deficiency panniculitis treatment</li> <li>bullous systemic lupus erythematosus treatment</li> <li>cautions</li> <li>comedonal acne treatment</li> <li>contraindications</li> <li>dermatitis herpetiformis</li> <li>dermatological uses</li> <li>dose</li> <li>drug eruptions</li> <li>drug–drug interactions</li> <li>eosinophilic pustular folliculitis treatment</li> <li>epidermolysis bullosa acquisita treatment</li> <li>erythema elevatum diutinum treatment</li> <li>hypersensitivity syndrome</li> <li>leprosy treatment</li> <li>linear IgA disease treatment</li> <li>monitoring</li> <li>mucous membrane pemphigoid treatment</li> <li>papulopustular acne treatment</li> <li>pemphigus treatment</li> <li>pharmacological properties</li> <li>pre-treatment screening</li> <li>regimens</li> <li>Sweet syndrome treatment</li> <li>urticarial vasculitis treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>daptomycin</li> <li>DARE database</li> <li>Darier disease <ul> <li>blistering</li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>carbon dioxide laser ablation</li> <li>co-morbidities</li> <li>complications</li> <li>confluent and reticulated papillomatosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>cytodiagnosis</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>dyskeratosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>Flegel disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>genetic mutations</li> <li>genital papular acantholytic dyskeratosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>Hailey–Hailey disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>keratosis pilaris differential diagnosis</li> <li>lichen striatus differential diagnosis</li> <li>longitudinal erythronychia</li> <li>management <ul> <li>carbon dioxide laser ablation</li> <li>radiotherapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>mosaicism</li> <li>nail lichen planus differential diagnosis</li> <li>nails</li> <li>neuropsychiatric features</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pemphigus vulgaris differential diagnosis</li> <li>presentation</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>radiotherapy</li> <li>scrotal squamous cell carcinoma</li> <li>seborrhoeic dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>spiny keratoderma differential diagnosis</li> <li>tattoo association</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> <li>variants</li> <li>vulval</li> </ul> </li> <li>Darier sign <ul> <li>pruritus</li> </ul> </li> <li>Darier–Roussy sarcoid</li> <li>darkling beetles</li> <li>daunorubicin, hyperpigmentation induction</li> <li>day care</li> <li>D-dimer, venous malformation</li> <li>De Barsy syndrome</li> <li>De Lange syndrome <i>see</i> Cornelia de Lange syndrome</li> <li>deafness <ul> <li>keratitis–ichthyosis–deafness syndrome</li> <li>periauricular cysts/sinuses</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> </ul> </li> <li>death fever <i>see</i> leishmaniasis, visceral</li> <li>decision making, economic burden of disease</li> <li>decongestive lymphatic therapy (DLT) <ul> <li>abdominal wall lymphoedema</li> <li>genital lymphoedema</li> <li>trauma-induced lymphoedema</li> </ul> </li> <li>decorin</li> <li>deep ‘aggressive' angiomyxoma</li> <li>deep vein insufficiency</li> <li>deep vein thrombosis (DVT) <ul> <li>causes</li> <li>cellulitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>immobility-induced lymphoedema</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>recurrent cellulitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>risk factors</li> <li>Wells scoring system</li> </ul> </li> <li>deer flies</li> <li>defensins</li> <li>α-defensins</li> <li>β-defensins</li> <li>Θ-defensins</li> <li>defibrillators, implantable, skin problems</li> <li>deficiency of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (DIRA) <ul> <li>acne association</li> </ul> </li> <li>deficiency of interleukin 36 receptor antagonist (DITRA)</li> <li>Degos acanthoma <i>see</i> clear cell acanthoma</li> <li>Degos disease (malignant atrophic papulosis) <ul> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> </ul> </li> <li>dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) <ul> <li>prepubertal acne</li> </ul> </li> <li>delayed hypersensitivity <ul> <li>drug reactions</li> <li>erythema induratum of Bazin</li> <li>erythema multiforme</li> <li><i>see also</i> erythema nodosum</li> </ul> </li> <li>delayed tests</li> <li>deliberate self-harm</li> <li>Delleman syndrome</li> <li>deltanoids</li> <li>delusional beliefs <ul> <li>infestations</li> <li>Morgellons syndrome</li> <li>olfactory</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Demodex</i> <ul> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>rosacea association</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Demodex folliculorum</i></li> <li>Demodicidae</li> <li>dendrite surveillance extension and retraction cycling habitude (dSEARCH)</li> <li>dendritic cell disorders</li> <li>dendritic cells <ul> <li>antigen presentation</li> <li>early-phase allergic response</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>IFN actions</li> <li>immature</li> <li>inflammation role</li> <li>maturation</li> <li>non-Langerhans cell</li> <li>plasmacytoid</li> <li>T-reg actions</li> </ul> </li> <li>dendritiform keratopathy</li> <li>dendrocyte hamartoma, medallion-like dermal</li> <li>dendrolimiasis</li> <li>dengue fever <ul> <li>gingival bleeding</li> <li>measles differential diagnosis</li> <li>mortality</li> </ul> </li> <li>dengue haemorrhagic fever</li> <li>dengue shock syndrome</li> <li>denileukin diftitox</li> <li>Dennie–Morgan fold</li> <li>dental amalgam <ul> <li>lichen planus</li> <li>mercury toxicity</li> </ul> </li> <li>dentifrices, cheilitis</li> <li>dentition</li> <li>dento-gingival junction</li> <li>denture(s), allergic reactions</li> <li>denture-induced hyperplasia</li> <li>denture-related stomatitis <ul> <li>angular cheilitis association</li> </ul> </li> <li>depigmentation <ul> <li>allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>chemical</li> <li>onchocerciasis</li> <li>radiotherapy-induced</li> <li><i>see also</i> hypopigmentation</li> </ul> </li> <li>depigmenting agents</li> <li>depilatories</li> <li>deposition disorders, malignancy association</li> <li>depression <ul> <li>acne vulgaris</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa</li> <li>integrated management</li> <li>isotretinoin association</li> <li>lichen simplex association</li> <li>peno-scrotodynia association</li> <li>pyoderma gangrenosum association</li> <li>seborrhoeic dermatitis association</li> <li>solar urticaria association</li> <li>vulvodynia association</li> <li>xeroderma pigmentosum</li> </ul> </li> <li>Dercum disease <ul> <li>benign symmetrical lipomatosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>lipoedema differential diagnosis</li> <li>management</li> <li>obesity association</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>dermabrasion, actinic keratosis treatment</li> <li>dermal artefact</li> <li>dermal deposits, histological sections</li> <li>dermal erythropoiesis</li> <li>dermal mucinoses <ul> <li>cutaneous focal mucinosis</li> <li>digital myxoid cyst</li> <li>lichen myxoedematosus</li> <li>myxoedema in thyroid disease</li> <li>papular and nodular mucinosis in connective tissue disease</li> <li>reticular erythematosus mucinosis</li> <li>scleredema</li> <li>self-healing cutaneous mucinosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>dermal nerve sheath myxoma</li> <li>dermal non-neural granular cell tumour</li> <li>dermal pigmentation, laser treatment</li> <li>dermal–epidermal junction <ul> <li>barrier</li> <li>hemidesomosomes</li> </ul> </li> <li>Dermanyssidae</li> <li>dermatitis <ul> <li>arsenical</li> <li>beryllium</li> <li>caterpillar</li> <li>chronic acral</li> <li>chronic superficial scaly</li> <li>development</li> <li>exfoliative <ul> <li>in Hodgkin disease</li> <li>malignancy association</li> </ul> </li> <li>eyelids</li> <li>gangrenosa infantum</li> <li>granulomatous periorificial of childhood <ul> <li>periorificial dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>haemosiderosis</li> <li>halo</li> <li>infective <ul> <li>HTLV-1-associated of children</li> </ul> </li> <li>interdigital</li> <li>lichenoid</li> <li>localized, Compositae allergy</li> <li>lower legs</li> <li>nails</li> <li>non-infectious</li> <li>nummular <ul> <li>chronic superficial scaly dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>infection</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>lower leg</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pityriasis alba differential diagnosis</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>passivata</li> <li>perioral</li> <li>perioral/periorificial facial <ul> <li>papulopustular rosacea differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>photodynamic therapy</li> <li>photosensitivity</li> <li><i>Pyometes</i> mites</li> <li>retinoid</li> <li>schistosomiasis</li> <li>simulate</li> <li>stasis</li> <li>vegetans</li> <li><i>see also</i> allergic contact dermatitis; atopic eczema (dermatitis); contact dermatitis; eczema; hand eczema; irritant contact dermatitis; photoallergic contact dermatitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>dermatitis artefacta <ul> <li>acné excoriée differential diagnosis</li> <li>with artefact of patch tests</li> <li>cicatricial pemphigoid differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>of genitalia</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>Dermatitis Family Impact (DFI) Questionnaire</li> <li>dermatitis herpetiformis <ul> <li>bullous pemphigoid differential diagnosis</li> <li>bullous systemic lupus erythematosus differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>cytodiagnosis</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diabetes associations</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>dietary gluten</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>gluten-sensitive enteropathy association</li> <li>immunopathology</li> <li>immunostaining</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>iodine exposure</li> <li>lichen planopilaris association</li> <li>linear IgA disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>management</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>oral ulceration</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>recurrent cutaneous necrotizing eosinophilic vasculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>subcorneal pustular dermatosis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Dermatobia hominis</i></li> <li>dermatofibromas <ul> <li>surgery</li> </ul> </li> <li>dermatofibrosarcoma protruberans (DFSP) <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>fibrosarcomatous</li> <li>keloid differential diagnosis</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>radiotherapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>dermatofibrosis lenticularis <ul> <li>pseudoxanthoma elasticum differential diagnosis</li> <li><i>see also</i> Buschke–Ollendorff syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>dermatological health services research <ul> <li>available services</li> <li>needs assessment</li> <li>need/supply/demand relationship</li> </ul> </li> <li>dermatological non-disease, genital</li> <li>dermatological pathomimicry</li> <li>Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI)</li> <li>dermatomyofibroma</li> <li>dermatomyositis <ul> <li>acanthosis nigricans association</li> <li>allergic contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>amyopathic <ul> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>antisynthetase antibodies</li> <li>autoantibody specificity</li> <li>cardiac involvement</li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>clinically amyopathic</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>drug-induced</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>eyelids</li> <li>face</li> <li>histopathology</li> <li>hypertrichosis</li> <li>hypomyopathic</li> <li>inclusion body</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>lichen planus association</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>management</li> <li>muscle <ul> <li>histopathology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>signs</li> </ul> </li> <li>nail fold</li> <li>panniculitis association</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>periocular oedema</li> <li>pigmentation</li> <li>presentation</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>proximal nail fold capillaroscopy</li> <li>respiratory disease association</li> <li>respiratory features</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>skin histopathology</li> <li>skin signs</li> <li>telogen effluvium</li> <li>variants</li> <li><i>see also</i> juvenile dermatomyositis; mixed connective tissue disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis</li> <li>dermatopathology <ul> <li>artefacts</li> <li>descriptive terms</li> <li>histological sections revealing little/no abnormality</li> <li>histopathology skin report</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus</i></li> <li>dermato-pharmacokinetic (DPK) method for topical products</li> <li>dermatophytes <ul> <li>adherence to keratinocytes</li> <li>allergic response</li> <li>anthropophilic</li> <li>biology</li> <li>classification</li> <li>epidermis invasion</li> <li>geophilic</li> <li>immunity against</li> <li>onychomycosis</li> <li>parasitism</li> <li>penetration</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>remote reaction</li> <li>superficial mycoses caused by</li> <li>taxonomy</li> <li>zoophilic</li> </ul> </li> <li>dermatophytide reactions</li> <li>dermatophytosis <ul> <li>co-morbidities</li> <li>erythema annulare centrifugum</li> <li>erythroderma</li> <li>hand eczema</li> <li>HIV infection <ul> <li>children</li> </ul> </li> <li>identification <i>32.24–5</i>, <i>32.29–30</i></li> <li>immunity against</li> <li>Kaposi sarcoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>Langerhans cell histiocytosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>leprosy differential diagnosis</li> <li>lower leg eczema differential diagnosis</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>physiological tests</li> <li>prevention</li> <li>pseudofolliculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>psoriasis differential diagnosis</li> <li>therapeutic agents</li> <li>topical therapy <ul> <li>failures</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>dermatoporosis, ageing of skin</li> <li>dermatoses <ul> <li>affecting nails</li> <li>corticosteroid-induced rosacea-like</li> <li>eye</li> <li>flagellate</li> <li>internal malignancy association</li> <li>perforating</li> <li>photoaggravated</li> <li>pigmented purpuric</li> <li>prurigo nodularis</li> <li>pruritus</li> <li>rosacea relationship</li> </ul> </li> <li>dermatosis papulosa nigricans <ul> <li>eyelid</li> </ul> </li> <li>dermcidin</li> <li>Dermestidae</li> <li>dermis <ul> <li>blood supply</li> <li>cell–cell adhesion during inflammation</li> <li>development</li> <li>embryonic</li> <li>extracellular matrix</li> <li>immune surveillance</li> <li>inflammation cellular components</li> <li>mechanical function</li> <li>resident T cells</li> </ul> </li> <li>dermographism <ul> <li>black</li> <li>cholinergic</li> <li>cold urticaria association</li> <li>delayed</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>genital</li> <li>symptomatic</li> <li>urticaria</li> <li>white</li> </ul> </li> <li>dermoid cysts <ul> <li>genital</li> </ul> </li> <li>dermopanniculosis deformans</li> <li>dermoscopy <ul> <li>melanoma.</li> <li>naevi</li> <li>scabies mite identification</li> <li>short-term digital dermoscopic monitoring</li> </ul> </li> <li>deroofing, hidradenitis suppurativa management</li> <li>descending perineum syndrome</li> <li>desmin</li> <li>desmocollin(s)</li> <li>desmocollin 3</li> <li>desmoglein(s)</li> <li>desmoglein compensation hypothesis</li> <li>desmoglein 1</li> <li>desmoglein 3</li> <li>desmoplakin <ul> <li>Carvajal–Huerta syndrome</li> <li>striate palmoplantar keratoderma</li> </ul> </li> <li>desmoplasia</li> <li>desmoplastic fibroblastoma</li> <li>desmoplastic trichoepitheliomas</li> <li>desmosine</li> <li>desmosomes</li> <li>desquamation <ul> <li>en aires</li> <li>neonates</li> </ul> </li> <li>detergent <ul> <li>barrier disruption</li> <li>exposure reduction regulations</li> </ul> </li> <li>detergent acne</li> <li>Dettol</li> <li><i>Deuteromycota</i></li> <li>developmental abnormalities <ul> <li>ano-genital region</li> <li>fistulae, hidradenitis suppurativa differential diagnosis</li> <li><i>see also</i> naevi, congenital; <i>named congenital conditions</i></li> </ul> </li> <li>Devon colic</li> <li>diabetes <ul> <li>actinic granuloma association</li> <li>alopecia areata association</li> <li>benign symmetrical lipomatosis association</li> <li>bullae</li> <li>calluses</li> <li>control</li> <li>cutaneous complications</li> <li>dermopathy</li> <li>disease associations</li> <li>dyslipidaemia</li> <li>endocrine disorder skin signs</li> <li>erythrasma association</li> <li>familial partial lipodystrophy association</li> <li>fat hypertrophy</li> <li>Flegel disease association</li> <li>furunculosis</li> <li>genetic syndromes</li> <li>granulomatous disorders</li> <li>hyperlipidaemia-related skin disease</li> <li>infections</li> <li>insulin sensitivity</li> <li>interstitial granulomatous dermatosis association</li> <li>lichen planus</li> <li>multicentric reticulohistiocytosis association</li> <li>necrobiosis lipoidica association</li> <li>neurological damage</li> <li>obesity</li> <li>palmar fascial fibromatosis</li> <li>palmoplantar pustulosis association</li> <li>perforating dermatosis</li> <li>pruritus</li> <li>pruritus ani differential diagnosis</li> <li>pseudoscars</li> <li>psoriasis association</li> <li>pyoderma gangrenosum association</li> <li>scleredema association</li> <li>toxic shock syndrome association</li> <li>treatment-related skin manifestations</li> <li>type 1, dermatitis herpetiformis association</li> <li>vascular damage</li> <li>wound healing</li> <li><i>see also</i> neuropathic ulcer</li> </ul> </li> <li>diabetes insipidus, Langerhans cell histiocytosis association</li> <li>diabetic dermopathy</li> <li>diabetic embryopathy syndrome</li> <li>diabetic foot <ul> <li>wound healing</li> </ul> </li> <li>diabetic thick skin</li> <li>diabetic ulcers <ul> <li>healing</li> </ul> </li> <li>diagnosis <ul> <li>additional clinical examination <ul> <li>simple</li> </ul> </li> <li>cultural factors</li> <li>data collation</li> <li>dietary factors</li> <li>disease definition</li> <li>distribution of lesions</li> <li>duration of symptoms</li> <li>ethnicity</li> <li>evolution of symptoms</li> <li>examination of skin</li> <li>family history</li> <li>history taking</li> <li>imaging</li> <li>internet use</li> <li>leisure factors</li> <li>medications</li> <li>occupational factors</li> <li>presenting complaint</li> <li>psychological factors</li> <li>quality of life</li> <li>radiological examination</li> <li>skin lesion description</li> <li>skin palpation</li> <li>skin testing techniques</li> <li>social factors</li> <li>symptoms</li> <li>teledermatology</li> <li>travel history</li> </ul> </li> <li>diagnostic criteria</li> <li>diagnostic tests, clinical trials</li> <li>dialysis <i>see</i> haemodialysis</li> <li>diascopy</li> <li>diastematomyelia, lumbosacral hypertrichosis</li> <li>diazolidinyl urea</li> <li>diclofenac <ul> <li>actinic keratosis treatment</li> <li>Bowen disease treatment</li> <li>topical</li> </ul> </li> <li>Dictyoptera</li> <li>didanosine, drug eruptions</li> <li>dietary factors <ul> <li>acne vulgaris</li> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>diagnosis of skin disease</li> <li><i>see also</i> food(s)</li> </ul> </li> <li>diethylcarbamazine <ul> <li>loiasis treatment</li> <li>lymphatic filariasis treatment</li> <li>streptocerciasis treatment</li> <li>visceral larva migrans treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Dietzia papillomatosis</i></li> <li>diffuse alveolar damage</li> <li>diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome (DILS)</li> <li>diffuse large B-cell lymphoma <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>immunophenotype</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus association</li> </ul> </li> <li>diffuse lymphangiomatosis</li> <li>diffuse neurofibroma</li> <li>diffuse plane xanthomatosis</li> <li>DiGeorge syndrome <ul> <li>candidosis association</li> </ul> </li> <li>digestive system disorders <ul> <li>gastrointestinal bleeding</li> <li>intestine</li> <li>oesophagus</li> <li>stomach</li> <li>systemic disease association</li> </ul> </li> <li>digger's itch</li> <li>digit(s) <ul> <li>acral fibromyxoma</li> <li>camptodactyly</li> <li>constricting bands of the extremities</li> <li>fibrous nodules</li> <li>fused <ul> <li>in Kindler syndrome</li> <li>in recessive generalized severe dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa</li> </ul> </li> <li>necrotic in herpes simplex virus (HSV)</li> <li>systemic sclerosis</li> <li>ulceration in systemic sclerosis</li> <li><i>see also</i> fingers; toe(s)</li> </ul> </li> <li>digital ischaemia <ul> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>paraneoplastic</li> </ul> </li> <li>digital mucous cyst</li> <li>digital myxoid cyst</li> <li>digital myxoid pseudocyst</li> <li>dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase</li> <li>dihydrotestosterone (DHT), male balding</li> <li>dihydroxyacetone</li> <li>dilated cardiomyopathy, neonatal lupus erythematosus</li> <li>diltiazem <ul> <li>acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis predisposition</li> <li>cutaneous sclerosis induction</li> </ul> </li> <li>dimethylfumarate</li> <li>dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) <ul> <li>penetration enhancer</li> </ul> </li> <li>dimeticone</li> <li>dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) <ul> <li>mucous membrane application</li> <li>sensitivity capacity</li> <li>sensitizing agent use</li> </ul> </li> <li>Diogenes syndrome</li> <li>dioxins <ul> <li>chloracne</li> <li>intoxication <ul> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV)</li> <li>diphencyprone, sensitizing agent use</li> <li>diphenhydramine</li> <li>diphtheria <ul> <li>cutaneous</li> <li>faucial</li> <li>toxins</li> <li>umbilical infection</li> </ul> </li> <li>diploid/triploid mosaicism</li> <li>diploidy</li> <li>Diplopoda</li> <li>Diptera <ul> <li>classification</li> <li>diseases <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathology</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>see also</i> myiasis</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Dipylidium caninum</i>, enterobiasis differential diagnosis</li> <li>direct immunofluorescence (DIF) technique</li> <li>dirofilariasis</li> <li>dirt phobias</li> <li>disability <ul> <li>caused by skin disease</li> <li>years lost to</li> </ul> </li> <li>disability adjusted life years (DALYs)</li> <li>disabling pansclerotic morphoea of children</li> <li>discoid dermatitis</li> <li>discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) <ul> <li>acquired cicatricial alopecia</li> <li>actinic keratosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>annular atrophic plaques</li> <li>associated diseases</li> <li>chronic blepharitis</li> <li>cicatricial alopecia</li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>disseminated</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>erythema multiforme differential diagnosis</li> <li>follicular mucinosis association</li> <li>frontal fibrosing alopecia association</li> <li>genetic factors</li> <li>immunostaining</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>lichen planus of nails</li> <li>lip manifestations</li> <li>localized disease</li> <li>lymphocytoma cutis differential diagnosis</li> <li>management</li> <li>mixed lichen planus pattern</li> <li>otitis externa association</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pinna</li> <li>predisposing factors</li> <li>primary immunodeficiency</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>tattoo association</li> <li>tinea faciei differential diagnosis</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>disfigurement, diagnosis</li> <li>dissecting cellulitis of scalp</li> <li>disseminate and recurrent infundibulofolliculitis</li> <li>disseminated Calmette–Guérin infection</li> <li>disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI) <ul> <li>prognosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) <ul> <li>antiphospholipid syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>haemorrhage</li> <li>thrombophlebitis migrans</li> </ul> </li> <li>disseminated lichenoid papular dermatosis of AIDS</li> <li>disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis (DSAP) <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>disseminated superficial porokeratosis <ul> <li>of childhood</li> <li>of immunosuppression</li> </ul> </li> <li>dissociation constant, irritants</li> <li>distress <ul> <li>beliefs role</li> <li>emotional</li> <li>management</li> <li>psoriasis</li> </ul> </li> <li>dithranol <ul> <li>hair pigmentary changes</li> <li>plaque psoriasis</li> <li>side effects</li> </ul> </li> <li>diuretics, pruritus induction</li> <li>DMDM hydantoin</li> <li>DNA <ul> <li>free fetal</li> <li>hypermethylation</li> <li>methylation</li> <li>polymorphisms</li> <li>replication</li> </ul> </li> <li>DNA damage <ul> <li>basal cell carcinoma</li> <li>p53 induction</li> <li>repair <ul> <li>failure in xeroderma pigmentosum</li> </ul> </li> <li>tanning association</li> <li>UVR exposure</li> </ul> </li> <li>DNA markers</li> <li>DNA repair disorders <ul> <li>ataxia telangiectasia</li> <li>Fanconi anaemia</li> <li><i>see also</i> Cockayne syndrome; trichothiodystrophy; xeroderma pigmentosum</li> </ul> </li> <li>DNA viruses</li> <li>DOCK8 deficiency</li> <li><i>DOCK8</i> gene mutations</li> <li>dog bites</li> <li>dolutegravir</li> <li>dominant/recessive dystrophic bullous dermolysis of the newborn</li> <li>donkeys, glanders infection</li> <li>donor-derived cells, skin cancer</li> <li>Donovan bodies</li> <li>donovanosis <ul> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> </ul> </li> <li>dopamine agonists, restless legs syndrome management</li> <li>dopamine, hair follicle effects</li> <li>Dowling–Degos disease <ul> <li>Darier disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa association</li> <li>transient acantholytic dermatosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>vulval lesions</li> </ul> </li> <li>Down syndrome <ul> <li>elastosis perforans serpiginosa association</li> <li>fissured tongue</li> <li>lip fissures</li> <li>macroglossia</li> <li>microtia</li> <li>oral lesions</li> </ul> </li> <li>doxepin <ul> <li>solar urticaria</li> </ul> </li> <li>doxorubicin <ul> <li>drug eruptions</li> <li>nail colouration</li> </ul> </li> <li>doxycycline <ul> <li>α<sub>1</sub>-antitrypsin deficiency panniculitis treatment</li> <li>onchocerciasis treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>D-penicillamine <ul> <li>adverse reactions</li> <li>copper deficiency</li> </ul> </li> <li>dracunculiasis <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Dracunculus medinensis</i> <ul> <li>life cycle</li> </ul> </li> <li>DRESS <i>see</i> drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS)</li> <li>drilling fluid, perforating dermatosis</li> <li>drug(s) <ul> <li>absorption</li> <li>active pharmaceutical ingredient</li> <li>administration routes</li> <li>affinity for receptor binding</li> <li>age effects</li> <li>bioavailability</li> <li>bioequivalence</li> <li>biological activation</li> <li>choice</li> <li>clinical pharmacology</li> <li>conception effects on therapeutic outcome</li> <li>cream formulations</li> <li>development</li> <li>diagnosis of skin disease</li> <li>distribution</li> <li>dose relationship with outcome</li> <li>excipients</li> <li>excretion</li> <li>extracellular mechanisms</li> <li>factors affecting therapeutic outcome</li> <li>fertility effects</li> <li>fragrances in</li> <li>genetic variations in targets</li> <li>hydrocarbon-based formulations</li> <li>hydrophilic</li> <li>idiosyncratic reactions</li> <li>interactions</li> <li>intracellular mechanisms</li> <li>intrinsic activity</li> <li>lactation effects on therapeutic outcome</li> <li>licensing procedures</li> <li>lipophilicity</li> <li>mechanisms underlying actions</li> <li>medical decision making</li> <li>medication errors</li> <li>metabolism</li> <li>molecular weight</li> <li>novel methods of delivery</li> <li>oral administration</li> <li>parenteral administration</li> <li>permeability coefficients</li> <li>personalized medicines</li> <li>pharmacodynamics <ul> <li>clinical factors affecting</li> </ul> </li> <li>pharmacogenetics</li> <li>pharmacokinetics <ul> <li>clinical factors affecting</li> </ul> </li> <li>pharmacovigilance registries</li> <li>phase I and II reactions</li> <li>polar gel formulations</li> <li>pre-clinical identification</li> <li>pregnancy effects on therapeutic outcome</li> <li>product labelling</li> <li>receptor binding</li> <li>regulatory approval</li> <li>skin colouration</li> <li>solubility</li> <li>specificity of receptor binding</li> <li>spermatogenesis effects</li> <li>subcutaneous administration</li> <li>terminology</li> <li>topical <ul> <li>allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>sensitization avoidance</li> <li>systemic reactions</li> </ul> </li> <li>toxicity</li> <li>transmembrane mechanisms</li> <li>transporters <ul> <li>gene polymorphisms</li> <li>interactions</li> </ul> </li> <li>types</li> <li>vehicles</li> <li>volume of distribution</li> <li><i>see also</i> adherence to treatment; adverse events; clinical trials; topical drug delivery</li> </ul> </li> <li>drug abuse <ul> <li>cannabis</li> <li>cocaine</li> <li>heroin use <ul> <li><i>Clostridium sordelli</i> association</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>see also</i> injecting drug abuse</li> </ul> </li> <li>drug eruptions/reactions <ul> <li>abnormal platelet function</li> <li>acanthosis nigricans</li> <li>acne vulgaris</li> <li>acneform</li> <li>acquired ichthyoses</li> <li>acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis</li> <li>allergic</li> <li>allergic contact dermatitis <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>anaphylaxis</li> <li>angio-oedema</li> <li>ano-genital region</li> <li>benign</li> <li>cheilitis</li> <li>complex regional pain syndrome association</li> <li>conjunctival cicatrization</li> <li>delayed hypersensitivity</li> <li>dermatomyositis</li> <li>eccrine glands</li> <li>eczema</li> <li>erythema multiforme <ul> <li>topical medications</li> </ul> </li> <li>erythema nodosum</li> <li>erythroderma</li> <li>erythromelalgia</li> <li>exanthems</li> <li>exogenous photosensitizers</li> <li>flushing induction</li> <li>generalized exfoliative dermatitis</li> <li>granuloma annulare</li> <li>hair pigmentary changes</li> <li>HIV infection <ul> <li>children</li> <li>mechanisms</li> </ul> </li> <li>hypermelanosis</li> <li>hypertrichosis <ul> <li>topical medications</li> </ul> </li> <li>immunological (<i>see also</i> drug hypersensitivity) <ul> <li>clinical phenotype</li> <li>HLA allel association</li> </ul> </li> <li>immunosuppressive drug therapy-induced skin cancer</li> <li>lichen planus</li> <li>lichenoid <ul> <li>lichen planus differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>liver disease association</li> <li>localized lipoatrophy with injected drugs</li> <li>Lyme disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>maculopapular</li> <li>morbiliform</li> <li>morphoea</li> <li>multiple minute digitate keratoses</li> <li>nail colour changes</li> <li>nail shedding</li> <li>neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis</li> <li>ocular</li> <li>ocular mucous membrane pemphigoid</li> <li>older people</li> <li>onycholysis</li> <li>oral hyperpigmentation</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>oral manifestations</li> <li>paronychia</li> <li>pemphigus</li> <li>penile</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>photosensitivity</li> <li>phototoxic</li> <li>pityriasis lichenoides differential diagnosis</li> <li>pityriasis rosea <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>pruritus</li> <li>psoriasis <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>pustular</li> <li>scarlet fever differential diagnosis</li> <li>seborrhoeic dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>secondary dyslipidaemia</li> <li>serum sickness-like reactions</li> <li>severe cutaneous adverse reaction (SCAR) syndromes</li> <li>skin-test reactivity</li> <li>solar urticaria differential diagnosis</li> <li>spontaneous reporting</li> <li>Stevens–Johnson syndrome</li> <li>subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus</li> <li>Sweet syndrome</li> <li>symmetrical drug-related intertriginous and flexural exanthem</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>systemically reactivated allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>telogen effluvium</li> <li>topical medications in erythema multiforme</li> <li>urticarial</li> <li><i>see also</i> fixed drug eruptions (FDEs); Stevens–Johnson syndrome; toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)</li> </ul> </li> <li>drug hypersensitivity <ul> <li>hapten action</li> <li>IgE-mediated</li> <li>infection-related danger signalling</li> <li>non-hapten actions</li> <li>pharmacological interaction with immune receptors</li> <li>pro-hapten action</li> <li>T-cell-mediated</li> <li>toxic erythema of chemotherapy differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>drug(s), illicit <ul> <li>injecting</li> <li><i>see also</i> heroin use; injecting drug abuse</li> </ul> </li> <li>drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) <ul> <li>acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>allopurinol</li> <li>antiretroviral therapy effect</li> <li>antirheumatic therapies</li> <li>autoantibodies</li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diagnostic criteria</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>drug eruptions</li> <li>drug-induced exanthem differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>haptenization theory</li> <li>head and neck oedema</li> <li>herpesvirus reactivation</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>overlap syndromes</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>drug-induced baboon syndrome <i>see</i> symmetrical drug-related intertriginous and flexural exanthem (SDRIFE)</li> <li>drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS) <i>see</i> drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS)</li> <li>drummer's digit</li> <li>dry skin, atopic eczema association</li> <li><i>DSG1</i> gene mutations</li> <li><i>DSP</i> gene mutations</li> <li>Duane retraction syndrome, microtia</li> <li>Dubowitz syndrome, keloid association</li> <li>dum-dum fever <i>see</i> leishmaniasis, visceral</li> <li>dumping syndrome flush</li> <li>Dupuytren contracture <ul> <li>camptodactyly differential diagnosis</li> <li>keloid association</li> <li>knuckle pad association</li> </ul> </li> <li>dyes <ul> <li>clothing</li> <li>disperse</li> <li><i>see also</i> hair cosmetics, dyes</li> </ul> </li> <li>dynamic psychotherapies</li> <li>dynorphins</li> <li>dysaesthesia <ul> <li>genital</li> <li>inflammation</li> <li>mood stabilizers</li> <li>scalp</li> </ul> </li> <li>dysaesthetic syndromes</li> <li>dyschromatoses <ul> <li>chemical peels</li> <li>symmetrica hereditaria</li> <li>universalis hereditaria</li> <li><i>see also</i> pigmentary disorders</li> </ul> </li> <li>dyskeratosis</li> <li>dyskeratosis congenita <ul> <li>acquired poikiloderma</li> <li>associated allelic disorders</li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>gene mutations</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>genital leukoplakia</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>Kindler syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>management</li> <li>nail lichen planus differential diagnosis</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>dyslipidaemias <ul> <li>classification</li> <li>combined</li> <li>cutaneous features</li> <li>diabetes</li> <li>drug eruptions</li> <li>insulin resistance</li> <li>primary</li> <li>secondary</li> <li>xanthomas</li> </ul> </li> <li>dysphagia <ul> <li>dermatomyositis</li> <li>systemic sclerosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>dyspigmentation <ul> <li>ageing of skin <ul> <li>neck</li> </ul> </li> <li>chemotherapy-induced</li> <li>occupational</li> <li>systemic sclerosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>dysplasia</li> <li>dysproteinaemic purpura</li> <li>dysthymia</li> <li>dystonin epidermal isoform</li> <li>dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa <ul> <li>dominant <ul> <li>acral</li> <li>generalized</li> </ul> </li> <li>dominant/recessive <ul> <li>nails only</li> <li>pretibial</li> <li>pruriginosa</li> </ul> </li> <li>epidermolysis bullosa acquisita differential diagnosis</li> <li>management</li> <li>molecular pathology</li> <li>neonatal</li> <li>pain management</li> <li>recessive <ul> <li>centripetalis</li> <li>generalized intermediate</li> <li>generalized severe</li> <li>inversa</li> <li>localized</li> <li>prenatal diagnosis</li> <li>revertant mosaicism</li> <li>wound healing</li> </ul> </li> <li>skin grafting</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma association</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </section> <section> <h2>E</h2> <ul> <li>ear <ul> <li>ageing changes</li> <li>allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>anatomy</li> <li>cauliflower</li> <li>cerumen</li> <li>chondrodermatitis nodularis</li> <li>chromosomal abnormality association</li> <li>congenital ichthyoses</li> <li>contusion</li> <li>developmental defects</li> <li>earlobe creases</li> <li>elastotic nodules</li> <li>examination</li> <li>granuloma fissuratum</li> <li>haematoma</li> <li>hair developmental anomalies</li> <li>hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia</li> <li>infections</li> <li>juvenile spring eruption</li> <li>keloid on lobe</li> <li>length</li> <li>low-set</li> <li>malignancy</li> <li>malignant external otitis</li> <li>microbiology</li> <li>nerve supply</li> <li>periauricular anomalies</li> <li>periauricular cysts/sinuses</li> <li>petrified</li> <li>physiology</li> <li>piercing <ul> <li>complication prevention</li> <li>complications</li> </ul> </li> <li>pinna shape variation</li> <li>pre-malignant neoplasms</li> <li>pseudocyst</li> <li>radiotherapy for skin cancer</li> <li>referred pain</li> <li>sample collection for fungal infections</li> <li>skin disease manifestations <i>108.14–15</i></li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>traumatic conditions</li> <li>tumours</li> <li>weathering nodule <ul> <li>chondrodermatitis nodularis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>wedge excision</li> <li><i>see also</i> external auditory canal; Frank's sign; otitis externa</li> </ul> </li> <li>earrings <ul> <li>argyria</li> <li>dermatitis</li> <li>embedded</li> </ul> </li> <li>eating disorders <ul> <li>acne vulgaris</li> <li>alopecia</li> <li>anorexia nervosa</li> <li>bulimia</li> <li>hypertrichosis</li> <li>psychodermatological co-morbidities</li> </ul> </li> <li>Ebola haemorrhagic fever</li> <li>EC Cosmetic Directive</li> <li>E-cadherin</li> <li>ecchymosis <ul> <li>Bateman purpura</li> <li>causes</li> <li>purpura artefact</li> <li>scurvy differential diagnosis</li> <li>traumatic</li> </ul> </li> <li>eccrine duct-blocking agents, hyperhidrosis treatment</li> <li>eccrine glands <ul> <li>anatomy</li> <li>angiomatous naevus</li> <li>C fibres</li> <li>carcinoma <ul> <li>digital papillary adenocarcinoma</li> <li>eyelid</li> <li>squamoid</li> </ul> </li> <li>cutaneous myoepithelioma</li> <li>cylindroma <ul> <li>malignant</li> </ul> </li> <li>development</li> <li>digital papillary adenocarcinoma</li> <li>disorders <ul> <li>anhidrosis</li> <li>drug reactions</li> <li>with eccrine gland inclusions</li> <li>hyperhidrosis</li> <li>hypohidrosis</li> <li>milaria</li> <li>neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>ducts <ul> <li>dermal tumour</li> <li>hidroacanthoma simplex</li> <li>milaria</li> <li>poroma</li> <li>syringofibroadenoma</li> <li>syringoma</li> </ul> </li> <li>epithelioma</li> <li>hair-bearing sites</li> <li>hamartomas</li> <li>hidradenocarcinoma</li> <li>hidradenoma</li> <li>hidrocystoma</li> <li>intraepidermal sweat unit</li> <li>microcystic adnexal carcinoma</li> <li>mixed tumour of the skin</li> <li>neonates</li> <li>papillary adenoma</li> <li>physiology</li> <li>pregnancy</li> <li>secretory coil</li> <li>sodium pump</li> <li>spiradenocarcinoma</li> <li>spiradenoma</li> <li>sweating control <ul> <li>central</li> <li>local</li> <li>neonates</li> </ul> </li> <li>tubular papillary adenoma</li> <li>tumours <ul> <li>carcinomas</li> <li>follicular</li> <li>follicular carcinoma</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>eccrine sweating, spinal cord injury</li> <li>eccrine syringosquamous metaplasia</li> <li>Echelle de Cotation des Lésions d'Acné (ECLA)</li> <li>Echelle d'évaluation Clinique des Catrices d'Acné (ECCA)</li> <li>echinocandin antifungals</li> <li>echinococcosis</li> <li><i>Echinococcus granulosis</i></li> <li><i>Echinococcus multilocularis</i></li> <li>Echinoidea</li> <li>echovirus infection</li> <li>econazole, candidosis treatment</li> <li>economic burden of disease <ul> <li>decision making</li> <li>psoriasis</li> <li>skin cancer</li> </ul> </li> <li>Ecstasy</li> <li>ecthyma <ul> <li>diphtheria differential diagnosis</li> <li>HIV infection</li> </ul> </li> <li>ecthyma gangrenosum <ul> <li>ano-genital</li> <li>anthrax differential diagnosis</li> <li>ecthyma differential diagnosis</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>necrotizing subcutaneous infection differential diagnosis</li> <li>neonatal</li> <li>varicella-zoster virus differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>ectodermal dysplasia–ectrodactyly–macular dystrophy (EEM) syndrome</li> <li>ectodermal dysplasias <ul> <li>anhidrotic <ul> <li>ectrodactyly–ectodermal dysplasia–cleft lip/palate syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>classification <ul> <li>molecular approaches</li> </ul> </li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>focal facial dermal dysplasia</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>hidrotic (<i>see also</i> Clouston syndrome) <ul> <li>plantar keratoderma differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>hypohidrotic <ul> <li>ankyloblepharon–ectodermal defect–cleft lip/palate syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>variants</li> <li>X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>molecular pathways</li> <li>mutations in TNF-like/NF-κβ signalling pathways</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>palmoplantar keratodermas</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>scrotal cribriform atrophy</li> <li>signalling pathways</li> <li>skin fragility syndrome</li> <li>syndromes</li> <li>TP63-related phenotypes</li> <li>X-linked anhidrotic</li> <li>X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency (EDA-ID) <ul> <li>genetics</li> <li>pathogenesis</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>see also</i> ankyloblepharon–ectodermal defect–cleft lip/palate syndrome; ectrodactyly–ectodermal dysplasia–cleft lip/palate (EEC) syndrome; focal dermal hypoplasia; tricho-dento-osseous syndrome; tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>ectodysplasin A (<i>EDA)</i> gene</li> <li>ectodysplasin A (EDA) pathway</li> <li>ectodysplasin A receptor (EDAR)</li> <li>ectopeptidases</li> <li>ectopic ACTH syndrome</li> <li>ectopic calcification disorders</li> <li>ectrodactyly–ectodermal dysplasia–cleft lip/palate (EEC) syndrome <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diagnostic criteria</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>ectropion, harlequin ichthyoses</li> <li>eczema <ul> <li>acute phase <ul> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>ano-genital</li> <li>antimony reactions</li> <li>apron</li> <li>asteatotic <ul> <li>transient acantholytic dermatosis association</li> </ul> </li> <li>basal cell carcinoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>chronic <ul> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>conditioned hyperirritability</li> <li>definition</li> <li>dermatitis herpetiformis differential diagnosis</li> <li>discoid</li> <li>DRESS differential diagnosis</li> <li>drug-induced</li> <li>endogenous</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>erythroderma</li> <li>exogenous</li> <li>extramammary Paget disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>eyelids</li> <li>fingertip</li> <li>genital</li> <li>gold-induced</li> <li>hyperkeratotic <ul> <li>allergic contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>palmar</li> </ul> </li> <li>infantile</li> <li>infected <ul> <li>secondary</li> </ul> </li> <li>infective <ul> <li>in chronic otitis externa</li> <li>HTLV-1-associated of children</li> <li>lower leg</li> </ul> </li> <li>investigations</li> <li>irritant vulval</li> <li>juvenile plantar dermatosis</li> <li>lichenification</li> <li>lower legs <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>male ano-genital</li> <li>management</li> <li>microbial</li> <li>molluscum contagiosum association</li> <li>mouth</li> <li>nail involvement</li> <li>nipple</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>patch testing</li> <li>patchy vesiculosquamous</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>phenylketonuria</li> <li>photosensitivity</li> <li>pityriasis rosea differential diagnosis</li> <li>pompholyx, blistering distal dactylitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>post-traumatic</li> <li>primary immunodeficiency</li> <li>recurrent vesicular, allergic contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>ring</li> <li>seborrhoeic vulval <ul> <li>psoriasis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>secondary dissemination</li> <li>secondary infections</li> <li>subacute <ul> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>systemically reactivated allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>unclassified</li> <li>varicose <ul> <li>allergic contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>venous in chronic venous insufficiency</li> <li>vulval <ul> <li>irritant</li> <li>seborrhoeic</li> </ul> </li> <li>winter</li> <li><i>see also</i> atopic eczema; hand eczema; pompholyx eczema</li> </ul> </li> <li>Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI)</li> <li>eczema herpeticum <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>nomenclature</li> </ul> </li> <li>education, underachievement</li> <li>Edwards syndrome</li> <li>efavirenz, drug eruptions</li> <li>eflornithine topical medication <ul> <li>hirsutism</li> <li>pseudofolliculitis treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>e-health</li> <li>Ehlers–Danlos syndrome <ul> <li>arthrochalasia type</li> <li>atrophic scars</li> <li>blepharochalasis differential diagnosis</li> <li>calcification</li> <li>classical</li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>collagen type I</li> <li>collagen type III</li> <li>collagen type V</li> <li>cutis laxa differential diagnosis</li> <li>dermatosparaxis type</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>elastosis perforans serpiginosa</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>fibronectin-deficient type</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>hypermobility type</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>keloid association</li> <li>kyphoscoliosis types</li> <li>management</li> <li>Marfan syndrome association</li> <li>mechanical properties of skin</li> <li>Menkes disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>musculocontractual</li> <li>occipital horn syndrome</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>periodontitis type</li> <li>periventricular nodular heterotopia</li> <li>piezogenic pedal papules</li> <li>pregnancy</li> <li>progeroid <ul> <li>congenital disorders of glycosylation</li> </ul> </li> <li>with progressive kyphoscoliosis, myopathy and hearing loss</li> <li>spondylocheiro dysplastic form</li> <li>subtypes</li> <li>tenascin-X deficient</li> <li>variants</li> <li>vascular type</li> <li>X-linked type</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Ehrlichia</i></li> <li>ehrlichiosis <ul> <li>toxic shock syndrome differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Eikenella corrodens</i></li> <li>Ekbom disease</li> <li>elastases</li> <li>elastic fibres <ul> <li>components</li> <li>degradation disorders <i>see also</i> acrokeratoelastoidosis; anetoderma; cutis laxa; elastolysis; pseudoxanthoma elasticum <ul> <li>actinic granuloma</li> <li>annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma</li> <li>blepharochalasis</li> <li>granuloma multiforme</li> <li>mid-dermal elastolysis</li> </ul> </li> <li>fibrillinopathy</li> <li>inherited disorders <ul> <li>elastinopathies</li> <li>fibrillinopathy</li> </ul> </li> <li>mechanical function</li> <li>metabolic turnover</li> <li>transepithelial elimination of altered fibres</li> </ul> </li> <li>elastic tissue <ul> <li>acquired deposition disorders</li> </ul> </li> <li>elasticity <ul> <li>biological</li> <li>measurement</li> </ul> </li> <li>elastin <ul> <li>production</li> <li>wound healing</li> </ul> </li> <li>elastin (<i>ELN</i>) gene <ul> <li>mutations</li> </ul> </li> <li>elastin-associated microfibrils</li> <li>elastinopathies</li> <li>elastoderma</li> <li>elastofibroma <ul> <li>dorsi</li> </ul> </li> <li>elastogenesis, growth hormone role</li> <li>elastolysis <ul> <li>acquired</li> <li>congenital</li> <li>generalized</li> <li>localized</li> <li>mid-dermal</li> <li>perifollicular</li> <li>upper dermal</li> </ul> </li> <li>elastoma, congenital</li> <li>elastophagocytosis</li> <li>elastosis <ul> <li>late-onset focal dermal</li> <li>linear focal</li> </ul> </li> <li>elastosis perforans serpiginosa <ul> <li>annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>elastotic degeneration</li> <li>elastotic haemangioma, acquired</li> <li>elastotic nodules of the ear</li> <li>elbows, nail–patella syndrome</li> <li>electrical burns, acronecrosis</li> <li>electrocautery</li> <li>electromagnetic spectrum</li> <li>electron beam radiotherapy <ul> <li>keloid treatment</li> <li>mycosis fungoides</li> <li>scleredema treatment</li> <li>Sézary syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>electron microscopy <ul> <li>viral disease techniques</li> </ul> </li> <li>electrosurgery <ul> <li>bipolar biterminal</li> <li>characteristics</li> <li>currents</li> <li>effects</li> <li>electrocoagulation</li> <li>electrodessication</li> <li>electrosection</li> <li>fulguration</li> <li>hazards</li> <li>rhinophyma</li> <li>risks</li> </ul> </li> <li>elephantiasis <ul> <li>neurofibromatosa</li> <li>nostra of ears</li> <li>nostras verrucosa</li> <li>tropical <i>see</i> lymphatic filariasis</li> </ul> </li> <li>elicitation, allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>elkonyxis</li> <li>ellagic acid, antioxidant use</li> <li>Ellis–van Creveld syndrome</li> <li>ELOVL4 deficiency</li> <li>EMBASE</li> <li>Emberger syndrome</li> <li>emboli, purpura</li> <li>emilins</li> <li>emissary veins</li> <li><i>emm</i> genes, streptococcal infections</li> <li>emollients <ul> <li>asteatotic eczema treatment</li> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>eczema treatment</li> <li>erythroderma treatment</li> <li>hand eczema treatment</li> <li>irritant contact dermatitis</li> <li>keratolysis exfoliativa treatment</li> <li>pityriasis alba treatment</li> <li>pityriasis rubra pilaris treatment</li> <li>radiotherapy protection</li> <li>xerosis cutis treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>emopamil binding protein (<i>EBP</i>) gene mutations</li> <li>emotional abuse</li> <li>emotions <ul> <li>distress</li> <li>embarrassment</li> <li>management</li> <li>reactions to skin conditions</li> </ul> </li> <li>employment, underachievement</li> <li>emulsifiers, topical drug delivery</li> <li>emulsifying wax</li> <li>en coup de sabre</li> <li>encephalitis <ul> <li>herpes B virus infection</li> <li>HSV infection</li> <li>varicella infection</li> </ul> </li> <li>encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis <ul> <li>lipoedema of scalp differential diagnosis</li> <li>naevus psiloliparus</li> </ul> </li> <li>enchondroma <ul> <li>radiography</li> </ul> </li> <li>Encode Consortium</li> <li>endocrine disorders <ul> <li>adrenal hyperfunction</li> <li>adrenal insufficiency</li> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>biological basis</li> <li>clinical aspects</li> <li>hyperandrogenism</li> <li>hyperoestrogenism</li> <li>hyperpituitarism</li> <li>hypoandrogenism</li> <li>hypo-oestrogenism</li> <li>hypopituitarism</li> <li>obesity</li> <li>oral manifestations</li> <li>patient evaluation</li> <li>polyendocrine disease</li> <li>skin signs, <i>149.11–13</i></li> <li>skin therapy</li> <li><i>see also</i> <i>named conditions</i></li> </ul> </li> <li>endocrine signalling <ul> <li>complexity</li> </ul> </li> <li>endocrinology principles <ul> <li>neuro-endocrine organ role of skin</li> </ul> </li> <li>end-of-life skin changes</li> <li>endometriosis, cutaneous</li> <li>endorphin(s)</li> <li>β-endorphin</li> <li>endoscopic transthoracic sympathectomy, flushing</li> <li>endothelial adhesion molecules</li> <li>endothelial cells <ul> <li>acute phase inflammation</li> <li>high-power microscopy</li> <li>inflammation role</li> </ul> </li> <li>endothelial growth factor receptor (EGFR)</li> <li>endothelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors <ul> <li>hypertrichosis</li> <li>nail changes</li> <li>papulopustular eruptions</li> <li>pustules</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma management</li> </ul> </li> <li>endothelin(s)</li> <li>endothelin 1 <ul> <li>functions</li> <li>itching in skin disease</li> <li>keratinocyte production</li> <li>scleroderma renal crisis</li> </ul> </li> <li>endothelin 3</li> <li>endothelium <ul> <li>antigens</li> <li>skin vasculature</li> </ul> </li> <li>endotoxins</li> <li>end-stage organ failure, skin cancer association</li> <li>energy fluence, selective thermolysis</li> <li>enfuvirtide</li> <li><i>ENG</i> gene mutations</li> <li>enkephalins</li> <li>The Enlightenment</li> <li><i>Entamoeba histolytica</i> <ul> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> </ul> </li> <li>enterobiasis</li> <li><i>Enterobius vermicularis</i></li> <li>enteroviruses <ul> <li>infection</li> </ul> </li> <li>envenomation <ul> <li>Cnidaria</li> <li>fish stings</li> <li>sea urchins</li> <li>snake bites</li> </ul> </li> <li>environmental allergies, IgE</li> <li>environmental factors <ul> <li>allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>atopic eczema</li> </ul> </li> <li>environmental pollution <ul> <li>acne</li> <li>allergens</li> <li>atopic eczema association</li> </ul> </li> <li>enzymatic fat necrosis</li> <li>enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)</li> <li>eosin</li> <li>eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)</li> <li>eosinophil peroxidase (EPO)</li> <li>eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN)</li> <li>eosinophilia <ul> <li>cholesterol embolization syndrome</li> <li>DRESS syndrome</li> <li>gold reaction</li> <li>loiasis</li> </ul> </li> <li>eosinophilia–myalgia syndrome</li> <li>eosinophilic angiocentric fibrosis</li> <li>eosinophilic annular erythema</li> <li>eosinophilic cellulitis</li> <li>eosinophilic fasciitis <ul> <li>systemic sclerosis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>eosinophilic folliculitis, HIV infection</li> <li>eosinophilic globules</li> <li>eosinophilic granuloma <i>see</i> granuloma faciale</li> <li>eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis <ul> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>genital</li> <li>granulomatosis with polyangiitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>recurrent cutaneous necrotizing eosinophilic vasculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>respiratory disorder association</li> </ul> </li> <li>eosinophilic pustular folliculitis <ul> <li>classical adult</li> <li>immunosuppression-associated</li> <li>infantile</li> </ul> </li> <li>eosinophilic ulcer of oral mucosa</li> <li>eosinophils <ul> <li>fibrosis role</li> <li>high-power microscopy</li> <li>membrane</li> </ul> </li> <li>eotaxin (CCL11)</li> <li>ephelides <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>laser treatment</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>epidemic typhus</li> <li>epidemiology of skin disease <ul> <li>analytical</li> <li>association</li> <li>causation</li> <li>climate</li> <li>comparisons</li> <li>determination of skin disease frequency</li> <li>diagnostic criteria</li> <li>dietary factors</li> <li>disability</li> <li>disease definition</li> <li>disease types</li> <li>early environment</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>geographical factors</li> <li>handicap</li> <li>impairment</li> <li>infective agents</li> <li>inferences</li> <li>later environment</li> <li>macroclimate</li> <li>microclimate</li> <li>natural history</li> <li>occupational factors</li> <li>population level</li> <li>prevention paradox</li> <li>public health</li> <li>risk factors</li> <li>study types</li> <li>terminology</li> </ul> </li> <li>epidemiology, pathophysiology</li> <li>epidermal barrier <ul> <li>formation by keratinocytes</li> <li>kallikrein role in dysfunction</li> <li>neonates</li> </ul> </li> <li>epidermal cyst, vulval</li> <li>epidermal differentiation complex (EDC)</li> <li>epidermal growth factor (EGF), keratincotye function effects</li> <li>epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors, acne association</li> <li>epidermal melanin unit</li> <li>epidermal naevi <ul> <li>confluent and reticulated papillomatosis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>epidermal naevus syndrome <ul> <li>encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>incontinentia pigmenti differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>epidermal necrosis</li> <li>epidermal pigmentation, laser treatment</li> <li>epidermal structures</li> <li>epidermal sunburn cells (SBC)</li> <li>epidermis <ul> <li>adherence to dermis</li> <li>barrier</li> <li>cell–cell adhesion during inflammation</li> <li>cooling</li> <li>cornified cell envelope</li> <li>differentiation of structures</li> <li>embryonic</li> <li>heat damage</li> <li>inflammation cellular components</li> <li>layers</li> <li>macrofibres</li> <li>Merkel cells</li> </ul> </li> <li>epidermodysplasia verruciformis <ul> <li>acquired</li> <li>basal cell carcinoma</li> <li>children with HIV</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>human papillomavirus</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>malignant progression</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>spiny keratoderma differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>epidermoid carcinoma, anal/perianal</li> <li>epidermoid cysts <ul> <li>ear piercing complications</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa</li> <li>malignant degeneration</li> <li>plantar</li> <li>surgery</li> <li>trichilemmal cyst differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>epidermoid implantation cyst</li> <li>epidermolysis bullosa <ul> <li>acquisita, vulval</li> <li>albopapuloid</li> <li>anchoring fibril role</li> <li>antibody probes</li> <li>antigen mapping</li> <li>aplasia cutis congenita</li> <li>bone marrow stem cell therapy</li> <li>cell therapy <ul> <li>with intradermal allogeneic fibroblasts</li> <li>with intradermal mesenchymal stromal cells</li> </ul> </li> <li>chromosomal mutations</li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>clinical subtypes</li> <li>Cole disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>collagens type VII and XVII</li> <li>definition</li> <li>dental defects</li> <li>dermal–epidermal basement membrane changes</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>digestive system</li> <li>electron microscopy</li> <li>friction blisters</li> <li>gene mutations</li> <li>gene therapy <ul> <li>natural</li> </ul> </li> <li>genomic editing</li> <li>hemidesmosome gene mutations</li> <li>hereditary <ul> <li>epidermolysis bullosa acquisita differential diagnosis</li> <li>linear IgA disease differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>hypertrichosis</li> <li>immunofluorescence studies</li> <li>incidence</li> <li>inducible pluripotent stem cells</li> <li>infants</li> <li>junctional <ul> <li>generalized intermediate</li> <li>generalized late-onset</li> <li>generalized severe</li> <li>localized</li> <li>localized inversa</li> <li>localized laryngo-onycho-cutaneous syndrome</li> <li>molecular pathology</li> <li>with pyloric atresia</li> <li>with respiratory/renal involvement</li> </ul> </li> <li>keratolysis exfoliativa differential diagnosis</li> <li>laminin 322 role</li> <li>lethal acantholytic</li> <li>nail lichen planus differential diagnosis</li> <li>nail loss</li> <li>neonates</li> <li>next generation sequencing</li> <li>nonsense read-through drugs</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>oral mucosa</li> <li>pain management</li> <li>prevalence</li> <li>recombinant protein therapy</li> <li>renal failure</li> <li>revertant mosaicism</li> <li>Sanger sequencing</li> <li>skin biopsy</li> <li>skin proteins</li> <li>small molecule therapies</li> <li>transmission electron microscopy</li> <li>treatment</li> <li>vulval</li> <li><i>see also</i> dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa; Kindler syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>epidermolysis bullosa acquisita <ul> <li>anti-p200 pemphigoid differential diagnosis</li> <li>autoantibodies <ul> <li>specificity</li> </ul> </li> <li>autoantigen</li> <li>bullous pemphigoid differential diagnosis</li> <li>bullous systemic lupus erythematosus differential diagnosis</li> <li>classical mechanobullous variant</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>IgA deposits</li> <li>inflammatory bowel disease association</li> <li>inflammatory variant</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>linear IgA disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>management</li> <li>mucous membrane pemphigoid <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>oral ulceration</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>predisposing factors</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>epidermolysis bullosa simplex <ul> <li>acral peeling skin syndrome <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>ankyloblepharon–ectodermal defect–cleft lip/palate syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>autosomal recessive <ul> <li>BP230</li> <li>exophilin-5</li> <li>keratin 14</li> </ul> </li> <li>desmoplakin deficiency</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>dyskeratosis congenita differential diagnosis</li> <li>generalized <ul> <li>intermediate</li> <li>severe</li> </ul> </li> <li>localized</li> <li>management</li> <li>migratory circinate</li> <li>molecular pathology</li> <li>with mottled pigmentation</li> <li>with muscular dystrophy</li> <li>Ogna</li> <li>plakoglobin deficiency</li> <li>plakophilin-1 deficiency</li> <li>with pyloric atresia</li> <li>superficialis</li> </ul> </li> <li>epidermolytic hyperkeratosis</li> <li>epidermolytic ichthyosis <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>hyperparathyroidism</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>superficial</li> </ul> </li> <li>epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma <ul> <li>knuckle pad association</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Epidermophyton</i> <ul> <li>identification</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Epidermophyton floccosum</i> <ul> <li>tinea corporis</li> <li>tinea cruris</li> <li>tinea pedis</li> </ul> </li> <li>epididymo-orchitis <ul> <li><i>Chlamydia</i> infection</li> <li>gonococcal</li> </ul> </li> <li>epigenetic phenomena</li> <li>epigenetics</li> <li>epigenomics</li> <li>epilepsy <ul> <li>NF1</li> <li>palmar fascial fibromatosis</li> <li>temporal lobe, olfactory reference syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>tuberous sclerosis complex</li> </ul> </li> <li>epiloia <i>see</i> tuberous sclerosis</li> <li>epinephrine <ul> <li>with local anaesthesia</li> <li>systemic absorption</li> </ul> </li> <li>episodic angio-oedema with eosinophilia</li> <li>epispadias</li> <li>epistasis</li> <li>epithelial cells, immune response</li> <li>epithelial keratinization in male ano-genital region</li> <li>epithelial markers, immunopathology</li> <li>epithelial membrane antigens (EMA)</li> <li>epithelial neutrophil activating peptide 78 (CXCL5)</li> <li>epithelial sheath neuroma</li> <li>epithelial γδ T cells, keratinocyte interactions</li> <li>epithelioid angiomatosis, oral lesions</li> <li>epithelioid angiosarcoma</li> <li>epithelioid haemangioendothelioma</li> <li>epithelioid haemangioma <ul> <li>cutaneous epithelioid angiomatous nodule</li> </ul> </li> <li>epithelioid sarcoma <ul> <li>subcutaneous granuloma annulare differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>epithelioma <ul> <li>amoebiasis differential diagnosis</li> <li>cuniculatum</li> <li>eyelid</li> <li>superficial with sebaceous differentiation</li> </ul> </li> <li>eponychium</li> <li>epoxy resins</li> <li>Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) <ul> <li>annular erythema of infancy</li> <li>biology</li> <li>chronic active</li> <li>drug exanthem association</li> <li>erythema annulare centrifugum</li> <li>extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma</li> <li>haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis association</li> <li>hairy leukoplakia</li> <li>HIV infection <ul> <li>children</li> <li>hairy leukoplakia</li> </ul> </li> <li>immunocompromised patients</li> <li>infectious mononucleosis</li> <li>lymphomas</li> <li>lymphomatoid granulomatosis</li> <li>lymphoproliferative disease</li> <li>myopericytoma association</li> <li>oral hairy leukoplakia</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>papular-pruritic gloves and socks syndrome</li> <li>post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder</li> <li>primary</li> <li>staining</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus association</li> <li>systemic sclerosis</li> <li>X-linked lymphoproliferative diseases</li> </ul> </li> <li>Epstein's pearls</li> <li>epulis fissuratum</li> <li>Erdheim–Chester disease</li> <li>erectile dysfunction, systemic sclerosis</li> <li>erethism, mercury toxicity</li> <li>ERG (Ets-related gene)</li> <li>ergot intoxication, Raynaud phenomenon differential diagnosis</li> <li>erisipela de la costa</li> <li><i>Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae</i></li> <li>erlotinib, pustules</li> <li>erosive adenomatosis of the nipple</li> <li>erosive pustular dermatitis of scalp <ul> <li>amicrobial pustulosis of the skin folds differential diagnosis</li> <li>cicatricial pemphigoid differential diagnosis</li> <li>dissecting cellulitis of scalp differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>eruptive vellus hair cyst <ul> <li>keratosis pilaris differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Er:YAG laser <ul> <li>hair removal</li> <li>skin resurfacing</li> </ul> </li> <li>erysipelas <ul> <li>allergic contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>associated diseases</li> <li>causative organisms</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>eyelids</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pinna</li> <li>sclerosing panniculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li><i>see also</i> cellulitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>erysipeloid</li> <li>erythema <ul> <li>action spectrum</li> <li>ageing of skin</li> <li>annular of infancy</li> <li>chemical peel complication</li> <li>definition</li> <li>dermatomyositis</li> <li>eosinophilic annular</li> <li>erysipelas-like</li> <li>flagellate in dermatomyositis</li> <li>generalized exfoliative dermatitis</li> <li>infrared radiation-induced</li> <li>irritant contact dermatitis</li> <li>keratolytic winter</li> <li>migratory</li> <li>necrolytic acral, HCV association</li> <li>necrolytic migratory <ul> <li>erythema multiforme differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>oral mucosa</li> <li>palmar <ul> <li>endocrine disorder skin signs</li> </ul> </li> <li>PUVA side effect</li> <li>reactive inflammatory</li> <li>recurrent toxin-mediated perineal</li> <li>scarlatiniform</li> <li>systemically reactivated allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome</li> <li>UVB phototherapy side effect</li> <li>UVR-induced</li> <li><i>see also</i> toxic erythema of chemotherapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>erythema ab igne <ul> <li>livedo reticularis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>erythema annulare centrifugum (EAC) <ul> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>eosinophilic infiltrate</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>gold reactions</li> <li>infection association</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>lesions</li> <li>lymphohistiocytic infiltrate</li> <li>management</li> <li>molluscum contagiosum association</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> </ul> </li> <li>erythema chronicum migrans <ul> <li>acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans differential diagnosis</li> <li>annular erythema of infancy differential diagnosis</li> <li>Lyme disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>erythema dyschromicum perstans <ul> <li>pinta differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>erythema elevatum diutinum <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>knuckle pads differential diagnosis</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>rheumatic fever</li> <li>rheumatoid arthritis coexistence</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus association</li> </ul> </li> <li>erythema gyratum <ul> <li>atrophicans, annular erythema of infancy differential diagnosis</li> <li>repens</li> </ul> </li> <li>erythema induratum of Bazin <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pancreatic panniculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>vasculitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>erythema infectiosum <ul> <li>parvovirus B19</li> </ul> </li> <li>erythema marginatum <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>rheumatic fever</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> </ul> </li> <li>erythema migrans <ul> <li>lingual</li> <li>oral mucosa</li> </ul> </li> <li>erythema multiforme <ul> <li>aetiology</li> <li>allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>atypical cases</li> <li>bullous</li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>Compositae allergy</li> <li>cutaneous lupus erythematosus</li> <li>cytomegalovirus infection</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>drug-induced</li> <li>erythema marginatum differential diagnosis</li> <li>genital ulceration</li> <li>granuloma annulare differential diagnosis</li> <li>haemorrhagic crusting of lips</li> <li>Hailey–Hailey disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>herpes-associated</li> <li>herpes-induced</li> <li>hypocomplementaemic urticarial vasculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>immunology</li> <li>immunostaining</li> <li>Kawasaki disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>lesions</li> <li>linear IgA disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>localized vesiculobullous</li> <li>Lyme disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>major <ul> <li>ocular complications</li> <li>Stevens–Johnson syndrome differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>management</li> <li>mercury toxicity</li> <li>milker's nodule association</li> <li>minor</li> <li>molluscum contagiosum association</li> <li><i>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</i> infection</li> <li>oral mucosa</li> <li>oral ulceration</li> <li>orf infection</li> <li>papular form</li> <li>paronychia</li> <li>pathology</li> <li>pemphigus vulgaris differential diagnosis</li> <li>photoaggravation</li> <li>predisposing factors</li> <li>recurrent herpes simplex</li> <li>rheumatic fever</li> <li>sarcoidosis association</li> <li>secondary syphilis</li> <li>simplex form</li> <li>systemically reactivated allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>terminology</li> <li>topical agent-induced</li> <li>triggers</li> <li>tuberculosis</li> <li>urticaria differential diagnosis</li> <li>viral infections</li> </ul> </li> <li>erythema neonatorum</li> <li>erythema nodosum <ul> <li>aetiology</li> <li>associated diseases</li> <li>complications</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>drug eruptions</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>idiopathic</li> <li>inflammatory bowel disease association</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>leprosum <ul> <li>dactylitis</li> <li>histopathology <i>99.25–6</i></li> <li>synovitis</li> <li>treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>management</li> <li>Miescher radial granulomas</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pregnancy</li> <li>presentation</li> <li>radiotherapy-induced</li> <li>sarcoidosis <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>sclerosing panniculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>streptococcal infection</li> <li>Sweet syndrome association</li> <li>tuberculous</li> <li>variants</li> <li>vasculitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>erythema toxicum neonatorum <ul> <li>infantile eosinophilic pustular folliculitis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>erythropoietic protoporphyria, priming phenomenon</li> <li>erythrasma <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pitted keratolysis differential diagnosis</li> <li>pityriasis rotunda differential diagnosis</li> <li>pityriasis versicolor differential diagnosis</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>erythrocyanosis</li> <li>erythroderma <ul> <li>allergic contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>bullous congenital ichthyosiform, epidermolysis bullosa differential diagnosis</li> <li>causes</li> <li>chronic actinic dermatitis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>congenital ichthyosiform <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>reticular</li> </ul> </li> <li>definition</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>eczema as cause</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>exfoliative, Compositae allergy</li> <li>generalized</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>ichthyosiform</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>leukaemia cutis differential diagnosis</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pityriasis rubra pilaris differential diagnosis</li> <li>primary immunodeficiency</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>psoriasis</li> <li>severe combined immunodeficiency</li> <li>of unknown origin</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>erythrodermic sarcoidosis</li> <li>erythrokeratoderma <ul> <li>progressive symmetrical</li> <li>variabilis <ul> <li>pityriasis rubra pilaris differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>erythrokeratolysis hiemalis</li> <li>erythromelalgia <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>management</li> <li>medication-induced</li> <li>mushroom-induced</li> <li>myeloproliferative disorders</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>primary</li> <li>secondary</li> </ul> </li> <li>erythromelanosis follicularis <ul> <li>et colli</li> <li>of the face and neck</li> </ul> </li> <li>erythromycin <ul> <li>anti-inflammatory effects</li> </ul> </li> <li>erythronychia, longitudinal</li> <li>erythroplasia of Queyrat <ul> <li>human papillomavirus</li> </ul> </li> <li>erythroplasia, oral mucosa</li> <li>erythropoietic porphyria <ul> <li>congenital</li> <li>hypertrichosis</li> <li>xeroderma pigmentosum differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>erythropoietic protoporphyria <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>genetic counselling</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>juvenile spring eruption differential diagnosis</li> <li>lip lesions</li> <li>lipoid proteinosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>liver disease</li> <li>management</li> <li>perioral lesions</li> <li>priming phenomenon</li> <li>pseudoporphyria differential diagnosis</li> <li>solar urticaria differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Escherichia coli</i> <ul> <li>erythema annulare centrifugum</li> <li>HIV infection</li> </ul> </li> <li>esdepallethrin, scabies treatment</li> <li>E-selectin</li> <li>essential fatty acid deficiency</li> <li>essential thrombocythaemia</li> <li>etanercept <ul> <li>acne conglobata treatment</li> <li>acute graft-versus-host disease treatment</li> <li>cutaneous sclerosis induction</li> <li>dosage</li> <li>palmoplantar pustulosis treatment</li> <li>psoriasis therapy</li> <li>psoriatic arthritis treatment</li> <li>pyoderma gangrenosum treatment</li> <li>TNF-α neutralization</li> <li>transient acantholytic dermatosis treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>ethambutol <ul> <li>drug eruptions</li> </ul> </li> <li>ethics, clinical trials</li> <li>ethnicity/ethnic groups <ul> <li>ageing of skin</li> <li>allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>diagnosis of skin disease</li> <li>systemic sclerosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>ethosomes</li> <li>ethylenediamine dihydrochloride <ul> <li>contact allergy</li> </ul> </li> <li>ethylenediaminetetraacetate</li> <li>etidronate</li> <li>etretinate <ul> <li>Vohwinkel syndrome treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>EU Cosmetics Directive</li> <li>EU Directives on Dangerous Substances and Dangerous Preparations</li> <li>eumelanin</li> <li>European Enlightenment</li> <li><i>EVER1</i> and <i>EVER2</i> gene mutations</li> <li>evidence-based medicine (EBM) <ul> <li>aetiology and pathogenesis of disease</li> <li>all or none clinical observations</li> <li>application to specific patient</li> <li>best evidence <ul> <li>finding</li> </ul> </li> <li>clinical importance</li> <li>critical appraisal of evidence</li> <li>data evaluation <ul> <li>statistical testing</li> </ul> </li> <li>data reporting</li> <li>deductions from pathophysiology</li> <li>distinguishing effective from ineffective/harmful treatments</li> <li>expert opinion</li> <li>formulating questions</li> <li>hierarchy of evidence</li> <li>levels of evidence</li> <li>limitations</li> <li>literature evaluation</li> <li>meta-analysis</li> <li>need for</li> <li>physician recall/records</li> <li>practising</li> <li>search strategies</li> <li>shortcut method for appraising clinical research papers</li> <li>statistical methods</li> <li>systematic reviews</li> <li>threats to</li> <li>validity</li> <li><i>see also</i> clinical trials; randomized controlled trials (RCT)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Ewing sarcoma, extraosseous</li> <li>examination of skin, diagnosis</li> <li>exanthem(s) <ul> <li>acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis</li> <li>drug eruptions <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>gold reactions</li> <li>mercury toxicity</li> <li>symmetrical drug-related intertriginous and flexural</li> </ul> </li> <li>exanthem infantum <i>see</i> fifth disease</li> <li>exanthem subitum <i>see</i> roseola infantum</li> <li>exercise <ul> <li>anaphylaxis induction</li> <li>lymph drainage</li> <li>lymphoedema <ul> <li>management</li> <li>obesity-related</li> </ul> </li> <li>phlebolymphoedema treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>exercise-induced purpura</li> <li>exfoliative dermatitis <ul> <li>malignancy association</li> </ul> </li> <li>exfoliative dermatitis toxin</li> <li>exocytosis</li> <li><i>Exophiala dermatidis</i>, systemic mycosis</li> <li><i>Exophiala jeanselmei</i></li> <li>exophilin-5</li> <li>expert opinion</li> <li>extensibility of skin</li> <li>external auditory canal <ul> <li>cholesteatoma</li> <li>hair in</li> <li>keratosis obturans</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma</li> <li>tumours</li> </ul> </li> <li>external auditory meatus, bacterial flora</li> <li>external jugular vein</li> <li>external root sheath tumours</li> <li>extracellular matrix (ECM) <ul> <li>collagens</li> <li>molecules in wound healing</li> <li>photoageing</li> <li>proteoglycans</li> <li>regulation by MMPs</li> </ul> </li> <li>extracorporeal photochemotherapy (photopheresis) (ECP) <ul> <li>acute graft-versus-host disease treatment</li> <li>administration</li> <li>delivery</li> <li>historical aspects</li> <li>mycosis fungoides</li> <li>regimen variables</li> <li>scleredema treatment</li> <li>Sézary syndrome</li> <li>side effects</li> </ul> </li> <li>extractable nuclear antigen (ENA)</li> <li>extramedullary haematopoiesis</li> <li>extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma</li> <li>extrinsic allergic alveolitis, acquired partial lipodystrophy association</li> <li>eye(s) <ul> <li>Dennie–Morgan fold</li> <li>glucocorticoid adverse effects</li> <li>PUVA side effects</li> </ul> </li> <li>eye disease <ul> <li>Adamantiades–Behçet disease</li> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>bacterial infections</li> <li>congenital ichthyoses</li> <li>corticosteroid-induced</li> <li>dermatoses</li> <li>drug-induced</li> <li>generalized severe recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa</li> <li>infections <i>109.39–40</i></li> <li>inherited disorders</li> <li>iris hamartomas</li> <li>leprosy <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>melanoma</li> <li>Menkes disease</li> <li>nail–patella syndrome</li> <li>phakomatosis pigmentovascularis</li> <li>pseudoxanthoma elasticum</li> <li>psoriasis</li> <li>psoriatic arthritis association</li> <li>retinoid-induced</li> <li>rosacea <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>sarcoidosis</li> <li>Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis <ul> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>systemic diseases</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>tuberous sclerosis complex</li> <li>viral infections <i>109.39–40</i></li> <li>vitamin A deficiency</li> <li>vitamin E deficiency</li> <li>xeroderma pigmentosum</li> <li><i>see also</i> atopic eye disease; conjunctivitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>eye drops, corticosteroid</li> <li>eye sign, trypanosomiasis</li> <li>eye worm</li> <li>eyebrows <ul> <li>elevation with botulinum toxin injection</li> <li>hair pulling</li> </ul> </li> <li>eyelash follicle, hordeolum</li> <li>eyelashes <ul> <li>hair pulling</li> <li><i>Phthisis pubis</i></li> </ul> </li> <li>eyelids <ul> <li>allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>benign cysts</li> <li>blepharochalasis</li> <li>contact dermatitis</li> <li>dermatitis</li> <li>dermatomyositis</li> <li>dermatoses <i>109.11–12</i></li> <li>eczema</li> <li>erysipelas</li> <li>impetigo</li> <li>infections</li> <li>leishmaniasis</li> <li>lipoid proteinosis</li> <li>molluscum contagiosum</li> <li>necrotizing fasciitis</li> <li>oedema</li> <li>periorbital oedema</li> <li>psoriasis</li> <li>ptosis</li> <li>radiotherapy for skin cancer</li> <li>skin diseases</li> <li>surgery</li> <li>tumours <ul> <li>benign</li> <li>malignant</li> </ul> </li> <li>warts</li> <li>wedge excision</li> </ul> </li> <li>ezetimibe, familial hypercholesterolaemia management</li> </ul> </section> <section> <h2>F</h2> <ul> <li>fabricated illness</li> <li>Fabry disease <ul> <li>angiokeratoma <ul> <li>circumscriptum</li> <li>corporis diffusum</li> </ul> </li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>nephropathy</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>face <ul> <li>angiosarcoma</li> <li>botulinum toxin A injection</li> <li>congenital melanocytic naevi</li> <li>dermatomyositis</li> <li>disfigurement with infantile haemangiomas</li> <li>fibrous papule</li> <li>glial heterotopic nodules</li> <li>hair sinus</li> <li>Horner syndrome</li> <li>infiltrating lipomatosis</li> <li>mucopolysaccharidoses</li> <li>radiotherapy for skin cancer</li> <li>venous malformation</li> <li><i>see also</i> surgery, facial</li> </ul> </li> <li>face, head and neck, swollen <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>facial Afro-Caribbean childhood eruption</li> <li>facial artery</li> <li>facial fillers, foreign-body cheilitis</li> <li>facial folliculitis <i>see</i> sycosis</li> <li>facial hemiatrophy</li> <li>facial melanoses <ul> <li>erythromelanosis follicularis of the face and neck</li> <li>peribuccal pigmentation of Brocq</li> <li>photocontact</li> <li>poikiloderma of Civatte</li> <li><i>see also</i> melasma</li> </ul> </li> <li>facial nerve, motor branches</li> <li>facial picking disorder <ul> <li>acné excoriée differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>factitious cheilitis</li> <li>factitious nail disease</li> <li>factitious skin disease <ul> <li>dermatitis artefacta <ul> <li>acné excoriée differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>dermatitis passivata</li> <li>dermatitis simulate</li> <li>dermatological pathomimicry</li> <li>fabricated illness</li> <li>induced illness</li> <li>lymphoedema</li> <li>malingering</li> <li>medicolegal issues</li> <li>Münchausen syndrome <ul> <li>by proxy</li> </ul> </li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>panniculitis</li> <li>pseudologica fantastica</li> </ul> </li> <li>factor 1 deficiency</li> <li>factor XIIIa</li> <li>famciclovir <ul> <li>post-herpetic neuralgia treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) <ul> <li>Gardner syndrome <ul> <li>oral lesions</li> </ul> </li> <li>Muir–Torre syndrome differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>familial amyloid polyneuropathy</li> <li>familial annular erythema</li> <li>familial benign chronic pemphigus, radiotherapy</li> <li>familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome <i>see</i> Muckle–Wells syndrome</li> <li>familial cold urticaria syndrome</li> <li>familial dysautonomia <ul> <li>hyperhidrosis</li> <li>respiratory disorder association</li> </ul> </li> <li>familial frontonasal dysplasia, type 1</li> <li>familial haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis <ul> <li>malignant histiocytosis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>familial hibernian fever <i>see</i> tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS)</li> <li>familial hypercholesterolaemia <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diagnostic criteria</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>lipid concentrations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>tendon xanthomas</li> <li>xanthelasmas</li> </ul> </li> <li>familial lipoedema</li> <li>familial lupus anticoagulant syndrome <i>see</i> antiphospholipid syndrome</li> <li>familial mandibuloacral dysplasia</li> <li>familial Mediterranean fever <ul> <li>amyloid A amyloidosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>IgA vasculitis association</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>scrotal inflammation</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>familial melanoma syndrome</li> <li>familial multiple lipomatosis <ul> <li>benign symmetrical lipomatosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>Dercum disease differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>familial partial lipodystrophy <ul> <li>acquired generalized lipodystrophy differential diagnosis</li> <li>acquired partial lipodystrophy differential diagnosis</li> <li>autosomal dominant</li> </ul> </li> <li>familial progressive hyperpigmentation</li> <li>familial reactive perforating collagenosis <ul> <li>elastosis perforans serpiginosa differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>familial sea-blue histiocytosis</li> <li>familial trichoepithelioma, carbon dioxide laser ablation</li> <li>familial tumoral calcinosis</li> <li>Family Dermatology Life Quality Index (FDLQI)</li> <li>Family Reported Outcome Measure (FROM-16)</li> <li>family, skin disease impact measurement</li> <li>Fanconi anaemia <ul> <li>dyskeratosis congenita differential diagnosis</li> <li>malignancy association</li> </ul> </li> <li>Far East scarlet-like fever</li> <li>Farber disease <ul> <li>hyaline fibromatosis syndrome differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>farm environment</li> <li>Fas ligand (FasL)</li> <li>fasciitis <ul> <li>ischaemic</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>necrotizing</li> <li>nodular</li> <li>systemic sclerosis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Fascin</li> <li>FasL, induction</li> <li>fat, acquired generalized lipodystrophy</li> <li>fat cell tumours</li> <li>fat hypertrophy <ul> <li>insulin-induced localized</li> </ul> </li> <li>fat necrosis <ul> <li><i>see also</i> subcutaneous fat necrosis, of the newborn</li> </ul> </li> <li>fat redistribution syndrome <i>see</i> HIV-associated lipodystrophy</li> <li>fat reduction <ul> <li>cryolipolysis</li> <li>high-intensity focused ultrasound</li> </ul> </li> <li>fat, subcutaneous <ul> <li>anatomy</li> <li>cellular composition</li> <li>functions</li> <li>inflammatory diseases</li> <li>necrosis in the newborn</li> <li>physiology</li> <li>psychosocial aspects</li> <li>T cells</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>FAT4</i> gene mutations</li> <li>fatigue, systemic sclerosis</li> <li><i>FATP4</i> gene mutations</li> <li>fatty acids <ul> <li>topical medication</li> </ul> </li> <li>fauces, examination</li> <li>Favre–Chaix purpura</li> <li>Favre–Racouchot syndrome</li> <li><i>FBN1</i> gene mutations</li> <li>FcRn/Fc complex</li> <li>FcεRI</li> <li>FcεRII</li> <li>Felty syndrome <ul> <li>leg ulcers</li> <li>oral ulceration</li> </ul> </li> <li>female genital mutilation</li> <li>female pattern hair loss (FPHL) <ul> <li>androgen levels</li> <li>associated diseases</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>pattern</li> </ul> </li> <li>femoral veins, venous hypertension</li> <li>fenofibrate, burns treatment</li> <li>fermitin</li> <li><i>FERMT1</i> gene mutations</li> <li>ferric salts, tattoos</li> <li>ferrochelatase deficiency</li> <li>ferrous sulphate supplementation</li> <li>fertility <ul> <li>drug effects</li> <li>methotrexate effect</li> </ul> </li> <li>fetal alcohol syndrome, hypertrichosis</li> <li>fetal <i>in utero</i> experience</li> <li>fetal programming</li> <li>fetal varicella syndrome</li> <li>fetus <ul> <li>medical procedure complications</li> <li>skin biopsy</li> <li>wound healing</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>FGFR3</i> gene mutations</li> <li><i>FH</i> gene mutations</li> <li>fibreglass dermatitis</li> <li>fibrillin(s)</li> <li>fibrillin-1 <ul> <li>actinic elastosis biomarker</li> <li>gene mutations</li> </ul> </li> <li>fibrillinopathies</li> <li>fibrin <ul> <li>pericapillary</li> <li>wound healing</li> </ul> </li> <li>fibrin plug, wound healing</li> <li>fibrinogen defects</li> <li>fibrinoid degeneration</li> <li>fibrinolysis, venous malformation</li> <li>fibroblast(s) <ul> <li>acute phase inflammation</li> <li>ageing of skin</li> <li>chromosomal mosaicism</li> <li>collagen fibril effects</li> <li>collagen synthesis</li> <li>collapse</li> <li>dermal</li> <li>high-power microscopy</li> <li><i>HOX</i> gene expression</li> <li>inflammatory response</li> <li>keloid</li> <li>proteoglycan/glycosaminoglycan synthesis</li> <li>recruitment in wound healing</li> <li>wound healing <ul> <li>mesenchymal precursors</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>fibroblast growth factor (FGF) <ul> <li>wound healing</li> </ul> </li> <li>fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF-7), wound healing</li> <li>fibroblast growth factor receptor(s) (FGFR) <ul> <li>acanthosis nigricans</li> <li>Crouzon syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) <ul> <li>signalling</li> </ul> </li> <li>fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) epidermal naevus syndrome</li> <li>fibroblastic rheumatism</li> <li>fibrocytes</li> <li>fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva</li> <li>fibroepithelial polyps, vulval</li> <li>fibroepithelioma of Pinkus</li> <li>fibrofolliculoma <ul> <li>acne vulgaris differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>fibrohistiocytic tumours</li> <li>fibrokeratoma <ul> <li>acquired digital</li> <li>acquired ungual</li> <li>surgical resection</li> </ul> </li> <li>fibroma <ul> <li>calcifying aponeurotic</li> <li>desmoplastic fibroblastoma</li> <li>nuchal-type</li> <li>plaque-like CD34-positive dermal</li> <li>pleomorphic</li> <li>tendon sheath</li> <li>vulval</li> </ul> </li> <li>fibromatoses <ul> <li>camptodactyly</li> <li>infantile</li> <li>knuckle pads</li> <li>pachydermodactyly</li> <li>palmar fascial <ul> <li>camptodactyly differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>penile</li> <li>plantar fascial</li> <li>white fibrous papulosis of the neck</li> <li><i>see also</i> juvenile fibromatoses</li> </ul> </li> <li>fibromyalgia <ul> <li>Dercum disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>psoriatic arthritis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>fibromyxoid sarcoma, low-grade</li> <li>fibromyxoma, acral <ul> <li>superficial</li> </ul> </li> <li>fibronectins <ul> <li>wound healing</li> </ul> </li> <li>fibro-osseous pseudotumour of the digits</li> <li>fibrosarcoma <ul> <li>keloid differential diagnosis</li> <li>palmar fascial fibromatosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>plantar fascial fibromatosis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>fibrosis <ul> <li>morphoea</li> <li>mucous membrane pemphigoid <ul> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>nephrogenic systemic</li> <li>oral submucous</li> </ul> </li> <li>fibrous cutaneous nodules</li> <li>fibrous digital nodules</li> <li>fibrous hamartoma of infancy</li> <li>fibrous histiocytoma <ul> <li>aneurysmal</li> <li>angiomatoid</li> <li>atypical</li> <li>cellular</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>epithelioid</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>fibrous papule of the face</li> <li>fibrous tumours</li> <li>fibroxanthoma, atypical <ul> <li>radiation-induced</li> </ul> </li> <li>fibulins</li> <li>fiddler's fingers</li> <li>fiddler's neck</li> <li>field blocks</li> <li>field carcinogenesis, clinical features</li> <li>fifth disease <ul> <li>human parvovirus B19</li> </ul> </li> <li>filaggrin <ul> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>functions</li> </ul> </li> <li>filaggrin (<i>FLG</i>) gene mutations <ul> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>hand eczema</li> </ul> </li> <li>filariasis <ul> <li>genital lymphoedema</li> <li>immunity</li> <li>life cycle</li> <li>river blindness</li> <li><i>see also</i> lymphatic filariasis</li> </ul> </li> <li>fillers <ul> <li>abscesses</li> <li>adverse reactions</li> <li>alginates</li> <li>biodegradable</li> <li>bovine collagen</li> <li>calcium hydroxylapatite</li> <li>cannula techniques</li> <li>collagen</li> <li>collagen-stimulating</li> <li>combination</li> <li>depot technique</li> <li>fanning technique</li> <li>human collagen</li> <li>hyaluronic acid</li> <li>hydroxyethylmethacrylate and ethylmethacrylate microspheres suspended in hyaluronic acid</li> <li>hyperpigmentation response to inflammation</li> <li>indications</li> <li>inert</li> <li>injection errors</li> <li>needle techniques</li> <li>non-biodegradable</li> <li>polyacrylamide</li> <li>polyalkylamide</li> <li>poly-L-lactic acid</li> <li>polymethylmethacrylate and collagen</li> <li>porcine collagen</li> <li>risk assessment/reduction</li> <li>silicones</li> <li>skin types</li> <li>techniques</li> <li>types</li> </ul> </li> <li>filovirus infections</li> <li>finasteride <ul> <li>female pattern hair loss management</li> <li>hirsutism treatment</li> <li>male pattern baldness management</li> </ul> </li> <li>fine-needle aspiration (FNA), lymph nodes</li> <li>finger pebbles, diabetes association</li> <li>fingers <ul> <li>Achenbach syndrome</li> <li>acquired digital fibrokeratoma</li> <li>callosities</li> <li>digital mucous cyst</li> <li>distal phalangeal erosive lesions</li> <li>fibro-osseous pseudotumour of the digits</li> <li>fiddler's</li> <li>fused <ul> <li>in Kindler syndrome</li> <li>in recessive generalized severe dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa</li> </ul> </li> <li>inclusion body fibromatosis</li> <li>paronychia</li> <li>paroxysmal haematoma</li> <li>primary syphilis</li> <li>silicone rubber prosthesis</li> <li><i>see also</i> clubbing</li> </ul> </li> <li>fingertip <ul> <li>painful dorsolateral fissure</li> <li>unit</li> </ul> </li> <li>fish odour syndrome <ul> <li>olfactory reference syndrome differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>fish, venomous</li> <li>Fishman syndrome</li> <li>fistulous tracts, schistosomiasis</li> <li>Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome</li> <li>Fitzpatrick classification of skin types</li> <li>fixatives, biopsy of skin <ul> <li>artefacts</li> </ul> </li> <li>fixed drug eruptions (FDEs) <ul> <li>causes</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>erythema multiforme differential diagnosis</li> <li>generalized bullous</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>prognosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>fixed-effects models</li> <li>flaps, surgical <ul> <li>advancement</li> <li>axial pattern</li> <li>complications</li> <li>flap necrosis</li> <li>pedicle</li> <li>random pattern</li> <li>rotation</li> <li>transposition</li> <li>types</li> </ul> </li> <li>flashlamps <ul> <li>hair removal</li> <li>port-wine stains</li> <li>pulse rate</li> <li>telangiectases</li> <li>vascular lesion treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>flavivirus infections</li> <li>flavouring agents</li> <li>flea bites <ul> <li>bedbug bite differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>murine typhus</li> <li>pet animals</li> <li>plague</li> <li>tungiasis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Flegel disease</li> <li>Flemming–Giovanni syndrome</li> <li>flesh flies</li> <li><i>FLG</i> gene mutations <i>see</i> filaggrin (<i>FLG</i>) gene mutations</li> <li>Fli-1</li> <li>florid cutaneous papillomatosis</li> <li>florid oral papillomatosis</li> <li>flower bugs</li> <li>fluconazole <ul> <li>coccidioidomycosis treatment</li> <li>dermatophytosis treatment <ul> <li>failure</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>flucytosine</li> <li>fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM)</li> <li>fluorescence microlymphangiography</li> <li>fluorescence microscopy, viral infections</li> <li>fluorescent <i>in situ</i> hybridization (FISH), melanoma diagnosis</li> <li>fluorescent tubes <ul> <li>UVR exposure</li> <li>UVR source</li> </ul> </li> <li>fluoroquinolones</li> <li>fluorouracil <ul> <li>Flegel disease treatment</li> <li>HPV infection treatment</li> <li>hyperpigmentation induction</li> <li>multiple minute digitate keratoses treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>5-fluorouracil <ul> <li>actinic keratosis treatment</li> <li>anal intraepithelial neoplasia</li> <li>basal cell carcinoma treatment</li> <li>Bowen disease treatment</li> <li>intralesional therapy</li> <li>keratoacanthoma treatment</li> <li>nail colouration</li> <li>wart treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>flushing <ul> <li>associated disorders</li> <li>causes</li> <li>clinical presentation</li> <li>complications</li> <li>drug-induced</li> <li>endocrine disorder skin signs</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>food-induced</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>management</li> <li>paediatric</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>physiology</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>rosacea</li> <li>sweating association</li> </ul> </li> <li>flutamide <ul> <li>female pattern hair loss management</li> <li>hirsutism treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>FMO3</i> gene</li> <li>foam cells, sphingolipidoses</li> <li>focal acantholytic dyskeratosis</li> <li>focal acral hyperkeratosis</li> <li>focal dermal hypoplasia <ul> <li>anetoderma differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>congenital erosive and vesicular dermatosis with reticulated scarring differential diagnosis</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidermolysis bullosa differential diagnosis</li> <li>Klinefelter syndrome</li> <li>lips</li> <li>management</li> <li>MIDAS syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>oral mucosa</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>focal epithelial hyperplasia</li> <li>focal facial dermal dysplasia</li> <li>focal mucinosis <ul> <li>oral lesions</li> </ul> </li> <li>folate <ul> <li>metabolic pathway and methotrexate interaction</li> <li>supplementation in methotrexate therapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>folate deficiency <ul> <li>aphthous ulceration</li> <li>deficiency glossitis</li> <li>iron deficiency differential diagnosis</li> <li>neural tube defects</li> <li>vitamin B<sub>12</sub> deficiency differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>folate synthesis inhibitors</li> <li>folds, filler use</li> <li>foliate papillitis</li> <li>folic acid, metabolic pathway</li> <li>folinic acid</li> <li>follicle centre cell lymphoma</li> <li>follicle mites <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>follicular atrophoderma <ul> <li><i>see also</i> Bazex syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>follicular hyperkeratosis</li> <li>follicular infundibulum <ul> <li>comedo naevus</li> <li>tumour</li> </ul> </li> <li>follicular keratoses <i>see</i> keratosis follicularis</li> <li>follicular lichen planus</li> <li>follicular mucinoses <ul> <li>acquired cicatricial alopecia</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>Pinkus</li> <li>scalp</li> <li>trichodysplasia spinulosa differential diagnosis</li> <li>urticaria-like</li> </ul> </li> <li>follicular naevus/naevus comedonicus syndrome</li> <li>follicular occlusion triad <ul> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa</li> </ul> </li> <li>folliculitis <ul> <li>actinic</li> <li>bacterial</li> <li>causative organisms</li> <li>chronic</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>decalvans <ul> <li>acquired cicatricial alopecia</li> <li>tufted folliculitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>defensin activity</li> <li>definition</li> <li>dermatophytosis</li> <li>diabetes</li> <li>disseminate and recurrent infundibulofolliculitis</li> <li>eosinophilic pustular <ul> <li>infantile</li> </ul> </li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>Gram-negative <ul> <li>acneform drug eruption differential diagnosis</li> <li><i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> infection</li> </ul> </li> <li>hair pulling</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>immunodeficiency association</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>keloidalis</li> <li><i>Malassezia</i></li> <li>management</li> <li>necrotizing infundibular crystalline</li> <li>necrotizing lymphocytic of the scalp margin</li> <li>occupational acne differential diagnosis</li> <li>oil</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>perforating</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li><i>Pityrosporum</i>, acneform drug eruption differential diagnosis</li> <li>scalp <ul> <li>necrotizing lymphocytic folliculitis of the scalp margin differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>staphylococcal</li> <li>transient acantholytic dermatosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>tufted</li> <li>varicella-zoster virus</li> <li><i>see also</i> sycosis</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Fonsecaea pedrosoi</i></li> <li>food(s) <ul> <li>allergic contact urticaria</li> <li>cheilitis</li> <li>flushing induction</li> <li>gustatory hyperhidrosis</li> <li>oral hyperpigmentation</li> <li>urticaria</li> </ul> </li> <li>food additives <ul> <li>allergy</li> <li>flavouring agents</li> <li>spices</li> </ul> </li> <li>food allergies <ul> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>cross-reactivity</li> <li>IgE</li> </ul> </li> <li>foot <ul> <li>acral fibromyxoma</li> <li>allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>biomechanics</li> <li>burning feet syndrome</li> <li>calcified cutaneous nodules of the heels</li> <li>callosities/corns/calluses</li> <li>contact casting</li> <li>diabetic</li> <li>erythromelalgia</li> <li>haemosiderotic fibrolipomatous tumour</li> <li>hair sinus</li> <li>immersion foot</li> <li>ischaemic</li> <li>juvenile plantar dermatosis</li> <li>mycetoma</li> <li>neuropathic</li> <li>pedal papules of infancy</li> <li>piezogenic pedal papules</li> <li>pressure offloading</li> <li>trench foot</li> <li>ulceration prevention</li> <li>verrucous carcinoma</li> <li>wet gangrene in diabetes</li> <li><i>see also</i> toe(s)</li> </ul> </li> <li>foot and mouth disease</li> <li>foot ulcer, diabetic</li> <li>footprinting</li> <li>footwear <ul> <li>calluses/corns/callosities</li> <li>deformities</li> <li>insoles</li> <li>nail trauma</li> </ul> </li> <li>Fordyce spots <ul> <li>acne vulgaris differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>foreign-body reactions <ul> <li>cheilitis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>fibreglass dermatitis</li> <li>hair</li> <li>hair-thread tourniquet syndrome</li> <li>hypertrophic scars</li> <li>intralesional corticosteroids</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>keloid</li> <li>management</li> <li>mechanical injury</li> <li>paraffinoma</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>penile</li> <li>pentazocine ulcers</li> <li>pseudofolliculitis</li> <li>sarcoidosis <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>vulval</li> </ul> </li> <li>silicone reactions</li> <li>tattoo complications</li> <li>vitamin injections</li> </ul> </li> <li>foreskin <i>see</i> prepuce</li> <li>forest plot</li> <li>formaldehyde <ul> <li>allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>clothing resins</li> <li>contact with</li> <li>exposure</li> <li>hyperhidrosis treatment</li> <li>regulatory measures</li> <li>resins</li> <li>topical therapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>formaldehyde-releasing preservatives/biocides</li> <li>formalin, wart treatment</li> <li>formication, cocaine use</li> <li>Formicidae</li> <li>foscarnet <ul> <li>drug eruptions</li> <li>herpes simplex virus treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>Fournier gangrene <ul> <li>HIV infection</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>FOXC2</i> gene mutations <ul> <li>genital lymphoedema</li> <li>lymphoedema–distichiasis syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>Fox–Fordyce disease</li> <li>FOXP-1</li> <li>Fox's sign</li> <li>fractalkine, Dercum disease</li> <li>fractional photothermolysis <ul> <li>ablative</li> <li>non-ablative</li> </ul> </li> <li>fragile X syndrome <ul> <li>macrotia</li> </ul> </li> <li>fragrances <ul> <li>allergy <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>prevalence</li> </ul> </li> <li>avoidance</li> <li>delayed-type hypersensitivity</li> <li>patch tests</li> <li>photocontact facial melanosis</li> <li>phototoxic</li> </ul> </li> <li>framycetin</li> <li><i>Francisella tularensis</i></li> <li>Franklin disease</li> <li>Frank's sign <ul> <li>coronary artery disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>freckles <i>see</i> ephelides</li> <li>freckling, axillary in NF1</li> <li>free fatty acids (FFAs)</li> <li>free margins, facial surgery</li> <li>friction <ul> <li>callosities/corns/calluses</li> <li>coefficient</li> <li>dynamic</li> <li>sports injuries</li> <li>static</li> </ul> </li> <li>friction blisters <ul> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>frontonasal dysplasia, hair follicle naevus association</li> <li>frostbite <ul> <li>acronecrosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>ear piercing complications</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>severity classification</li> </ul> </li> <li>fucosidosis</li> <li>fuel oils, occupational skin cancers</li> <li>fulguration</li> <li>fumarate hydratase (FH)</li> <li>fumaric acid esters <ul> <li>adverse effects</li> <li>contraindications</li> <li>dermatological uses</li> <li>dose</li> <li>drug–drug interactions</li> <li>monitoring</li> <li>pharmacological esters</li> <li>plaque psoriasis treatment</li> <li>regimens</li> </ul> </li> <li>fungal antigens, delayed sensitivity testing</li> <li>fungal infections <ul> <li>aphthous ulceration</li> <li>atrophic scars</li> <li>classification</li> <li>conidia</li> <li>dimorphic</li> <li>disseminated <ul> <li>causing arthropathy</li> <li>infectious panniculitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>erythema nodosum</li> <li>external ear</li> <li>genital</li> <li>heterosexual men</li> <li>histological sections</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>infectious panniculitis</li> <li>infective cheilitis</li> <li>IRIS/IRD/IRAD</li> <li>irritant contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>lymphoedema</li> <li>mal de Meleda</li> <li>microscopy in diagnosis</li> <li>moulds</li> <li>nails, differential diagnosis</li> <li>neonatal</li> <li>occupational irritant contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>panniculitis</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li><i>Pneumocystis jiroveci</i> cutaneous infection</li> <li>pruritus ani differential diagnosis</li> <li>reproduction</li> <li>respiratory disorder association</li> <li>spore formation</li> <li>subcutaneous mycoses <ul> <li><i>Basidiobolus</i></li> <li>chromoblastomycosis</li> <li>classification</li> <li><i>Conidiobolus coronatus</i></li> <li>culture</li> <li>histopathology</li> <li>identification</li> <li>lobomycosis</li> <li>mycetoma</li> <li>phaeohyphomycosis</li> <li>rhinosporidiosis</li> <li>sporotrichosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>superficial mycoses <ul> <li>black piedra</li> <li>classification</li> <li>collection of material</li> <li>culture</li> <li>dermatophyte-induced</li> <li>dermatophytosis</li> <li>direct examination</li> <li>identification</li> <li>isolate identification</li> <li>molecular diagnostics</li> <li><i>Neoscytalidium</i></li> <li>otomycosis</li> <li>saprophytic moulds</li> <li>tinea nigra</li> <li>white piedra</li> </ul> </li> <li>systemic mycoses <ul> <li><i>Aspergillus</i></li> <li>blastomycosis</li> <li>coccidioidomycosis</li> <li>cryptococcosis</li> <li>cultures</li> <li><i>Exophiala dermatidis</i></li> <li>histoplasmosis</li> <li>identification</li> <li>mucormycosis</li> <li>paracoccidioidomycosis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li><i>Pythium insidiosum</i></li> <li>serological tests</li> <li><i>Talaromyces marneffei</i></li> <li><i>Trichosporon</i></li> </ul> </li> <li>taxonomy</li> <li>vulval</li> <li>Wood's light examination</li> <li>yeasts</li> <li>yellow-nail syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li><i>see also</i> candidosis; <i>named organisms and conditions</i>; onychomycosis; otomycosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>fungi <ul> <li>biology</li> <li>classification</li> <li>conidia</li> <li>dimorphic</li> <li>erythromelalgia association</li> <li>moulds</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>polymorphism</li> <li>reproduction</li> <li>spore (conidia) formation</li> <li>taxonomy</li> <li>yeasts</li> </ul> </li> <li>fungicides, oral submucous fibrosis association</li> <li>funnel web spiders</li> <li>furin</li> <li>furrows, linear</li> <li>furuncle <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>PVL</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>furunculosis <ul> <li>botryomycosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>diabetes</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa differential diagnosis</li> <li><i>Mycobacterium fortuitum</i> infection</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>staphylococcal of pinna</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Fusarium</i> spp.</li> <li>fusidic acid</li> <li>fusion inhibitors</li> <li><i>Fusobacterium</i> <ul> <li>acute necrotizing (ulcerative) gingivitis</li> <li>tropical ulcer</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Fusobacterium ulcerans</i></li> </ul> </section> <section> <h2>G</h2> <ul> <li>gabapentin <ul> <li>restless legs syndrome management</li> </ul> </li> <li>gadolinium contrast agents, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis</li> <li>galactorrhoea, endocrine disorder skin signs</li> <li>galactosidosis</li> <li>Galen (Roman physician)</li> <li>gallates</li> <li>gallbladder disorders</li> <li>Galli–Galli disease <ul> <li>transient acantholytic dermatosis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Gamasida</li> <li>gamma benzene hydrochloride</li> <li>ganglion cysts, digital myxoid cyst</li> <li>gangrene <ul> <li>blackfoot disease with arsenic toxicity</li> <li>Fournier <ul> <li>HIV infection</li> </ul> </li> <li>mixed connective tissue disease</li> <li>noma neonatorum</li> <li>oro-facial</li> <li>peripheral</li> <li>progressive bacterial synergistic</li> <li>rheumatoid arthritis</li> <li>synergic with stomas</li> <li>treatment</li> <li>wet of foot</li> <li><i>see also</i> ecthyma gangrenosum; gas gangrene; pyoderma gangrenosum</li> </ul> </li> <li>gangrenous cellulitis</li> <li>gangrenous pyoderma <i>see</i> pyoderma gangrenosum</li> <li>gap junctions <ul> <li>function</li> <li>scarring</li> </ul> </li> <li>Gardner syndrome <ul> <li>benign symmetrical lipomatosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidermoid cysts</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>Muir–Torre syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>GARFIELD acronym</li> <li>garlic allergy</li> <li>Garrod's pads</li> <li>gas gangrene <ul> <li>necrotizing subcutaneous infection differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>gastrointestinal cancer, acanthosis nigricans association</li> <li>gastrointestinal diseases <ul> <li>aphthous ulceration</li> <li><i>Candida albicans</i></li> <li>generalized severe recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa</li> <li>glucocorticoid adverse effects</li> <li>malabsorption</li> <li>microflora and atopic eczema relationship</li> <li>oral manifestations</li> <li>retinoid adverse effects</li> <li>rosacea association</li> <li>Stevens–Johnson syndrome</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>systemic sclerosis</li> <li>toxic epidermal necrolysis</li> </ul> </li> <li>gastro-oesophageal reflux, systemic sclerosis</li> <li>gastrostomy, painful bleeding</li> <li>gastrulation</li> <li><i>GATA1</i> gene mutations</li> <li><i>GATA2</i> gene mutations</li> <li>Gaucher cells, sphingolipidoses</li> <li>Gaucher disease <ul> <li>collodion baby</li> <li>type 1</li> <li>type 2</li> <li>type 3</li> </ul> </li> <li>gel(s)</li> <li>gel nails <ul> <li>removal</li> </ul> </li> <li>gel polish</li> <li>gelatinases</li> <li>gelsolin amyloidosis</li> <li>gemcitabine-associated livedoid thrombotic microangiopathy</li> <li>gene therapy</li> <li>gene tracking</li> <li>generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)</li> <li>generalized bullous fixed drug eruption (GBFDE) <ul> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>generalized exfoliative dermatitis (GED) <ul> <li>drug-induced</li> </ul> </li> <li>generalized follicular basaloid hamartoma syndrome</li> <li>generalized hereditary hypotrichosis simplex</li> <li>generalized lymphatic dysplasia <ul> <li>swollen face, head and neck</li> </ul> </li> <li>generalized skin disease, linear manifestations</li> <li>genes <ul> <li>autosomal</li> <li>copy number variation</li> <li>features</li> <li>mutations <ul> <li>frameshift</li> <li>gain-of-function</li> <li>missense</li> <li>nonsense</li> <li>point</li> </ul> </li> <li>penetrance</li> </ul> </li> <li>genetic counselling <ul> <li>congenital erythropoietic porphyria</li> <li>erythropoietic protoporphyria</li> <li>melanoma</li> <li>porphyria cutanea tarda</li> <li>variegate porphyria</li> </ul> </li> <li>genetic disorders, obesity</li> <li>genetic linkage</li> <li>genetics/genetic factors <i>7.2–3</i> <ul> <li>epigenetic phenomena</li> <li>genetic linkage</li> <li>historical aspects</li> <li>infants</li> <li>information websites</li> <li>inheritance <i>7.2–3</i></li> <li>linkage studies</li> <li>medical <i>7.2–3</i></li> <li>molecular mimicry</li> <li>mosaicism</li> <li>prenatal diagnosis</li> <li>receptor effects</li> <li>respiratory disorder association</li> <li>single-gene disorders</li> <li>terminology</li> <li><i>see also</i> pharmacogenetics</li> </ul> </li> <li>genital candidosis</li> <li>genital dermatoses <ul> <li>allergic <ul> <li>anaphylactoid purpura</li> </ul> </li> <li>Bowen disease</li> <li>deep ‘aggressive' angiomyxoma</li> <li>historical aspects</li> <li>intraepithelial neoplasia</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>lymphangiectasia</li> <li>male <ul> <li>artefacts</li> <li>benign tumours</li> <li>carcinoma <i>in situ</i></li> <li>examination</li> <li>extramammary Paget disease</li> <li>history taking</li> <li>inflammatory</li> <li>malignancy</li> <li>non-sexually transmitted infections</li> <li>precancerous dermatoses</li> <li>sexually transmitted infections</li> <li>trauma</li> <li>ulceration</li> </ul> </li> <li>mucous membrane pemphigoid</li> <li>peno-scrotodynia differential diagnosis</li> <li>sarcoidosis</li> <li>Stevens–Johnson syndrome <ul> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>toxic epidermal necrolysis <ul> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>vulvodynia differential diagnosis</li> <li><i>see also</i> vulva; <i>vulval conditions</i></li> </ul> </li> <li>genital dysaesthetic syndromes</li> <li>genital herpes <ul> <li>maternal</li> <li>primary</li> <li>recurrent</li> </ul> </li> <li>genital intraepithelial neoplasia</li> <li>genital lesions, lichen planus</li> <li>genital melanosis, laser treatment</li> <li>genital naevi, atypical</li> <li>genital oedema</li> <li>genital papular dyskeratosis <ul> <li>acantholytic</li> <li>Darier disease differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>genital ulceration <ul> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>primary herpes genitalis</li> </ul> </li> <li>genital warts <i>see</i> ano-genital warts</li> <li>genitalia, male <ul> <li>congenital/developmental abnormalities</li> <li>embryology</li> <li>factitious lesions</li> <li>function</li> <li>structure</li> <li>swollen</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>genito-ano-rectal syndrome</li> <li>genito-gingival syndrome</li> <li>genito-urinary tract, generalized severe recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa</li> <li>genodermatoses <ul> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa association</li> <li>inheritance patterns <i>7.2–3</i></li> <li>internal malignancy association</li> <li>prenatal diagnosis</li> <li>vulval</li> </ul> </li> <li>genome <ul> <li>sequence</li> </ul> </li> <li>genome-wide association studies</li> <li>genomic imprinting</li> <li>genomics, functional</li> <li>genophotodermatoses <ul> <li>investigations</li> </ul> </li> <li>gentamicin</li> <li>gentian violet</li> <li>geographic tongue <ul> <li>oral soreness</li> <li>psoriasis</li> </ul> </li> <li>geotrichosis, oral lesions</li> <li>geroderma osteodysplastica</li> <li><i>GGCX</i> gene mutations</li> <li>Gianotti–Crosti syndrome <ul> <li>associated infections</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>hepatitis association</li> <li>hepatitis B association</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pityriasis lichenoides differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>giant cell arteritis <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>giant cell(s), high-power microscopy</li> <li>giant cell tumour <ul> <li>angioblastoma</li> <li>fibroblastoma</li> <li>radiography</li> <li>of tendon sheath</li> </ul> </li> <li>giant condyloma of penis</li> <li>giant lichenification of Pautrier</li> <li>giant melanotrichoblastoma</li> <li>giant water bugs</li> <li>gigantism, macroglossia</li> <li>gingiva <ul> <li>argyria</li> <li>pregnancy changes</li> </ul> </li> <li>gingivitis <ul> <li>acute necrotizing (ulcerative)</li> <li>bacterial, mucous membrane pemphigoid differential diagnosis</li> <li>desquamative <ul> <li>oral soreness</li> </ul> </li> <li>scurvy association</li> </ul> </li> <li>gingivostomatitis <ul> <li>mercury toxicity</li> <li>primary herpetic</li> <li>white folded (<i>see</i> white sponge naevus)</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>GJB2</i> gene mutations</li> <li>glanders</li> <li>glans penis, psoriasis</li> <li>glatiramer acetate injections <ul> <li>lupus panniculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>panniculitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>glaucoma <ul> <li>atopic eye disease</li> <li>phakomatosis pigmentovascularis</li> <li>Sturge–Weber syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>Gleich syndrome</li> <li>gliadin</li> <li>glial heterotopic nodules</li> <li>glial proliferation, tuberosclerotic nodules</li> <li>gliomas</li> <li>Global Burden of Disease 2020 study</li> <li>global genome repair (GGR)</li> <li>glomangioma, multiple inherited</li> <li>glomangiomyoma</li> <li><i>Glomeromycota</i></li> <li>glomeruloid haemangioma</li> <li><i>glomulin</i> gene</li> <li>glomus tumour <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>nail</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>radiography</li> </ul> </li> <li>glomuvenous malformations</li> <li>glossitis <ul> <li>deficiency</li> <li>folate deficiency association</li> <li>median rhomboid</li> <li>riboflavin deficiency differential diagnosis</li> <li>vitamin B<sub>12</sub> deficiency association</li> </ul> </li> <li>glossodynia <i>see</i> burning mouth syndrome</li> <li>glossopyrosis <i>see</i> burning mouth syndrome</li> <li>gloves, hand eczema protection</li> <li>glucagon</li> <li>glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) <ul> <li>burns treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>glucagonoma <ul> <li>oral ulceration</li> </ul> </li> <li>glucagonoma syndrome <ul> <li>erythema multiforme differential diagnosis</li> <li>necrolytic migratory erythema</li> <li>vulval lesions</li> <li><i>see also</i> necrolytic migratory erythema</li> </ul> </li> <li>glucan</li> <li>β-glucan synthase inhibitors</li> <li>glucocorticoid(s) <ul> <li>acquired resistance</li> <li>adrenal suppression</li> <li>adverse effects</li> <li>bone effects</li> <li>cautions</li> <li>collagen biosynthesis inhibition</li> <li>contraindications</li> <li>dermatological uses</li> <li>dose</li> <li>drug–drug interactions</li> <li>infection susceptibility</li> <li>mineralocorticoid effects</li> <li>monitoring</li> <li>pharmacological properties</li> <li>pre-treatment screening</li> <li>regimens</li> <li>steroid withdrawal syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>glucocorticoid receptor</li> <li>glucocorticoid receptor b (GRb)</li> <li>glucocorticoid response elements (GRE)</li> <li>gluconolactone</li> <li>glucose, sweat composition</li> <li>glucose transporter protein 1 (GLUT-1)</li> <li>glucose transporter receptor 4 (GLUT-4)</li> <li>glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency <ul> <li>antimalarial cautions</li> <li>dapsone contraindication</li> </ul> </li> <li>glue sniffer's rash</li> <li>glutaraldehyde <ul> <li>aqueous solution</li> <li>hyperhidrosis treatment</li> <li>topical therapy</li> <li>wart treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>gluten, dietary</li> <li>gluten-free diet</li> <li>gluten-sensitive enteropathy (GSE) <ul> <li>dermatitis herpetiformis</li> <li>subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus association</li> </ul> </li> <li>glyceryl trinitrate <ul> <li>anal fissure management</li> <li>Raynaud phenomenon treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>glycine-glutamate-lysine-glycine (GEKG)</li> <li>glycolic acid <ul> <li>acquired ichthyoses treatment</li> <li>chemical peel <ul> <li>skin of colour</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>glycopeptides</li> <li>glycoprotein degradation disorders <ul> <li>classification</li> </ul> </li> <li>glycopyrollate <ul> <li>gustatory sweating treatment</li> <li>hyperhidrosis treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>glycopyrronium</li> <li>glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) <ul> <li>deposition in pretibial myxoedema</li> <li>lysosomal storage disorders</li> <li>mechanical function</li> <li>synthesis by fibroblasts</li> </ul> </li> <li>glycosylation, congenital disorders</li> <li>Glycyphagidae</li> <li>glycyrrhetinic acid</li> <li>glypicans</li> <li>G<sub>M1</sub> gangliosidosis</li> <li><i>GNAQ</i> mutated melanoma</li> <li>gnathophyma</li> <li><i>Gnathostoma hispidum</i></li> <li><i>Gnathostoma nipponicum</i></li> <li><i>Gnathostoma spinigerum</i></li> <li>gnathostomiasis</li> <li>gnats</li> <li>goitre, blepharochalasis association</li> <li>gold <ul> <li>contact allergy</li> <li>hyperpigmentation <ul> <li>oral</li> </ul> </li> <li>immune reactions</li> <li>oro-facial granulomatosis</li> <li>reactions to</li> <li>sensitization <ul> <li>ear piercing complications</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>Goldenhar syndrome <ul> <li>microtia</li> <li>peri-auricular anomalies</li> </ul> </li> <li>golimumab, psoriatic arthritis treatment</li> <li>Goltz syndrome/Goltz–Gorlin syndrome <i>see</i> focal dermal hypoplasia</li> <li>Gomm–Button disease <i>see</i> Sweet syndrome</li> <li>Gomori silver impregnation technique</li> <li>gonococcal infections, complement cascade defects</li> <li>gonorrhoea <ul> <li>causative organism</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>co-morbidities</li> <li>complications</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> </ul> </li> <li>Good syndrome</li> <li>Goodpasture syndrome <ul> <li>collagen type IV</li> <li><i>see also</i> antiglomerular basement membrane vasculitis disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>Gordon syndrome, camptodactyly</li> <li>Gorham–Stout syndrome <ul> <li>diffuse lymphangiomatosis</li> <li>lymphatic malformations</li> </ul> </li> <li>Gorlin naevoid basal cell carcinoma (BCC) syndrome <i>see</i> naevoid basal cell carcinoma (BCC) syndrome</li> <li>Gorlin's sign</li> <li>Gottron syndrome <i>see</i> acrogeria</li> <li>Gottron's papules, dermatomyositis</li> <li>Gougerot–Carteaud syndrome</li> <li>gout <ul> <li>hyperhidrosis</li> <li>hyperlipoproteinaemia type III</li> <li>psoriatic arthritis differential diagnosis</li> <li>tophaceous</li> </ul> </li> <li>gouty panniculitis</li> <li>gouty tophi, pinna</li> <li>G-protein(s), heterotrimeric</li> <li>G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)</li> <li>Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) approach</li> <li>graft-versus-host disease <ul> <li>acute <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>severity</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> </ul> </li> <li>chronic <ul> <li>autoimmune model</li> <li>chronic donor T-cell activation</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>clinical variants</li> <li>complications/comorbidities</li> <li>management</li> <li>sclerotic disease</li> <li>severity</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> </ul> </li> <li>classification</li> <li>cutaneous <ul> <li>extracorporeal photochemotherapy</li> <li>UVA-1 phototherapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>definition</li> <li>dyskeratosis congenita differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>erythema multiforme differential diagnosis</li> <li>lichen planus nail changes</li> <li>lichenoid</li> <li>macrophage inhibitory factor role</li> <li>mast cell role</li> <li>mucocele</li> <li>mucous membrane pemphigoid differential diagnosis</li> <li>ocular complications</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>skin cancer</li> <li>toxic erythema of chemotherapy differential diagnosis</li> <li>transfusion-associated</li> <li>verruciform xanthoma</li> <li>vulval erosions</li> </ul> </li> <li>Graham–Little syndrome</li> <li>grain itch</li> <li>grain-shovellers' itch</li> <li>Gram stain</li> <li>Gram-positive bacteria <ul> <li>coagulase-negative staphylococci</li> <li><i>see also</i> staphylococcal infections; <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>; streptococcal infections</li> </ul> </li> <li>granular cell tumours <ul> <li>dermal non-neural</li> <li>myoblastoma</li> <li>oral</li> <li>primitive polypoid</li> </ul> </li> <li>granulation tissue, wound healing</li> <li>granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), Sweet syndrome</li> <li>granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), atopic eczema</li> <li>granulocytic sarcoma, aphthous ulceration</li> <li>granuloma <ul> <li>delayed-type hypersensitivity</li> <li>gravidarum</li> <li>idiopathic facial aseptic</li> <li>miliary</li> <li>peristomal</li> <li>schistosomiasis</li> <li>severe combined immunodeficiency</li> <li>telangiectaticum</li> <li><i>see also</i> pyogenic granuloma; sarcoid granuloma</li> </ul> </li> <li>granuloma annulare <ul> <li>annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma differential diagnosis</li> <li>annular lichen planus differential diagnosis</li> <li>associated diseases</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diabetes association</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>disseminated</li> <li>drug-induced</li> <li>elastosis perforans serpiginosa differential diagnosis</li> <li>endocrine disorder skin signs</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>generalized</li> <li>hand</li> <li>histological sections</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>infections</li> <li>interstitial</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>knuckle pads differential diagnosis</li> <li>localized</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>management</li> <li>necrobiosis lipoidica association</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>perforating</li> <li>periosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>sarcoidal</li> <li>scalp</li> <li>subcutaneous <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>necrobiotic xanthogranuloma differential diagnosis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>sun exposure</li> <li>trauma</li> <li>tuberculoid</li> <li>variants</li> <li><i>see also</i> necrobiotic granuloma</li> </ul> </li> <li>granuloma faciale <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>extrafacial</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>laser treatment</li> <li>lymphocytoma cutis differential diagnosis</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>phymatous rosacea differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>granuloma inguinale <ul> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> </ul> </li> <li>granuloma multiforme <ul> <li>leprosy differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>granulomatosis <ul> <li>autoinflammatory of childhood</li> <li>necrotizing sarcoid</li> <li><i>see also</i> lymphomatoid granulomatosis; oro-facial granulomatosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>granulomatosis with polyangiitis <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>genital ulceration</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>respiratory disorder association</li> </ul> </li> <li>granulomatous cheilitis <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>lip fissures</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>granulomatous dermatosis, interstitial</li> <li>granulomatous disorders <ul> <li>beryllium nodules</li> <li>cutaneous Crohn disease</li> <li>diabetes</li> <li>ear piercing complications</li> <li>mercury toxicity</li> <li>perioral dermatitis</li> <li><i>see also</i> granuloma annulare; necrobiosis lipoidica; sarcoidosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>granulomatous reactions, allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>granulomatous slack skin disease</li> <li>granulosis rubra nasi</li> <li>granzyme</li> <li>grape seed extract (GSE)</li> <li>Graves disease <ul> <li>endocrine disorder skin signs</li> <li>hypertrichosis</li> <li>myxoedema</li> <li>periocular oedema</li> <li>pretibial myxoedema</li> </ul> </li> <li>greases <ul> <li>occupational skin cancers</li> <li>topical medication</li> </ul> </li> <li>Greater Patient</li> <li>Greece, Hippocrates' era</li> <li>green tea</li> <li>Greither keratoderma</li> <li>grenz zone</li> <li>grey baby syndrome</li> <li>Grey Turner's sign</li> <li>Griscelli syndrome <ul> <li>bacterial infections</li> <li>type 1</li> <li>type 2</li> </ul> </li> <li>Griscelli–Pruniéras syndrome</li> <li>griseofulvin <ul> <li>dermatophytosis</li> <li>tinea capitis treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>GRO-a (CXCL1)</li> <li>grocer's itch</li> <li>Grocott silver staining</li> <li>groin <ul> <li>bacterial flora</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa</li> <li>intertrigo</li> </ul> </li> <li>ground itch <i>see</i> strongyloidosis</li> <li>Grover disease <i>see</i> transient acantholytic dermatosis</li> <li>growth factors <ul> <li>angiogenic</li> <li>keratincotye function regulation</li> <li>platelets</li> <li>wound healing <ul> <li>augmentation</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>growth hormone <i>see</i> recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH)</li> <li>growth retardation <ul> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>Comèl–Netherton syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>growth retardation, alopecia, pseudoanodontia, optic atrophy (GAPO) syndrome</li> <li>Grzybowski–Torre syndrome <ul> <li>keratoacanthoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>multiple self-healing squamous epithelioma differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Guanieri bodies</li> <li>guanosine analogues</li> <li>Guillain–Barré syndrome, syringomyelia association</li> <li>guinea pig maximization test</li> <li>guinea worm <i>see</i> dracunculiasis</li> <li>guitar nipple</li> <li>gummata <i>29.16–17</i> <ul> <li>late congenital syphilis</li> <li>scarring alopecia</li> </ul> </li> <li>Gunther disease, epidermolysis bullosa differential diagnosis</li> <li>gustatory hyperhidrosis</li> <li>gut microflora, atopic eczema relationship</li> <li>gynaecomastia <ul> <li>endocrine disorder skin signs</li> <li>secondary hypopituitarism</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </section> <section> <h2>H</h2> <ul> <li>H<sub>2</sub> receptor(s)</li> <li>H<sub>2</sub> receptor antagonists, wart treatment</li> <li>Haberland syndrome</li> <li>habit tic, nails</li> <li>haem <ul> <li>biosynthesis</li> </ul> </li> <li>haemangioendotheliomas <ul> <li>composite</li> <li>epithelioid</li> <li>kaposiform</li> <li>malignant</li> <li>pseudomyogenic</li> <li>retiform</li> </ul> </li> <li>haemangiomas <ul> <li>acquired elastotic</li> <li>amniotic band association</li> <li>ano-genital</li> <li>capillary <ul> <li>lobular</li> <li>progressive</li> </ul> </li> <li>congenital</li> <li>epithelioid <ul> <li>cutaneous epithelioid angiomatous nodule</li> </ul> </li> <li>glomeruloid</li> <li>hobnail</li> <li>lips</li> <li>lobular capillary of nail apparatus</li> <li>microvenular</li> <li>oral mucosa</li> <li>papillary</li> <li>pregnancy</li> <li>radiography</li> <li>sinusoidal</li> <li>spindle cell</li> <li>symplastic</li> <li>verrucous</li> <li><i>see also</i> infantile haemangiomas</li> </ul> </li> <li>haemangiopericytoma, infantile</li> <li>haemangiosarcoma</li> <li>haematological disease <ul> <li>aphthous ulceration</li> <li>non-mast cell in mastocytosis</li> <li>oral manifestations</li> <li>urticarial vasculitis co-morbidity</li> </ul> </li> <li>haematological malignancies <ul> <li>HPV infections</li> <li>involving the skin</li> <li>paraneoplastic syndrome association</li> <li>perniosis</li> <li>skin disorders caused by infiltration with neoplastic cells</li> <li>skin manifestations</li> </ul> </li> <li>haematoma <ul> <li>ear piercing complications</li> <li>external ear</li> <li>paroxysmal of finger</li> <li>penile</li> <li>subungual</li> </ul> </li> <li>haematopoiesis <ul> <li>cyclic</li> <li>extramedullary</li> </ul> </li> <li>haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)</li> <li>haematopoietic tumours</li> <li>haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining</li> <li>haemochromatosis <ul> <li>acanthosis nigricans differential diagnosis</li> <li>chemotherapy-induced hyperpigmentation differential diagnosis</li> <li>hyperpigmentation <ul> <li>haemosiderin</li> </ul> </li> <li>porphyria cutanea tarda risk</li> </ul> </li> <li>haemodialysis <ul> <li>arteriovenous shunt complications</li> <li>malnutrition risk</li> <li>porphyria cutanea tarda risk</li> <li>pseudoporphyria induction</li> <li>scurvy association</li> </ul> </li> <li>haemoglobin <ul> <li>light absorption</li> <li>selective photothermolysis</li> <li>skin colour</li> </ul> </li> <li>haemoglobinopathies <ul> <li>pseudoxanthoma elasticum-like lesions</li> </ul> </li> <li>haemolysis transfusion reactions, IVIG adverse reaction</li> <li>haemolytic anaemia <ul> <li>congenital</li> <li>dapsone-induced</li> </ul> </li> <li>haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diagnostic criteria</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>primary</li> <li>secondary</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> </ul> </li> <li>haemophilia <ul> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>presentation</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Haemophilus ducreyi</i> <ul> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> type b, cellulitis</li> <li>haemopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), skin cancer</li> <li>haemorrhagic fever <ul> <li>with renal syndrome (HFRS)</li> <li><i>see also</i> viral haemorrhagic fevers</li> </ul> </li> <li>haemorrhoids <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>external</li> <li>internal <ul> <li>prolapsed</li> </ul> </li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>thrombosed external <ul> <li>anal abscess differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>haemosiderin, venous stasis association</li> <li>haemosiderosis, cutaneous</li> <li>haemosiderotic fibrolipomatous tumour</li> <li>haemostasis</li> <li>Hailey–Hailey disease <ul> <li>blistering</li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>carbon dioxide laser ablation</li> <li>co-morbidities</li> <li>complications</li> <li>course</li> <li>cytodiagnosis</li> <li>Darier disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>genetic mutations</li> <li>genital papular acantholytic dyskeratosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>HSV infection</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>nails</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pemphigus vulgaris differential diagnosis</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>seborrhoeic dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma association</li> <li>symmetrical drug-related intertriginous and flexural exanthem differential diagnosis</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> <li>variants</li> <li>vulval</li> </ul> </li> <li>Haim–Munk syndrome</li> <li>hair <ul> <li>bamboo in Netherton syndrome</li> <li>biology</li> <li>braiding</li> <li>bubble</li> <li>Chediak–Higashi syndrome</li> <li>chemotherapy effects</li> <li>colour <ul> <li>cosmetic</li> <li>variation</li> </ul> </li> <li>Comèl–Netherton syndrome</li> <li>congenital ichthyoses</li> <li>corkscrew in scurvy</li> <li>cortex</li> <li>creeping</li> <li>cuticle</li> <li>cuticular cells</li> <li>depigmentation <ul> <li>folate deficiency association</li> <li>induced by chemotherapy</li> <li>vitamin B<sub>12</sub> deficiency association</li> </ul> </li> <li>ectrodactyly–ectodermal dysplasia–cleft lip/palate syndrome</li> <li>exclamation mark</li> <li>foreign body</li> <li>function</li> <li>greying <ul> <li>premature</li> <li>rapid-onset</li> <li>repigmentation</li> </ul> </li> <li>hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasias</li> <li>implantation complications</li> <li>ingrowing</li> <li>inherited disorders <ul> <li>atrichias</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>hair shaft structural abnormalities</li> <li>hypertrichoses</li> <li>hypotrichoses</li> </ul> </li> <li>inner root sheath</li> <li>iron deficiency</li> <li>junctional epidermolysis bullosa</li> <li>keratin(s)</li> <li>keratin filaments</li> <li>kinky</li> <li>knotting</li> <li>lanugo</li> <li>lichen planus complications</li> <li>liver disease</li> <li>medulla</li> <li>melanin</li> <li>melanocytes</li> <li>Menkes disease</li> <li>oral</li> <li>outer root sheath</li> <li>pigmentation <ul> <li>accidental discoloration</li> <li>acquired defects</li> <li>biology</li> <li>colour variation</li> <li>loss</li> <li>nutritional deficiencies</li> <li>physical phenomena</li> </ul> </li> <li>pregnancy changes</li> <li>recessive generalized severe dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa</li> <li>red colour</li> <li>regrowth induction <ul> <li>minoxidil</li> </ul> </li> <li>relaxing</li> <li>sample collection in fungal infection</li> <li>seasonal moulting</li> <li>shaft abnormalities</li> <li>shedding in infancy</li> <li>sinus</li> <li>spiky</li> <li>split ends</li> <li>spun-glass</li> <li>straightening</li> <li>structural components</li> <li>sulphur content</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>terminal <ul> <li>hirsutism</li> </ul> </li> <li>thallium poisoning</li> <li>tissue assay for metal poisoning</li> <li>tricho-dento-osseous syndrome</li> <li>tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome</li> <li>trichothiodystrophy</li> <li>twisted</li> <li>types</li> <li>uncombable</li> <li>woolly <ul> <li>palmoplantar keratodermas</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>see also</i> hirsutism; hypertrichosis; hypotrichoses</li> </ul> </li> <li>hair artefact</li> <li>hair bulb <ul> <li>melanocytes</li> </ul> </li> <li>hair cosmetics <ul> <li>bleaches</li> <li>colouring</li> <li>dyes <ul> <li>metallic</li> <li>synthetic organic</li> </ul> </li> <li>permanent waving</li> <li>setting lotions</li> <li>vegetable dyes</li> </ul> </li> <li>hair cycle <ul> <li>androgenetic alopecia</li> <li>asynchrony</li> <li>control</li> <li>disturbance in alopecia areata</li> <li>regulation</li> </ul> </li> <li>hair discs <i>see</i> touch spots</li> <li>hair fibre, normal growth</li> <li>hair follicle unit, signalling mechanisms</li> <li>hair follicles <ul> <li>alopecia areata</li> <li>anagen</li> <li>anatomy</li> <li>androgen mechanism of action</li> <li>cycles <ul> <li>asynchrony</li> <li>control</li> </ul> </li> <li>density</li> <li>dermal papilla</li> <li>dermal sheath</li> <li>development</li> <li>dilated pore</li> <li>distribution</li> <li>exogen</li> <li>eyelash</li> <li>follicular units</li> <li>groups</li> <li>infundibulum</li> <li>inner root sheath</li> <li>innervation</li> <li>isthmus</li> <li>kenogen</li> <li>keratinization</li> <li>melanogenic activity</li> <li>mesenchymal lesions</li> <li>miniaturization in balding</li> <li>multigeminate</li> <li>naevi</li> <li>outer root sheath</li> <li>pili multigemini</li> <li>scalp</li> <li>stem cells <ul> <li>activity regulation</li> </ul> </li> <li>suprabulbar region</li> <li>telogen</li> <li>trichilemmal cysts</li> <li>tumours</li> <li>types</li> <li><i>see also</i> follicle <i>and</i> <i>follicular</i> <i>entries</i>; hidradenitis suppurativa</li> </ul> </li> <li>hair germ cell tumours/cysts</li> <li>hair growth <ul> <li>acquired disorders <ul> <li>excessive growth</li> <li>non-scarring</li> <li>scarring</li> </ul> </li> <li>alterations in HIV infection</li> <li>androgens</li> <li>axillary</li> <li>beard</li> <li>catagen</li> <li>excessive</li> <li>facial</li> <li>hypoparathyroidism</li> <li>Klinefelter syndrome</li> <li>pubic</li> <li>racial variability</li> <li>rate</li> <li>scalp</li> <li>terminal</li> <li>vellus hair</li> </ul> </li> <li>hair loss <ul> <li>antiretroviral drugs</li> <li>approach to patient</li> <li>associated symptoms</li> <li>camouflage <ul> <li>alopecia areata</li> </ul> </li> <li>children</li> <li>clinical examination</li> <li>clinical photography</li> <li>family history</li> <li>history</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>hyperandrogenism</li> <li>infancy</li> <li>infections</li> <li>leprosy</li> <li>male pattern</li> <li>medical trauma</li> <li>microscopy</li> <li>patches</li> <li>pattern <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>female</li> <li>follicle miniaturization</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>grading</li> <li>hormonal influences</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>sex</li> <li>surgical treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>scalp biopsy</li> <li>scarring</li> <li>syphilis</li> <li>wigs <ul> <li>alopecia areata</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>see also</i> alopecia</li> </ul> </li> <li>hair matrix tumours</li> <li>hair pull test</li> <li>hair pulling disorder <ul> <li>tic in children</li> </ul> </li> <li>hair reduction, laser therapy</li> <li>hair removal <ul> <li>hirsutism</li> <li>laser-assisted <ul> <li>complications</li> </ul> </li> <li>physical methods</li> </ul> </li> <li>hair shaft <ul> <li>fractures</li> <li>pathology terminology</li> <li>structural abnormalities <ul> <li>defects with increased fragility</li> <li>defects without increased fragility</li> </ul> </li> <li>trauma</li> <li>weathering <ul> <li>colouration</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>hair sinus</li> <li>hair styling, traction alopecia</li> <li>HAIR-AN (hyperandrogenaemia, insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans)</li> <li>hairball</li> <li>hair-thread tourniquet syndrome</li> <li>hairy cell leukaemia</li> <li>hairy ears, acquired</li> <li>hairy leukoplakia <ul> <li>HIV infection</li> </ul> </li> <li>half-and-half nails</li> <li>Hallermann–Streiff syndrome <ul> <li>sutural alopecia</li> </ul> </li> <li>halo sign, giant cell arteritis</li> <li>halogenated salicylanilides</li> <li>hamartomas <ul> <li>basaloid follicular</li> <li>Cowden syndrome</li> <li>hair follicle naevus</li> <li>iris</li> <li>pilomatricoma</li> <li>rhabdomyosarcomatous congenital</li> <li>sclerosing epithelial</li> <li>smooth muscle</li> <li>trichoblastoma</li> <li>trichoepitheliomas <ul> <li>desmoplastic</li> <li>solitary giant</li> </ul> </li> <li>trichofolliculoma</li> <li>tuberous sclerosis complex</li> </ul> </li> <li>hand(s) <ul> <li>acral fibromyxoma</li> <li>callosities</li> <li>collagenous and elastotic marginal plaques</li> <li>dermatomyositis</li> <li>gangrene in mixed connective tissue disease</li> <li>interdigital sinus</li> <li>neutrophilic dermatosis</li> <li>sensory innervation</li> </ul> </li> <li>hand eczema <ul> <li>acute</li> <li>advice to patients</li> <li>aetiology</li> <li>atopic</li> <li>atopic eczema association</li> <li>chronic</li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>Compositae allergy</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>fingertip</li> <li>gloves for protection</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>nickel sensitivity</li> <li>occupational</li> <li>patch testing</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>variants</li> <li>vesicular</li> </ul> </li> <li>hand, foot and mouth disease <ul> <li>oral mucosa</li> <li>oral ulceration</li> </ul> </li> <li>hand hygiene, surgery</li> <li>hand washing, compulsive</li> <li>hand–arm vibration syndrome <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>hypothenar hammer syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>Raynaud phenomenon differential diagnosis</li> <li>severity assessment</li> </ul> </li> <li>handicap, caused by skin disease</li> <li>Hand–Schüller–Christian syndrome</li> <li>hangnails</li> <li>Hansemann cells</li> <li>hantavirus pulmonary syndrome</li> <li>haploidy</li> <li>Happle–Tinschert syndrome <ul> <li>basal cell carcinoma</li> <li>naevi</li> </ul> </li> <li>haptenization</li> <li>haptens <ul> <li>photoactivation</li> </ul> </li> <li>harlequin colour change, neonates</li> <li>Hartnup disease <ul> <li>Cockayne syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>hydroa vacciniforme differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>harvest mites</li> <li>Hashimoto thyroiditis <ul> <li>interstitial granulomatous dermatosis association</li> <li>myxoedema</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus association</li> </ul> </li> <li>Hashimoto–Pritzker disease</li> <li>Haverhill fever</li> <li>hay fever <i>see</i> allergic rhinitis</li> <li>Hay–Wells syndrome</li> <li>hazard ratio</li> <li>H-caldesmon</li> <li>head and neck cancers <ul> <li>metastatic</li> <li>mucinous carcinoma</li> <li>risk factors</li> <li>trichofolliculoma</li> </ul> </li> <li>head and neck oedema, DRESS syndrome</li> <li>head and neck surgery <ul> <li>motor nerves</li> </ul> </li> <li>head, face and neck, swollen</li> <li>head lice <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pesticide resistance</li> <li>therapeutic failure</li> </ul> </li> <li>Heaf test</li> <li>health anxieties</li> <li>health economics <ul> <li>approaches</li> <li>comparative studies</li> <li>cost analysis study</li> <li>cost-of-illness study</li> <li>economic burden</li> <li>evaluations</li> <li>implementation of findings</li> <li>indirect costs</li> <li>methods</li> <li>non-comparative studies</li> <li>quality of life</li> <li>types of evaluations</li> </ul> </li> <li>health-related quality of life (HRQoL)</li> <li>hearing aids, dermatitis</li> <li>heat <ul> <li>bubble hair</li> <li>carcinomas</li> <li>diseases caused by</li> <li>physiological reactions</li> </ul> </li> <li>heat-shock protein 90a, wound healing</li> <li>heat-shock protein(s), Behçet disease</li> <li>heavy metals <ul> <li>oral hyperpigmentation</li> <li>toxicity <ul> <li>protein–energy malnutrition differential diagnosis</li> <li>Raynaud phenomenon differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>heavy-chain disease</li> <li>Heberden nodes <ul> <li>knuckle pads differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Heck disease</li> <li>hedgehog pathway inhibitors <ul> <li>basal cell carcinoma treatment</li> <li>naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>heel <ul> <li>calcified cutaneous nodules</li> <li>piezogenic pedal papules</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Helicobacter pylori</i> <ul> <li>hereditary angio-oedema association</li> <li>iron deficiency association</li> <li>urticaria association</li> </ul> </li> <li>helminth infections <ul> <li>atopic eczema protection</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> </ul> </li> <li>heloma <i>see</i> corns</li> <li>hemidesmosomal–anchoring filament complexes</li> <li>hemidesmosomes <ul> <li>components</li> <li>gene mutations</li> <li>ultrastructure</li> </ul> </li> <li>Hemiptera <ul> <li>Anthocoridae</li> <li>Belostomatidae</li> <li>Cimicidae</li> <li>classification</li> <li>Pentatomidae</li> <li>Reduviidae</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Hemiscorpius</i></li> <li>henna <ul> <li>nail plate pigmentation</li> <li>tattoos</li> </ul> </li> <li>Hennekam lymphangiectasia–lymphoedema syndrome <ul> <li>intestinal lymphangiectasia</li> </ul> </li> <li>Henoch–Schönlein purpura <ul> <li>genital</li> <li><i>see also</i> IgA vasculitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs)</li> <li>heparin <ul> <li>antiphospholipid syndrome treatment</li> <li>cutaneous sclerosis induction</li> </ul> </li> <li>heparin necrosis <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>purpura</li> </ul> </li> <li>heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)</li> <li>hepatic haemangioma</li> <li>hepatic porphyria, hypertrichosis</li> <li>hepatitis <ul> <li>Gianotti–Crosti syndrome</li> <li>HSV infection</li> <li>pyoderma gangrenosum</li> </ul> </li> <li>hepatitis A virus</li> <li>hepatitis B virus <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>dermatoses</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>human bites</li> <li>lichen planus</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>polyarteritis nodosa</li> <li>polyarthritis</li> <li>urticarial vasculitis association</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>hepatitis C virus <ul> <li>antibodies with cryoglobulins</li> <li>chronic</li> <li>cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis</li> <li>dermatoses</li> <li>human bites</li> <li>lichen planus</li> <li>management</li> <li>necrolytic acral erythema</li> <li>polyarthritis</li> <li>porphyria cutanea tarda <ul> <li>management</li> <li>risk</li> </ul> </li> <li>urticaria association</li> <li>urticarial vasculitis association</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>hepatobiliary disease, pruritus</li> <li>hepatocellular carcinoma, pityriasis rotunda association</li> <li>hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor 1 (HAI-1)</li> <li>hepatoerythropoietic porphyria</li> <li>hepatolenticular degeneration</li> <li>hepatomegaly, neonatal lupus erythematosus</li> <li>hepatovirus</li> <li>herbal products/medications <ul> <li>acne therapy</li> <li>cosmeceutical use</li> </ul> </li> <li>hereditary angio-oedema (HAE) <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>disease course/prognosis</li> <li>emergency treatment</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>long-term prophylaxis</li> <li>management</li> <li>oral reactions</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>precipitating event</li> <li>protease inhibitor deficiency</li> <li>short-term prophylaxis</li> <li>subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus association</li> </ul> </li> <li>hereditary anonychia</li> <li>hereditary autoinflammatory disorders <ul> <li>drug-induced serum sickness-like reaction differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis <ul> <li>oral lesions</li> <li><i>see also</i> Witkop–von Sallmann syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>hereditary benign telangiectasia <ul> <li>generalized essential telangiectasia differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>hereditary coproporphyria</li> <li>hereditary disease <i>see</i> inherited disorders; <i>named hereditary disorders</i></li> <li>hereditary epidermal polycystic disease <i>see</i> steatocystoma multiplex</li> <li>hereditary gelsolin amyloidosis</li> <li>hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) <ul> <li>arteriovenous malformations <ul> <li>association</li> </ul> </li> <li>generalized essential telangiectasia differential diagnosis</li> <li>lips</li> <li>liver disease association</li> <li>oral mucosa lesions</li> </ul> </li> <li>hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma syndrome</li> <li>hereditary lipomatoses</li> <li>hereditary lymphoedema <ul> <li>autosomal dominant primary</li> <li>type 1A</li> </ul> </li> <li>hereditary mucoepithelial dysplasia (HMD) <ul> <li>ichthyosis follicularis with atrichia and photophobia syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>perineal intertriginous plaques</li> </ul> </li> <li>hereditary multiple carboxylase deficiency</li> <li>hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC), Muir–Torre syndrome</li> <li>hereditary panniculitis</li> <li>hereditary periodic fevers</li> <li>hereditary polymorphous light eruption of American Indians</li> <li>hereditary progressive mucinous histiocytosis</li> <li>hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSANs) <ul> <li>classification</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>self-mutilating behaviour</li> <li>types</li> </ul> </li> <li>hereditary sensory motor neuropathy type III</li> <li>hereditary symmetrical dyschromatosis, freckles</li> <li>heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis <i>see</i> Refsum disease</li> <li>Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome <ul> <li>bacterial infections</li> <li>basal cell carcinoma</li> <li>immune dysregulation</li> <li>oculocutaneous albinism differential diagnosis</li> <li>platelet function abnormalities</li> </ul> </li> <li>heroin use <ul> <li><i>Clostridium sordelli</i> association</li> </ul> </li> <li>herpangina <ul> <li>oral mucosa</li> <li>oral ulceration</li> </ul> </li> <li>herpes B virus infection</li> <li>herpes genitalis <ul> <li>maternal</li> <li>primary</li> <li>recurrent</li> </ul> </li> <li>herpes labialis <ul> <li>reactivation</li> <li>recurrent</li> </ul> </li> <li>herpes simplex virus (HSV) <ul> <li>aciclovir resistance</li> <li>allergic contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>aphthous ulceration</li> <li>atopic eczema risks</li> <li>Bell palsy</li> <li>biology</li> <li>blepharoconjunctivitis</li> <li>brucellosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>children with HIV infection</li> <li>conjunctivitis</li> <li>cytodiagnosis</li> <li>eczema herpeticum</li> <li>erythema multiforme</li> <li>fixed drug eruption differential diagnosis</li> <li>hand, foot and mouth disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>heterotopic sebaceous glands differential diagnosis</li> <li>HIV infection <ul> <li>children</li> <li>oral</li> </ul> </li> <li>HIV replication activation</li> <li>hypertrophic</li> <li>immune restoration disease</li> <li>infective cheilitis</li> <li>inoculation</li> <li>Langerhans cell histiocytosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>lymphocytoma cutis in scars</li> <li>management</li> <li>neonatal <ul> <li>epidermolysis bullosa differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>ocular manifestations</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>pinna</li> <li>pregnancy</li> <li>primary <ul> <li>herpes genitalis</li> </ul> </li> <li>primary herpetic gingivostomatitis</li> <li>prophylaxis</li> <li>reactivation <ul> <li>by PUVA</li> <li>by UVB phototherapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>recurrent infection <ul> <li>genital</li> <li>labial</li> <li>oral</li> <li>oro-facial and cutaneous</li> </ul> </li> <li>secondary bacterial infection</li> <li>stomatitis <ul> <li>causative organisms</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>disease course/prognosis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathology</li> </ul> </li> <li>subclinical virus shedding</li> <li>vulval</li> <li><i>see also</i> herpes genitalis; herpes labialis</li> </ul> </li> <li>herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), Behçet disease association</li> <li>herpes zoster <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complex regional pain syndrome association</li> <li>cytodiagnosis</li> <li>hair pigmentary defect</li> <li>Hodgkin disease</li> <li>infancy</li> <li>Langerhans cell histiocytosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>management</li> <li>mouth ulcers</li> <li>neurogenic bladder dysfunction</li> <li>ocular manifestations</li> <li>oticus</li> <li>pinna</li> <li>post-herpetic neuralgia</li> <li>reactivation <ul> <li>vaccine for prevention</li> </ul> </li> <li>transient acantholytic dermatosis differential diagnosis</li> <li><i>see also</i> zoster infection</li> </ul> </li> <li>herpesvirus infections <ul> <li>biology</li> <li>eczema herpeticum</li> <li>herpes B virus</li> <li>human bites</li> <li>oral ulceration</li> <li>reactivation in DRESS syndrome</li> <li><i>see also</i> cytomegalovirus (CMV); Epstein–Barr virus (EBV); herpes simplex virus (HSV); human herpes virus (HHV); varicella-zoster virus (VZV)</li> </ul> </li> <li>herpetic gingivostomatitis, primary</li> <li>herpetic whitlow <ul> <li>acrodermatitis continua of Hallopeau differential diagnosis</li> <li>blistering distal dactylitis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>herpetiform ulceration</li> <li>12-HETE</li> <li>15-HETE</li> <li>heterochromia of iris, facial hemiatrophy</li> <li>heterosexual men, fungal infections</li> <li>heterotrimeric G-protein mosaic disorders</li> <li>heterozygy</li> <li>Heubner arteritis</li> <li>hexachlorobenzene, hypertrichosis</li> <li>hexachlorophene</li> <li><i>cis</i>-6-hexadecenoic acid</li> <li><i>HFE</i> gene mutations</li> <li>hibernoma</li> <li>hidradenitis, neutrophilic eccrine</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa <ul> <li>acne conglobata association</li> <li>anal abscess differential diagnosis</li> <li>ano-genital</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>carbon dioxide laser incisional surgery</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diagnostic criteria</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>dissecting cellulitis of scalp association</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>folliculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>furunculosis association</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>latent class analysis</li> <li>malakoplakia differential diagnosis</li> <li>management</li> <li>obesity aggravation</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>perianal</li> <li>pilonidal sinus differential diagnosis</li> <li>predisposing factors</li> <li>presentation</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma association</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>hidradenocarcinoma</li> <li>hidradenoma <ul> <li>malignant</li> <li>papilliferum</li> </ul> </li> <li>hidroacanthoma simplex</li> <li>hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia <ul> <li>plantar keratoderma differential diagnosis</li> <li><i>see also</i> Clouston syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>high density lipoprotein (HDL), acquired generalized lipodystrophy</li> <li>high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU)</li> <li>highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) <ul> <li>HIV-associated lipodystrophy</li> <li>immunosuppression-associated eosinophilic pustular folliculitis association</li> </ul> </li> <li>Hippoboscidae</li> <li>Hippocrates (Greek physician)</li> <li>hirsutism <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>hyperandrogenism</li> <li>hypertrichosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>idiopathic</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>PCOS</li> <li>SAHA syndrome</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>histamine <ul> <li>basophils</li> <li>cellular source</li> <li>itching in skin disease</li> <li>mast cell mediator</li> <li>pruritus</li> <li>receptors</li> <li>regulation of formation/release</li> <li>seborrhoeic dermatitis association</li> <li>solar urticaria</li> <li>urticaria</li> </ul> </li> <li>histamine receptors <ul> <li>itching in skin disease</li> <li>urticaria</li> </ul> </li> <li>histamine suppressor factor (HSF)</li> <li>histatins</li> <li>histiocytes <ul> <li>function</li> <li>high-power microscopy</li> <li>malignant proliferation</li> <li>ontogeny</li> <li>sea-blue</li> </ul> </li> <li>histiocytic disorders, xanthomas</li> <li>histiocytic lymphoma, true</li> <li>histiocytic markers</li> <li>histiocytic sarcoma</li> <li>histiocytoma <ul> <li>cutis</li> <li>dermatofibrosarcoma protruberans differential diagnosis</li> <li>Kaposi sarcoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>rheumatic fever</li> <li><i>see also</i> fibrous histiocytoma</li> </ul> </li> <li>histiocytoses <ul> <li>aphthous ulceration</li> <li>benign cephalic <ul> <li>infants</li> </ul> </li> <li>classification</li> <li>dendritic cell disorders</li> <li>diffuse plane xanthomatosis</li> <li>Erdheim–Chester disease</li> <li>familial sea-blue</li> <li>generalized eruptive</li> <li>haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis</li> <li>hereditary progressive mucinous</li> <li>histiocytic sarcoma</li> <li>intralymphatic</li> <li>juvenile xanthogranuloma</li> <li>malakoplakia</li> <li>multicentric reticulohistiocytosis</li> <li>necrobiotic xanthogranuloma</li> <li>non-dendritic cell disorders</li> <li>non-Langerhans cell</li> <li>progressive nodular</li> <li>reticulohistiocytoma</li> <li>sinus with massive lymphadenopathy</li> <li>true histiocytic lymphoma</li> <li>xanthoma disseminatum</li> <li><i>see also</i> Langerhans cell histiocytosis; malignant histiocytosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>histiocytosis and lymphadenopathy syndrome</li> <li>histiocytosis X <i>see</i> Langerhans cell histiocytosis</li> <li>histone deacetylase inhibitors</li> <li>histone H4</li> <li>histopathology of skin <ul> <li>artefacts</li> <li>laboratory methods</li> <li>microscopic examination of tissue sections</li> <li>report</li> <li><i>see also</i> biopsy of skin</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Histoplasma capsulatum</i> <ul> <li>identification</li> </ul> </li> <li>histoplasmin test</li> <li>histoplasmosis <ul> <li>acute disseminated</li> <li>acute pulmonary</li> <li>African</li> <li>asymptomatic</li> <li>chronic pulmonary</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>disseminated <ul> <li>chronic</li> </ul> </li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>genital</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>HIV infection-associated</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>Kaposi sarcoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>management</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>primary cutaneous</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>history of dermatology <ul> <li>after the fall of Rome</li> <li>ancient civilizations</li> <li>Britain in late 19th century</li> <li>French physicians</li> <li>German-speaking Europeans</li> <li>natural sciences</li> <li>rational medicine</li> <li>scientific dermatology</li> <li>specialty development in 20th century</li> <li>surgery</li> <li>United States</li> </ul> </li> <li>HIV infection <ul> <li>acanthosis nigricans</li> <li>acquired hairy ears</li> <li>alopecia</li> <li>alopecia areata</li> <li>anal fissure differential diagnosis</li> <li>ano-genital <i>Malassezia</i></li> <li>ano-genital ulceration</li> <li>antibody response</li> <li>antiretroviral drugs</li> <li>aphthous ulceration</li> <li>arterial thrombosis</li> <li>arthropathy</li> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>bacillary angiomatosis association</li> <li>bacterial infections <ul> <li>children</li> </ul> </li> <li>blastomycosis association</li> <li>botryomycosis</li> <li>candidosis <ul> <li>infants</li> <li>management</li> <li>oral</li> </ul> </li> <li>CCR2 role</li> <li>CCR5 role</li> <li>CD4 count <ul> <li>drug hypersensitivity</li> <li>treatment initiation</li> </ul> </li> <li>CD4 receptor</li> <li>CD4 T-cell responses</li> <li>CD8 count</li> <li>CD8 T lymphocytes</li> <li>cellular responses</li> <li>chancroid association</li> <li>children</li> <li>chronic actinic dermatitis association</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>coagulopathy</li> <li>co-infections <ul> <li>reactive arthritis</li> <li>tuberculosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>crusted scabies</li> <li>cryptococcosis <ul> <li>association</li> </ul> </li> <li>cutaneous larva migrans</li> <li>CXCR4 expression</li> <li>cytomegalovirus</li> <li>definition</li> <li><i>Demodex</i></li> <li>dendritic cell role</li> <li>dermatological manifestations <ul> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>of seroconversion</li> </ul> </li> <li>dermatophytosis <ul> <li>children</li> </ul> </li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>disseminated lichenoid papular dermatosis of AIDS</li> <li>DRESS association</li> <li>drug eruptions <ul> <li>children</li> <li>mechanisms</li> </ul> </li> <li>drug-induced conditions</li> <li>eosinophilic folliculitis</li> <li>eosinophilic pustular folliculitis <ul> <li>immunosuppression-associated</li> <li>infantile</li> </ul> </li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>Epstein–Barr virus <ul> <li>children</li> <li>hairy leukoplakia</li> </ul> </li> <li>erythroderma <ul> <li>association</li> </ul> </li> <li>eyelid Kaposi sarcoma</li> <li>folliculitis <ul> <li>eosinophilic</li> <li>immunosuppression-associated eosinophilic pustular</li> <li>infantile eosinophilic pustular</li> </ul> </li> <li>fungal infections</li> <li>genital ulceration</li> <li>granuloma annulare</li> <li>granuloma inguinale association</li> <li>haemophilia</li> <li>hair abnormalities</li> <li>hair loss</li> <li>hairy leukoplakia</li> <li>herpes simplex virus <ul> <li>children</li> <li>oral</li> </ul> </li> <li>high-power microscopy</li> <li>histoplasmosis <ul> <li>association</li> </ul> </li> <li>human papillomavirus <ul> <li>children</li> <li>oral</li> </ul> </li> <li>humoral response</li> <li>hyperpigmentation</li> <li>hypertrichosis of eyelashes</li> <li>ichthyosis</li> <li>immunology</li> <li>immunosuppression</li> <li>immunosuppression-associated eosinophilic pustular folliculitis</li> <li>infections</li> <li>inflammatory dermatoses</li> <li>intravenous drug use</li> <li>intrinsic immunity</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>lymphogranuloma venereum association</li> <li>lymphoma</li> <li>macrophage target</li> <li>malakoplakia</li> <li>management</li> <li>mechanism of action</li> <li>melanoma</li> <li>Merkel cell carcinoma</li> <li>microbicides</li> <li>molluscum contagiosum</li> <li>mouth ulceration</li> <li>mycobacterial infections <ul> <li>non-tuberculous</li> <li>tuberculosis co-infection</li> </ul> </li> <li>myopericytoma</li> <li>nail colouration</li> <li>nail disorders</li> <li>neonates</li> <li>neoplasms</li> <li>non-melanoma skin cancer</li> <li>onchocerciasis</li> <li>onychomycosis</li> <li>oral hyperpigmentation</li> <li>oral lesions <ul> <li>mucosal white lesions</li> <li>warts</li> </ul> </li> <li>oro-pharynx</li> <li>papular pruritic eruption</li> <li>parvovirus B19</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>periodontal disease</li> <li>pigmentary disorders</li> <li>pityriasis rubra pilaris association</li> <li><i>Pneumocystis jiroveci</i> cutaneous infection</li> <li>porphyria cutanea tarda <ul> <li>risk</li> </ul> </li> <li>pregnancy</li> <li>presentation</li> <li>prevention</li> <li>primary infection <ul> <li>symptomatic</li> </ul> </li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>progression to AIDS <ul> <li>predictors</li> </ul> </li> <li>protozoal infections</li> <li>pruritic papular eruption</li> <li>pruritus</li> <li>psoriasis</li> <li>psoriatic arthritis</li> <li>radiotherapy</li> <li>reactive arthritis co-infection</li> <li>replication and herpes simplex virus</li> <li>scabies</li> <li>scalp</li> <li>seborrhoeic dermatitis <ul> <li>association</li> </ul> </li> <li>skin cancer</li> <li><i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> carriage</li> <li>strongyloidosis</li> <li>syphilis <ul> <li>CSF examination</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>telogen effluvium association</li> <li>testing</li> <li>thrombocytopenic purpura</li> <li>toxic shock syndrome association</li> <li>transmission to infants</li> <li>treatment guidelines</li> <li>tuberculosis co-infection</li> <li>vaccination</li> <li>variants</li> <li>varicella-zoster virus</li> <li>venous thrombosis</li> <li>viral infections</li> <li>viral load</li> <li>viral replication suppression</li> <li>virology</li> <li>visceral leishmaniasis</li> <li>vitiligo</li> <li>warts</li> <li>women</li> <li>xerosis</li> <li>yellow nails</li> <li><i>see also</i> immune reconstitution associated disease (IRAD); immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS); immune restoration disease (IRD); Kaposi sarcoma</li> </ul> </li> <li>HIV-1</li> <li>HIV-associated lipodystrophy <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>severity classification</li> </ul> </li> <li>HLA-B27 haplotype</li> <li>HMB-45, melanoma diagnosis</li> <li>hoarseness <ul> <li>plantar keratoderma</li> <li>systemic disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>hobnail haemangioma</li> <li>Hodgkin disease <ul> <li>acquired ichthyoses</li> <li>cutaneous manifestations</li> <li>erythroderma</li> <li>granulomatous slack skin disease association</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>ichthyosis association</li> <li>Kaposi sarcoma association</li> <li>malignant histiocytosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>paraneoplastic pemphigus association</li> <li>pigmentation</li> <li>sarcoidosis association</li> <li>skin involvement</li> <li>urticarial vasculitis association</li> <li>warts</li> </ul> </li> <li>hogweed, giant</li> <li>holistic management <ul> <li>caring attitudes</li> <li>dermatological disease</li> <li>information websites</li> <li>patient empowerment</li> <li>scientific medicine tensions</li> <li>support organizations</li> </ul> </li> <li>holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency</li> <li>holster sign</li> <li>homocystinuria, Marfan syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>homozygy</li> <li>honey, topical application</li> <li>honeybee</li> <li>hooking thumb</li> <li>hookworm</li> <li>hordeolum</li> <li>hormonal therapy <ul> <li>papulopustular acne</li> <li>severe acne</li> </ul> </li> <li>hormones <ul> <li>active metabolites</li> <li>biological effects</li> <li>gender differences</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa association</li> <li>neuroendocrine</li> <li>skin as target</li> </ul> </li> <li>hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL)</li> <li>Horner syndrome <ul> <li>facial hemiatrophy</li> </ul> </li> <li>hornets <ul> <li>venom</li> </ul> </li> <li>horse flies</li> <li>horse(s), glanders infection</li> <li>horse rider's pernio</li> <li>horseradish peroxidase</li> <li>Horton disease <i>see</i> giant cell arteritis</li> <li>host defence, hidradenitis suppurativa association</li> <li>house flies</li> <li>house-dust mite <ul> <li>atopic eczema</li> </ul> </li> <li>Howel-Evans syndrome <ul> <li>malignancy</li> <li>punctate palmoplantar keratoderma differential diagnosis</li> <li>striate palmoplantar keratoderma differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>HOX</i> genes, expression by fibroblasts</li> <li>Hoyeraal–Hreidarrson syndrome</li> <li><i>HRAS</i> gene mutations <ul> <li>mosaicism</li> </ul> </li> <li>Hughes syndrome <i>see</i> antiphospholipid syndrome</li> <li>human bites <ul> <li>infants</li> </ul> </li> <li>human collagen fillers</li> <li>human β-defensin 1 (HBD-1)</li> <li>human genome, organization</li> <li>Human Genome Project</li> <li>human granulocytic anaplasmosis <i>see</i> ehrlichiosis</li> <li>human herpes virus (HHV) <ul> <li>CXCR2 receptor expression</li> <li>drug exanthem association</li> <li>IRIS/IRD/IRAD</li> <li>roseola infantum</li> </ul> </li> <li>human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) <ul> <li>lichen planus</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>pityriasis rosea <ul> <li>in pregnancy</li> </ul> </li> <li>reactivation</li> <li>roseola infantum</li> </ul> </li> <li>human herpes virus 7 (HHV-7) <ul> <li>lichen planus</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>pityriasis rosea</li> <li>reactivation</li> <li>roseola infantum</li> </ul> </li> <li>human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) <ul> <li>CXCR2 receptor expression</li> <li>immunohistochemical staining</li> <li>Kaposi sarcoma</li> <li>lymphoma</li> <li>oral lesions</li> </ul> </li> <li>human leukocyte antigens (HLA) <ul> <li>class I alleles</li> <li>class II alleles in pemphigus</li> <li>disease associations</li> <li>drug-induced adverse reactions</li> <li>lichen planus</li> <li>subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus</li> <li>systemic sclerosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>human papillomavirus (HPV) <ul> <li>actinic keratosis</li> <li>anal squamous cell carcinoma</li> <li>ano-genital</li> <li>associated intraepithelial and invasive neoplasias</li> <li>biology</li> <li>Bowen disease</li> <li>cervical carcinoma</li> <li>cervical infection</li> <li>children with HIV</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>clinical lesions</li> <li>definition</li> <li>disease domain</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>epidermodysplasia verruciformis</li> <li>genital infection</li> <li>genital intraepithelial neoplasia</li> <li>Hailey–Hailey disease</li> <li>heterotopic sebaceous glands differential diagnosis</li> <li>HIV infection <ul> <li>children</li> <li>oral</li> </ul> </li> <li>iatrogenic immunosuppression</li> <li>immune compromise</li> <li>immunity</li> <li>infective cheilitis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>keratinocyte effects</li> <li>latent infection</li> <li>lymphangiectasia differential diagnosis</li> <li>malignancy</li> <li>management</li> <li>oral cavity cancer</li> <li>oral papilloma</li> <li>oro-pharyngeal carcinoma</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>persistent infections</li> <li>photodynamic therapy for neoplasia</li> <li>polymerase chain reaction</li> <li>pregnancy</li> <li>prophylactic vaccination</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma <ul> <li>of external auditory canal</li> <li>of nail apparatus association</li> <li>pathogenesis</li> </ul> </li> <li>squamous intraepithelial lesions</li> <li>subclinical infection</li> <li>transplant recipients</li> <li>vaccination <ul> <li>anal intraepithelial neoplasia prevention</li> </ul> </li> <li>variants</li> <li>verrucous carcinoma</li> <li>vulval lesions</li> <li><i>see also</i> ano-genital warts; warts, cutaneous</li> </ul> </li> <li>human papillomavirus 6 (HPV-6), HIV infection</li> <li>human papillomavirus 11 (HPV-11), HIV infection</li> <li>human papillomavirus 13 (HPV-13)</li> <li>human papillomavirus 16 (HPV-16) <ul> <li>Bowen disease</li> <li>bowenoid papulosis</li> <li>genital intraepithelial neoplasia</li> </ul> </li> <li>human papillomavirus 18 (HPV-18) <ul> <li>Bowen disease</li> <li>bowenoid papulosis</li> <li>genital intraepithelial neoplasia</li> </ul> </li> <li>human papillomavirus 32 (HPV-32)</li> <li>human parvovirus B19 <ul> <li>drug-induced serum sickness-like reaction differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>human polyomavirus</li> <li>human retroviruses</li> <li>human β-defensin(s) 1–3 (hBD 1–3)</li> <li>human β-defensin 2 (hBD-2)</li> <li>human T cell lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) <ul> <li>adult T-cell leukaemia–lymphoma</li> <li>atopic eczema differential diagnosis</li> <li>crusted scabies</li> <li>infected dermatitis</li> <li>infective dermatitis, in children</li> <li>mycosis fungoides</li> <li>seborrhoeic dermatitis association</li> </ul> </li> <li>humblebees</li> <li>humectants, topical drug delivery</li> <li>Hunter syndrome <ul> <li>hyaline fibromatosis syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>naevus mucinosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Hunter's glossitis <ul> <li>folate deficiency association</li> <li>vitamin B<sub>12</sub> deficiency association</li> </ul> </li> <li>hunting reaction of Lewis</li> <li>Huriez syndrome <ul> <li>Werner syndrome differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Hurler syndrome <ul> <li>hypertrichosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Hurler–Scheie syndrome</li> <li>Hutchinson lupus</li> <li>Hutchinson sign <ul> <li>nail fold</li> <li>subungual melanoma</li> </ul> </li> <li>Hutchinson summer prurigo</li> <li>Hutchinson teeth, congenital syphilis</li> <li>Hutchinson triad, congenital syphilis</li> <li>Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>restrictive dermopathy differential diagnosis</li> <li>skin ageing</li> <li>stiff skin syndrome differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>hyaline degeneration</li> <li>hyaline deposits, electron microscopy</li> <li>hyaline fibromatosis syndrome <ul> <li><i>see also</i> juvenile hyaline fibromatosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>hyaline ring granuloma</li> <li>hyaluronan <ul> <li>wound healing</li> </ul> </li> <li>hyaluronan synthase</li> <li>hyaluronic acid <ul> <li>fillers</li> </ul> </li> <li>hydantoin, hyperpigmentation</li> <li>hydatid disease</li> <li>hydatiform mole, pemphigoid gestationis</li> <li>hydradenitis suppurativa</li> <li>hydrargyria</li> <li>hydration <ul> <li>bacterial population effects</li> <li>irritant contact dermatitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>hydroa aestivale</li> <li>hydroa vacciniforme <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>juvenile spring eruption differential diagnosis</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>scarring</li> </ul> </li> <li>hydrocele <ul> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>hydrocephalus, congenital melanocytic naevi</li> <li>hydrocolloid barrier dressings</li> <li>hydrocortisone</li> <li>hydrofluoric acid, chemical burns</li> <li>hydrogen chloride, inhalation injury with burns</li> <li>hydrogen peroxide <ul> <li>ageing skin</li> <li>hair bleaching</li> <li>topical therapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>hydrogenated aromatic hydrocarbons</li> <li>hydromyelia</li> <li>hydrophobicity, irritants</li> <li>hydropic degeneration</li> <li>hydrops <ul> <li>non-immune</li> <li>Turner syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>hydroquinone <ul> <li>arbutin</li> <li>depigmentation</li> <li>hypermelanosis treatment</li> <li>melasma treatment</li> <li>monobenzyl ether</li> <li>ochronosis induction</li> <li>topical</li> </ul> </li> <li>hydroxy acids <ul> <li>antiageing products</li> <li>chemical peels</li> </ul> </li> <li>hydroxybenzoates</li> <li>hydroxycarbamide <ul> <li>adverse effects</li> <li>cautions</li> <li>contraindications</li> <li>dermatological uses</li> <li>dermatomyositis induction</li> <li>dose</li> <li>drug eruptions</li> <li>drug–drug interactions</li> <li>monitoring</li> <li>nail colouration</li> <li>oral hyperpigmentation</li> <li>pharmacological properties</li> <li>plaque psoriasis</li> <li>pre-treatment screening</li> <li>regimens</li> </ul> </li> <li>hydroxycarbamide dermopathy</li> <li>hydroxychloroquine <ul> <li>acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis predisposition</li> <li>adverse effects</li> <li>discoid lupus erythematosus treatment</li> <li>dosage</li> <li>erythema nodosum treatment</li> <li>hair pigmentary changes</li> <li>reticular erythematous mucinosis treatment</li> <li>retinal toxicity</li> <li>rheumatoid arthritis treatment</li> <li>sarcoidosis treatment</li> <li>subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus treatment</li> <li>urticarial vasculitis treatment</li> <li>uses</li> </ul> </li> <li>7-hydroxycholesterol</li> <li>hydroxyethyl starch, pruritus induction</li> <li>hydroxyethylmethacrylate and ethylmethacrylate microspheres suspended in hyaluronic acid fillers</li> <li>21-hydroxylase</li> <li>21-hydroxylase deficiency</li> <li>hydroxyproline</li> <li>hydroxyurea <i>see</i> hydroxycarbamide</li> <li>Hydrozoa</li> <li>hygiene hypothesis, atopic eczema</li> <li>Hymenoptera <ul> <li>classification</li> </ul> </li> <li>hyperaldosteronism</li> <li>hyperalgesia, inflammation</li> <li>hyperandrogenaemia, insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans (HAIR-AN)</li> <li>hyperandrogenism</li> <li>hyperbaric oxygen, lymphoedema</li> <li>hypercalcaemia <ul> <li>hyperparathyroidism</li> <li>management</li> <li>subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn</li> </ul> </li> <li>hypercarotenaemia</li> <li>hypercortisolism <ul> <li>acne association</li> <li><i>see also</i> Cushing syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>hypereosinophilic syndrome <ul> <li>aphthous ulceration</li> <li>genital ulceration</li> <li>lymphocytic variant</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>recurrent cutaneous necrotizing eosinophilic vasculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>respiratory disorder association</li> </ul> </li> <li>hypergammaglobulinaemia, Sjögren syndrome</li> <li>hyperglycaemia, neuropathic ulcer</li> <li>hypergranulosis</li> <li>hyperhidrosis <ul> <li>aluminium hydrochloride hexahydrate therapy</li> <li>asymmetrical</li> <li>axillary <ul> <li>treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>compensatory</li> <li>craniofacial</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>focal</li> <li>generalized <ul> <li>causes</li> </ul> </li> <li>granulosis rubra nasi</li> <li>gustatory</li> <li>idiopathic circumscribed</li> <li>local circumscribed</li> <li>localized</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>management</li> <li>naevoid</li> <li>palmoplantar</li> <li>paroxysmal unilateral</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pitted keratolysis association</li> <li>Ross syndrome</li> <li>shoe dermatitis</li> <li>spinal cord injury</li> <li>surgical treatment</li> <li>sympathectomy</li> <li>syringomyelia association</li> <li>treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>hyper-IgD syndrome</li> <li>hyper-IgE syndrome <ul> <li>eczematous lesions</li> <li>primary immunodeficiency</li> </ul> </li> <li>hyperinsulinaemia, acquired generalized lipodystrophy</li> <li>hyperkalaemia, potassium iodide toxicity</li> <li>hyperkeratosis <ul> <li>actinic keratosis</li> <li>keratinization disorders</li> <li>lenticularis perstans</li> <li>multiple minute digitate</li> <li>of the nipple</li> <li>oil</li> <li>palmoplantaris</li> <li>peristomal papules</li> <li>retention</li> </ul> </li> <li>hyperkeratotic plaque, Darier disease</li> <li>hyperlipidaemia <ul> <li>ciclosporin-induced</li> <li>granuloma annulare association</li> <li>psoriasis association</li> <li>retinoid-induced</li> </ul> </li> <li>hyperlipidaemia-related skin disease</li> <li>hyperlipoproteinaemia <ul> <li>type I</li> <li>type III <ul> <li>palmar xanthomas</li> <li>tuberous xanthomas</li> <li>xanthelasmas</li> </ul> </li> <li>type IV</li> <li>type V</li> </ul> </li> <li>hypermelanosis <ul> <li>acquired</li> <li>adrenal insufficiency</li> <li>chemotherapy-induced</li> <li>chemotherapy-induced hyperpigmentation differential diagnosis</li> <li>drug origin</li> <li>endocrine disorders</li> <li>facial</li> <li>linear and whorled naevoid</li> <li>physiological</li> <li>pituitary oversecretion of ACTH</li> <li>post-inflammatory <ul> <li>ashy dermatosis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>systemic disorders</li> <li>treatment</li> <li><i>see also</i> hyperpigmentation; melasma; <i>named disorders</i></li> </ul> </li> <li>hypermetabolism, burns</li> <li>hyperoestrogenism</li> <li>hyperoxaluria</li> <li>hyperparathyroidism <ul> <li>bone resorption</li> <li>calciphylaxis</li> <li>MEN type 2b</li> <li>miliary calcification</li> <li>radiography</li> <li>vitamin D deficiency differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>hyperphosphataemic familial tumoral calcinosis</li> <li>hyperpigmentation <ul> <li>acne</li> <li>acquired <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>acromegaly</li> <li>Addison disease</li> <li>ageing of skin</li> <li>allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>amiodarone-induced</li> <li>amyloidoses</li> <li>antimalarials <ul> <li>oral</li> </ul> </li> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>bleomycin-induced</li> <li>chemical peel <ul> <li>contraindication</li> <li>skin of colour</li> </ul> </li> <li>chemotherapy-induced</li> <li>chlorpromazine-induced</li> <li>chronic venous insufficiency</li> <li>clofazimine-induced</li> <li>Cushing syndrome</li> <li>dermatomyositis</li> <li>disorders</li> <li>drug-induced <ul> <li>chemotherapy</li> <li>definition</li> <li>laser treatment</li> <li>minocycline</li> </ul> </li> <li>dyskeratosis congenita</li> <li>electron microscopy</li> <li>endocrine disorder skin signs</li> <li>familial progressive</li> <li>Fanconi anaemia</li> <li>filler-induced inflammation response</li> <li>fixed drug eruptions</li> <li>folate deficiency association</li> <li>genital</li> <li>haemochromatosis</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>hydantoin-induced</li> <li>hyperthyroidism</li> <li>Klinefelter syndrome</li> <li>lupus erythematosus</li> <li>malabsorption</li> <li>mercury toxicity</li> <li>minocycline-induced</li> <li>morphoea</li> <li>multiple organ failure</li> <li>neonates</li> <li>neurological disease</li> <li>nutritional deficiencies</li> <li>oral in HIV</li> <li>paraneoplastic</li> <li>phenytoin-induced</li> <li>photodynamic reactions</li> <li>phototoxic reactions</li> <li>phytophotodermatitis</li> <li>pityriasis rotunda differential diagnosis</li> <li>POEMS syndrome</li> <li>post-inflammatory <ul> <li>chemical peels</li> <li>chemical peels in skin of colour</li> <li>chemotherapy-induced hyperpigmentation differential diagnosis</li> <li>laser treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>primary biliary cirrhosis</li> <li>primary immunodeficiency</li> <li>psoriasis</li> <li>psychotropic drugs</li> <li>renal failure</li> <li>retinoic acid therapy</li> <li>rheumatoid arthritis</li> <li>sports injuries</li> <li>systemic sclerosis</li> <li>tattoo removal complication</li> <li>tetracycline-induced</li> <li>vitamin B<sub>12</sub> deficiency association</li> <li><i>see also</i> hypermelanosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>hyperpituitarism</li> <li>hyperprolactinaemia</li> <li>hypersalivation, mercury toxicity</li> <li>hypersensitivity reactions <ul> <li>ant bites</li> <li>antibiotics</li> <li>azathioprine hypersensitivity syndrome</li> <li>bee stings</li> <li>CCR3 role</li> <li>dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome</li> <li>drug-induced <ul> <li>IgE-mediated</li> <li>T-cell-mediated</li> </ul> </li> <li>IgE-mediated</li> <li>immune reactants</li> <li>molybdenum toxicity</li> <li>mosquito bites</li> <li>solar urticaria</li> <li>tattoo inks</li> <li>type(s)</li> <li>type I early-phase response</li> <li>type II</li> <li>type III</li> <li>type IV</li> <li>wasp stings</li> </ul> </li> <li>hypersensitivity syndrome (HSS) <i>see</i> drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS)</li> <li>hypertension <ul> <li>ciclosporin-induced</li> <li>psoriasis association</li> </ul> </li> <li>hyperthermia, wart treatment</li> <li>hyperthyroidism <ul> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> </ul> </li> <li>hypertrichosis <ul> <li>acquired <ul> <li>localized</li> <li>malignant generalized</li> <li>non-malignant generalized</li> </ul> </li> <li>acquired lanuginosa <ul> <li>paraneoplastic</li> </ul> </li> <li>chemotherapy-induced</li> <li>congenital <ul> <li>generalized</li> <li>lanuginosa</li> <li>localized</li> <li>universalis Ambras type</li> </ul> </li> <li>cubiti</li> <li>drug-induced <ul> <li>topical medications</li> </ul> </li> <li>endocrine disorder skin signs</li> <li>eyelashes in HIV infection</li> <li>inherited <ul> <li>generalized</li> </ul> </li> <li>lanuginosa <ul> <li>acquired</li> <li>congenital</li> </ul> </li> <li>lumbosacral</li> <li>malignant acquired generalized</li> <li>naevoid</li> <li>non-malignant acquired generalized</li> <li>paradoxical</li> <li>paraneoplastic <ul> <li>acquired lanuginosa</li> </ul> </li> <li>pinna</li> <li>posterior and anterior cervical</li> <li>terminalis, generalized</li> <li>universalis congenita, Ambras type</li> </ul> </li> <li>hypertriglyceridaemia <ul> <li>acquired generalized lipodystrophy</li> <li>eruptive xanthomas</li> <li>HIV-associated lipodystrophy association</li> </ul> </li> <li>hypertrophic osteoarthropathy</li> <li>hypertrophic scars <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>laser treatment</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pseudofolliculitis complication</li> </ul> </li> <li>hypervitaminosis A</li> <li><i>Hyphomycetes</i></li> <li>hypnotherapy</li> <li>hypoadrenocorticalism, chronic mucocutaneous candidosis</li> <li>hypoalbuminaemia</li> <li>hypoandrogenism</li> <li>hypocalcaemia, vitamin D deficiency</li> <li>hypochondriasis, monosymptomatic delusional</li> <li>hypoglossal palsy</li> <li>hypohidrosis <ul> <li>congenital disorders of glycosylation</li> <li>congenital ichthyoses</li> <li>Fabry disease</li> <li>neurological causes</li> <li>syringomyelia association</li> </ul> </li> <li>hypokeratosis, palmoplantar circumscribed</li> <li>hypomelanosis <ul> <li>acquired <ul> <li>syndromic</li> </ul> </li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>idiopathic guttate</li> <li>inherited, vitiligo differential diagnosis</li> <li>post-infectious</li> <li>post-inflammatory <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>post-traumatic</li> <li>progressive macular</li> <li><i>see also</i> vitiligo</li> </ul> </li> <li>hypomelanosis of Ito <ul> <li>chromosomal mosaicism</li> <li>vitiligo differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>hyponychium</li> <li>hypo-oestrogenism</li> <li>hypoparathyroidism <ul> <li>chronic mucocutaneous candidosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>hypopigmentation <ul> <li>ageing of skin</li> <li>allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>Chediak–Higashi syndrome</li> <li>chemotherapy-induced</li> <li>disorders</li> <li>electron microscopy</li> <li>genital</li> <li>Griscelli syndrome</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>onchocerciasis</li> <li>paraneoplastic</li> <li>patch test complication</li> <li>phenylketonuria</li> <li>pityriasis alba</li> <li>postinflammatory <ul> <li>with chemical peels</li> <li>chemotherapy-induced hypopigmentation differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>primary immunodeficiency</li> <li>psoriasis</li> <li>sarcoidosis</li> <li>tattoo removal complication</li> </ul> </li> <li>hypopituitarism</li> <li>hypoplasminogenaemia, aphthous ulceration</li> <li>hyposalivation, angular cheilitis</li> <li>hypospadias</li> <li>hypothalamopituitary axes</li> <li>hypothenar hammer syndrome</li> <li>hypothyroidism <ul> <li>benign symmetrical lipomatosis association</li> <li>chronic mucocutaneous candidosis association</li> <li>hypertrichosis</li> <li>iatrogenic</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>yellow nails</li> </ul> </li> <li>hypotrichoses <ul> <li>autosomal dominant <ul> <li>non-syndromic</li> <li>syndromic</li> </ul> </li> <li>autosomal recessive <ul> <li>localized</li> <li>non-syndromic</li> <li>syndromic</li> </ul> </li> <li>Bazex syndrome</li> <li>with juvenile macular dystrophy</li> <li>neonatal ichthyosis–sclerosing cholangitis</li> <li>non-syndromic <ul> <li>autosomal dominant</li> <li>autosomal recessive</li> </ul> </li> <li>simplex of the scalp</li> <li>syndromic <ul> <li>autosomal dominant</li> <li>autosomal recessive</li> </ul> </li> <li>types 4 and 5</li> <li>types 7 and 8</li> </ul> </li> <li>hypotrichosis–lymphoedema–telangiectasia syndrome</li> <li>hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) deficiency</li> <li>hystrix-like ichthyosis and deafness syndrome <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </section> <section> <h2>I</h2> <ul> <li>iatrogenic conditions, oral lesions</li> <li>ichthammol</li> <li>ichthyin</li> <li>ichthyoses <ul> <li>acquired <ul> <li>associated disorders</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>Hodgkin disease</li> <li>HTLV-1 association</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>annular epidermolytic</li> <li>bathing</li> <li>bathing suit</li> <li>collodion baby <ul> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>coloboma heart defect–ichthyosiform dermatosis–mental retardation–ear anomalies syndrome</li> <li>Comèl–Netherton syndrome</li> <li>confetti</li> <li>congenital <ul> <li>common</li> <li>management</li> <li>patient organizations/resources</li> <li>syndromic</li> </ul> </li> <li>congenital disorders of glycosylation</li> <li>Curth–Macklin</li> <li>definition</li> <li>exfoliative</li> <li>harlequin <ul> <li>collodion baby differential diagnosis</li> <li>prenatal diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>with hypotrichosis</li> <li>hystrix-like ichthyosis and deafness syndrome</li> <li>keratitis–ichthyosis–deafness syndrome</li> <li>lamellar <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>mutilating keratoderma</li> <li>neonatal ichthyosis–sclerosing cholangitis</li> <li>neuro-ichthyotic syndromes <ul> <li>palmoplantar keratodermas with neurological manifestations</li> </ul> </li> <li>neutral lipid storage disease with ichthyosis</li> <li>non-syndromic</li> <li>palmoplantar phenotype</li> <li>paraneoplastic</li> <li>peeling skin syndromes</li> <li>pityriasis rotunda</li> <li>primary immunodeficiency</li> <li>recessive X-linked <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>Refsum disease</li> <li>self-improving congenital</li> <li>superficial epidermolytic</li> <li>syndromic</li> <li>xerosis cutis differential diagnosis</li> <li><i>see also</i> autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI); autosomal recessive ichthyosis with hypotrichosis; congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma; epidermolytic ichthyosis; keratinopathic ichthyosis (KPI)</li> </ul> </li> <li>ichthyosiform atrophy, Hodgkin disease</li> <li>ichthyosiform erythroderma <ul> <li><i>see also</i> congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma</li> </ul> </li> <li>ichthyosiform sarcoidosis</li> <li>ichthyosis follicularis with atrichia and photophobia (IFAP) syndrome</li> <li>ichthyosis linearis circumflexa</li> <li>ichthyosis prematurity syndrome</li> <li>ichthyosis vulgaris <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>keratosis pilaris association</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>icterus</li> <li><i>IDH1</i> and <i>IDH2</i> gene mutations</li> <li>idiopathic facial aseptic granuloma (IFAG)</li> <li>idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis</li> <li>idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM)</li> <li>idiopathic lenticular pigmentation</li> <li>idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura <ul> <li>IgA vasculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>urticarial vasculitis association</li> </ul> </li> <li>idoxuridine</li> <li>IFN-inducible protein 10 (CXCL10)</li> <li>IgA antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)</li> <li>IgA myeloma, urticarial vasculitis association</li> <li>IgA nephropathy, IgA vasculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>IgA pemphigus <ul> <li>intercellular <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>subcorneal pustular dermatosis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>subcorneal pustular dermatosis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>IgA vasculitis <ul> <li>classification criteria</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>relapse</li> </ul> </li> <li>IgG gammopathy</li> <li>IgG4-related disease</li> <li>Iggo discs <i>see</i> touch spots</li> <li><i>IKBKG</i> gene mutations</li> <li>IκB (IKK) complex</li> <li><i>IL36RN</i> gene mutations</li> <li>ileostomy <i>see</i> stomas</li> <li>ilioinguinal lymph nodes, abdominal wall lymphoedema</li> <li>iloprost <ul> <li>frostbite management</li> <li>Raynaud phenomenon treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>imatinib, hair pigmentary changes</li> <li>imidazoles <ul> <li>topical</li> </ul> </li> <li>imidazolidinyl urea</li> <li>imiquimod <ul> <li>actinic keratosis treatment</li> <li>anal intraepithelial neoplasia</li> <li>basal cell carcinoma treatment</li> <li>Bowen disease treatment</li> <li>HPV infection treatment</li> <li>human papillomavirus treatment</li> <li>keratoacanthoma treatment</li> <li>perianal contact dermatitis induction</li> <li>port-wine stains</li> <li>topical</li> <li>wart treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>immediate pigment darkening (IPD)</li> <li>immediate-weal tests</li> <li>immersion foot</li> <li>immigrant patients, yaws diagnosis</li> <li>immobility <ul> <li>chronically swollen leg</li> <li>lymphoedema</li> </ul> </li> <li>immune defence system</li> <li>immune deficiency <ul> <li>angular cheilitis</li> <li>aphthous stomatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>mouth ulcers</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>primary and HPV infection</li> </ul> </li> <li>immune dysregulation, atopic eczema</li> <li>immune dysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-linked (IPEX) syndrome</li> <li>immune function <ul> <li>obesity</li> <li>peripheral and ageing</li> </ul> </li> <li>immune reactions <ul> <li>adverse to drugs</li> <li>types</li> </ul> </li> <li>immune reconstitution associated disease (IRAD) <ul> <li>cytomegalovirus treatment</li> <li>herpes simplex virus treatment</li> <li>Kaposi sarcoma</li> <li>leishmaniasis</li> <li>pityriasis versicolor in HIV</li> </ul> </li> <li>immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) <ul> <li>crusted scabies</li> <li>cytomegalovirus treatment</li> <li>herpes simplex virus treatment</li> <li>Kaposi sarcoma</li> <li>leishmaniasis</li> <li>pityriasis versicolor in HIV</li> </ul> </li> <li>immune response <ul> <li>acne vulgaris</li> <li>cell-mediated <ul> <li>wart rejection</li> </ul> </li> <li>cytokines role</li> <li>filler adverse reaction</li> <li>HSV infection</li> <li>neuroendocrine role</li> <li>wound healing</li> </ul> </li> <li>immune restoration disease (IRD) <ul> <li>cytomegalovirus treatment</li> <li>herpes simplex virus treatment</li> <li>Kaposi sarcoma</li> <li>leishmaniasis</li> <li>pityriasis versicolor in HIV</li> <li>varicella-zoster virus reactivation</li> </ul> </li> <li>immune surveillance</li> <li>immune system <ul> <li>adipocyte interactions</li> <li>antimicrobial peptide role</li> <li>pregnancy</li> <li><i>see also</i> adaptive immune system; innate immunity</li> </ul> </li> <li>immune tolerance</li> <li>immune trafficking, lymphatic vessels</li> <li>immunoabsorption, pemphigus treatment</li> <li>immunoblotting</li> <li>immunobullous disease <ul> <li>cicatricial conjunctivitis associated with <i>109.28–9</i></li> <li>delusional infestation differential diagnosis</li> <li>mast cell role</li> <li>mixed</li> <li>orf complication</li> <li>subepidermal <ul> <li>autoantibody specificity</li> <li>clinical signs</li> </ul> </li> <li>vulval</li> <li><i>see also</i> dermatitis herpetiformis; pemphigoid</li> </ul> </li> <li>immunobullous diseases, digestive system</li> <li>immunocompromised patients, skin cancer <ul> <li>clinopathological features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>management</li> <li>organizations for patients/health care professionals</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>prevention</li> <li>revision of immunosuppression</li> <li>screening/surveillance</li> <li><i>see also</i> immunosuppression</li> </ul> </li> <li>immunocytes, recruitment</li> <li>immunocytochemistry panels of cell markers</li> <li>immunocytoma</li> <li>immunodeficiency <ul> <li>acquired <ul> <li>immunosuppressive antibodies</li> <li>skin cancers</li> </ul> </li> <li>antibodies against cytokines</li> <li>inherited <ul> <li>definition</li> <li>diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>lymphoedema</li> <li>mutations in cytokines/signalling proteins</li> <li>oral manifestations</li> <li>secondary</li> <li><i>see also</i> combined immunodeficiencies; HIV infection; primary immunodeficiency</li> </ul> </li> <li>immunodeficiency and neoplasia syndromes</li> <li>immunodeficiency, centromeric instability–facial anomalies (ICF) syndrome</li> <li>immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-linked syndrome</li> <li>immunoediting, skin cancer</li> <li>immunoelectron microscopy</li> <li>immunoenzyme methods <ul> <li>avidin–biotin coupling of antibody and enzyme</li> <li>chemical conjugation of peroxidase to antibody</li> <li>conjugates <ul> <li>avidin–biotin coupling</li> </ul> </li> <li>controls</li> <li>fixed frozen sections</li> <li>paraffin sections</li> <li>peroxidase reaction detection</li> <li>technical limitations</li> </ul> </li> <li>immunofluorescence technique <ul> <li>blood specimens</li> <li>direct</li> <li>double staining</li> <li>indirect <ul> <li>calcium enhancement</li> <li>complement binding</li> <li>split skin</li> </ul> </li> <li>methods</li> </ul> </li> <li>immunogenotyping</li> <li>immunoglobulin A (IgA), salivary</li> <li>immunoglobulin A (IgA) deficiency <ul> <li>childhood linear</li> <li>oral infections</li> <li><i>see also</i> linear IgA disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>immunoglobulin A (IgA) vasculitis</li> <li>immunoglobulin deposition disorders</li> <li>immunoglobulin E (IgE) <ul> <li>allergen-specific</li> <li>amplification mechanisms</li> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>biology</li> <li>early-phase allergic response</li> <li>immunoglobulin switching process</li> <li>production <ul> <li>protease role</li> </ul> </li> <li>protective immunity</li> <li>receptors</li> <li><i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> antigens</li> <li>structure</li> </ul> </li> <li>immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated hypersensitivity reactions <ul> <li>drug-induced</li> </ul> </li> <li>immunoglobulin G (IgG) <ul> <li>hypersensitivity reactions</li> <li>maternal autoantibodies</li> <li>urticaria</li> </ul> </li> <li>immunoglobulin G-κ (IgG-κ)</li> <li>immunoglobulin M (IgM), paraprotein deposition</li> <li>immunoglobulin superfamily, cell adhesion molecules</li> <li>immunohistochemistry <ul> <li>microorganism detection</li> <li>viral disease techniques</li> </ul> </li> <li>immunological contact urticaria <i>see</i> allergic contact urticaria</li> <li>immunological tolerance</li> <li>immunomodulation, UVR-induced</li> <li>immunomodulatory therapy <ul> <li>adverse effects</li> <li>azathioprine</li> <li>counselling</li> <li>fumaric acid esters</li> <li>glucocorticoids</li> <li>mycophenolate mofetil</li> <li>potassium iodide</li> <li>pre-treatment checklist</li> <li>retinoids, systemic</li> <li><i>see also</i> antihistamines; antimalarials; biological therapies; ciclosporin; colchicine; dapsone; hydroxycarbamide; intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG); methotrexate; thalidomide</li> </ul> </li> <li>immunopathology techniques <ul> <li>applications</li> </ul> </li> <li>immunoreconstitution phenomena <ul> <li>candidosis</li> <li>histoplasmosis</li> <li>molluscum contagiosum</li> <li>penicilliosis</li> <li><i>see also</i> immune reconstitution associated disease (IRAD); immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS); immune restoration disease (IRD)</li> </ul> </li> <li>immunosuppression <ul> <li>apoptotic pathway induction</li> <li>bacillary angiomatosis association</li> <li>basal cell carcinoma incidence</li> <li>chemical peel contraindication</li> <li>children</li> <li>cytomegalovirus</li> <li><i>Demodex</i> lesions</li> <li>disseminated superficial porokeratosis</li> <li>haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis</li> <li>herpes simplex virus infection</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>human herpesvirus reactivation</li> <li>human papillomavirus infection <ul> <li>iatrogenic causes</li> </ul> </li> <li>infection reactivation</li> <li>infectious panniculitis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>Merkel cell carcinoma</li> <li>molluscum contagiosum</li> <li>penile cancer complication</li> <li>renal transplantation</li> <li>revision</li> <li>sebaceous carcinoma</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma <ul> <li>development risk</li> <li>secondary prevention</li> </ul> </li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus treatment</li> <li>systemic sclerosis management</li> <li>trichodysplasia spinulosa</li> <li>varicella infection</li> <li>zoster infection</li> <li><i>see also</i> immunomodulatory therapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>immunosuppressive drugs <ul> <li>acne association</li> <li>skin cancer</li> </ul> </li> <li>immunotherapy <ul> <li>contact in alopecia areata treatment</li> <li>intralesional in wart treatment</li> <li>melanoma treatment</li> <li>mycosis fungoides</li> <li>Sézary syndrome</li> <li>topical in wart treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>Impact of Psoriasis Questionnaire (IPSO)</li> <li>imperforate anus</li> <li>impetigo <ul> <li>antibiotic resistance</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diphtheria differential diagnosis</li> <li>endemic</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>eyelids</li> <li>herpetiformis</li> <li>immunodeficiency association</li> <li>infants</li> <li>infective cheilitis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>Kaposi varicelliform eruption mimicking</li> <li>management</li> <li>neonates</li> <li>non-bullous</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pemphigus foliaceus differential diagnosis</li> <li>post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis</li> <li>recurrent toxin-mediated perineal erythema association</li> <li>subcorneal pustular dermatosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>tinea capitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>tinea corporis differential diagnosis</li> <li><i>see also</i> bullous impetigo</li> </ul> </li> <li>implants, metal, allergic reactions</li> <li><i>in situ</i> hybridization</li> <li>incidence</li> <li>incisional hernia, risk with obesity</li> <li>inclusion body fibromatosis</li> <li>inclusion body myositis <ul> <li>subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus association</li> </ul> </li> <li>incontinentia pigmenti <ul> <li>epidermolysis bullosa differential diagnosis</li> <li>Klinefelter syndrome</li> <li>MIDAS syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>NFκB pathway-related immunodeficiency</li> </ul> </li> <li>indinavir, retinoid-like effects</li> <li>indiocyanine green-augmented diode laser, leg veins</li> <li>indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) technique <ul> <li>calcium enhancement</li> <li>complement binding</li> <li>split skin</li> </ul> </li> <li>indometacin</li> <li>induced illness</li> <li>inducible lymphoid cells, IL-4 in production</li> <li>industrial skin diseases <ul> <li><i>see also</i> occupational disorders</li> </ul> </li> <li>infant(s) <ul> <li>acne</li> <li>acne conglobata</li> <li>acrodermatitis enteropathica</li> <li>acute haemorrhagic oedema</li> <li>age effects on drug therapeutic outcomes</li> <li>annular erythema of infancy</li> <li>arteriovenous malformation</li> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>beriberi</li> <li>blistering treatment</li> <li>bullous diseases</li> <li>chronic mucocutaneous candidosis</li> <li>cold panniculitis</li> <li>congenital candidosis</li> <li>congenital syphilis</li> <li>constricting bands of the extremities</li> <li>cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome</li> <li>cutaneous mucinosis of infancy</li> <li>dermatitis gangrenosa infantum</li> <li>dermatoses</li> <li>epidermolysis bullosa treatment</li> <li>fibrous hamartoma of infancy</li> <li>generalized pustular psoriasis</li> <li>genetic conditions</li> <li>haemangiomas</li> <li>hair loss</li> <li>hair shedding</li> <li>herpes zoster</li> <li>ichthyosiform erythroderma</li> <li>inclusion body fibromatosis</li> <li>infective conditions</li> <li>inflammatory conditions</li> <li>iron deficiency</li> <li>Kawasaki disease</li> <li>koilonychia</li> <li>lipoblastoma</li> <li>lipoid proteinosis</li> <li>low birthweight</li> <li>Michelin tyre baby <ul> <li>raised linear bands of infancy differential diagnosis</li> <li>smooth muscle hamartoma</li> </ul> </li> <li>multiple sulphatase deficiency</li> <li>nodular/granulomatous candidosis of the napkin area</li> <li>noma neonatorum</li> <li>paronychia of great toe</li> <li>perineal candidosis</li> <li>pigmented neuroectodermal tumour</li> <li>prepubertal acne</li> <li><i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> infection</li> <li>raised linear bands of infancy</li> <li>reactive conditions</li> <li>small-for-gestational age <ul> <li>neonatal cold injury</li> </ul> </li> <li>viral exanthems</li> <li>vitamin D deficiency management</li> <li>vitamin K deficiency bleeding</li> <li><i>see also</i> circumcision; developmental abnormalities; <i>named infantile conditions</i>; neonates; preterm infants</li> </ul> </li> <li>infantile acropustulosis <ul> <li>infantile eosinophilic pustular folliculitis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>infantile digital fibromatosis</li> <li>infantile eosinophilic pustular folliculitis</li> <li>infantile fibromatosis <ul> <li>plantar fascial fibromatosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>variant</li> </ul> </li> <li>infantile gluteal granuloma <ul> <li>corticosteroid treatment association</li> </ul> </li> <li>infantile haemangiomas <ul> <li>associated anomalies</li> <li>cherry angioma differential diagnosis</li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>definition</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>eyelid</li> <li>hepatic</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>laser therapy</li> <li>management</li> <li>multifocal cutaneous with/without extracutaneous involvement</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>oral</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>perianal skin</li> <li>periocular</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>segmental</li> <li>variants</li> <li>vascular malformation differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>infantile haemangiopericytoma</li> <li>infantile hyaline fibromatosis <ul> <li>stiff skin syndrome differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>infantile myofibromatosis</li> <li>infantile Refsum disease</li> <li>infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis <ul> <li>atopic eczema differential diagnosis</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>infantile stiff skin syndromes</li> <li>infantile systemic hyalinosis</li> <li>infections <ul> <li>acne fulminans</li> <li>acquired ichthyoses</li> <li>alcohol abuse co-morbidity</li> <li>allergic eczema relationship</li> <li>alopecia areata</li> <li>angular cheilitis</li> <li>ano-rectal necrotizing soft tissue</li> <li>aphthous stomatitis</li> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>azathioprine-associated</li> <li>breast lymphoedema</li> <li>burns <ul> <li>central line-associated</li> <li>control</li> <li>inhalation injuries</li> <li>systemic</li> <li>topical</li> </ul> </li> <li>cardiac involvement</li> <li>cat bites</li> <li>cheilitis</li> <li>chemical peels</li> <li>childhood and atopic eczema protection</li> <li>complement diseases</li> <li>corticosteroid-induced exacerbations</li> <li>delayed-type hypersensitivity</li> <li>dermatitis <ul> <li>HTLV-1-associated of children</li> </ul> </li> <li>diabetes</li> <li>DOCK8 deficiency</li> <li>dog bites</li> <li>Down syndrome</li> <li>DRESS differential diagnosis</li> <li>external ear</li> <li>eyes <i>109.39–40</i></li> <li>genital lymphoedema</li> <li>glucocorticoid effects</li> <li>granuloma annulare</li> <li>hair loss</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa differential diagnosis</li> <li>historical aspects</li> <li>IgA vasculitis</li> <li>immunosuppression <ul> <li>reactivation in</li> <li>for renal transplantation</li> </ul> </li> <li>injecting drug abuse</li> <li>IVIG adverse reaction</li> <li>lymphatic malformations</li> <li>lymphoedema <ul> <li>with amniotic band constriction</li> <li>complication</li> <li>management</li> <li>massive localized</li> <li>prevention</li> </ul> </li> <li>malakoplakia</li> <li>male genital dermatoses</li> <li>mevalonate kinase deficiency complication</li> <li>milaria</li> <li>mycophenolate mofetil-associated</li> <li>nail cosmetics risks</li> <li>nail fold</li> <li>nail plate subungual abscess</li> <li>neonatal</li> <li>neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis</li> <li>nummular dermatitis</li> <li>obesity</li> <li>opportunistic <ul> <li>AIDS-defining</li> <li>in lymphoedema</li> <li>systemic sclerosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>oral cavity <ul> <li>oral mucosa disorders</li> <li>ulceration</li> </ul> </li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>phobias</li> <li>pinna</li> <li>pregnancy</li> <li>pressure ulcers</li> <li>prevention in lymphoedema management</li> <li>psoriasis association</li> <li>purpura</li> <li>radiodermatitis</li> <li>rat bites</li> <li>reactivation in immunosuppression</li> <li>recurrent in primary immunodeficiency</li> <li>renal involvement</li> <li>respiratory disorder association</li> <li>scalp disorders</li> <li>secondary in eczema <ul> <li>lower leg eczema complication</li> </ul> </li> <li>Sjögren syndrome</li> <li>skin resurfacing complication</li> <li>Stevens–Johnson syndrome</li> <li>stomas</li> <li>subungual abscess</li> <li>superinfections and congenital ichthyoses</li> <li>surgical</li> <li>Sweet syndrome</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus <ul> <li>association</li> </ul> </li> <li>systemic sclerosis</li> <li>tattoo complications</li> <li>TNF-α role</li> <li>toxic epidermal necrolysis</li> <li>urticaria</li> <li>vulval</li> <li><i>see also</i> bacterial infections; cellulitis; fungal infections; parasitic diseases; sexually transmitted infections; viral infections; wound infections</li> </ul> </li> <li>infectious mononucleosis <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>urticarial vasculitis association</li> </ul> </li> <li>infective agents</li> <li>infective arthropathies</li> <li>infective eczematoid dermatitis, pinna</li> <li>infective endocarditis <ul> <li>cardiac involvement</li> </ul> </li> <li>inferior vena cava obstruction, abdominal wall lymphoedema differential diagnosis</li> <li>infestations <ul> <li>alcohol abuse co-morbidity</li> <li>delusional infestation differential diagnosis</li> <li>microscopy in diagnosis</li> <li>urticaria</li> </ul> </li> <li>infestations, delusional <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>specimen sign</li> </ul> </li> <li>infiltrating lipomatosis of the face (IL-F)</li> <li>inflammation <ul> <li>acne vulgaris</li> <li>acute phase</li> <li>antimicrobial peptide role</li> <li>apoptosis</li> <li>atrophic scars</li> <li>cell–cell adhesion in epidermis/dermis</li> <li>cell–cell communication</li> <li>cellular components</li> <li>chronic</li> <li>chronic paronychia</li> <li>clinical characteristics</li> <li>cytokines <ul> <li>role</li> </ul> </li> <li>dysaesthesia</li> <li>early</li> <li>endothelial cells</li> <li>fibroblast role</li> <li>free radical activity</li> <li>heat</li> <li>hyperalgesia</li> <li>keratinocytes</li> <li>Langerhans cell role</li> <li>lips</li> <li>lymphatics</li> <li>lysosome role</li> <li>major histocompatibility complex</li> <li>male genital dermatoses</li> <li>mucous membrane pemphigoid <ul> <li>suppression</li> </ul> </li> <li>neurogenic</li> <li>nitric oxide role</li> <li>pain</li> <li>perianal region</li> <li>perineum</li> <li>phases</li> <li>post-inflammatory hypopigmentation, occupational dyspigmentation differential diagnosis</li> <li>pruritus</li> <li>reactive oxygen species role</li> <li>redness</li> <li>scleroderma</li> <li>sports injuries</li> <li>subtype histology</li> <li>swelling</li> <li>TLR activity</li> <li>TNF-α role</li> <li>vulval conditions</li> <li>wound healing</li> </ul> </li> <li>inflammatory arthropathies</li> <li>inflammatory bowel disease <ul> <li>aseptic abscess syndrome</li> <li>bowel-associated dermatosis–arthritis syndrome</li> <li>erythema nodosum</li> <li>psoriasis association</li> <li>pyoderma gangrenosum association</li> <li>reactive lesions</li> <li>seronegative arthritis/spondylitis</li> <li>skin cancer association</li> <li>subcorneal pustular dermatosis association</li> <li><i>see also</i> Crohn disease; ulcerative colitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>inflammatory chondropathies</li> <li>inflammatory dendritic epidermal cells</li> <li>inflammatory dermatoses <ul> <li>cardiac involvement</li> <li>cutaneous vasculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>cytokine signalling in macrophages</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>male genital</li> <li>MMP activity</li> <li>post-inflammatory hypermelanosis</li> <li>reactive erythemas</li> <li>respiratory disorder association</li> </ul> </li> <li>inflammatory diseases <ul> <li>assessment tools</li> <li>ear lymphoedematous enlargement</li> <li>high-power microscopy</li> <li>historical aspects</li> <li>immune-mediated</li> <li>immunomodulatory treatments</li> <li>integrins</li> <li>neutrophil role</li> <li>pregnancy</li> <li>subcutaneous fat</li> </ul> </li> <li>inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal naevus (ILVEN) <ul> <li>ano-genital</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>lichen striatus differential diagnosis</li> <li>management</li> <li>psoriasis overlap</li> </ul> </li> <li>inflammatory mediators <ul> <li>acute-phase proteins</li> <li>chemokine receptors</li> <li>cytokine inhibitors</li> <li>leukotrienes</li> <li>lysosomal mediators</li> <li>neuromediators</li> <li>nitric oxide</li> <li>platelet activating factor</li> <li>platelets</li> <li>prostaglandins</li> <li>proteases <ul> <li>itching in skin disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>radical oxygen species</li> <li>thromboxanes</li> <li>wound healing</li> <li><i>see also</i> chemokines; cytokines; histamine; matrix metalloproteinase(s) (MMPs); tumour necrosis factor (TNF); <i>individual</i> <i>interleukins</i></li> </ul> </li> <li>inflammatory myopathy</li> <li>inflammatory peeling skin disease</li> <li>inflammatory response, microbiological agents</li> <li>inflammatory skin reactions, IRIS/IRD/IRAD</li> <li>infliximab <ul> <li>acne conglobata treatment</li> <li>adverse effects</li> <li>dosage</li> <li>psoriasis therapy</li> <li>psoriatic arthritis treatment</li> <li>pyoderma gangrenosum treatment</li> <li>sarcoidosis treatment</li> <li>TNF-α neutralization</li> </ul> </li> <li>information websites</li> <li>informed consent, biopsy</li> <li>infragluteal folds</li> <li>infrared radiation <ul> <li>diseases caused by</li> <li>physiological reactions</li> </ul> </li> <li>infundibulofolliculitis, disseminate and recurrent</li> <li>ingenol mebutate, actinic keratosis treatment</li> <li>inguinal folds</li> <li>inguinal hernia</li> <li>inguinal lymph nodes</li> <li>inhalants</li> <li>inhalation injury, burns <ul> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>inherited disorders <i>7.2–3</i> <ul> <li>analysis</li> <li>cardiac</li> <li>linkage studies</li> <li>prenatal diagnosis</li> <li>renal involvement</li> <li>respiratory disorder association</li> </ul> </li> <li>INI 1 tumour-suppressor gene</li> <li>injecting drug abuse <ul> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>infections</li> <li>panniculitis</li> <li>phlebolymphoedema</li> </ul> </li> <li>injecting drug use, lymphoedema</li> <li>injections, self-inflicted</li> <li>injury, skin <ul> <li>determinants of response</li> <li>foreign-body reactions</li> <li>friction</li> <li><i>see also</i> Koebner phenomenon; trauma</li> </ul> </li> <li>innate immune cells, atopic eczema</li> <li>innate immunity <ul> <li>acne vulgaris</li> <li>activation</li> <li>antimicrobial peptides</li> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>cells regulating</li> <li>defence mechanisms</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa</li> <li>mast cell roles</li> <li>NK cells</li> <li>rosacea</li> <li>UVR exposure</li> </ul> </li> <li>innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)</li> <li>inner root sheath (IRS)</li> <li>inoculation herpes simplex infection</li> <li>insect bite-like reaction <ul> <li>malignancy association</li> </ul> </li> <li>insect bites <ul> <li>actinic prurigo differential diagnosis</li> <li>cutaneous vasculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>exaggerated reaction</li> <li>hypersensitivity reaction</li> <li>pityriasis lichenoides differential diagnosis</li> <li>venom immunotherapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>insect repellants</li> <li>insect venom allergies, IgE</li> <li>insect-borne viral infections</li> <li>insecticide resistance</li> <li>insulin <ul> <li>allergic reactions</li> <li>burns treatment</li> <li>fat hypertrophy association</li> <li>lipodystrophy</li> <li>localized lipoatrophy induction</li> <li>PCOS</li> <li>sensitivity</li> </ul> </li> <li>insulin resistance <ul> <li>acanthosis nigricans</li> <li>acne association</li> <li>acquired generalized lipodystrophy</li> <li>dyslipidaemia</li> </ul> </li> <li>insulin resistance syndrome, type B</li> <li>insulin-induced localized fat hypertrophy</li> <li>insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) <ul> <li>acanthosis nigricans</li> <li>burns treatment</li> <li>raised prolactin levels</li> </ul> </li> <li>integrase inhibitors</li> <li>integrated clinical management</li> <li>integrin(s) <ul> <li>inflammatory skin diseases</li> <li>laminin cell binding</li> <li>leukocyte trafficking</li> <li>ligation</li> <li>mechanical function</li> <li>wound healing</li> </ul> </li> <li>α6β4 integrin</li> <li>α3 integrin subunit</li> <li>β1-integrins</li> <li>β2-integrins</li> <li>intellectual disability, Down syndrome</li> <li>intense pulsed light (IPL) systems</li> <li>intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT)</li> <li>intention to treat (ITT) analysis</li> <li>intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) <ul> <li>expression on keratinocytes</li> </ul> </li> <li>intercellular adhesion molecule 2 (ICAM-2)</li> <li>intercellular IgA pemphigus <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>subcorneal pustular dermatosis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>interdigital sinus</li> <li>interferon <ul> <li>drug eruptions</li> <li>macrophage secretion</li> <li>receptors</li> <li>wart treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>interferon (IFN-α) <ul> <li>melanoma treatment</li> <li>sarcoidosis</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> </ul> </li> <li>interferon α-2b (IFN-α-2b), basal cell carcinoma treatment</li> <li>interferon β (IFN-β)</li> <li>interferon γ (IFN-γ)</li> <li>interferon γ release assays (IGRA)</li> <li>interferon-producing plasmacytoid predendritic cells, type I</li> <li>interleukin(s)</li> <li>interleukin 1 (IL-1) <ul> <li>cell communication</li> <li>keratinocyte-derived</li> </ul> </li> <li>interleukin 1 (IL-1) antagonists</li> <li>interleukin 1 (IL-1) converting enzyme</li> <li>interleukin 1 receptor A (IL-1RA)</li> <li>interleukin 1 receptor antagonist deficiency</li> <li>interleukin 2 (IL-2) <ul> <li>itching in skin disease</li> <li>melanoma treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>interleukin 4 (IL-4) <ul> <li>early-phase allergic response</li> <li>immunoglobulin switching</li> <li>inducible lymphoid cell production</li> </ul> </li> <li>interleukin 5 (IL-5), atopic eczema</li> <li>interleukin 6 (IL-6), wound healing</li> <li>interleukin 8 (IL-8) <ul> <li>chemokine receptors</li> </ul> </li> <li>interleukin 10 (IL-10)</li> <li>interleukin 12/interleukin 23 p40 inhibitors, plaque psoriasis treatment</li> <li>interleukin 13 (IL-13) <ul> <li>Dercum disease</li> <li>early-phase allergic response</li> </ul> </li> <li>interleukin 17 (IL-17), atopic eczema</li> <li>interleukin 17 (IL-17) inhibitors <ul> <li>plaque psoriasis treatment</li> <li>psoriasis treatment</li> <li>psoriatic arthritis treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>interleukin 18 (IL-18)</li> <li>interleukin 18 receptor A (IL-18RA)</li> <li>interleukin 23 (IL-23) antagonists</li> <li>interleukin 25 (IL-25)</li> <li>interleukin 31 (IL-31) <ul> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>itching in skin disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>interleukin 33 (IL-33)</li> <li>interleukin 36 receptor antagonist (IL-36RA) deficiency</li> <li>internal consistency</li> <li>International Conference on Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice (ICH-GCP) Guideline </li> <li>internet use in diagnosis</li> <li>interpersonal counselling</li> <li>interpersonal psychotherapy</li> <li>interquartile range</li> <li>interstitial granulomatous dermatosis, rheumatoid arthritis association</li> <li>interstitial lung disease (ILD), dermatomyositis</li> <li>intertrigo <ul> <li><i>Candida</i></li> <li>candidosis</li> <li>groin</li> <li>male genital</li> <li>psoriasis differential diagnosis</li> <li>symmetrical drug-related intertriginous and flexural exanthem differential diagnosis</li> <li>tinea cruris differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>intertrigous eruption associated with chemotherapy</li> <li>intestinal disorders</li> <li>intestinal polyposis</li> <li>intracellular enzymes</li> <li>intradermal injection <ul> <li>diagnostic</li> <li>long-delayed</li> </ul> </li> <li>intradermal tests, delayed sensitivity</li> <li>intraepithelial carcinoma <ul> <li>anal</li> </ul> </li> <li>intraepithelial neoplasia, ano-genital</li> <li>intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy</li> <li>intralymphatic histiocytosis</li> <li>intraoral examination</li> <li>intraoral hairy flaps, laser-assisted hair removal</li> <li>intravascular large B-cell lymphoma</li> <li>intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia</li> <li>intravascular pressure, raised in purpura</li> <li>intravenous drug use <i>see</i> injecting drug abuse</li> <li>intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) <ul> <li>adverse effects</li> <li>Comèl–Netherton syndrome treatment</li> <li>contraindications</li> <li>dermatological uses</li> <li>dermatomyositis</li> <li>discoid lupus erythematosus treatment</li> <li>dose</li> <li>DRESS treatment</li> <li>drug–drug interactions</li> <li>epidermolysis bullosa acquisita treatment</li> <li>Kawasaki disease treatment</li> <li>monitoring</li> <li>pemphigus treatment</li> <li>pharmacological properties</li> <li>pre-treatment screening</li> <li>regimens</li> <li>scleredema treatment</li> <li>Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>intrinsic factor</li> <li>involucrin</li> <li>iodides, acne association</li> <li>iodine <ul> <li>exposure and dermatitis herpetiformis</li> <li>topical therapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>ion channels</li> <li>ionizing radiation <ul> <li>exposure and occupational skin cancers</li> <li>skin cancer treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>iontophoresis, hyperhidrosis treatment</li> <li>iridium wire implants, radioactive</li> <li>IRIS/IRD/IRAD <i>see</i> immune reconstitution associated disease (IRAD); immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS); immune restoration disease (IRD)</li> <li>iron deficiency <ul> <li>anaemia</li> <li>aphthous ulceration</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>deficiency glossitis</li> <li>dysphagia and oesophageal web</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pruritus</li> <li>telogen effluvium</li> </ul> </li> <li>iron salts, tattoos</li> <li>irritancy potential of substances</li> <li>irritant contact dermatitis <ul> <li>acrodermatitis enteropathica differential diagnosis</li> <li>allergic contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>ano-genital</li> <li>apron pattern</li> <li>cheilitis</li> <li>chemical burns differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>cosmetics</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>drug-induced eczema differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>erythema</li> <li>faecal</li> <li>haemodialysis complication</li> <li>hand <ul> <li>advice to patients</li> </ul> </li> <li>histology of reactions</li> <li>hydration</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>musical instruments</li> <li>napkin (diaper)</li> <li>occupational <ul> <li>skin protection programme</li> </ul> </li> <li>occupational allergic contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>occupational irritant contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>perianal</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>peristomal</li> <li>reaction types</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>skin thickness</li> <li>stoma complications</li> <li>transepidermal water loss</li> <li>transient acantholytic dermatosis association</li> <li>urinary</li> <li>volatile/airborne</li> </ul> </li> <li>irritants <ul> <li>dissociation constant</li> <li>hand eczema</li> <li>hydrophobicity</li> <li>mechanism of action</li> <li>plant</li> <li>volatile/airborne</li> </ul> </li> <li>ischaemic fasciitis</li> <li>ischio-anal fossa</li> <li>Islamic medicine, early</li> <li>isoflavones, antiageing products</li> <li>isomorphic phenomenon <i>see</i> Koebner phenomenon</li> <li>isoniazid <ul> <li>acne association</li> <li>drug eruption</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>N-</i>isopropyl-<i>N'</i>-phenyl-<i>p</i>-phenylenediamine (IPPD)</li> <li>isothiazolinones</li> <li>isotretinoin <ul> <li>acanthosis nigricans treatment</li> <li>acne conglobata treatment</li> <li>acne fulminans treatment</li> <li>acne treatment</li> <li>acne vulgaris treatment</li> <li>acute acne flare</li> <li>alcohol effects</li> <li>confluent and reticulated papillomatosis treatment</li> <li>congenital ichthyoses</li> <li>depression association</li> <li>distribution control</li> <li>dosage</li> <li>education</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa management</li> <li>keloid induction</li> <li>keratosis pilaris treatment</li> <li>loricrin keratoderma treatment</li> <li>mood disorder association</li> <li>papulopustular acne treatment</li> <li>pregnancy testing</li> <li>prepubertal acne</li> <li>prescribing</li> <li>rosacea treatment</li> <li>sacroiliitis precipitation</li> <li>sebaceous gland hyperplasia treatment</li> <li>severe acne treatment</li> <li>side effects <ul> <li>mood changes</li> <li>mucocutaneous</li> </ul> </li> <li>teratogenicity</li> <li>topical</li> </ul> </li> <li>isotretinoin efficacy, drug interactions</li> <li>Italian Renaissance</li> <li>Itch Severity Scale</li> <li>itching <ul> <li>acne vulgaris</li> <li>atopic</li> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>central transmission</li> <li>cutaneous induction</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>histamine mediation</li> <li>infantile acropustulosis</li> <li>lichen simplex chronicus</li> <li>mediators</li> <li>paraneoplastic</li> <li>perianal</li> <li>pregnancy</li> <li>primary biliary cirrhosis</li> <li>psychogenic</li> <li>scabies</li> <li>scalp</li> <li>sweating relationship</li> <li>systemic disease</li> <li>vulval</li> <li>water-induced</li> <li><i>see also</i> pruritus; scratching</li> </ul> </li> <li>itching purpura</li> <li><i>ITPKC</i> gene mutations, Kawasaki disease</li> <li>itraconazole <ul> <li>blastomycosis treatment</li> <li>coccidioidomycosis treatment</li> <li>dermatophytosis treatment <ul> <li>treatment failure</li> </ul> </li> <li>paracoccidioidomycosis treatment</li> <li>sporotrichosis treatment</li> <li><i>Talaromyces marneffei</i> treatment</li> <li>tinea capitis treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>ivermectin <ul> <li>cutaneous larva migrans treatment</li> <li>head louse treatment</li> <li>loiasis treatment</li> <li>lymphatic filariasis treatment</li> <li>myiasis treatment</li> <li>onchocerciasis treatment</li> <li>rosacea treatment</li> <li>scabies treatment</li> <li>streptocerciasis treatment</li> <li>strongyloidosis treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>ixekizumab, plaque psoriasis treatment</li> <li>Ixodidae</li> </ul> </section> <section> <h2>J</h2> <ul> <li>Jaccoud arthropathy</li> <li>Jackson–Lawler syndrome <i>see</i> pachyonychia congenita</li> <li>Jacob disease</li> <li>Jadassohn, Josef</li> <li>Jadassohn naevus phakomatosis</li> <li>Jadassohn–Lewandowsky syndrome <i>see</i> pachyonychia congenita</li> <li>JAK2V617F gene mutation</li> <li>Jak-Stat-Socs pathway</li> <li>Jamaican children, infective dermatitis associated with HTLV-1</li> <li>Jaquet dermatitis</li> <li>Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction</li> <li>jaundice <ul> <li>acute pancreatitis</li> <li>hepatitis A virus</li> <li>liver cirrhosis</li> <li>neonatal</li> <li>neonatal ichthyosis–sclerosing cholangitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>jaws, examination</li> <li>jeep driver's disease <i>see</i> pilonidal sinus</li> <li>jellyfish stings</li> <li>Jessner's lymphocytic infiltrate <ul> <li>discoid lupus erythematosus differential diagnosis</li> <li>lymphocytoma cutis differential diagnosis</li> <li>papulopustular rosacea differential diagnosis</li> <li>polymorphic light eruption differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Jessner's solution chemical peel <ul> <li>skin of colour</li> <li>systemic toxicity</li> <li>trichloroacetic acid combination</li> </ul> </li> <li>jewellery <ul> <li>allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>ear piercing complications</li> <li>earring argyria</li> </ul> </li> <li>jiggers</li> <li>Job syndrome <i>see</i> hyper-IgE syndrome</li> <li>Jod–Basedow phenomenon, potassium iodide-induced</li> <li>jogger's nipples</li> <li>jogger's toe</li> <li>joints <ul> <li>effusions in fibroblastic rheumatism</li> <li>elbow in nail–patella syndrome</li> <li>stiff in diabetes</li> <li><i>see also</i> knees</li> </ul> </li> <li>Jordan anomaly</li> <li>judo jogger's itch</li> <li>junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs)</li> <li>juvenile aponeurotic fibroma</li> <li>juvenile dermatomyositis <ul> <li>acquired generalized lipodystrophy association</li> </ul> </li> <li>juvenile elastoma</li> <li>juvenile fibromatoses <ul> <li>variant</li> </ul> </li> <li>juvenile hyaline fibromatosis</li> <li>juvenile idiopathic arthritis <ul> <li>atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini differential diagnosis overlap</li> <li>pachydermodactyly differential diagnosis</li> <li>systemic-onset <ul> <li>Kawasaki disease differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>juvenile myeloid leukaemia <ul> <li>association with NF1/juvenile xanthogranuloma</li> <li>chronic</li> </ul> </li> <li>juvenile plantar dermatosis</li> <li>juvenile polyposis coli</li> <li>juvenile rheumatoid arthritis <ul> <li>infantile urticaria</li> <li>Kawasaki disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>rheumatoid nodule differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>juvenile spring eruption <ul> <li>pinna</li> </ul> </li> <li>juvenile xanthogranuloma <ul> <li>association with NF1/juvenile myeloid leukaemia</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>deep</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>Erdheim–Chester disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>eyelid</li> <li>infants</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>leukaemia association</li> <li>management</li> <li>necrobiotic xanthogranuloma differential diagnosis</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>ocular</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </section> <section> <h2>K</h2> <ul> <li>Kabuki syndrome/Kabuki make-up syndrome <ul> <li>macrotia</li> </ul> </li> <li>Kairo cancer</li> <li>kala-azar <i>see</i> leishmaniasis, visceral</li> <li>kallikreins</li> <li>Kamino bodies</li> <li>Kang cancer</li> <li>Kangri cancer</li> <li>Kanzaki disease, α-<i>N</i>-acetyl-galactosaminidase deficiency</li> <li>Kaposi sarcoma <ul> <li>acquired ichthyoses</li> <li>African endemic</li> <li>AIDS-associated</li> <li>ano-genital psoriasis differential diagnosis</li> <li>bacillary angiomatosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>causative organisms</li> <li>children</li> <li>classic</li> <li>clinical features <ul> <li>immunocompromised patients</li> </ul> </li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>conjunctival</li> <li>cutaneous</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>disseminated</li> <li>environmental factors</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>eyelid</li> <li>eyelid oedema</li> <li>facial lymphoedema</li> <li>genital</li> <li>granuloma annulare differential diagnosis</li> <li>haemorrhoids differential diagnosis</li> <li>high-power microscopy</li> <li>immunocompromised patients</li> <li>incidence</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>nodular</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>oncogenic viral infection</li> <li>oral</li> <li>oral hyperpigmentation</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>penile</li> <li>podoconiosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>prevalence</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>radiotherapy</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>staging</li> <li>treatment</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>Kaposi varicelliform eruption <ul> <li>mimicking impetigo</li> </ul> </li> <li>kaposiform haemangioendothelioma</li> <li>kaposiform lymphangiomatosis</li> <li>Kaposi–Stemmer sign</li> <li>karyorrhexis</li> <li>Kasabach–Merritt phenomenon, kaposiform haemangioendothelioma association</li> <li>Kashin–Beck disease</li> <li>Katayama fever</li> <li>Kawasaki disease <ul> <li>cardiac involvement</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>coronary artery disease</li> <li>drug-induced serum sickness-like reaction differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>erythema multiforme differential diagnosis</li> <li>infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>infantile urticaria</li> <li>infective cheilitis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>measles differential diagnosis</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>toxic shock syndrome differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Kayanur Forest disease</li> <li>keloid <ul> <li>chemical peel contraindication</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>carbon dioxide laser incisional surgery</li> <li>definition</li> <li>dermatofibrosarcoma protruberans differential diagnosis</li> <li>ear piercing complications</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>genital</li> <li>hair pulling</li> <li>healing</li> <li>hyaluronic acid synthesis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>linear</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>plantar fascial fibromatosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>pseudofolliculitis complication</li> <li>radiotherapy</li> <li>tattoo reaction</li> </ul> </li> <li>keloid-associated lymphoid tissue</li> <li>Kennedy disease, alopecia risk reduction</li> <li>Kennedy terminal ulcer</li> <li>kenogen <ul> <li>androgenetic alopecia</li> </ul> </li> <li>keratin(s) <ul> <li>gene mutations</li> <li>genetic disorder association</li> <li>hair</li> <li>immunopathology</li> <li>nail structure</li> <li>trichocyte</li> </ul> </li> <li>keratin 1 <ul> <li>mutations</li> </ul> </li> <li>keratin 5</li> <li>keratin 10 <ul> <li>mutations</li> </ul> </li> <li>keratin 14</li> <li>keratin 17 mutations, steatocystoma multiplex</li> <li>keratin filaments</li> <li>keratin genes <ul> <li>mutations</li> </ul> </li> <li>α-keratin intermediate filaments (α-KIF)</li> <li>keratinization disorders <ul> <li>miscellaneous</li> <li><i>see also</i> ichthyoses; keratoderma; palmoplantar keratodermas (PPKs)</li> </ul> </li> <li>keratinocyte(s) <ul> <li>accelerated cell death</li> <li>actinic keratosis</li> <li>activated</li> <li>activation by IFN-γ</li> <li>acute phase inflammation</li> <li>adhesion</li> <li>antimicrobial peptides <ul> <li>effects</li> <li>production</li> </ul> </li> <li>cell adhesion</li> <li>chromosomal mosaicism</li> <li>cultured for skin grafting</li> <li>differentiation</li> <li>early-phase allergic response</li> <li>enzymes in inflammation</li> <li>epidermal barrier formation</li> <li>function <ul> <li>genetic changes</li> </ul> </li> <li>growth factor roles</li> <li>ICAM-1 expression</li> <li>IL-1 communication role</li> <li>inflammation role</li> <li>injury response</li> <li>keloid</li> <li>lichen planus</li> <li>lichen striatus</li> <li>lipid production</li> <li>mechanical stretching</li> <li>melanosomes <ul> <li>transfer</li> </ul> </li> <li>microbiological agents</li> <li>migrating</li> <li>nail matrix</li> <li>necrotic <ul> <li>erythema annulare centrifugum</li> <li>erythema multiforme</li> </ul> </li> <li>pigmentation role</li> <li>proliferation</li> <li>proliferative properties</li> <li>revertant</li> <li>Stevens–Johnson syndrome</li> <li>toxic epidermal necrolysis</li> <li>UV radiation</li> <li>wound healing <ul> <li>skin grafting</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>keratinocyte growth factor (KGF)</li> <li>keratinocyte intraepithelial neoplasia (KIN)</li> <li>keratinocyte skin cancer (KC) <i>see</i> non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC)</li> <li>keratinocytic acanthomas <ul> <li>clear cell acanthoma</li> <li>pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia</li> <li>stucco keratosis</li> <li>warty dyskeratoma</li> <li><i>see also</i> dermatosis papulosa nigricans; keratosis follicularis, inverted; seborrhoeic keratosis; skin tags</li> </ul> </li> <li>keratinopathic ichthyosis (KPI) <ul> <li>definition</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>keratinopathies</li> <li>keratitis <ul> <li>dendritic</li> <li>herpetic</li> <li>interstitial</li> <li>sclerosing</li> <li>stromal</li> </ul> </li> <li>keratitis–ichthyosis–deafness syndrome <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>keratoacanthoma <ul> <li>actinic keratosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>basal cell carcinoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>bony destruction</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>eyelid</li> <li>generalized eruptive <ul> <li>multiple self-healing squamous epithelioma differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>genetics</li> <li>intralesional therapy</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>lips</li> <li>management</li> <li>molluscum contagiosum differential diagnosis</li> <li>Muir–Torre syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>radiography</li> <li>radiotherapy</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma <ul> <li>association</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>subungual</li> <li>surgery</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>keratoconjunctivitis <ul> <li>sicca <ul> <li>primary biliary cirrhosis</li> <li>Sjögren syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>see also</i> atopic keratoconjunctivitis; vernal keratoconjunctivitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>keratoconus <i>109.20–1</i> <ul> <li>atopic eczema</li> </ul> </li> <li>keratocystic odontogenic tumours (KCOT)</li> <li>keratoderma <ul> <li>acquired</li> <li>connexin gene abnormalities</li> <li>Greither</li> <li>loricrin</li> <li>mutilating <ul> <li>with ichthyosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>plantar</li> <li>punctate of genetic origin <ul> <li>plantar wart differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>transient aquagenic</li> <li><i>see also</i> palmoplantar keratodermas (PPKs)</li> </ul> </li> <li>keratoderma blenorrhagica <ul> <li>reactive arthritis</li> </ul> </li> <li>keratoelastoidosis marginalis</li> <li>keratohyalin</li> <li>keratohyalin granule disorder</li> <li>keratolysis <ul> <li>exfoliativa <ul> <li>acral peeling skin syndrome differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>ringed</li> <li><i>see also</i> pitted keratolysis</li> </ul> </li> <li>keratolytic winter erythema</li> <li>keratosis <ul> <li>acquired seed-like of palms and soles</li> <li>circumscripta (<i>see also</i> pityriasis rubra pilaris)</li> <li>frictional</li> <li>lichenoides chronica</li> <li>linearis–ichthyosis congenita–sclerosing keratoderma <ul> <li>loricrin keratoderma differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>mosaic acral</li> <li>multiple minute digitate</li> <li>obturans <ul> <li>cholesteatoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>external auditory canal</li> </ul> </li> <li>oral</li> <li>perforating disorders</li> <li>punctate of palmar creases</li> <li>PUVA side effect</li> <li>spinulosa (<i>see</i> lichen spinulosus)</li> <li>stucco <ul> <li>Flegel disease differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>universalis multiformis (<i>see</i> pityriasis rubra pilaris)</li> <li>waxy of childhood</li> <li><i>see also</i> actinic keratoses; arsenic keratosis; seborrhoeic keratosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>keratosis follicularis <ul> <li>inverted</li> <li>Langerhans cell histiocytosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>monilethrix association</li> <li>spinulosa decalvans</li> <li>trichodysplasia spinulosa differential diagnosis</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>keratosis ichthyosis deafness syndrome, hidradenitis suppurativa association</li> <li>keratosis pilaris <ul> <li>atrophicans</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>erythromelanosis follicularis of the face and neck</li> <li>faciei</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>phrynoderma differential diagnosis</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>spinulosa <ul> <li>acquired cicatricial alopecia</li> <li>Graham-Little syndrome</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>keratotic plaques, perianal</li> <li>kerion <ul> <li>dermatophytide reaction</li> <li>dissecting cellulitis of scalp differential diagnosis</li> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>Keshan disease</li> <li>ketoconazole <ul> <li>dermatophytosis treatment</li> <li>seborrhoeic dermatitis treatment</li> <li>subcorneal pustular dermatosis</li> <li>tinea capitis treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>ketoprofen</li> <li>ketotifen</li> <li>khat, oral cancer risk</li> <li>kidney disease <i>see</i> renal diseases</li> <li><i>KIF11</i> gene mutations</li> <li>Kikuchi histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis (Kikuchi–Fujimoto disease) <ul> <li>subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus association</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus <ul> <li>association</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>Kimura disease <ul> <li>epithelioid haemangioma differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>kinase inhibitors, melanoma treatment</li> <li>Kindler syndrome <ul> <li>acquired poikiloderma</li> <li>molecular pathology</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>poikiloderma differential diagnosis</li> <li>revertant mosaicism</li> <li>Rothmund–Thomson syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>transmission electron microscopy</li> </ul> </li> <li>kindlin-1</li> <li>kinesiotaping, lymphoedema</li> <li>kinky hair</li> <li>kissing bugs</li> <li>Kit (CD117)</li> <li><i>KIT</i> gene mutations</li> <li><i>KIT</i> mutated melanoma</li> <li><i>Klebsiella granulomatis</i>, perineum/perianal region</li> <li><i>Klebsiella pneumoniae rhinoscleromatis</i></li> <li>Klein–Waardenburg syndrome</li> <li>Klinefelter syndrome <ul> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus association</li> </ul> </li> <li>Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome <ul> <li>capillary malformations</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>lymphatic malformations</li> <li>management</li> <li>oral mucosa haemangiomas</li> <li>Parkes Weber syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>purpura</li> <li>spindle cell haemangioma association</li> <li>tongue haemangiomas</li> <li>varicose veins association</li> <li>venous malformations</li> </ul> </li> <li>knees <ul> <li>maculopapular sarcoidosis</li> <li>nail–patella syndrome</li> <li>scar sarcoidosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Knemidokoptidae</li> <li>knuckle pads <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>management</li> <li>pachydermodactyly differential diagnosis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>Knudson ‘two-hit' hypothesis</li> <li>Koch phenomenon</li> <li>Koebner phenomenon <ul> <li>dermatitis beryllium</li> <li>erythema ab igne</li> <li>erythema multiforme</li> <li>lichen planus</li> <li>male genital lichen planus</li> <li>nail biting</li> <li>psoriasis association</li> <li>psoriatic arthritis</li> <li>radiotherapy sites</li> <li>stoma complication</li> <li>tattoos</li> <li>vitiligo</li> </ul> </li> <li>Koenen tumours <ul> <li>tuberous sclerosis complex</li> </ul> </li> <li>kohl pencils</li> <li>Kohlmeier–Degos disease</li> <li>koilonychia <ul> <li>infants</li> </ul> </li> <li>kojic acid</li> <li>Kokoj spongiform pustule</li> <li>Koplik spots</li> <li>koro syndrome</li> <li>Korsakoff syndrome</li> <li>Kramer syndrome</li> <li>krokodil</li> <li><i>KRT1</i> gene mutations</li> <li><i>KRT6A/KRT16</i> gene mutations</li> <li><i>KRT6B/KRT17</i> gene mutations</li> <li><i>KRT9</i> gene mutations</li> <li><i>KRT14</i> gene mutations</li> <li>KTP lasers <ul> <li>complications</li> <li>telangiectases</li> </ul> </li> <li>Kveim test</li> <li>kwashiorkor <ul> <li>acrodermatitis enteropathica differential diagnosis</li> <li>hair colour changes</li> <li>marasmic</li> </ul> </li> <li>Kyrle disease <ul> <li>Flegel disease differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </section> <section> <h2>L</h2> <ul> <li>L1 cell adhesion molecule</li> <li>La antibodies</li> <li>labia majora <ul> <li>angiokeratomas</li> <li>Fordyce spots</li> <li>melanoma</li> <li>variations</li> </ul> </li> <li>labia minora <ul> <li>Fordyce spots</li> <li>variations</li> </ul> </li> <li>labial mucosa</li> <li>labial veins, varicosities</li> <li>laboratory methods for skin <ul> <li>histochemistry</li> <li>routine tissue processing</li> <li>specimen preparation</li> <li>staining techniques</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Lacazia loboi</i></li> <li>lactate, sweat composition</li> <li>lactation <ul> <li>antihistamine caution</li> <li>antimalarials caution</li> <li>azathioprine caution</li> <li>biological therapy caution</li> <li>chemical peel contraindication</li> <li>effects on drug therapeutic outcome</li> <li>hydroxycarbamide caution</li> <li>methotrexate contraindication</li> <li>thalidomide contraindication</li> </ul> </li> <li>lactic acid <ul> <li>acquired ichthyoses treatment</li> <li>chemical peel in skin of colour</li> </ul> </li> <li>lactrodectism</li> <li><i>Lactrodectus</i></li> <li>lagophthalmos</li> <li>LAMB (lentigines, atrial and mucocutaneous myxomas and multiple blue naevi) syndrome <ul> <li>oral mucosa</li> </ul> </li> <li>lamellar desquamation/exfoliation of the newborn <i>see</i> collodion baby</li> <li>laminin(s) <ul> <li>cell binding</li> <li>structure</li> <li>wound healing</li> </ul> </li> <li>laminin 322 <ul> <li>epidermolysis bullosa</li> <li>mucous membrane pemphigoid</li> </ul> </li> <li>laminin A</li> <li>laminin γ1</li> <li>laminin–nidogen complex</li> <li>lamivudine, drug eruptions</li> <li>lamotrigine</li> <li>lanatoprost</li> <li>Langer–Giedion syndrome</li> <li>Langerhans cell(s) <ul> <li>acute phase inflammation</li> <li>antigen processing/presentation</li> <li>dendricity loss</li> <li>functions</li> <li>immunological tolerance</li> <li>inflammation</li> <li>keratinocyte interactions</li> <li>lymphocyte interactions</li> <li>markers</li> <li>migration</li> <li>motion</li> <li>origins</li> <li>phagocytosis</li> <li>psoriasis</li> <li>sensitization</li> <li>skin ageing</li> <li>skin pathology association</li> <li>structure</li> <li>subsets</li> </ul> </li> <li>Langerhans cell histiocytosis <ul> <li>cells</li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>disseminated disease</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>Erdheim–Chester disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa differential diagnosis</li> <li>infantile eosinophilic pustular folliculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>juvenile xanthogranuloma association</li> <li>management <ul> <li>adults</li> <li>children</li> <li>mechlorethamine therapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>multisystem (MS) disease <ul> <li>low risk</li> </ul> </li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>penile</li> <li>perianal</li> <li>presentation</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>single system (SS) disease</li> <li>skin</li> <li>skin-only</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> <li>variants</li> <li>vulval lesions</li> </ul> </li> <li>langerin</li> <li>Langer's lines</li> <li>lanolin <ul> <li>topical medication</li> </ul> </li> <li>lanugo hair</li> <li>Launois–Bensaude adenolipomatosis</li> <li>large cell anaplastic lymphoma</li> <li>larva currens <ul> <li>cutaneous larva migrans differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>larva migrans <i>see</i> cutaneous larva migrans; visceral larva migrans</li> <li>laryngeal papilloma</li> <li>lasers <ul> <li>acne treatment</li> <li>active medium</li> <li>alexandrite</li> <li>basal cell carcinoma treatment</li> <li>Bowen disease treatment</li> <li>characteristics</li> <li>clinical applications</li> <li>complications</li> <li>delivery systems</li> <li>energy supply</li> <li>flushing management</li> <li>fractional modalities</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa management</li> <li>indiocyanine green-augmented diode</li> <li>low-level therapy for lymphoedema</li> <li>low-power</li> <li>non-ablative techniques</li> <li>optical cavity</li> <li>output coupler</li> <li>pigmentary disorder treatment</li> <li>pigmented lesion treatment</li> <li>pulse characteristics of beam</li> <li>pulse duration</li> <li>pulsed dye</li> <li>Q-switching</li> <li>rosacea treatment</li> <li>skin resurfacing</li> <li>solar lentigines</li> <li>superpulsing</li> <li>tattoo removal</li> <li>tissue optics</li> <li>treatments</li> <li>vascular <ul> <li>devices</li> <li>indications</li> </ul> </li> <li>vascular lesion treatment</li> <li>wart treatment</li> <li><i>see also</i> carbon dioxide laser; Er:YAG laser; flashlamps; KTP lasers; Nd:YAG laser; pulsed dye lasers (PDL); Q-switched lasers</li> </ul> </li> <li>Lassa fever</li> <li>La/SS-B antibodies</li> <li>Lassueur–Graham-Little syndrome</li> <li>latanoprost, hair pigmentary changes</li> <li>latent class analysis</li> <li>latent TGF-b binding family of proteins (LTBP)</li> <li>late-onset focal dermal elastosis</li> <li>lateral pterygoid muscle</li> <li>latex allergy <ul> <li>allergic contact urticaria</li> <li>regulatory measures</li> <li>spina bifida</li> </ul> </li> <li>Laugier–Hunzike syndrome</li> <li>Lawrence syndrome <i>see</i> acquired generalized lipodystrophy (AGL)</li> <li>lax skin <i>see</i> skin laxity</li> <li>lead, reactions to</li> <li>learning difficulties, tuberous sclerosis complex</li> <li>Ledderhose disease</li> <li>Leeds Acne Grading System</li> <li>leflunomide</li> <li>leg(s) <ul> <li>allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>armchair</li> <li>chronically swollen <ul> <li>lymphoedema</li> </ul> </li> <li>diffuse large B-cell lymphoma</li> <li>lower and eczema</li> <li>restless legs syndrome</li> <li>telangiectasia</li> <li>trench foot</li> <li>veins <ul> <li>laser treatment</li> <li>sclerotherapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>venulectasias</li> <li><i>see also</i> digit(s); foot; toe(s)</li> </ul> </li> <li>leg ulceration <ul> <li>arterial</li> <li>classification</li> <li>diabetes</li> <li>Felty syndrome</li> <li>hypertensive ischaemic <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>Klinefelter syndrome</li> <li>livedoid vasculopathy</li> <li>mixed venous and arterial</li> <li>prolidase deficiency</li> <li>rheumatoid arthritis association</li> <li>trench foot differential diagnosis</li> <li>vasculitic <ul> <li>mixed leg ulcer differential diagnosis</li> <li>venous leg ulcer differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>see also</i> venous leg ulcers</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Legionella pneumophila</i></li> <li>legionellosis</li> <li>Legius syndrome</li> <li>leiomyoma <ul> <li>genital</li> <li>oral</li> <li>pilar</li> <li>vulval</li> </ul> </li> <li>leiomyosarcoma</li> <li><i>Leishmania</i></li> <li><i>Leishmania aethiopica</i></li> <li><i>Leishmania brasiliensis</i> complex <ul> <li>ocular disease</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Leishmania donovani donovani</i> <ul> <li>lymphocytoma cutis</li> <li>ocular disease</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Leishmania donovani infantum</i></li> <li><i>Leishmania major</i></li> <li><i>Leishmania mexicana</i> complex</li> <li><i>Leishmania tropica</i> <ul> <li>ocular disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>leishmaniasis <ul> <li>chronic</li> <li>cutaneous <ul> <li>American</li> <li>anthroponotic</li> <li>chronic blepharitis</li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>clinical variants</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diffuse</li> <li>disseminated</li> <li>dry</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>eyelid</li> <li>genital</li> <li>geographical distribution</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>leprosy differential diagnosis</li> <li>management</li> <li>Old World</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>returned traveller</li> <li>rural</li> <li>tropical ulcer differential diagnosis</li> <li>urban</li> <li>wet</li> <li>zoonotic</li> </ul> </li> <li>epidermoid cyst differential diagnosis</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>Kaposi sarcoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>lupoid</li> <li>mucocutaneous</li> <li>ocular</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>post-kala-azar dermal</li> <li>recidivans</li> <li>sarcoidosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>sporotrichosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>visceral <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>clinical variants</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>life cycle of parasite</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>leishmanoid, dermal <i>see</i> leishmaniasis, post-kalar-azar dermal</li> <li>leisure factors, diagnosis</li> <li>LEKTI serine protease inhibitor</li> <li><i>LEMD3</i> gene mutations</li> <li>lentigines <ul> <li>Carney complex</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>familial syndromes</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>ink-spot</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>LAMB syndrome</li> <li>laser treatment</li> <li>management</li> <li>mucosal melanotic lesions</li> <li>NAME syndrome</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>Peutz–Jeghers–Touraine syndrome</li> <li>psoriatic plaque</li> <li>PUVA side effect</li> </ul> </li> <li>lentigines, atrial and mucocutaneous myxomas and multiple blue naevi (LAMB) syndrome <ul> <li>oral mucosa</li> </ul> </li> <li>lentiginosis <ul> <li>agminated</li> <li>eruptive</li> <li>familial syndromes</li> <li>generalized</li> <li>inherited patterned in black people</li> <li>oral mucosa</li> <li>penile</li> <li>profusa</li> <li>PUVA</li> <li>segmental <ul> <li>speckled lentiginous naevi differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>unilateral</li> <li>zosteriform</li> </ul> </li> <li>lentigo <ul> <li>actinic</li> <li>photochemotherapy</li> <li>solar <ul> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>lentigo maligna <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>dermoscopy</li> <li>ink-spot lentigo differential diagnosis</li> <li>laser treatment contraindication</li> <li>management</li> <li>mixed desmoplastic melanoma association</li> <li>presentation <i>143.11–12</i></li> <li>radiotherapy</li> <li>seborrhoeic keratosis differential diagnosis</li> <li><i>in situ</i></li> </ul> </li> <li>lentigo simplex <ul> <li>benign lichenoid keratosis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Lenz–Majewski syndrome</li> <li>LEOPARD syndrome</li> <li>Lepidoptera</li> <li>leprechaunism</li> <li>leprosy <ul> <li>anaesthetic foot</li> <li>borderline <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>polyarthritis</li> </ul> </li> <li>causative organism</li> <li>characteristics</li> <li>chemotherapy</li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>clinical variants</li> <li>co-morbidities</li> <li>complications</li> <li>control</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>erythema nodosum leprosum <ul> <li>histopathology <i>99.25–6</i></li> </ul> </li> <li>eye infections</li> <li>eye involvement</li> <li>granuloma multiforme differential diagnosis</li> <li>hair loss</li> <li>histology</li> <li>historical aspects</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>immunology</li> <li>indeterminate</li> <li>infective cheilitis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>lepromatous <ul> <li>clinical features</li> </ul> </li> <li>Lucio</li> <li>lupus vulgaris differential diagnosis</li> <li>management <ul> <li>first line treatment</li> <li>second line</li> <li>treatment complications</li> </ul> </li> <li>nerve damage <ul> <li>complications</li> </ul> </li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>onchocerciasis differential diagnosis</li> <li>oro-facial lesions</li> <li>paralysis</li> <li>pathogenesis</li> <li>pathology</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>patient education</li> <li>plantar ulceration</li> <li>pregnancy</li> <li>presentation</li> <li>prevention</li> <li>pure neuritic</li> <li>reactions</li> <li>rehabilitation</li> <li>relapse</li> <li>sarcoidosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>serology</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>tuberculoid <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>pinta differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>type 1 reactions</li> <li>type 2 reactions</li> <li>vaccines</li> <li>vulval lesions</li> <li>weakness</li> </ul> </li> <li>leptin</li> <li>leptomeningeal disease, congenital melanocytic naevi</li> <li><i>Leptospira</i></li> <li><i>Leptospira interrogans</i> complex</li> <li>leptospirosis</li> <li>Lesch–Nyhan syndrome <ul> <li>nail biting</li> </ul> </li> <li>lethal midline granuloma, aphthous ulceration</li> <li>Letterer–Siwe disease</li> <li>leucomelanoderma</li> <li>leukaemia <ul> <li>aphthous ulceration</li> <li>erythroderma</li> <li>erythromelalgia</li> <li>hairy cell</li> <li>skin involvement</li> <li>transplacental transfer of maternal disease</li> <li><i>see also</i> <i>named</i> <i>leukaemias</i> <i>and leukaemia conditions</i></li> </ul> </li> <li>leukaemia cutis <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathology</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>prognosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>leukocyte(s) <ul> <li>adherence</li> <li>migration and endothelial adhesion molecules</li> <li>platelet activating factor role</li> <li>trafficking and integrins</li> </ul> </li> <li>leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) <ul> <li>primary immunodeficiency</li> </ul> </li> <li>leukocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1)</li> <li>leukocytoclastic vasculitis <ul> <li>inflammatory bowel disease association</li> <li>papulonecrotic tuberculid differential diagnosis</li> <li><i>Rickettsia conori</i> association</li> </ul> </li> <li>leukoderma <ul> <li>acquisitum centrifugum</li> <li>disseminate lenticular</li> <li>halo naevi-associated</li> <li>occupational <ul> <li>causative chemicals</li> </ul> </li> <li>punctate</li> </ul> </li> <li>leukoedema</li> <li>leukonychia <ul> <li>apparent</li> <li>punctate</li> <li>selenium toxicity</li> <li>subtotal</li> <li>total</li> <li>transverse</li> </ul> </li> <li>leukopenia, aphthous ulceration</li> <li>leukoplakia <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>dyskeratosis congenita</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>heterotopic sebaceous glands differential diagnosis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>male genital</li> <li>malignant potential</li> <li>management</li> <li>oral submucous fibrosis predisposition</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>proliferative verrucous</li> <li>syphilis</li> <li><i>see also</i> hairy leukoplakia</li> </ul> </li> <li>leukotrienes</li> <li>levator ani muscle</li> <li>levator ani syndrome</li> <li>levodopa, restless legs syndrome management</li> <li>levofloxacin, phototoxicity</li> <li>Lewar disease</li> <li>L'Hôpital St Louis (Paris)</li> <li>Libman–Sacks disease <ul> <li>antiphospholipid syndrome association</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> </ul> </li> <li>lice <ul> <li>body</li> <li>clothing</li> <li>crab</li> <li>head</li> <li>management</li> <li>pubic, perineum/perianal region</li> <li><i>see also</i> <i>Pediculus</i> spp.; <i>Phthisis pubis</i></li> </ul> </li> <li>lichen</li> <li>lichen amyloidosis <ul> <li>lichen planus</li> <li>lichenification differential diagnosis</li> <li>pretibial myxoedema differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>lichen aureus</li> <li>lichen myxoedematosus <ul> <li>classification</li> <li>definition</li> <li>discrete papular</li> <li>generalized</li> <li>localized</li> <li>nodular</li> <li>proteoglycans</li> </ul> </li> <li>lichen nitidus <ul> <li>keratosis pilaris differential diagnosis</li> <li>nails</li> <li>penile</li> <li>phrynoderma differential diagnosis</li> <li>trichodysplasia spinulosa differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>lichen pilaris</li> <li>lichen planopilaris <ul> <li>acquired cicatricial alopecia</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications</li> <li>dermatitis herpetiformis association</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>scarring</li> <li>vulval</li> </ul> </li> <li>lichen planus <ul> <li>acquired cicatricial alopecia</li> <li>actinic</li> <li>actinic keratosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>acute with confluence of lesions</li> <li>allergic contact dermatitis <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>annular</li> <li>ano-genital <ul> <li>genital wart differential diagnosis</li> <li>male</li> <li>nail involvement</li> <li>oral involvement</li> <li>vulval</li> </ul> </li> <li>ano-genital psoriasis differential diagnosis</li> <li>associated conditions</li> <li>atrophic</li> <li>bullous <ul> <li>pemphigoides</li> </ul> </li> <li>causative organisms</li> <li>classic</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications</li> <li>conjunctival, mucous membrane pemphigoid differential diagnosis</li> <li>corticosteroid therapy</li> <li>dermatophyte-induced onychomycosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>dermoscopy</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>discoid lupus erythematosus differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>dyskeratosis congenita differential diagnosis</li> <li>environmental factors</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>epidermodysplasia verruciformis differential diagnosis</li> <li>erosive <ul> <li>vulval</li> </ul> </li> <li>erythema multiforme differential diagnosis</li> <li>erythroderma</li> <li>follicular</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>genital lesions (<i>see</i> lichen planus, ano-genital)</li> <li>gold reactions</li> <li>guttate</li> <li>hand eczema differential diagnosis</li> <li>hypertrophic <ul> <li>pretibial myxoedema differential diagnosis</li> <li>vulval</li> </ul> </li> <li>immunopathology</li> <li>immunostaining</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>Koebner phenomenon</li> <li>lichen sclerosus differential diagnosis</li> <li>lichen sclerosus overlap syndrome</li> <li>lichen striatus differential diagnosis</li> <li>lichenification differential diagnosis</li> <li>lichenoid drug eruptions</li> <li>linear</li> <li>liver disease</li> <li>longitudinal erythronychia</li> <li>lower leg eczema differential diagnosis</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>management</li> <li>mild</li> <li>mixed discoid lupus erythematosus pattern</li> <li>moderate</li> <li>mucous membrane lesions</li> <li>nail involvement <ul> <li>genital lichen planus</li> <li>management</li> <li>shedding</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>non-reticular</li> <li>oral <ul> <li>aetiology</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>genital lichen planus</li> <li>management</li> <li>mucous membrane pemphigoid differential diagnosis</li> <li>pathology</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>soreness</li> </ul> </li> <li>palms</li> <li>papular</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pemphigoides <ul> <li>oral lesions</li> </ul> </li> <li>penile cancer risk</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>pigmentosus <ul> <li>ashy dermatosis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>pinta differential diagnosis</li> <li>pityriasis lichenoides differential diagnosis</li> <li>plantar wart differential diagnosis</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>psoriasis differential diagnosis</li> <li>severe</li> <li>skin picking disorder differential diagnosis</li> <li>soles</li> <li>subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus association</li> <li>subacute with confluence of lesions</li> <li>subtropical</li> <li>tattoo-association</li> <li>variants</li> <li>vulval <ul> <li>graft-versus-host disease differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Wickham's striae</li> </ul> </li> <li>lichen ruber acuminatus <i>see</i> pityriasis rubra pilaris</li> <li>lichen ruber moniliformis</li> <li>lichen sclerosus <ul> <li>anetoderma differential diagnosis</li> <li>ano-genital <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>prepuce</li> <li>vulval</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i></li> <li>clinical features <ul> <li>ano-genital</li> </ul> </li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology <ul> <li>ano-genital</li> </ul> </li> <li>hormonal factors</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>lichen planus <ul> <li>association</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>malignant atrophic papulosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>management <ul> <li>ano-genital</li> </ul> </li> <li>morphoea overlap</li> <li>nails</li> <li>oral</li> <li>pathophysiology <ul> <li>ano-genital</li> </ul> </li> <li>penile cancer association</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>persistent disease</li> <li>prepuce</li> <li>stoma complication</li> <li>UVA-1 phototherapy</li> <li>verrucous carcinoma association</li> <li>vitiligo differential diagnosis</li> <li>vulval</li> </ul> </li> <li>lichen scrofulosorum <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>clinical variants</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>lichen nitidus differential diagnosis</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>lichen simplex <ul> <li>ano-genital</li> <li>chronic otitis externa</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>nape of neck</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>pretibial myxoedema differential diagnosis</li> <li>psoriasis differential diagnosis</li> <li>tinea corporis differential diagnosis</li> <li>variants</li> <li>vulval</li> </ul> </li> <li>lichen simplex chronicus <ul> <li>lupus vulgaris differential diagnosis</li> <li>musical instruments</li> <li>scalp</li> <li>seborrhoeic dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>lichen spinulosus <ul> <li>keratosis circumscripta differential diagnosis</li> <li>phrynoderma differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>lichen striatus <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>environmental factors</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>hypopigmentation</li> <li>management</li> <li>nails</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>lichen verrucosus et reticularis</li> <li>lichenification <ul> <li>Down syndrome</li> <li>pebbly</li> <li>secondary</li> </ul> </li> <li>lichenified onchodermatitis (LOD)</li> <li>lichenoid dermatitis <ul> <li>gold-induced</li> </ul> </li> <li>lichenoid drug eruptions <ul> <li>causes</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>lichen planus differential diagnosis</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>lichenoid keratoses, benign</li> <li>lichenoid reactions <ul> <li>allergic contact dermatitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>lichenoid sarcoidosis</li> <li>lidocaine <ul> <li>dosage</li> <li>with epinephrine</li> </ul> </li> <li>life course impairment</li> <li>lifestyle behaviours, psoriasis</li> <li>Li–Fraumeni syndrome, radiotherapy-induced</li> <li>ligase 4 syndrome</li> <li>light</li> <li>light therapy, melasma treatment</li> <li>light-cured gels</li> <li>lightening agents</li> <li>light–tissue interaction <ul> <li>hair reduction</li> <li>photothermal ablation</li> <li>skin pigmentation</li> </ul> </li> <li>likelihood ratio</li> <li><i>Liliaceae</i></li> <li>limb(s) <ul> <li>constricting bands of the extremities</li> <li>surgery</li> <li><i>see also</i> arm, swollen; <i>leg</i> <i>entries</i>; lower limb</li> </ul> </li> <li>limb ischaemia, acute</li> <li>limb–mammary syndrome</li> <li>lincosamides</li> <li>lindane</li> <li>linea alba, neonates</li> <li>linear atrophoderma <ul> <li>of Moulin</li> </ul> </li> <li>linear bands, raised of infancy</li> <li>linear focal elastosis</li> <li>linear furrows</li> <li>linear IgA bullous dermatitis antigen (LABD) 97</li> <li>linear IgA disease <ul> <li>anti-p200 pemphigoid differential diagnosis</li> <li>autoantibody specificity</li> <li>bullous pemphigoid differential diagnosis</li> <li>bullous systemic lupus erythematosus differential diagnosis</li> <li>childhood (<i>see also</i> immunobullous disease)</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>clinical signs</li> <li>definition</li> <li>dermatitis herpetiformis differential diagnosis</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>epidermolysis bullosa acquisita differential diagnosis</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>genital</li> <li>immunostaining</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>management</li> <li>mucous membrane pemphigoid <ul> <li>diagnostic overlap</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>oral ulceration</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pemphigus vulgaris differential diagnosis</li> <li>predisposing factors</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>vancomycin-induced, erythema multiforme differential diagnosis</li> <li>variants</li> <li>vulval, clinical features</li> </ul> </li> <li>linear IgA/IgG bullous dermatosis</li> <li>linear morphoea</li> <li>linear naevus syndrome</li> <li>linear sebaceous naevus syndrome</li> <li>lines of Blaschko <i>see</i> Blaschko's lines</li> <li>linezolid</li> <li>lingual thyroid</li> <li>lingual tonsil</li> <li>lingual veins</li> <li>linkage disequilibrium</li> <li>lip fillers, foreign-body cheilitis</li> <li>lip-lick cheilitis</li> <li>lip(s)/lip disorders <ul> <li>acquired lesions</li> <li>allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>blisters</li> <li>calibre-persistent artery</li> <li>cancer</li> <li>chapping</li> <li>Crohn disease</li> <li>dimples</li> <li>double lip</li> <li>examination</li> <li>factitious cheilitis</li> <li>fissures</li> <li>haemangiomas</li> <li>hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia</li> <li>inflammation</li> <li>lobular capillary haemangioma</li> <li>lupus erythematosus</li> <li>melanotic macules</li> <li>muscle</li> <li>myxoid cyst</li> <li>oedema</li> <li>Peutz–Jeghers syndrome</li> <li>pits</li> <li>radiotherapy for skin cancer</li> <li>sinuses</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma</li> <li>Stevens–Johnson syndrome</li> <li>toxic epidermal necrolysis</li> <li>van der Woude syndrome</li> <li>vermilion zone</li> <li>wedge excision</li> <li>xeroderma pigmentosum</li> <li><i>see also</i> lipsticks/lipsalves; venous lakes; vermilion border</li> </ul> </li> <li>lipid(s) <ul> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>epidermal</li> <li>synthesis and skin ageing</li> <li>topical drug delivery</li> </ul> </li> <li>lipid metabolism <ul> <li>epidermal barrier</li> <li><i>see also</i> dyslipidaemias</li> </ul> </li> <li>lipid redistribution syndrome</li> <li>lipid storage diseases, neutral lipid storage disease with ichthyosis</li> <li>lipoatrophy <ul> <li>localized <ul> <li>corticosteroid-induced</li> <li>injected drugs</li> <li>insulin-induced</li> </ul> </li> <li>semicircular</li> </ul> </li> <li>lipoblastoma</li> <li>lipoblastomatosis</li> <li>lipodermatosclerosis <ul> <li>acute</li> <li>chronic</li> <li>chronic venous insufficiency</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>lower leg eczema complication</li> <li>management</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>recurrent cellulitis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>lipodystrophy <ul> <li>antiretroviral therapy effect</li> <li>centrifugal</li> <li>congenital <ul> <li>acquired</li> <li>generalized</li> </ul> </li> <li>familial partial</li> <li>gynoid</li> <li>insulin-induced</li> <li>localized secondary to panniculitis</li> <li>mandibulo-acral dysplasia with type A and type B</li> <li>treatment</li> <li><i>see also</i> acquired generalized lipodystrophy (AGL); acquired lipodystrophy; acquired partial lipodystrophy (APL)</li> </ul> </li> <li>lipoedema <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>definition</li> <li>Dercum disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>diagnostic criteria</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>familial</li> <li>inheritance</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>lipo-lymphoedema</li> <li>lower limbs</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>phenotype</li> <li>progression <ul> <li>prevention</li> </ul> </li> <li>scalp</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>stages</li> </ul> </li> <li>lipoedematous alopecia</li> <li>lipofibromatosis</li> <li>lipogenesis</li> <li>lipogranuloma, penile</li> <li>lipohypertrophy <ul> <li>lipoedema differential diagnosis</li> <li>swollen arm differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>α-lipoic acid (ALA)</li> <li>lipoid proteinosis <ul> <li>diabetes associations</li> <li>hyaline fibromatosis syndrome differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>lipolymphoedema</li> <li>lipolysis <ul> <li>laser-assisted</li> </ul> </li> <li>lipomas <ul> <li>atypical</li> <li>congenital</li> <li>epidermoid cyst differential diagnosis</li> <li>mitochondrial disorders</li> <li>oral</li> <li>pleomorphic</li> <li>spindle cell</li> <li>surgery</li> <li>vulval</li> </ul> </li> <li>lipomatoses, hereditary <ul> <li>multiple <ul> <li>familial</li> <li>symmetrical</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>lipomatoses, subcutaneous <ul> <li>benign symmetrical</li> <li>infiltrating of face</li> <li><i>see also</i> Dercum disease; encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>lipomeningomyelocele</li> <li>lipoprotein glomerulopathy, hyperlipoproteinaemia type III</li> <li>lipoprotein lipase (LPL) deficiency</li> <li>liposarcoma</li> <li>liposclerosis, nodular</li> <li>liposomes</li> <li>liposuction <ul> <li>lipoedema management</li> <li>lymphoedema management</li> </ul> </li> <li>lipoxins</li> <li>5-lipoxygenase (5-LO)</li> <li>5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) inhibitors</li> <li>lipoxygenase 12B</li> <li>lipoxygenase E3</li> <li>Lipschütz ulcers</li> <li>lipsticks/lipsalves <ul> <li>cheilitis</li> <li>dermatitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>liquefactive fat necrosis</li> <li>liquid nitrogen cryotherapy</li> <li>liquiritin</li> <li>Lisch nodules <ul> <li>NF1</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Listeria monocytogenes</i></li> <li>listeriosis <ul> <li>neonatal</li> </ul> </li> <li>Listrophoridae</li> <li>lithium <ul> <li>acne association</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa induction</li> </ul> </li> <li>lithium gluconate, seborrhoeic dermatitis treatment</li> <li>livedo <ul> <li>annularis</li> <li>sarcoidosis association</li> </ul> </li> <li>livedo racemosa <ul> <li>Sneddon syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>livedo reticularis <ul> <li>acquired idiopathic</li> <li>cholesterol emboli</li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>congenital</li> <li>definition</li> <li>erythrocyanosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pancreatitis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>physiological</li> <li>polyarteritis nodosa differential diagnosis</li> <li>proximal nail fold capillaroscopy</li> <li>rheumatic fever</li> <li>rheumatoid arthritis</li> <li>Sneddon syndrome</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>livedoid vasculopathy</li> <li>liver disease <ul> <li>cirrhosis</li> <li>DRESS syndrome</li> <li>drug reactions</li> <li>erythropoietic protoporphyria</li> <li>hair changes</li> <li>nail changes</li> <li>neonatal lupus erythematosus</li> <li>oral manifestations</li> <li>oro-facial–digital syndrome type 1</li> <li>porphyria cutanea tarda</li> <li>pruritus association</li> <li>psoriasis association</li> <li>retinoid-induced</li> <li>sarcoidosis</li> <li>skin pigment changes</li> <li>systemic diseases</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>vascular changes</li> </ul> </li> <li>liver X receptors (LXRs)</li> <li>liverworts</li> <li>LL-37</li> <li><i>LMNA</i> gene mutations</li> <li><i>Loa loa</i> infection <ul> <li>onchocerciasis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>lobomycosis</li> <li>local anaesthesia <ul> <li>biopsy</li> <li>conjunctival</li> <li>discomfort minimization</li> <li>epinephrine-containing</li> <li>ester-type</li> <li>methods</li> <li>surgery <ul> <li>toxic reactions</li> <li>types</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>localized intravascular coagulopathy (LIC), venous malformation</li> <li>locusts</li> <li>Loeffler syndrome</li> <li>Loeys–Dietz syndrome <ul> <li>Ehlers–Danlos syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>Marfan syndrome differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Löfgren syndrome <ul> <li>synovitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>loiasis <i>see</i> <i>Loa loa</i> infection</li> <li>lonafarnib</li> <li>lonomism</li> <li>loose anagen syndrome <ul> <li>infants</li> <li>uncombable hair</li> </ul> </li> <li>lopinavir, drug eruptions</li> <li>Lopitamide, familial hypercholesterolaemia management</li> <li>loricrin</li> <li>loricrin keratoderma <ul> <li>collodion baby</li> </ul> </li> <li>lotions</li> <li>Louis-Bar syndrome <i>see</i> ataxia telangiectasia</li> <li>Lovibond's angle</li> <li>low-density lipoprotein (LDL) <ul> <li>diabetes</li> <li>familial hypercholesterolaemia</li> <li>hyperlipoproteinaemia <ul> <li>type III</li> <li>type IV</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>lower limb <ul> <li>lipoedema</li> <li>surgery</li> <li>venous malformation</li> </ul> </li> <li>low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma</li> <li>low-level laser therapy, lymphoedema</li> <li>loxoscelism</li> <li>L-selectin <ul> <li>neutrophils location</li> </ul> </li> <li>lubricating oils, occupational skin cancers</li> <li>Lucio reaction</li> <li>Lujo virus haemorrhagic fever</li> <li>lumpy scalp syndrome</li> <li>lungs, systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>lupoid sycosis</li> <li>lupus anticoagulant <ul> <li>antiphospholipid syndrome</li> <li>Sneddon syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>lupus anticoagulant syndrome</li> <li>lupus band test</li> <li>lupus erythematosus <ul> <li>allergic contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>atrophic scars</li> <li>bullous <ul> <li>hydroa vacciniforme differential diagnosis</li> <li>juvenile spring eruption differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>chemical-induced photosensitivity differential diagnosis</li> <li>chilblain</li> <li>classification</li> <li>cutaneous <ul> <li>acute</li> <li>chilblain</li> <li>chronic</li> <li>pinna</li> </ul> </li> <li>cutaneous lupus mucinosis</li> <li>drug-induced</li> <li>drug-induced photosensitivity differential diagnosis</li> <li>erythema multiforme differential diagnosis</li> <li>with erythema multiforme-like lesions</li> <li>erythematotelangiectatic rosacea differential diagnosis</li> <li>gyratum repens</li> <li>hyperpigmentation</li> <li>immunofluorescence studies</li> <li>Jessner's lymphocytic infiltrate differential diagnosis</li> <li>lichenoid drug eruptions</li> <li>macrophage inhibitory factor role</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>MMP expression</li> <li>pemphigus foliaceus differential diagnosis</li> <li>photosensitivity disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>polymorphic light eruption <ul> <li>association</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>profundus</li> <li>proximal nail fold capillaroscopy</li> <li>skin picking disorder differential diagnosis</li> <li>subcutaneous</li> <li>tumidus</li> <li><i>see also</i> discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE); neonatal lupus erythematosus; subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE); systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)</li> </ul> </li> <li>lupus hair</li> <li>lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei</li> <li>lupus mucinosis, cutaneous</li> <li>lupus nephritis</li> <li>lupus panniculitis <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>dystrophic calcinosis association</li> <li>hemifacial</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>sclerosing postirradiation panniculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus association</li> <li>subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>lupus pernio <ul> <li>phymatous rosacea differential diagnosis</li> <li>sarcoidosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>lupus vulgaris <ul> <li>atrophic scars</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>clinical variants</li> <li>co-morbidities</li> <li>complications</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>discoid lupus erythematosus differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>mucosal involvement</li> <li>mutilating form</li> <li>nodular form</li> <li>papular form</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>patterns</li> <li>plaque form</li> <li>primary inoculation tuberculosis</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>sarcoidosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>tumour-like form</li> <li>ulcerating form</li> <li>vegetating form</li> </ul> </li> <li>lycopene, antioxidant use</li> <li>Lycosidae</li> <li>Lyell syndrome <i>see</i> toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)</li> <li>Lyme disease <ul> <li>acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>cutaneous B-cell lymphoma association</li> <li>definition</li> <li>dissemination</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>ocular manifestations</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>tick vector</li> <li>urticarial vasculitis association</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>lymph fistula</li> <li>lymph nodes <ul> <li>fine-needle aspiration</li> <li>head and neck</li> <li>histological classification</li> <li>transfer surgery</li> <li><i>see also</i> sentinel lymph node biopsy</li> </ul> </li> <li>lymphadenitis, HIV infection</li> <li>lymphadenopathies <ul> <li>idiopathic</li> <li>sarcoidosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>lymphadenosis benigna cutis <ul> <li><i>see also</i> lymphocytoma cutis</li> </ul> </li> <li>lymphangiectasia <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>intestinal</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>lymphangiectatic oedema, Turner syndrome</li> <li>lymphangioendothelioma, benign</li> <li>lymphangiography</li> <li>lymphangioleiomyomatosis</li> <li>lymphangioma <ul> <li>acquired progressive</li> <li>circumscriptum <ul> <li>presentation</li> </ul> </li> <li>head and neck</li> <li>Kaposi sarcoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>neonatal alveolar ridge</li> <li>oral lesions</li> </ul> </li> <li>lymphangiomatosis <ul> <li>chronically swollen leg</li> <li>diffuse</li> <li>kaposiform</li> </ul> </li> <li>lymphangiosarcoma</li> <li>lymphangiothrombosis</li> <li>lymphangitis</li> <li>lymphatic(s) <ul> <li>chronically swollen leg</li> <li>dysfunction</li> <li>facial</li> <li>histopathological investigations</li> <li>imaging</li> <li>immune trafficking</li> <li>inflammation</li> <li>limb surgery</li> <li>lymph fistula</li> <li>lymphocele</li> <li>obstruction <ul> <li>malignancy association</li> </ul> </li> <li>oedema <ul> <li>causes</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>erysipelas</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>mixed lymphovenous disease</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>phleboedema</li> <li>recurrent cellulitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>podoconiosis <ul> <li>lymphatic filariasis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>seroma</li> <li>skin</li> <li>swollen arm</li> <li>swollen breast</li> <li>swollen face, head and neck</li> <li>swollen genitalia</li> <li>swollen mons pubis</li> <li>trauma</li> <li>tumour spread</li> <li><i>see also</i> lipoedema; lymphoedema; pretibial myxoedema; yellow-nail syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>lymphatic anomalies <ul> <li>generalized</li> <li>hereditary lymphoedema type 1A</li> <li>hypotrichosis–lymphoedema–telangiectasia syndrome</li> <li><i>see also</i> lymphatic malformations</li> </ul> </li> <li>lymphatic filariasis <ul> <li>causative organisms</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>lymphangitis</li> <li>management</li> <li>morbidity control</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>onchocerciasis differential diagnosis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>podoconiosis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>lymphatic malformations <ul> <li>chronically swollen leg</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>head and neck</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>macrocystic</li> <li>management</li> <li>microcystic</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>swollen face, head and neck</li> <li>vascular component</li> <li>venous lesion association</li> </ul> </li> <li>lymphatic microangiopathy</li> <li>lymphatic tumours <ul> <li>non-malignant</li> </ul> </li> <li>lymphatico-lymphatic anastomosis surgery</li> <li>lymphatico-venous anastomosis surgery</li> <li>lymphoadenoma, cutaneous</li> <li>lymphocele</li> <li>lymphocytes <ul> <li>high-power microscopy</li> <li>Langerhans cells interactions</li> <li>wound healing</li> <li><i>see also</i> B cell(s); T cells</li> </ul> </li> <li>lymphocytic vasculitis</li> <li>lymphocytoma cutis <ul> <li>definition</li> <li>Jessner's lymphocytic infiltrate differential diagnosis</li> <li>phymatous rosacea differential diagnosis</li> <li><i>see also</i> pseudolymphoma</li> </ul> </li> <li>lymphocytoma, solitary</li> <li>lymphoedema <ul> <li>abdominal wall</li> <li>amniotic band constriction <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>ano-genital</li> <li>breast</li> <li>breast reconstruction</li> <li>cancer treatment-associated</li> <li>cellulitis association</li> <li>choanal atresia</li> <li>chronic venous insufficiency</li> <li>chronically swollen leg</li> <li>complications</li> <li>congenital multisegmental</li> <li>cutaneous/vascular anomalies</li> <li>disturbed growth</li> <li>erythema ab igne</li> <li>facial <ul> <li>phymatous rosacea differential diagnosis</li> <li>solid</li> </ul> </li> <li>factitious</li> <li>fat deposition</li> <li>generalized lymphatic dysplasia <ul> <li>swollen face, head and neck</li> </ul> </li> <li>genetic mutations</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>genital <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications</li> <li>definition</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>head and neck</li> <li>Hennekam lymphangiectasia–lymphoedema syndrome</li> <li>hypotrichosis–lymphoedema–telangiectasia syndrome</li> <li>immobility associated</li> <li>intravenous drug use</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>Kaposi–Stemmer sign</li> <li>late-onset four-limb</li> <li>leprotic, podoconiosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>lipoedema differential diagnosis</li> <li>localized myxoedema</li> <li>lymphatic filariasis <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>lymphatic malformations</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>management <ul> <li>compression</li> <li>intensive therapy</li> <li>maintenance treatment</li> <li>massage</li> <li>physical therapies</li> <li>skin care</li> <li>surgical</li> </ul> </li> <li>massive localized</li> <li>mechanical properties of skin</li> <li>medical assessment</li> <li>melanoma-related</li> <li>Milroy-like</li> <li>multisegmental lymphatic dysplasia with systemic involvement</li> <li>Noonan syndrome</li> <li>obesity association</li> <li>obesity-related</li> <li>penile</li> <li>podoconiosis</li> <li>postmastectomy</li> <li>praecox</li> <li>pretibial myxoedema differential diagnosis</li> <li>primary <ul> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>congenital-onset</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>genetic factors</li> <li>late-onset</li> <li>with myelodysplasia</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>prolidase deficiency</li> <li>psychosocial issues</li> <li>rosaceous</li> <li>saphenous vein graft harvesting</li> <li>sarcoma-related</li> <li>secondary</li> <li>self-inflicted</li> <li>spindle cell haemangioma association</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma association</li> <li>syndromic</li> <li>systemic/visceral involvement</li> <li>trauma-induced</li> <li>Turner syndrome</li> <li>upper limb</li> <li>urogenital cancers</li> <li>urticaria differential diagnosis</li> <li>varicose vein treatment</li> <li>yellow nail syndrome</li> <li><i>see also</i> breast cancer-related lymphoedema; cancer-related lymphoedema; phlebolymphoedema</li> </ul> </li> <li>lymphoedema–distichiasis syndrome</li> <li>lymphoedema–intestinal lymphangiectasia–intellectual disability syndrome</li> <li>lymphoedema–lymphangiectasia–mental retardation syndrome</li> <li>lymphoedematous mucinosis</li> <li>lymphoepithelial Kazal-type related inhibitor (LEKTI)</li> <li>lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma</li> <li>lymphogranuloma venereum <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>genital wart differential diagnosis</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa differential diagnosis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>stages</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> <li>vulval sarcoidosis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>lymphography</li> <li>lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 (LEF1)</li> <li>lymphoid markers</li> <li>lymphoid reactions, ear piercing complications</li> <li>lymphoma <ul> <li>angiotrophic</li> <li>aphthous ulceration</li> <li>atopic eczema association</li> <li>chronic superficial scaly dermatitis distinction</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>Crosti</li> <li>cutaneous <ul> <li>bacillary angiomatosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>classification</li> <li>peripheral T-cell</li> <li>phymatous rosacea differential diagnosis</li> <li>pseudolymphoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>radiotherapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>DRESS differential diagnosis</li> <li>Epstein–Barr virus-associated</li> <li>erythroderma</li> <li>external ear</li> <li>extranodal NK/T-cell</li> <li>follicle centre cell</li> <li>follicular mucinosis association</li> <li>genital</li> <li>granulomatous slack skin</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>hyperhidrosis</li> <li>immunocompromised patients</li> <li>leukaemia cutis</li> <li>lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>marginal zone <ul> <li>lymphocytoma cutis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>natural killer cell</li> <li>natural killer/T-cell</li> <li>pigmentation</li> <li>primary effusion</li> <li>primary effusion, Kaposi sarcoma association</li> <li>PUVA side effect</li> <li>skin involvement</li> <li>subcorneal pustular dermatosis association</li> <li><i>see also</i> cutaneous anaplastic large-cell lymphoma; cutaneous B-cell lymphoma; cutaneous CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders; cutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphoma; cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL); diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; Hodgkin disease; non-Hodgkin lymphoma; primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma; primary cutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphoma; subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma</li> </ul> </li> <li>lymphomatoid eruptions, allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>lymphomatoid granulomatosis <ul> <li>aphthous ulceration</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>respiratory disorder association</li> </ul> </li> <li>lymphomatoid papulosis <ul> <li>acquired ichthyoses</li> <li>adalimumab-induced</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>management <ul> <li>treatment algorithm</li> </ul> </li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pityriasis lichenoides differential diagnosis</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>subgroups</li> </ul> </li> <li>lymphomatous skin infiltrates</li> <li>lymphoproliferative disease <ul> <li>B-cell and Schnitzler syndrome association</li> <li>cryoglobulinaemia-associated</li> <li>Epstein–Barr virus-associated</li> <li>linear IgA disease association</li> <li>malignancies</li> <li>post-transplant</li> </ul> </li> <li>lymphorrhoea</li> <li>lymphoscintigraphy <ul> <li>phlebolymphoedema investigation</li> </ul> </li> <li>Lynch syndrome <i>see</i> hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC)</li> <li>Lyonization</li> <li>lysine-threonine-threonine-lysine-serine (KTTKS)</li> <li>lysosomal degradation by macrophages</li> <li>lysosomal mediators</li> <li>lysosomal storage disorders <ul> <li>angiokeratoma corporis diffusum</li> <li>angiokeratomas</li> <li>Farber disease</li> <li>galactosidosis</li> <li>glycoprotein degradation disorders</li> <li>G<sub>M1</sub> gangliosidosis</li> <li>mucolipidoses</li> <li>mucopolysaccharidoses</li> <li>Niemann–Pick disease</li> <li>sphingolipidoses</li> <li><i>see also</i> Gaucher disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>lysosomes <ul> <li>epidermal cell phagocytic function</li> </ul> </li> <li>lysyl oxidase-like (LOXL) genes</li> <li>lysyl oxidases</li> </ul> </section> <section> <h2>M</h2> <ul> <li>M protein, streptococcal infections</li> <li>macrocephaly, alopecia, cutis laxa and scoliosis (MACS) syndrome</li> <li>macrocheilia</li> <li>macrocomedone removal</li> <li>macroglobulinaemia cutis</li> <li>macroglossia</li> <li>macrogols, topical drug delivery</li> <li>macrolide antibiotics</li> <li>Macronyssidae</li> <li>macrophage(s) <ul> <li>complement system</li> <li>cytokine signalling in inflammatory dermatoses</li> <li>early-phase allergic response</li> <li>high-power microscopy</li> <li>immune function</li> <li>keloid</li> <li>in Langerhans cell histiocytosis</li> <li>lysosomal degradation</li> <li>pathogen killing</li> <li>receptors</li> <li>secretions</li> <li>wound healing <ul> <li>diabetic wounds</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>macrophage activation syndrome</li> <li>macrophage inflammatory protein 1β, Dercum disease</li> <li>macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF)</li> <li>macrophage inhibitory protein 1a (CCL3)</li> <li>macrophage inhibitory protein 1b (CCL4)</li> <li>macrophage-activating syndrome</li> <li>macrophage–monocyte pathway</li> <li>macrotia</li> <li>macular atrophy</li> <li>macular syphilide</li> <li>maculopapular cutaneous mastocytosis (MPCM)</li> <li>Madelung disease <ul> <li>swollen arm differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Madurella grisea</i></li> <li><i>Madurella mycetomatis</i></li> <li>Maffucci syndrome <ul> <li>facial haemangiomas</li> <li>spindle cell haemangioma association</li> </ul> </li> <li>magenta</li> <li>maggots <ul> <li>wound debridement</li> <li><i>see also</i> myiasis</li> </ul> </li> <li>MAGIC (mouth and genital ulcers with inflamed cartilage) syndrome <ul> <li>genital ulceration</li> </ul> </li> <li>magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) <ul> <li>diagnostic</li> <li>nails</li> </ul> </li> <li>magnetic resonance lymphangiography</li> <li>Majeed syndrome</li> <li>Majewski osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II</li> <li>Majocchi disease</li> <li>Majocchi granuloma</li> <li>major basic protein (MBP)</li> <li>major depressive disorder</li> <li>major histocompatibility complex (MHC) <ul> <li>antigen presentation</li> <li>class I <ul> <li>induction by interferons</li> <li>inhibitory receptors for</li> </ul> </li> <li>class II <ul> <li>antigens</li> <li>induction by interferons</li> </ul> </li> <li>drugs as haptens</li> <li>ethnic differences in gene expression</li> <li>inflammation</li> <li>pemphigus susceptibility</li> </ul> </li> <li>mal de Meleda <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>malabsorption <ul> <li>hyperpigmentation</li> </ul> </li> <li>malakoplakia <ul> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>vulval lesions</li> </ul> </li> <li>malaria <ul> <li>hyperhidrosis</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Malassezia</i> <ul> <li>annular erythema of infancy</li> <li>ano-genital</li> <li>confluent and reticulated papillomatosis association</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>folliculitis</li> <li>hypomelanosis</li> <li>neonatal cephalic pustulosis</li> <li>pustulosis</li> <li>scalp pruritus</li> <li>seborrhoeic dermatitis association <ul> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>skin diseases</li> <li><i>see also</i> pityriasis versicolor</li> </ul> </li> <li>malathion</li> <li>maldistribution syndrome <i>see</i> HIV-associated lipodystrophy</li> <li>malignancy <ul> <li>acanthosis nigricans association</li> <li>acquired ichthyoses</li> <li>acrocyanosis</li> <li>anal</li> <li>anal abscess differential diagnosis</li> <li>asteatotic eczema association</li> <li>Bloom syndrome</li> <li>ciclosporin association</li> <li>coloboma heart defect–ichthyosiform dermatosis–mental retardation–ear anomalies syndrome</li> <li>cutaneous markers</li> <li>dermatomyositis association</li> <li>dermatoses associated with internal malignancy</li> <li>DOCK8 deficiency</li> <li>dyskeratosis congenita</li> <li>erythema gyratum repens association</li> <li>erythema nodosum</li> <li>erythroderma</li> <li>external ear</li> <li>focal keratoderma</li> <li>genodermatoses associated with internal malignancy</li> <li>glucocorticoid-associated</li> <li>haemorrhoids differential diagnosis</li> <li>Howel-Evans syndrome</li> <li>HPV-associated intraepithelial/invasive neoplasias</li> <li>human papillomavirus</li> <li>hypermelanosis</li> <li>hypertrichosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>infiltrating lipomatosis of the face differential diagnosis</li> <li>linear IgA disease association</li> <li>lymphoedema association</li> <li>mal de Meleda</li> <li>malakoplakia differential diagnosis</li> <li>male genital dermatoses</li> <li>methotrexate association</li> <li>multicentric reticulohistiocytosis association</li> <li>multiple minute digitate keratoses association</li> <li>mycophenolate mofetil-associated</li> <li>mycosis fungoides</li> <li>NF1-associated</li> <li>nodular fasciitis</li> <li>oculocutaneous albinism association</li> <li>oral</li> <li>oral leukoplakia</li> <li>palmoplantar keratodermas</li> <li>paraneoplastic skin conditions</li> <li>pathological criteria for melanoma</li> <li>perianal</li> <li>pityriasis rotunda association</li> <li>pruritus</li> <li>psoriasis association</li> <li>radiotherapy</li> <li>soft-tissue tumours</li> <li>solid tumours</li> <li>Sweet syndrome association</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus association</li> <li>systemic sclerosis association</li> <li>telogen effluvium</li> <li>TNF antagonists</li> <li>toxic shock syndrome association</li> <li>transient acantholytic dermatosis association</li> <li>transplacental transfer of maternal disease</li> <li>urticaria association</li> <li>vascular tumours, intermediate</li> <li>vulval</li> <li>warts</li> <li>xeroderma pigmentosum</li> <li><i>see also</i> <i>named conditions and cancers</i></li> </ul> </li> <li>malignant acrospiroma</li> <li>malignant angioendotheliomatosis</li> <li>malignant atrophic papulosis</li> <li>malignant chondroid syringoma</li> <li>malignant external otitis</li> <li>malignant fibrous histiocytoma</li> <li>malignant hidradenoma</li> <li>malignant histiocytosis <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>malignant melanoma <i>see</i> melanoma</li> <li>malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour <ul> <li>NF1-associated</li> </ul> </li> <li>malignant spiradenoma</li> <li>malignant syringoma</li> <li>malingering</li> <li>malnutrition <ul> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>copper deficiency</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>furuncles</li> <li>hair colour changes</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>phrynoderma</li> <li>predisposing factors</li> <li>severe</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>skin signs 63.3–63.4</li> <li>telogen effluvium</li> <li><i>see also</i> protein–energy malnutrition</li> </ul> </li> <li>Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST)</li> <li>mammary-like gland adenoma of the vulva</li> <li>mandibular deformities</li> <li>mandibuloacral dysplasia (MAD) <ul> <li>acquired generalized lipodystrophy differential diagnosis</li> <li>familial</li> <li>progeria differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>mandibulo-acral dysplasia with type A (MADA) and type B (MADB) lipodystrophy</li> <li>manganese <ul> <li>deficiency</li> <li>excess</li> </ul> </li> <li>mange</li> <li>mannan-binding lectin</li> <li>mannose receptor</li> <li>α-mannosidosis</li> <li>β-mannosidosis</li> <li><i>Mansonella streptocerca</i></li> <li>manual lymphatic drainage, lymphoedema management</li> <li>marantic endocarditis</li> <li>marasmic kwashiorkor</li> <li>marasmus <ul> <li>telogen effluvium</li> </ul> </li> <li>maraviroc</li> <li>Marburg haemorrhagic fever</li> <li>Marfan syndrome <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>Ehlers–Danlos syndrome <ul> <li>association</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>progeria differential diagnosis</li> <li>striae</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>marfanoid habitus</li> <li>marginal papular keratoderma</li> <li>marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) <ul> <li>lymphocytoma cutis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis</li> <li>Marjolin ulcer, pressure ulcer association</li> <li>Maroteaux–Lamy syndrome</li> <li>Marshall syndrome</li> <li>Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor agonists, itching in skin disease</li> <li>masseter muscle</li> <li>Masson ammoniacal silver nitrate technique</li> <li>Masson haemangioma</li> <li>Masson pseudoangiosarcoma</li> <li>mast cell(s) <ul> <li>activation</li> <li>acute phase inflammation</li> <li>chymase release</li> <li>cytokines</li> <li>degranulation</li> <li>growth/differentiation</li> <li>high-power microscopy</li> <li>histamine release</li> <li>keloid</li> <li>mastocytosis</li> <li>mediators</li> <li>nerve interactions</li> <li>neurofibromas</li> <li>products</li> <li>pro-inflammatory activity</li> <li>proteases</li> <li>receptors</li> <li>roles</li> <li>skin pathology</li> <li>stabilization</li> <li>staining</li> <li>tryptase release</li> <li>wound healing</li> </ul> </li> <li>mast cell disorders <ul> <li>activation syndrome</li> <li>histological sections</li> <li>monoclonal mast cell activation syndrome</li> <li>urticaria</li> <li><i>see also</i> mastocytoma; mastocytosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>mast cell mediator-induced angio-oedema <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>mastication muscles</li> <li>mastitis <ul> <li>tuberculous</li> </ul> </li> <li>mastocytoma <ul> <li>prognosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>mastocytosis <ul> <li>aetiopathogenesis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>cutaneous <ul> <li>diffuse</li> <li>maculopapular</li> <li>prognosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>definition</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>flushing</li> <li>infantile urticaria</li> <li>infants</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>Langerhans cell histiocytosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>management</li> <li>mast cell activation syndrome</li> <li>monoclonal mast cell activation syndrome</li> <li>nomenclatures</li> <li>non-mast cell haematological disorders</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>systemic</li> <li>WHO classification</li> </ul> </li> <li>maternal autoantibodies, transplacental transfer</li> <li>matriptase</li> <li>matrix metalloproteinase(s) (MMPs) <ul> <li>activation</li> <li>ageing of skin</li> <li>collagen degradation</li> <li>early-phase allergic response</li> <li>inflammation</li> <li>metastatic spread role</li> <li>rosacea association</li> <li>UV induced</li> <li>wound healing <ul> <li>diabetic wounds</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) <ul> <li>retinoid effects</li> </ul> </li> <li>matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2)</li> <li>matrix metalloproteinase 8 (MMP-8)</li> <li>matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9)</li> <li>matrix metalloproteinase 14 (<i>MMP14</i>) gene mutations</li> <li>matrix metalloproteinase 19 (MMP-19)</li> <li>matrix metalloproteinase 26 (MMP-26)</li> <li>mattresses, pressure ulcers <ul> <li>prevention</li> <li>treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>maxacalcitol</li> <li>maxillary air sinuses</li> <li>maxillary deformities</li> <li>Mayaro virus infection</li> <li><i>MBTPS2</i> gene mutations</li> <li><i>MC1R</i> gene mutations</li> <li>McCune–Albright syndrome <ul> <li>café-au-lait macules</li> <li>heterotrimeric G-protein mosaic disorders</li> </ul> </li> <li>McDuffie syndrome <i>see</i> urticarial vasculitis</li> <li>MCLID (microcephaly with/without chorioretinopathy, lymphoedema or intellectual disability) syndrome</li> <li>MDMA</li> <li>measles <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>mortality</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>measurement <ul> <li>assessment tools</li> <li>patient-specific</li> <li>skin disease impact</li> <li>skin properties</li> <li>utility</li> <li>validation of methods</li> </ul> </li> <li>mebendazole <ul> <li>ancylostomiasis treatment</li> <li>enterobiasis treatment</li> <li>visceral larva migrans treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>mechanical injury <ul> <li>athletes <ul> <li>acne mechanica</li> <li>black heel/palm</li> <li>friction blisters</li> <li>hypothenar hammer syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>foreign-body reactions</li> <li>friction</li> <li>sports injuries <ul> <li>hypothenar hammer syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>see also</i> hand–arm vibration syndrome; Koebner phenomenon; trauma</li> </ul> </li> <li>mechanical properties of skin <ul> <li>biomechanical</li> <li>determinants</li> <li>pathological variation</li> <li>physiological variation</li> </ul> </li> <li>mechanical stimuli <ul> <li>resistance</li> </ul> </li> <li>mechanical strength</li> <li>mechanic's hands</li> <li>mechanoreceptors in skin</li> <li>mechlorethamine <ul> <li><i>see also</i> nitrogen mustard, topical</li> </ul> </li> <li>Meckel–Gruber syndrome, spinal dysraphism association</li> <li>medallion-like dermal dendrocyte hamartoma</li> <li>medial pterygoid muscle</li> <li>median canaliform dystrophy of Heller</li> <li>median raphe cysts</li> <li>median rhomboid glossitis, candidosis</li> <li>medical genetics <i>7.2–3</i></li> <li>medical writing, ancient</li> <li>medications <i>see</i> drug(s)</li> <li>Mediterranean spotted fever</li> <li>medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs)</li> <li>Medline <ul> <li>limitations</li> </ul> </li> <li>MEDNIK (mental retardation–enteropathy–deafness–neuropathy–ichthyosis– keratoderma)</li> <li>medullary sponge kidney, Ehlers–Danlos syndrome association</li> <li>medullary thyroid carcinoma <ul> <li>MEN type 2 association</li> </ul> </li> <li>Mee's lines, nails</li> <li>megavoltage X-ray therapy technique</li> <li>megencephaly–capillary malformation–polymicrogyria (MCAP) syndrome, capillary malformations</li> <li>meibomian gland dysfunction <ul> <li>associated factors</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>environmental factors</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>natural history</li> <li>pathology</li> <li>rosacea association</li> </ul> </li> <li>Meige lymphoedema</li> <li>meiosis</li> <li>Meirowsky phenomenon</li> <li>Meissner corpuscles</li> <li>MEK inhibitors <ul> <li>melanoma treatment</li> <li>nail changes</li> <li>papulopustular eruptions</li> </ul> </li> <li>Mel-5</li> <li>melan-A (MART-1)</li> <li>melanin <ul> <li>biological significance</li> <li>blue naevus</li> <li>deficiency in oculocutaneous albinism</li> <li>hair</li> <li>Hodgkin disease pigmentation</li> <li>light absorption</li> <li>nail plate pigmentation</li> <li>photoprotective role</li> <li>pigmentation</li> <li>precursors</li> <li>production <ul> <li>by <i>Candida albicans</i></li> </ul> </li> <li>selective photothermolysis</li> <li>vitamin D synthesis</li> </ul> </li> <li>melanoacanthoma, eyelid</li> <li>melanoblasts <ul> <li>differentiation/migration</li> </ul> </li> <li>melanoacanthoma, oral</li> <li>melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) <ul> <li>melanoma risk</li> </ul> </li> <li>melanocortin 1 receptor (<i>MC1R</i>) gene <ul> <li>mutations</li> </ul> </li> <li>melanocortin(s), Addison disease</li> <li>melanocytes <ul> <li>alopecia areata</li> <li>antibodies</li> <li>culture</li> <li>development</li> <li>distribution</li> <li>embryology</li> <li>epidermal melanin unit</li> <li>filopedia</li> <li>hair</li> <li>hair bulb</li> <li>lineage segregation</li> <li>mitogens</li> <li>nail</li> <li>nests</li> <li>oestrogen receptors</li> <li>regulation <ul> <li>autocrine factors</li> <li>endocrine factors</li> <li>paracrine factors</li> </ul> </li> <li>self-destruction theory</li> <li>signalling pathways</li> <li>stem cells</li> </ul> </li> <li>α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) <ul> <li>adverse cutaneous effects</li> <li>functions</li> <li>immune privilege guardian role</li> <li>renal failure</li> </ul> </li> <li>melanocytic lesions, dermal</li> <li>melanocytic markers</li> <li>melanocytic matricoma</li> <li>melanocytic proliferations/neoplasms, benign cutaneous <ul> <li>congenital melanocytic naevi</li> <li>definitions</li> <li>dermal melanocytic lesions</li> <li>mucosal melanotic lesions</li> <li>terminology</li> <li><i>see also</i> ephelides; lentigines; naevi</li> </ul> </li> <li>melanogenesis <ul> <li>biochemistry</li> <li>regulation</li> <li>sunbed use</li> <li>tanning</li> </ul> </li> <li>melanoma <ul> <li>ABCD algorithm</li> <li>acral</li> <li>acral lentiginous <ul> <li>amelanotic</li> </ul> </li> <li>actinic keratosis association</li> <li>algorithms</li> <li>amelanotic <ul> <li>metastases</li> <li>nodular</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>angiokeratoma circumscriptum differential diagnosis</li> <li>animal-type</li> <li>ano-genital</li> <li>atypical junctional/intraepithelial pattern presentation</li> <li>atypical naevi differential diagnosis</li> <li>basal cell carcinoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>benign lichenoid keratosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>biopsy</li> <li>black heel/palm differential diagnosis</li> <li>blue naevus differential diagnosis</li> <li><i>BRAF</i> mutated</li> <li>Breslow thickness</li> <li>chemotherapy</li> <li>classification <ul> <li>molecular</li> </ul> </li> <li>clinical features <i>143.11–12</i> <ul> <li>immunocompromised patients</li> </ul> </li> <li>clinicopathology <i>143.11–12</i></li> <li>comparative genomic hybridization</li> <li>completion lymph node dissection</li> <li>congenital melanocytic naevi association</li> <li>conjunctival</li> <li>definition</li> <li>dermal proliferation presentation</li> <li>dermoscopy.</li> <li>desmoplastic</li> <li>diagnosis <ul> <li>difficulties</li> <li>histopathological</li> <li>novel techniques</li> <li>pathological patterns</li> </ul> </li> <li>diagnostic tools</li> <li>dual pathway hypothesis</li> <li>dynamic analysis</li> <li>early detection</li> <li>economic burden</li> <li>elective lymph node dissection</li> <li>environmental factors</li> <li>epidemic</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>external ear</li> <li>eyelid</li> <li>familial</li> <li>fluorescent <i>in situ</i> hybridization</li> <li>follow-up</li> <li>freckles</li> <li>genes predisposing for</li> <li>genetic counselling</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>genital</li> <li><i>GNAQ</i> mutated</li> <li>halo naevi association</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>hypomelanotic halo</li> <li>IL-8 role</li> <li>immunocompromised patients <ul> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>immunohistochemistry</li> <li>immunopathology diagnosis</li> <li>incidence</li> <li>intraindividual comparative analysis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>keratoderma association</li> <li><i>KIT</i> mutated</li> <li>lymph node dissection</li> <li>lymphoedema association</li> <li>major susceptibility genes</li> <li>malignancy pathological criteria</li> <li>malignant blue naevus</li> <li>management <ul> <li>surgical treatment</li> <li>systemic treatment</li> <li>topical treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>melanocyte proliferation with lentiginous pattern presentation</li> <li>melanoma-specific structures <i>147</i></li> <li>metastases <ul> <li>lymph node dissection</li> <li>management</li> <li>pigmented</li> </ul> </li> <li>micro-Hutchinson sign</li> <li>mortality</li> <li>mucosal</li> <li>nail apparatus</li> <li>nail unit</li> <li>nodular <ul> <li>presentation</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>NRAS</i> mutated</li> <li>ocular</li> <li>oral</li> <li>pathology</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pattern recognition</li> <li>penile</li> <li>phakomatosis pigmentovascularis</li> <li>phenotypic traits</li> <li>photocarcinogenesis</li> <li>pigmented</li> <li>pigmented naevi distinction</li> <li>precursors</li> <li>predisposing factors</li> <li>pregnancy</li> <li>presentation <i>143.11–12</i></li> <li>prevention</li> <li>prognostic markers</li> <li>public health education</li> <li>PUVA side effect</li> <li>radiotherapy</li> <li>regressive</li> <li>ridge pattern</li> <li>risk <ul> <li>with multiple acquired melanocytic naevi</li> <li>Turner syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>screening</li> <li>seborrhoeic keratosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>sentinel lymph node <ul> <li>biopsy</li> <li>status</li> </ul> </li> <li>signalling pathways</li> <li>sinonasal</li> <li><i>in situ</i> <ul> <li>actinic keratosis association</li> <li>ink-spot lentigo differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>of soft parts</li> <li>spitzoid</li> <li>staging</li> <li>structures on sun-damaged skin</li> <li>subungual</li> <li>sun exposure</li> <li>sunscreen protection</li> <li>superficial spreading subtype <ul> <li>presentation</li> </ul> </li> <li>surgery <ul> <li>wide local excision</li> </ul> </li> <li>survival rates</li> <li>systemic adjuvant therapy</li> <li>transplacental transfer of maternal disease</li> <li>treatment</li> <li>tumour kinetics/aggressiveness</li> <li>ultraviolet light exposure</li> <li>UVR role</li> <li>vaginal</li> <li>vitiligo association</li> <li>vulval</li> <li>wide local excision</li> <li>xeroderma pigmentosum</li> <li><i>see also</i> lentigo maligna</li> </ul> </li> <li>melanoma–astrocytoma syndrome</li> <li>melanonychia <ul> <li>confocal microscopy</li> <li>lichen planus of nail bed</li> <li>longitudinal</li> </ul> </li> <li>melanophages, amyloidosis</li> <li>melanosis <ul> <li>facial <ul> <li>ochronosis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>genital</li> <li>penile</li> <li>photocontact facial melanosis</li> <li>transient pustular</li> <li>vulval</li> </ul> </li> <li>melanosomes <ul> <li>defects</li> <li>racial skin groups</li> <li>transfer to keratinocytes</li> <li>transport</li> </ul> </li> <li>melanotic lesions <ul> <li>mucosal</li> <li>neuroectodermal tumour</li> <li>progonoma</li> </ul> </li> <li>melanotic macules <ul> <li>labial</li> <li>lips</li> <li>oral mucosa <ul> <li>hyperpigmentation</li> </ul> </li> <li>pigmented <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>melanotrichoblastoma, giant</li> <li>melasma <ul> <li>chemical peel</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>depigmenting agents</li> <li>endocrine disorder skin signs</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>laser treatment</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pregnancy</li> </ul> </li> <li>melatonin receptors</li> <li>melioidosis <ul> <li>glanders differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome <ul> <li>fissured tongue</li> <li>granulomatous cheilitis</li> <li>penile lymphoedema</li> <li>solid facial oedema</li> </ul> </li> <li>Meloidae</li> <li>melphalan, melanoma treatment</li> <li>membrane-bound transporters</li> <li>men who have sex with men (MSM), genital warts</li> <li>MEND syndrome</li> <li>Mendelian disorders of cornification</li> <li>Mendes da Costa syndrome, acquired poikiloderma</li> <li>meningiomas <ul> <li>cutaneous</li> </ul> </li> <li>meningitis <ul> <li><i>Acinetobacter</i></li> <li>cryptococcal</li> <li>IVIG adverse reaction</li> <li>listeriosis</li> <li>recurrent lymphocytic</li> </ul> </li> <li>meningococcaemia</li> <li>meningococcal infection <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>meningococcal meningitis</li> <li>meningococcal septicaemia <ul> <li>epidemic typhus differential diagnosis</li> <li>Rocky Mountain spotted fever differential diagnosis</li> <li>tick typhus differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>meningothelial heterotopias</li> <li>Menkes disease <ul> <li>copper deficiency</li> <li>hair colour changes</li> <li>pili torti <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>trichothiodystrophy differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>menopause <ul> <li>ageing of skin</li> <li>flushing</li> <li>hypo-oestrogenism</li> </ul> </li> <li>menstrual cycle <ul> <li>acne vulgaris</li> <li>urticaria</li> </ul> </li> <li>mental neuropathy, malignancy association</li> <li>mental retardation, obesity, mandibular prognathism, eye and skin anomalies (MOMES) syndrome</li> <li>mental retardation see also enteropathy–deafness–neuropathy–ichthyosis– keratoderma (MEDNIK)</li> <li>mentalis muscle, botulinum toxin A injection</li> <li>menthol</li> <li>mentophyma</li> <li>mepacrine <ul> <li>discoid lupus erythematosus treatment</li> <li>nail colouration</li> <li>subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus</li> </ul> </li> <li>mepyramine maleate</li> <li>mequinol</li> <li>mercaptans, substituted</li> <li>Mercurialis (Italian physician)</li> <li>mercurials, organic</li> <li>mercury toxicity <ul> <li>allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>amalgam fillings</li> <li>hyperpigmentation</li> <li>oro-facial granulomatosis</li> <li>protein–energy malnutrition differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Meretoja syndrome</li> <li>MERRF (myoclonus epilepsy and myopathy with ragged red fibres) syndrome <ul> <li>Dercum disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>subcutaneous lipomatosis association</li> </ul> </li> <li>Merkel cell(s) <ul> <li>autoantibodies</li> <li>function</li> <li>origins</li> <li>trichoblastoma</li> </ul> </li> <li>Merkel cell carcinoma <ul> <li>chemotherapy</li> <li>clinical features <ul> <li>immunocompromised patients</li> </ul> </li> <li>definition</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>experimental treatments</li> <li>eyelid</li> <li>follow-up care</li> <li>immunocompromised patients <ul> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>immunohistochemistry</li> <li>immunotherapy</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>metastases <ul> <li>distant</li> <li>locoregional</li> </ul> </li> <li>neurofilament expression</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>oncogenic viral infection</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>plaque-like variants</li> <li>polyomavirus infection</li> <li>primary tumours</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>radiotherapy</li> <li>sentinel lymph node biopsy</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>staging</li> </ul> </li> <li>Merkel cell hyperplasia</li> <li>Merkel cell polyomavirus</li> <li>Merkel cell–neurite complex</li> <li>mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis</li> <li>mesenchymal cells</li> <li>mesenchymal markers</li> <li>mesoderm</li> <li>Mesopotamia</li> <li>messenger RNA (mRNA)</li> <li>meta-analysis <ul> <li>confidence intervals</li> <li>data statistical heterogeneity</li> <li>point estimates</li> <li>sensitivity analysis</li> </ul> </li> <li>metabolic diseases <ul> <li>acquired ichthyoses</li> <li>amino acid disorders</li> <li>cholesterol synthesis disorders</li> <li>congenital disorders of glycosylation</li> <li>with eccrine gland inclusions</li> <li>lysosomal storage disorders</li> <li>mitochondrial disorders</li> <li>oral manifestations</li> <li>telogen effluvium</li> </ul> </li> <li>metabolic disorders <ul> <li>kidney disease</li> <li>musculoskeletal</li> </ul> </li> <li>metabolic syndrome <ul> <li>psoriasis association</li> <li>psoriatic arthritis association</li> </ul> </li> <li>metal(s) <ul> <li>allergic contact dermatitis <ul> <li>systemically reactivated</li> </ul> </li> <li>implant cutaneous reactions</li> <li>pigmentation</li> </ul> </li> <li>metal halide lamps, UVR source</li> <li>metal poisoning <ul> <li>antimony</li> <li>arsenic <ul> <li>keratosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>beryllium, reactions to</li> <li>lead</li> <li>molybdenum, reactions to</li> <li>platinum</li> <li>thallium, reactions to</li> <li><i>see also</i> <i>other named metals</i></li> </ul> </li> <li>metaplasia</li> <li>metastases <ul> <li>basal cell carcinoma</li> <li>breast cancer</li> <li>calcification <ul> <li>differential diagnosis from calciphylaxis</li> <li>malignancy association</li> </ul> </li> <li>cutaneous <ul> <li>appearance</li> <li>distribution</li> <li>histopathology</li> <li>mechanisms</li> <li>prognosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>cutaneous tumours</li> <li>epidermoid cyst differential diagnosis</li> <li>epithelioid sarcoma</li> <li>melanoma <ul> <li>lymph node dissection</li> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>Merkel cell carcinoma <ul> <li>distant</li> <li>locoregional</li> </ul> </li> <li>necrolytic migratory erythema</li> <li>oral neoplasms</li> <li>penile</li> <li>perianal</li> <li>radiotherapy</li> <li>scalp <ul> <li>acquired cicatricial alopecia</li> </ul> </li> <li>skin cancer</li> <li>soft-tissue tumours</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma</li> <li>tumour-to-tumour</li> <li><i>see also</i> carcinoma erysipeloides</li> </ul> </li> <li>metformin, hirsutism treatment</li> <li>meth mites</li> <li>meth mouth</li> <li>methaemoglobinaemia, dapsone-induced</li> <li>methamphetamine</li> <li>methanol</li> <li>methantheline, hyperhidrosis treatment</li> <li>methotrexate <ul> <li>adverse effects</li> <li>atopic eczema treatment</li> <li>bullous systemic lupus erythematosus treatment</li> <li>cautions</li> <li>contraindications</li> <li>dermatological uses</li> <li>discoid lupus erythematosus treatment</li> <li>dose</li> <li>gastrointestinal toxicity</li> <li>hepatotoxicity</li> <li>HIV infection complications</li> <li>intralesional therapy</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>monitoring</li> <li>morphoea treatment</li> <li>mucous membrane pemphigoid</li> <li>myelotoxicity</li> <li>pemphigus treatment</li> <li>pharmacological properties</li> <li>pityriasis rubra pilaris treatment</li> <li>plaque psoriasis treatment</li> <li>pre-treatment screening</li> <li>psoriasis treatment</li> <li>psoriatic arthritis treatment</li> <li>pulmonary toxicity</li> <li>regimens</li> <li>reproductive toxicity</li> <li>sarcoidosis treatment</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus treatment</li> <li>systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis treatment</li> <li>topical</li> <li>toxicity</li> </ul> </li> <li>5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP)</li> <li>8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP)</li> <li>methyl aminolevulinate (MAL) <ul> <li>application</li> </ul> </li> <li>methylchloroisothiazolinone</li> <li>methyldibromo glutaronitrile</li> <li>methylisothiazolinone</li> <li>meticillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) <ul> <li>burns</li> <li>community-acquired <ul> <li>folliculitis</li> <li>furuncle</li> <li>staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>folliculitis</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>sexual transmission</li> </ul> </li> <li>meticillin-sensitive <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MSSA) <ul> <li>furuncle</li> </ul> </li> <li>metronidazole <ul> <li>amoebiasis treatment</li> <li>rosacea treatment</li> <li>trichomoniasis treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>mevalonate kinase deficiency <ul> <li>with recurrent fever and hyper-IgD syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>mevalonic aciduria</li> <li>Meyerson naevus <ul> <li>halo naevi association</li> </ul> </li> <li>Michaelis–Gutmann bodies</li> <li>Michelin tyre baby <ul> <li>raised linear bands of infancy differential diagnosis</li> <li>smooth muscle hamartoma</li> </ul> </li> <li>miconazole, candidosis treatment</li> <li>microbicides, HIV prevention</li> <li>microcephaly with/without chorioretinopathy, lymphoedema or intellectual disability (MCLID) syndrome</li> <li>microcephaly–capillary malformation syndrome</li> <li><i>Micrococcus</i> <ul> <li>age effects</li> </ul> </li> <li>microcystic adnexal carcinoma</li> <li>microdialysis</li> <li>microfibril-associated glycoproteins (MAGPs)</li> <li>micro-Hutchinson sign, melanoma</li> <li>microorganisms <ul> <li>high-power microscopy</li> <li>staining</li> </ul> </li> <li>microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MiTF)</li> <li>micro-RNAs (miRNAs) <ul> <li>morphoea</li> <li>wound healing</li> </ul> </li> <li>microscopic examination of tissue sections <ul> <li>high-power</li> <li>low power histological pattern diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>microscopic polyangiitis <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>granulomatosis with polyangiitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>relapse</li> <li>respiratory disorder association</li> <li>severity classification</li> </ul> </li> <li>microscopic treatment zone (MTZ)</li> <li>microscopy, simple diagnostic procedures</li> <li>microsponges</li> <li>microsporidiosis, HIV infection</li> <li><i>Microsporum</i> <ul> <li>identification</li> <li>Wood's light examination</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Microsporum audouinii</i></li> <li><i>Microsporum canis</i> <ul> <li>tinea corporis</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Microsporum equinum</i></li> <li><i>Microsporum ferrugineum</i></li> <li><i>Microsporum fulvum</i></li> <li><i>Microsporum gypseum</i></li> <li><i>Microsporum nanum</i></li> <li><i>Microsporum persicolor</i></li> <li>microstomia, recessive generalized severe dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa</li> <li>microtia</li> <li>microvascular filtration rate</li> <li>microvenular haemangioma</li> <li>MIDAS syndrome <ul> <li>focal dermal hypoplasia differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>mid-dermal elastolysis</li> <li>midges</li> <li>midline destructive disease, idiopathic</li> <li>Miescher cheilitis</li> <li>Miescher granuloma <ul> <li>radial in erythema nodosum</li> <li>sarcoidosis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>MIFT-1</li> <li>migraine, rosacea association</li> <li>migratory erythema</li> <li>migratory thrombophlebitis</li> <li>Mikulicz ulcers</li> <li>milia <ul> <li>acne vulgaris differential diagnosis</li> <li>chemical peels</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>closed comedone differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>eyelid</li> <li>infants</li> <li>management</li> <li>neonates</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>surgery</li> </ul> </li> <li>miliaria <ul> <li>actinic folliculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>apocrine</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>crystallina</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>infantile acropustulosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>profunda</li> <li>pustulosa <ul> <li>folliculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>periporitis staphylogenes differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>rubra</li> </ul> </li> <li>miliary calcinosis cutis</li> <li>miliary granulomas, listeriosis</li> <li>military personnel, friction blisters</li> <li>milk, maternal, toxic substance transfer</li> <li>milker's nodules <ul> <li>cowpox differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>milker's sinus</li> <li>millipedes</li> <li>Milroy disease</li> <li>miltefosine, visceral leishmaniasis treatment</li> <li>mineral deficiencies <ul> <li>copper deficiency</li> <li>iron deficiency</li> <li>manganese deficiency</li> <li>selenium deficiency</li> <li>zinc deficiency <ul> <li>biotin deficiency differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>mineral oils <ul> <li>occupational disorders</li> <li>topical medications</li> </ul> </li> <li>mineralization abnormalities</li> <li>minimal erythema dose (MED)</li> <li>minimal phototoxic dose (MPD)</li> <li>minocycline <ul> <li>α<sub>1</sub>-antitrypsin deficiency panniculitis treatment</li> <li>hyperpigmentation <ul> <li>laser treatment</li> <li>oral</li> </ul> </li> <li>polyarteritis nodosa induction</li> </ul> </li> <li>minoxidil <ul> <li>female pattern hair loss management</li> <li>hair lotion</li> <li>hair regrowth acceleration</li> <li>hypertrichosis</li> <li>male pattern baldness management</li> <li>topical therapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>minute pirate bugs</li> <li>miosis, Horner syndrome</li> <li>mipomersen</li> <li>mirtazapine</li> <li>Mitchell disease <i>see</i> erythromelalgia</li> <li>mites <ul> <li>bird</li> <li><i>Cheyletiella</i></li> <li>follicle</li> <li>harvest</li> <li>house-dust</li> <li>parasitic</li> <li>plant</li> <li><i>Pyometes</i></li> <li>reptile</li> <li>rodent</li> <li>spider</li> <li>stored products</li> <li><i>see also</i> scabies</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>MITF</i> gene mutations</li> <li>mitochondrial damage</li> <li>mitochondrial disorders <ul> <li>dermatological features</li> </ul> </li> <li>mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) <ul> <li>mutation frequency</li> </ul> </li> <li>mitochondrial oxidative stress</li> <li>mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) <ul> <li>activation by TLRs</li> <li>ageing of skin</li> <li>pathway in melanoma</li> </ul> </li> <li>mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors, papulopustular eruptions</li> <li>Mitsuda test</li> <li>mixed connective tissue disease <ul> <li>cardiac involvement</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/comorbidities</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>respiratory disease association</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus differential diagnosis</li> <li>systemic sclerosis overlap</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>mixed cryoglobulinaemia <ul> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>mixed immunobullous disease</li> <li>mixed lymphovenous disease</li> <li>mixed tumour of the skin</li> <li><i>MLH1</i> gene mutations</li> <li>MMR vaccination</li> <li>mobile phone-based interventions</li> <li>mogul skier's palm</li> <li>Mohr orofaciodigital syndrome</li> <li>Mohs micrographic surgery <ul> <li>costs</li> <li>criteria for high-risk lesions</li> <li>definition</li> <li>flaps for repair, <i>20.27–8</i></li> <li>historical aspects</li> <li>indications</li> <li>procedure</li> <li>reflectance confocal microscopy</li> <li>results</li> <li>skin cancer treatment</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma <ul> <li>high-risk</li> </ul> </li> <li>training</li> <li>wound repair</li> </ul> </li> <li>moisturizers <ul> <li>keratolysis exfoliativa treatment</li> <li>recessive X-linked ichthyosis</li> <li>rosacea</li> <li>xerosis cutis treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>mole phobias</li> <li>molecular genetics <ul> <li><i>see also</i> genetics/genetic factors</li> </ul> </li> <li>molluscipoxvirus</li> <li>molluscs, stings</li> <li>molluscum <ul> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>sebaceum</li> <li>surgery</li> </ul> </li> <li>molluscum contagiosum <ul> <li>basal cell carcinoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>eyelids</li> <li>genital</li> <li>genital wart differential diagnosis</li> <li>granuloma annulare differential diagnosis</li> <li>infants</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>keratoacanthoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>lymphangiectasia differential diagnosis</li> <li>lymphocytoma cutis</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>perforating dermatosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>primary immunodeficiency</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> <li>vulval</li> </ul> </li> <li>molybdenum, reactions to</li> <li>MOMES (mental retardation, obesity, mandibular prognathism, eye and skin anomalies) syndrome</li> <li>Mondor disease <ul> <li>after breast surgery</li> <li>chest wall-type</li> <li>involving other venous territories</li> <li>lymphangitis</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>penile-type</li> </ul> </li> <li>Mongolian spot</li> <li>monilethrix <ul> <li>follicular keratosis association</li> <li>trichotillomania differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>monkey bites, herpes B virus infection</li> <li>monkeypox</li> <li>monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)</li> <li>monoarthritis</li> <li>monochromator phototesting</li> <li>monoclonal antibodies, mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome treatment</li> <li>monoclonal gammopathy <ul> <li>necrobiotic xanthogranuloma association</li> <li>normolipaemic xanthoma association</li> <li>subcorneal pustular dermatosis association</li> <li>TEMPI syndrome association</li> <li>of undetermined significance <ul> <li>circulating abnormal immunoglobulins</li> <li>pyoderma gangrenosum association</li> <li>scleromyxoedema association</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>monoclonal IgA gammopathy, IgA pemphigus association</li> <li>monoclonal mast cell activation syndrome</li> <li>monoclonal plasmacytic ulcerative stomatitis</li> <li>monocyte(s) <ul> <li>high-power microscopy</li> <li>histamine activity</li> <li>wound healing</li> </ul> </li> <li>monocyte chemotactic proteins (MCPs)</li> <li>monocyte-derived receptors</li> <li>monogenic autoinflammatory syndromes <ul> <li>autoinflammatory granulomatosis of childhood</li> <li>autoinflammatory with pustulosis</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>hereditary periodic fevers</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)</li> <li>monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA)</li> <li>mons pubis <ul> <li>swollen</li> </ul> </li> <li>montelukast, solar urticaria</li> <li>mood disorders <ul> <li>assessment</li> <li>isotretinoin association</li> <li><i>see also</i> anxiety; depression</li> </ul> </li> <li>mood stabilizers</li> <li>moon facies, endocrine disorder skin signs</li> <li>Mooren-type corneal ulceration, hidradenitis suppurativa association</li> <li><i>Moraxella</i></li> <li>Morbihan disease</li> <li>morbiliform eruptions, primary immunodeficiency</li> <li>morbillivirus</li> <li>Morgellons syndrome</li> <li>MORM syndrome</li> <li>morphine <ul> <li>pruritus induction</li> <li>topical</li> </ul> </li> <li>morphoea <ul> <li>anticentromere antibodies</li> <li>antinuclear antibodies</li> <li>associated diseases</li> <li>atrophic variant</li> <li>autoimmunity</li> <li><i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i></li> <li>causative organisms</li> <li>chemokines</li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>deep <ul> <li>sclerosing postirradiation panniculitis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>disease damage assessment</li> <li>drug-induced</li> <li>en coup de sabre</li> <li>environmental factors</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>ethnicity</li> <li>extracutaneous manifestations</li> <li>fibrosis</li> <li>generalized</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>guttate</li> <li>head/neck variants</li> <li>histopathology</li> <li>history</li> <li>hyperpigmentation</li> <li>immunopathology</li> <li>incidence</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>keloidal</li> <li>lichen planus <ul> <li>association</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>lichen sclerosus differential diagnosis</li> <li>limited type</li> <li>linear <ul> <li>deep atrophic</li> </ul> </li> <li>lupus panniculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>management</li> <li>mixed type</li> <li>nodular</li> <li>outcome measures</li> <li>pansclerotic <ul> <li>of children</li> </ul> </li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>patient assessment</li> <li>plaque <ul> <li>disseminated</li> <li>limited</li> </ul> </li> <li>post-irradiation</li> <li>predisposing factors</li> <li>presentation</li> <li>prevalence</li> <li>profunda <ul> <li>dermatofibrosarcoma protruberans differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>psychological manifestations</li> <li>sarcoidosis <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>scalp</li> <li>sclerosing panniculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma association</li> <li>subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus association</li> <li>subcutaneous</li> <li>systemic sclerosis <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>relationship</li> </ul> </li> <li>terminology</li> <li>trunk/limb variant</li> <li>UVA-1 phototherapy</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>morpholines</li> <li>Morquio disease</li> <li>morsicatio buccarum</li> <li>Morton neuroma</li> <li>Morvan disease</li> <li>mosaic acral keratosis</li> <li>mosaicism <ul> <li>pigmentary</li> <li>revertant</li> </ul> </li> <li>mosquito bites <ul> <li>hypersensitivity</li> </ul> </li> <li>mosquitoes</li> <li>moths <ul> <li>clinical features of reactions</li> <li>epidemiology of reactions</li> <li>pathophysiology of reactions</li> </ul> </li> <li>moulds <ul> <li>isolate identification</li> <li>saprophytic</li> </ul> </li> <li>moulting, seasonal</li> <li>mouth <ul> <li>anatomical variants</li> <li>biology</li> <li>burning mouth syndrome</li> <li><i>Candida albicans</i> carriage</li> <li>eczema</li> <li>examination</li> <li>floor examination</li> <li>lip-lick cheilitis</li> <li>peribuccal pigmentation of Brocq</li> <li><i>see also</i> MAGIC (mouth and genital ulcers with inflamed cartilage) syndrome; oral cavity; oral mucosa; oral ulcers; teeth; tongue</li> </ul> </li> <li>mouthwashes, cheilitis</li> <li>M-plasty</li> <li><i>MSH2</i> gene mutations</li> <li>mTOR inhibitors <ul> <li><i>see also</i> rapamycin; sirolimus</li> </ul> </li> <li>Mucha–Habermann disease <ul> <li>febrile ulceronecrotic</li> <li><i>see also</i> pityriasis lichenoides</li> </ul> </li> <li>mucin</li> <li>mucinoses, cutaneous <ul> <li>classification</li> <li>dermal</li> <li>focal <ul> <li>oral lesions</li> </ul> </li> <li>follicular</li> <li>of infancy</li> <li>lupus</li> <li>papular</li> <li>papular and nodular</li> <li>primary</li> <li>secondary</li> <li>self-healing</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>systemic manifestations</li> <li><i>see also</i> scleromyxoedema</li> </ul> </li> <li>mucinous carcinoma</li> <li>mucinous cysts, vulval</li> <li>Muckle–Wells syndrome <ul> <li>amyloid A amyloidosis</li> <li>cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome association</li> <li>familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome association</li> <li>IL-1 antagonist therapy</li> <li>infantile urticaria</li> <li>urticarial vasculitis association</li> </ul> </li> <li>mucocele <ul> <li>oral</li> <li>superficial <ul> <li>immunostaining</li> <li>oral lesions</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome <i>see</i> Kawasaki disease</li> <li>mucocutaneous pain syndromes <ul> <li>burning mouth syndrome</li> <li>chronic scalp pain</li> <li>erythromelalgia</li> <li>trigeminal neuropathic pain syndromes</li> <li>trigeminal trophic syndrome</li> <li><i>see also</i> post-herpetic neuralgia</li> </ul> </li> <li>mucocutaneous venous malformation</li> <li>mucoepithelial dysplasia <i>see</i> hereditary mucoepithelial dysplasia (HMD)</li> <li>mucoid cysts</li> <li>mucolipidoses</li> <li>mucopolysaccharides <i>see</i> glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)</li> <li>mucopolysaccharidoses <ul> <li>hypertrichosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>mucormycete infections, necrotizing subcutaneous infection differential diagnosis</li> <li>mucormycosis <ul> <li>panniculitis</li> <li>rhinocerebral</li> </ul> </li> <li>mucosal melanotic lesions</li> <li>mucosal ulceration, folate deficiency association</li> <li>mucositis <ul> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>oral mucosa</li> <li>radiodermatitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>mucous membrane lesions <ul> <li>Stevens–Johnson syndrome</li> <li>surgery</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>toxic epidermal necrolysis</li> </ul> </li> <li>mucous membrane pemphigoid <ul> <li>antilaminin-332</li> <li>autoantibodies <ul> <li>serum</li> <li>specificity</li> <li>tissue-bound</li> </ul> </li> <li>cicatricial conjunctivitis <i>109.28–9</i></li> <li>cicatricial pemphigoid diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features <i>109.28–9</i></li> <li>clinical signs</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>diagnostic criteria</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>direct immunofluorescence methods</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>epidermolysis bullosa acquisita differential diagnosis</li> <li>fibrosis <ul> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>genetics</li> <li>genital lesions</li> <li>immunostaining</li> <li>inflammation <ul> <li>suppression</li> </ul> </li> <li>investigations</li> <li>lichen planus differential diagnosis</li> <li>lichen sclerosus differential diagnosis</li> <li>linear IgA disease <ul> <li>diagnostic overlap</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>management</li> <li>nomenclatures</li> <li>ocular lesions <ul> <li>classification</li> </ul> </li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>secondary infections</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>skin lesions</li> <li>treatment guidelines</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> <li>variants</li> <li><i>see also</i> immunobullous disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>mucous membranes <ul> <li>dyskeratosis congenita</li> <li>iron deficiency</li> <li>lichen nitidus</li> <li>lichen planus lesions</li> <li>sample collection for fungal infections</li> </ul> </li> <li>mucous retention cyst</li> <li>Muehrcke's bands <ul> <li>paired white</li> </ul> </li> <li>Muir–Torre syndrome <ul> <li>basal cell carcinoma</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>generalized eruptive keratoacanthoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>inheritance</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>keratoacanthoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>management</li> <li>multiple self-healing squamous epithelioma differential diagnosis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>sebaceous carcinoma</li> <li>sebaceous tumours</li> </ul> </li> <li>multicarboxylase deficiency testing</li> <li>multicentric Castleman disease <ul> <li>glomeruloid haemangioma</li> <li>IgG4-related disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>Kaposi sarcoma association</li> <li>lichen planus</li> <li>paraneoplastic pemphigus association</li> </ul> </li> <li>multicentric osteolysis, nodulosis and arthropathy (MONA)</li> <li>multicentric reticulohistiocytosis <ul> <li>aphthous ulceration</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>respiratory disorder association</li> </ul> </li> <li>multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) <ul> <li>type 1 <ul> <li>benign symmetrical lipomatosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>Dercum disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>metastases</li> </ul> </li> <li>type 2a</li> <li>type 2b <ul> <li>infiltrating lipomatosis of the face differential diagnosis</li> <li>malignancy association</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>multiple haemorrhagic sarcoma <i>see</i> Kaposi sarcoma</li> <li>multiple hamartoma and neoplasia syndrome <ul> <li>storiform collagenoma association</li> </ul> </li> <li>multiple lentiginoses syndrome <ul> <li>Mulvihill–Smith syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li><i>see also</i> LEOPARD syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>multiple minute digitate keratoses</li> <li>multiple mucosal neuromas</li> <li>multiple myeloma <ul> <li>acquired ichthyoses</li> <li>circulating abnormal immunoglobulins</li> <li>cryoglobulins</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>intraoral mass</li> <li>malignant infiltration of skin</li> <li>scleromyxoedema association</li> <li>subcorneal pustular dermatosis association</li> </ul> </li> <li>multiple neurofibromas</li> <li>multiple organ failure, hyperpigmentation</li> <li>multiple pigment sarcoma <i>see</i> Kaposi sarcoma</li> <li>multiple pterygium syndrome</li> <li>multiple self-healing squamous epithelioma (MSSE) <ul> <li>generalized eruptive keratoacanthoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>keratoacanthoma differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>multiple sulphatase deficiency (MSD)</li> <li>multiple symmetrical lipomatosis <ul> <li>Dercum disease differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>multipotent stem cells</li> <li>multisegmental lymphatic dysplasia with systemic involvement</li> <li>multisystem tumours</li> <li>Mulvihill–Smith syndrome <ul> <li>progeria differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>MUM-1</li> <li><i>MUM1</i> gene expression</li> <li>Münchausen syndrome <ul> <li>by proxy</li> </ul> </li> <li>Munro microabscesses</li> <li>mupirocin</li> <li>murine typhus</li> <li>Murray Williams' warts</li> <li>Muscidae <ul> <li>myiasis</li> </ul> </li> <li>muscle strength, dermatomyositis</li> <li>muscle tumours <ul> <li>skeletal muscle</li> </ul> </li> <li>musculoskeletal disease <ul> <li>autoinflammatory disorders</li> <li>cutaneous adverse reactions to antirheumatic therapies</li> <li>generalized severe recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa</li> <li>infective arthropathies</li> <li>inflammatory arthropathies</li> <li>inflammatory chondropathies</li> <li>metabolic disorders</li> <li>osteoarthritis</li> <li>retinoid-induced</li> <li>sarcoidosis</li> <li>scurvy</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>systemic sclerosis</li> <li><i>see also</i> arthritis; rheumatoid arthritis</li> </ul> </li> <li>musculoskeletal system <ul> <li>examination</li> <li>history taking</li> </ul> </li> <li>musical instruments, skin reactions</li> <li>mustine</li> <li><i>MVK</i> gene mutations</li> <li>myasthenia gravis, pemphigus erythematosus association</li> <li>mycetoma <ul> <li>bone destruction</li> <li>botryomycosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> </ul> </li> <li>mycobacteria, staining</li> <li>mycobacterial infections <ul> <li>atypical in HIV infection</li> <li>biology</li> <li>cat scratch disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>classification</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>eyes</li> <li>fast-growing <ul> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>impaired cellular immunity</li> <li>infectious panniculitis</li> <li>IRIS/IRD/IRAD</li> <li>joint disease</li> <li>non-tuberculous <ul> <li>classification</li> </ul> </li> <li>oral ulcers</li> <li>pinna</li> <li>sporotrichosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>vulval</li> <li><i>see also</i> leprosy; tuberculosis</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Mycobacterium abscessus</i> <ul> <li>antimicrobials with high activity</li> <li>fast-growing mycobacteria</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Mycobacterium avium</i> <ul> <li>classification</li> <li>lichen scrofulosorum</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Mycobacterium avium</i>–<i>intracellulare</i> complex <ul> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>oral ulcers</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Mycobacterium bovis</i> <ul> <li>BCG infection of glans penis</li> <li>classification</li> <li>erythema induratum of Bazin</li> <li>lichen scrofulosorum</li> <li>lupus vulgaris</li> <li>primary inoculation tuberculosis</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Mycobacterium chelonae</i> <ul> <li>antimicrobials with high activity</li> <li>erythema induratum of Bazin</li> <li>fast-growing mycobacteria</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Mycobacterium fortuitum</i> <ul> <li>antimicrobials with high activity</li> <li>fast-growing mycobacteria</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Mycobacterium gordonae</i></li> <li><i>Mycobacterium haemophilum</i></li> <li><i>Mycobacterium intracellulare</i></li> <li><i>Mycobacterium kansasii</i></li> <li><i>Mycobacterium leprae</i> <ul> <li>classification</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Mycobacterium malmoense</i></li> <li><i>Mycobacterium margaritense</i></li> <li><i>Mycobacterium marinum</i> <ul> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>granuloma annulare differential diagnosis</li> <li>infection</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>warty tuberculosis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Mycobacterium mucogenicum</i> <ul> <li>fast-growing mycobacteria</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Mycobacterium peregrinum</i></li> <li><i>Mycobacterium scrofulaceum</i></li> <li><i>Mycobacterium smegmatis</i> <ul> <li>antimicrobials with high activity</li> <li>fast-growing mycobacteria</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Mycobacterium szulgai</i> <ul> <li>lichen scrofulosorum</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> <ul> <li>classification</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>erythema induratum of Bazin association</li> <li>histopathology</li> <li>HIV co-infection</li> <li>immunopathology</li> <li>lichen scrofulosorum</li> <li>lupus vulgaris</li> <li>metastatic tuberculous abscesses</li> <li>miliary tuberculosis</li> <li>nucleic acid amplification tests</li> <li>papulonecrotic tuberculid</li> <li>primary inoculation tuberculosis</li> <li>protective immunity</li> <li>sarcoidosis</li> <li>scrofuloderma</li> <li>warty tuberculosis</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Mycobacterium ulcerans</i> <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>giant water bug carrier</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>mycophenolate mofetil <ul> <li>acute graft-versus-host disease</li> <li>adverse effects</li> <li>atopic eczema treatment</li> <li>contraindications</li> <li>dermatological uses</li> <li>discoid lupus erythematosus treatment</li> <li>dose</li> <li>drug–drug interactions</li> <li>epidermolysis bullosa acquisita treatment</li> <li>monitoring</li> <li>morphoea treatment</li> <li>pemphigus treatment</li> <li>pemphigus/pemphigoid treatment</li> <li>pharmacological properties</li> <li>pre-treatment screening</li> <li>regimens</li> <li>skin cancer association</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Mycoplasma</i> <ul> <li>Stevens–Johnson syndrome</li> <li>vulval infection</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Mycoplasma fermentans</i>, Behçet disease association</li> <li><i>Mycoplasma</i> pneumonia-associated mucositis (MPAM)</li> <li><i>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</i></li> <li>mycoses <i>see</i> fungal infections</li> <li>mycosis fungoides <ul> <li>annular erythema of infancy differential diagnosis</li> <li>aphthous ulceration</li> <li>atypical cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorder</li> <li>cell of origin</li> <li>chromosomal abnormalities</li> <li>chronic superficial scaly dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diagnostic criteria</li> <li>differential diagnosis <ul> <li>pathological</li> </ul> </li> <li>disease course</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>epidermotropic</li> <li>erythrodermic</li> <li>extracutaneous disease pathology</li> <li>follicular mucinosis association</li> <li>folliculotropic</li> <li>gene abnormalities</li> <li>genital</li> <li>HTLV-1</li> <li>hypopigmented</li> <li>ichthyosiform variants</li> <li>immunopathology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management <ul> <li>combination therapies</li> <li>electron beam radiotherapy</li> <li>radiotherapy</li> <li>skin-directed therapy</li> <li>systemic therapy</li> <li>toxin therapies</li> </ul> </li> <li>molecular pathogenesis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>peripheral lymphadenopathy</li> <li>pilotropic</li> <li>pityriasis alba differential diagnosis</li> <li>pityriasis lichenoides association</li> <li>plaques</li> <li>poikiloderma atrophicans vasculare</li> <li>poikilodermatous</li> <li>presentation</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>pruritus</li> <li>psoriasis differential diagnosis</li> <li>second malignancies</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>solitary</li> <li>staging system</li> <li>T-cell clones</li> <li>T-cell receptor gene analysis</li> <li>TCR genes</li> <li>tinea cruris differential diagnosis</li> <li>variants</li> <li><i>see also</i> cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL); follicular mucinoses</li> </ul> </li> <li>myelodysplastic syndrome <ul> <li>aphthous ulceration</li> <li>copper deficiency differential diagnosis</li> <li>perniosis</li> <li>pyoderma gangrenosum association</li> </ul> </li> <li>myeloid leukaemia, pyoderma gangrenosum association</li> <li>myeloma, necrobiotic xanthogranuloma association</li> <li>myelomeningocele</li> <li>myeloperoxidase</li> <li>myeloproliferative disorders <ul> <li>purpura</li> <li>transient, neonatal pustulosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>MYH-associated polyposis, pilomatricoma association</li> <li>myiasis <ul> <li>cavitary</li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>cutaneous</li> <li>Dipteran larvae</li> <li>furuncular</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>migratory</li> <li>wound</li> </ul> </li> <li>myocardial infarction (MI), complex regional pain syndrome association</li> <li>myoclonus epilepsy and myopathy with ragged red fibres (MERFF) syndrome <ul> <li>Dercum disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>subcutaneous lipomatosis association</li> </ul> </li> <li>myoepithelioma, cutaneous</li> <li>myofibroblast(s) <ul> <li>high-power microscopy</li> <li>keloid</li> <li>wound healing</li> </ul> </li> <li>myofibroblastic tumours</li> <li>myofibromatosis <ul> <li>adult</li> <li>infantile</li> </ul> </li> <li>myopericytoma</li> <li>myositis <ul> <li>inflammatory</li> <li>systemic sclerosis <ul> <li>association</li> <li>overlap</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>myositis-associated antibodies (MAAs)</li> <li>myositis-specific antibodies (MSAs)</li> <li>myotonic dystrophy, pilomatricoma association</li> <li>myxoedema <ul> <li>endocrine disorder skin signs</li> <li>localized</li> <li>systemic sclerosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>in thyroid disease <ul> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>see also</i> pretibial myxoedema</li> </ul> </li> <li>myxofibrosarcoma</li> <li>myxoid cyst <ul> <li>cutaneous</li> <li>of lip</li> </ul> </li> <li>myxoid degeneration</li> <li>myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma</li> <li>myxoma <ul> <li>mucocutaneous</li> <li>oral cavity</li> </ul> </li> <li>myxoma syndrome <i>see</i> Carney complex</li> <li>myxovirus infections</li> </ul> </section> <section> <h2>N</h2> <ul> <li><i>N-</i>acetylcysteine (NAC), trichotillomania treatment</li> <li>NADPH oxidase</li> <li>Naegeli–Franceschetti–Jadassohn ectodermal dysplasia <ul> <li>Cole disease differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>naevi <ul> <li>acneform</li> <li>acquired melanocytic <ul> <li>agminated</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>eruptive</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>malignant transformation</li> <li>management</li> <li>multiple</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>penile</li> </ul> </li> <li>acral</li> <li>agminated naevomelanocytic</li> <li>anaemicus</li> <li>angora hair</li> <li>apocrine</li> <li>atypical <i>132.45–6</i> <ul> <li>clinical features <i>132.45–6</i></li> <li>definition</li> <li>diagnostic criteria</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>genital</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>laser treatment contraindication</li> <li>management</li> <li>melanoma predisposition</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>superficial spreading melanoma</li> </ul> </li> <li>balloon cell</li> <li>bathing trunk</li> <li>Becker <ul> <li>laser treatment</li> <li>speckled lentiginous naevi differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>biopsy</li> <li>blue <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>congenital</li> <li>congenital melanocytic naevi differential diagnosis</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>histological sections</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>malignant</li> <li>malignant blue naevus differential diagnosis</li> <li>management</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>penile</li> <li>pigmentation</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>blue rubber bleb naevus syndrome</li> <li>capillary</li> <li>CHILD syndrome</li> <li>CLOVES syndrome</li> <li>Cockade</li> <li>comedo</li> <li>comedonicus</li> <li>common acquired <ul> <li>melanoma predisposition</li> </ul> </li> <li>compound</li> <li>congenital <ul> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical phenotypic classification</li> <li>connective tissue</li> <li>fat</li> <li>genetic classification</li> <li>histological classification</li> <li>melanoma arising in</li> <li>melanoma predisposition</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>penile</li> <li>phenotypes</li> <li>pigment</li> <li>pilar and smooth muscle</li> </ul> </li> <li>congenital epidermal <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>congenital melanocytic <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/comorbidities</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>facial features</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>giant</li> <li>hydrocephalus</li> <li>hypertrichosis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>leptomeningeal disease</li> <li>management</li> <li>melanoma association</li> <li>melanoma predisposition</li> <li>melanosis</li> <li>neuroid proliferations</li> <li>neurological abnormalities</li> <li>nodules</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>severity</li> <li>speckled lentiginous naevi differential diagnosis</li> <li>spilus-type</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>conjunctival</li> <li>connective tissue <ul> <li>papular elastorrhexis</li> </ul> </li> <li>depigmentosus <ul> <li>pityriasis alba differential diagnosis</li> <li>vitiligo differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>dermal</li> <li>dermoscopy</li> <li>dysplastic <ul> <li>melanoma predisposition</li> </ul> </li> <li>eccrine <ul> <li>angiomatous</li> </ul> </li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>epidermal <ul> <li>confluent and reticulated papillomatosis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>epidermolytic epidermal</li> <li>faun tail</li> <li>FGFR3 epidermal naevus syndrome</li> <li>follicular</li> <li>follicular naevus/naevus comedonicus syndrome</li> <li>functional sweat gland</li> <li>genetics <ul> <li>keratinocytic</li> </ul> </li> <li>giant congenital, melanoma arising in</li> <li>hair follicle</li> <li>halo <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>Meyerson naevi association</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>variants</li> <li>vitiligo association</li> <li>vitiligo differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Happle–Tinschert syndrome</li> <li>hypertrichosis</li> <li>inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>lichen striatus differential diagnosis</li> <li>management</li> <li>psoriasis overlap</li> </ul> </li> <li>intradermal</li> <li>junctional</li> <li>Kaposi sarcoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>keratinocytic</li> <li>lentiginous</li> <li>malignant blue</li> <li>melanocytic <ul> <li>acral</li> <li>basal cell carcinoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>combined</li> <li>genital area</li> <li>growth in GH therapy</li> <li>halo</li> <li>halo dermatitis</li> <li>laser treatment</li> <li>naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>penile</li> <li>pregnancy</li> <li>recurrent</li> <li>seborrhoeic keratosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>shave biopsy artefacts</li> <li>surgery</li> <li>Turner syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>melanoma progression</li> <li>Meyerson <ul> <li>halo naevi association</li> </ul> </li> <li>mucinosis</li> <li>nail matrix/nail bed</li> <li>organoid</li> <li>patterns <i>144.3–4</i></li> <li>PENS syndrome</li> <li>phakomatosis pigmentokeratotica</li> <li>phenotype and melanoma risk</li> <li>pigment cell</li> <li>pigmented <ul> <li>eyelid</li> <li>oral mucosa</li> </ul> </li> <li>pigmented spindle cell of Reed</li> <li>porokeratotic eccrine <ul> <li>ostial duct</li> </ul> </li> <li>Proteus syndrome</li> <li>psiloliparus</li> <li>Reed</li> <li>ridge pattern</li> <li>Schimmelpenning–Feuerstein–Mims syndrome</li> <li>sebaceous <ul> <li>acne vulgaris differential diagnosis</li> <li>scalp</li> </ul> </li> <li>shave excision</li> <li>speckled <ul> <li>laser treatment</li> <li>lentiginous</li> </ul> </li> <li>spider</li> <li>Spitz <ul> <li>atypical</li> <li>clear cell sarcoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>congenital</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>Kamino bodies</li> <li>management</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pigmented</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>surgical excision</li> <li>targetoid haemosiderotic</li> <li>unusual morphology</li> <li>unusual sites</li> <li>vascular <ul> <li>eyelid</li> </ul> </li> <li>white sponge</li> <li>woolly hair</li> </ul> </li> <li>naevi, atrial myxoma, myxoid neurofibromas and ephelides (NAME) syndrome <ul> <li>oral mucosa</li> </ul> </li> <li>naevoid basal cell carcinoma (BCC) syndrome <ul> <li>aggressive tumours</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>epidermoid cysts</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>patient assessment</li> <li>photodynamic therapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>naevoid hypermelanosis, linear and whorled</li> <li>naevoid lesions <ul> <li>linear on penis</li> <li>nomenclature</li> </ul> </li> <li>naevoid melanoma-like melanocytic proliferations</li> <li>naevus comedonicus syndrome</li> <li>naevus flammeus</li> <li>naevus lipomatosus superficialis of scalp</li> <li>naevus of Ito</li> <li>naevus of Ota <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>eyelid</li> <li>laser treatment</li> <li>management</li> <li>naevus of Ito differential diagnosis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>naevus sebaceous of Jadassohn <ul> <li>apocrine tubular adenoma</li> </ul> </li> <li>naevus spilus</li> <li>naevus syringocystadenomatosus papilliferus</li> <li>naftifine</li> <li>Nager syndrome</li> <li>nail(s) 2.9–2.11 <ul> <li>acquired ungual fibrokeratoma</li> <li>acrodermatitis continua of Hallopeau</li> <li>allergens</li> <li>alopecia areata</li> <li>attachment abnormalities</li> <li>beading</li> <li>Beau's lines</li> <li>biting</li> <li>blood supply</li> <li>buffing</li> <li>candidosis</li> <li>chemotherapy-induced changes</li> <li>children</li> <li>colour changes <ul> <li>psoriasis</li> </ul> </li> <li>cuticle</li> <li>Darier disease</li> <li>dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>dermatoses affecting</li> <li>development</li> <li>digital myxoid pseudocyst</li> <li>dominant generalized dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa</li> <li>dyskeratosis congenita</li> <li>dystrophy <ul> <li>lamellar</li> </ul> </li> <li>eczema</li> <li>fibromas in tuberous sclerosis complex</li> <li>function</li> <li>gel</li> <li>genetic defects</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>glomus tumour</li> <li>grooves <ul> <li>longitudinal</li> <li>transverse</li> </ul> </li> <li>growth <ul> <li>linear</li> </ul> </li> <li>habit tic</li> <li>Hailey–Hailey disease</li> <li>half-and-half</li> <li>hereditary anonychia</li> <li>hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>hypertrophy</li> <li>hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasias</li> <li>idiopathic atrophy</li> <li>imaging</li> <li>ingrowing toenails <ul> <li>chemical cautery</li> </ul> </li> <li>iron deficiency</li> <li>junctional epidermolysis bullosa</li> <li>lichen nitidus</li> <li>lichen planus <ul> <li>genital</li> </ul> </li> <li>liver disease</li> <li>mal de Meleda</li> <li>manicure instrument trauma</li> <li>median canaliform dystrophy of Heller</li> <li>Mee's lines</li> <li>morphology</li> <li>nail–patella syndrome</li> <li><i>Neoscytalidium</i> infection</li> <li>older people</li> <li>pachyonychia congenita</li> <li>painful dorsolateral fissure of fingertip</li> <li>perionychial disorders</li> <li>periunguium <ul> <li>biting</li> <li>trauma</li> </ul> </li> <li>pigmentation with cytotoxic agents</li> <li>pincer</li> <li>pitting</li> <li>preformed plastic</li> <li>pregnancy changes</li> <li><i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> infection</li> <li>psoriasis <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>red lunulae</li> <li>ridging <ul> <li>transverse</li> </ul> </li> <li>ringworm</li> <li>sample collection in fungal infection</li> <li>sarcoidosis</li> <li>sculptured</li> <li>selenium toxicity</li> <li>shape abnormalities</li> <li>shedding</li> <li>signs</li> <li>silicone rubber prosthesis</li> <li>split nail deformity</li> <li>subungual keratoacanthoma</li> <li>superficial acral fibromyxoma</li> <li>surface changes</li> <li>surgery <i>95.55–7</i> <ul> <li>anaesthesia</li> <li>avulsion</li> <li>diagnostic <i>95.55–7</i></li> <li>excisional</li> <li>instrumentation</li> <li>postoperative care</li> </ul> </li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>thickening</li> <li>trauma <ul> <li>acute</li> <li>chronic repetitive</li> <li>delayed</li> <li>plantar keratoderma differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome</li> <li>trichothiodystrophy</li> <li>tumours under/adjacent <ul> <li>benign</li> <li>malignant</li> </ul> </li> <li>whiteners</li> <li>Wilson disease</li> <li>X-ray examination</li> <li>yellow nail syndrome</li> <li><i>see also</i> clubbing; <i>onycho-</i> <i>entries</i>; paronychia; splinter haemorrhages; <i>subungual entries</i></li> </ul> </li> <li>nail apparatus <ul> <li>basal cell carcinoma</li> <li>biopsy</li> <li>lobular capillary haemangioma</li> <li>melanoma</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma</li> <li>verrucous carcinoma</li> </ul> </li> <li>Nail Assessment in Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (NAPPA)</li> <li>nail bed <ul> <li>apparent leukonychia</li> <li>biopsy</li> <li>biting</li> <li>blood supply</li> <li>colour changes</li> <li>dermal layer</li> <li>keratins</li> <li>laceration</li> <li>salmon patches</li> </ul> </li> <li>nail cosmetics <ul> <li>allergic reactions</li> <li>buffing</li> <li>coatings that polymerize <ul> <li>removal</li> </ul> </li> <li>cuticle removers</li> <li>gel nails</li> <li>gel polish</li> <li>hardeners</li> <li>infection risks</li> <li>irritant reactions</li> <li>light-cured gels</li> <li>nail cream</li> <li>nail-mending kits</li> <li>preformed plastic nails</li> <li>silicone rubber prosthesis</li> <li>whiteners</li> <li><i>see also</i> nail varnish</li> </ul> </li> <li>nail cream</li> <li>nail disease, factitious</li> <li>nail dystrophy <ul> <li>Darier disease</li> <li>Olmsted syndrome</li> <li>pachyonychia congenita</li> </ul> </li> <li>nail fold <ul> <li>biopsy</li> <li>biting</li> <li>capillary abnormalities</li> <li>chemotherapy effects</li> <li>dermatomyositis</li> <li>Hutchinson sign</li> <li>hypertrophy of lateral</li> <li>infections</li> <li>proximal nail fold capillaroscopy</li> </ul> </li> <li>nail fold capillaroscopy, Raynaud phenomenon</li> <li>nail hardeners</li> <li>nail matrix <ul> <li>biopsy <i>95.55–6</i></li> <li>blood supply</li> <li>keratinocyte layers</li> <li>kinetics</li> <li>scarring</li> </ul> </li> <li>nail matrix/nail bed naevi</li> <li>nail plate <ul> <li>biting</li> <li>darkening in paronychia</li> <li>growth</li> <li>infections</li> <li>lichen planus</li> <li>lucency loss</li> <li>older people</li> <li>pigmentation</li> <li>psoriatic abnormalities</li> <li>staining from nail varnish</li> <li>structure</li> <li>subungual abscess</li> </ul> </li> <li>nail polish <i>see</i> nail varnish</li> <li>Nail Psoriasis Severity Index (ANPSO)</li> <li>nail unit <ul> <li>anatomy</li> <li>biology</li> <li>melanoma</li> <li>structure</li> </ul> </li> <li>nail varnish <ul> <li>allergy</li> <li>cheilitis</li> <li>patch testing</li> <li>removers</li> </ul> </li> <li>nail-mending kits</li> <li>nail–patella syndrome <ul> <li>hyperhidrosis</li> <li>renal involvement</li> </ul> </li> <li>Nakajo–Nishimura syndrome <i>see</i> chronic atypical neutrophilic dermatosis with lipodystrophy and elevated temperature (CANDLE) syndrome</li> <li>Na-K-ATPase</li> <li>NALP-3 inflammasome</li> <li>NAME (naevi, atrial myxoma, myxoid neurofibromas and ephelides) syndrome <ul> <li>oral mucosa</li> </ul> </li> <li>NAP-2 (CXCL7)</li> <li>napkin dermatitis <ul> <li>infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>persistent</li> <li>psoriasiform</li> </ul> </li> <li>narrow-band UVB, plaque psoriasis</li> <li>nasal cavity, extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma</li> <li>nasal glioma</li> <li>nasal inflammation/mucosal necrosis</li> <li>nasal inverting papillomas</li> <li>nasal mucosa <ul> <li>allergens</li> <li>radiodermatitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>nasal vestibule, bacterial flora</li> <li>naso-labial fold, radiotherapy for skin cancer</li> <li>naso-palpebral lipoma–coloboma syndrome</li> <li>nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Epstein–Barr virus-associated</li> <li>nasopharyngitis, congenital syphilis</li> <li>nasopharynx, extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma</li> <li>natal cleft</li> <li>National Guideline Clearinghouse</li> <li>National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)</li> <li>natural gene therapy</li> <li>natural killer (NK) cell(s) <ul> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>chemokine expression</li> <li>cytokine secretion</li> <li>IFN role</li> <li>inhibitory receptors for MHC class I proteins</li> <li>innate immunity</li> </ul> </li> <li>natural killer (NK) cell lymphoma, transplacental transfer of maternal disease</li> <li>natural killer (NK) cell receptors</li> <li>natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, Epstein–Barr virus</li> <li>nausea, PUVA side effect</li> <li>Naxos disease <ul> <li>woolly hair</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>NBCCS</i> gene mutations</li> <li>Nd:YAG laser <ul> <li>frequency-doubled</li> <li>hair removal</li> <li>leg veins</li> <li>melasma treatment</li> <li>tattoo treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>Neapolitan nails</li> <li>near infrared lymphangiography</li> <li><i>Necator americanus</i></li> <li>neck <ul> <li>ageing of skin</li> <li>allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>botulinum toxin A injection</li> <li>fiddler's</li> <li>folliculitis keloidalis</li> <li>white fibrous papulosis</li> <li><i>see also</i> head and neck <i>entries</i></li> </ul> </li> <li>neck, head and face, swollen</li> <li>necrobiosis <ul> <li>atypical of the face and scalp margins</li> <li>rheumatoid arthritis</li> <li>scalp disorders</li> </ul> </li> <li>necrobiosis lipoidica <ul> <li>annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diabetes association</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>discoid lupus erythematosus differential diagnosis</li> <li>endocrine disorder skin signs</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>necrobiotic xanthogranuloma differential diagnosis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>rheumatoid nodule differential diagnosis</li> <li>sarcoidosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>scalp</li> <li>subcutaneous granuloma annulare differential diagnosis</li> <li>ulceration</li> </ul> </li> <li>necrobiotic granuloma <ul> <li>granuloma annulare</li> <li>palisading <ul> <li>rheumatoid nodule differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>necrobiotic xanthogranuloma <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>plane xanthoma differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>necrolysis</li> <li>necrolytic acral erythema, HCV association</li> <li>necrolytic migratory erythema <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>endocrine disorder skin signs</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>erythema multiforme differential diagnosis</li> <li>genital</li> <li>glucagonoma</li> <li>glucagonoma syndrome</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>metastatic disease</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>octreotide therapy</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>severity</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> <li>variants</li> <li>vulval lesions</li> </ul> </li> <li>necrosis <ul> <li>injecting drug abuse</li> <li>ischaemic following radiotherapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>necrotizing cellulitis</li> <li>necrotizing fasciitis <ul> <li><i>Aeromonas</i></li> <li>cellulitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>erysipelas differential diagnosis</li> <li>eyelids</li> <li>gas gangrene differential diagnosis</li> <li>human bites</li> <li>injecting drug abuse</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>pressure ulcer-induced</li> <li>recurrent cellulitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>toxic shock syndrome association</li> <li>umbilical infection</li> <li>vulval lesions</li> </ul> </li> <li>necrotizing infundibular crystalline folliculitis</li> <li>necrotizing lymphocytic folliculitis of the scalp margin</li> <li>necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis</li> <li>necrotizing sialometaplasia, oral ulceration</li> <li>necrotizing subcutaneous infections <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>nectinopathies</li> <li>nectins</li> <li>needlestick injuries, surgical</li> <li>negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT), pressure ulcers</li> <li><i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> <ul> <li>inflammatory arthritis</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> <ul> <li>inflammatory arthritis</li> <li>serotypes</li> </ul> </li> <li>Nékam disease</li> <li>nelfinavir, drug eruptions</li> <li>Nelson syndrome <ul> <li>oral hyperpigmentation</li> </ul> </li> <li>nematocysts</li> <li>nematode infections <ul> <li>human nematodes</li> <li>nematodes of other animals</li> <li><i>see also</i> <i>named nematode species and conditions</i></li> </ul> </li> <li>neoangiogenesis</li> <li>neomycin, topical</li> <li>neonatal cephalic pustulosis <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>neonatal ichthyosis–sclerosing cholangitis (NISCH)</li> <li>neonatal lupus erythematosus <ul> <li>annular erythema of infancy differential diagnosis</li> <li>cardiac involvement</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pregnancy</li> <li>prognosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis</li> <li>neonatal onset multisystem inflammatory disease (NOMID) <i>see</i> CINCA (chronic infantile neurological, cutaneous and articular) syndrome</li> <li>neonatal pemphigus</li> <li>neonatal progeroid syndrome</li> <li>neonates <ul> <li>acne</li> <li>adnexal polyp</li> <li>alveolar ridge lymphangioma</li> <li>ankyloblepharon–ectodermal defect–cleft lip/palate syndrome</li> <li>atrophic lesions</li> <li>bacterial infections</li> <li>barrier function of skin <ul> <li>failure in collodion baby</li> </ul> </li> <li>blistering disorder treatment</li> <li>blueberry muffin baby</li> <li>bronze baby syndrome</li> <li>bullous impetigo</li> <li>candidiasis <ul> <li>congenital</li> </ul> </li> <li>cellulitis</li> <li>circumcision</li> <li>cold injury <ul> <li>subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn</li> </ul> </li> <li>cold panniculitis</li> <li>congenital candidosis</li> <li>congenital erosive and vesicular dermatosis healing with reticulated supple scarring</li> <li>congenital syphilis <ul> <li>evaluation</li> </ul> </li> <li>congenital tuberculosis</li> <li>cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome</li> <li>dominant/recessive dystrophic bullous dermolysis</li> <li>eccrine sweating</li> <li>ecthyma gangrenosum</li> <li>epidermal barrier</li> <li>epidermolysis bullosa treatment</li> <li>fetal varicella syndrome</li> <li>fungal infections</li> <li>gonococcal ophthalmia</li> <li>harlequin ichthyoses</li> <li>herpes simplex virus <ul> <li>epidermolysis bullosa differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia</li> <li>impetigo</li> <li>infections</li> <li>jaundice</li> <li>keratitis–ichthyosis–deafness syndrome</li> <li>listeriosis</li> <li>lupus erythematosus</li> <li><i>Malassezia</i> pustulosis</li> <li>Marfan syndrome</li> <li>medallion-like dermal dendrocyte hamartoma</li> <li>medical procedure complications</li> <li>medical trauma hair loss</li> <li>necrotizing fasciitis</li> <li>Neu–Laxova syndrome</li> <li>noma neonatorum</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>omphalitis</li> <li>oral cavity</li> <li>orbital cellulitis</li> <li>pemphigus vulgaris</li> <li>percutaneous absorption</li> <li>postmature</li> <li>prematurity complications</li> <li>preorbital cellulitis</li> <li>primary herpetic gingivostomatitis</li> <li>progeria</li> <li>purpura fulminans</li> <li>pustular eruptions</li> <li>pustulosis of transient myeloproliferative disorder</li> <li>raised linear bands of infancy</li> <li>rashes</li> <li>scleredema neonatorum</li> <li>sebaceous glands</li> <li>Sjögren–Larsson syndrome</li> <li>skin appearance</li> <li>skin cleansers</li> <li>skin disorders</li> <li>skin function</li> <li>staphylococcal cold abscesses of the large folds</li> <li>staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome</li> <li>subcutaneous fat disorders</li> <li>toxic erythema of the newborn</li> <li>toxic substance transfer in maternal milk</li> <li>transepidermal water loss</li> <li>transient pustular melanosis</li> <li>transplacental transfer <ul> <li>of maternal autoantibodies</li> <li>of maternal malignant disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>trichothiodystrophy</li> <li>umbilical bacterial flora</li> <li>viral infections</li> <li>vitamin K deficiency bleeding</li> <li><i>see also</i> collodion baby; preterm infants; sclerema neonatorum; staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome; subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Neoscytalidium</i> <ul> <li>diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Neoscytalidium dimidiatum</i></li> <li><i>Neoscytalidium hyalinum</i></li> <li>nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy <ul> <li>diabetes association</li> <li>gadolinium radiocontrast agent association</li> <li>UVA-1 phototherapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>nephrogenic systemic fibrosis <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>systemic sclerosis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>nephrotic syndrome <ul> <li>secondary dyslipidaemia</li> <li>zinc deficiency</li> </ul> </li> <li>nerve blocks <ul> <li>facial</li> </ul> </li> <li>nerve damage, surgical</li> <li>nervous system, systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>Néstor–Guillermo progeria, mandibuloacral dysplasia differential diagnosis</li> <li>Netherton syndrome <ul> <li>bamboo hair</li> <li>collodion baby</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>ichthyosis linearis circumflexa</li> <li>kallikrein role</li> <li>peeling skin syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>pili torti <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>SPINK5</i> polymorphisms</li> <li>trichorrhexis invaginata</li> <li>trichorrhexis nodosa</li> <li>trichothiodystrophy differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Neu–Laxova syndrome <ul> <li>collodion baby differential diagnosis</li> <li>restrictive dermopathy differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>neural tube defects, folate deficiency</li> <li>neurilemmoma</li> <li>neurodegeneration, xeroderma pigmentosum</li> <li>neurodermatitis <ul> <li>circumscribed</li> </ul> </li> <li>neurodevelopmental disorders, self-injury</li> <li>neuroectoderm</li> <li>neuroendocrine markers</li> <li>neuroendocrine signalling <ul> <li>complexity</li> </ul> </li> <li>neuroendocrine stimuli</li> <li>neuroendocrine stress response systems</li> <li>neurofibromas <ul> <li>cutaneous</li> <li>diffuse</li> <li>hypertrichosis</li> <li>mast cells</li> <li>multiple</li> <li>NF1</li> <li>oral</li> <li>plexiform</li> <li>sarcomatous change</li> <li>solitary</li> <li>vulval</li> </ul> </li> <li>neurofibromatosis <i>80.6–7</i> <ul> <li>carbon dioxide laser incisional surgery</li> <li>cutis laxa differential diagnosis</li> <li>freckles</li> <li>mechanical properties of skin</li> <li>segmental</li> <li>type</li> </ul> </li> <li>neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), <i>80.6–7</i> <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>Dercum disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>diagnostic criteria</li> <li>diffuse neurofibroma</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>gene</li> <li>genetic counselling</li> <li>inheritance</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>with juvenile xanthogranuloma/juvenile chronic myeloid leukaemia</li> <li>Legius syndrome</li> <li>leukaemia association</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour</li> <li>management</li> <li>Manchester checklist <i>80.6–7</i></li> <li>meningothelial heterotopias</li> <li>multiple neurofibromas</li> <li>naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>plexiform neurofibroma</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>renal involvement</li> <li>respiratory disorder association</li> <li>uncombable hair syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) <ul> <li>meningiomas</li> </ul> </li> <li>neurofibromatosis–Noonan syndrome</li> <li>neurofibromin <ul> <li>metabolic bone defect in NF1</li> </ul> </li> <li>neurofibrosarcoma</li> <li>neuro-ichthyotic syndromes <ul> <li>palmoplantar keratodermas with neurological manifestations</li> </ul> </li> <li>neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) <ul> <li>cutaneous vasodilatation</li> </ul> </li> <li>neurokinin A</li> <li>neurolabyrinthitis, late congenital syphilis</li> <li>neuroleptics, hyperprolactinaemia induction</li> <li>neurological disease <ul> <li>Adamantiades–Behçet disease</li> <li>bullous pemphigoid association</li> <li>burning feet syndrome</li> <li>complex regional pain syndrome</li> <li>DRESS syndrome association</li> <li>gustatory hyperhidrosis</li> <li>hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies</li> <li>Horner syndrome</li> <li>oral manifestations</li> <li>pigmentation</li> <li>pruritus</li> <li>restless leg syndrome</li> <li>retinoid-induced</li> <li>spinal cord injury-associated dermatoses</li> <li>spinal dysraphism</li> <li>sympathetic nerve injury</li> <li>syringomyelia</li> <li>vitamin E deficiency</li> <li>xeroderma pigmentosum</li> </ul> </li> <li>neuromas <ul> <li>amputation stump</li> <li>epithelial sheath</li> <li>MEN type 2b</li> <li>Morton</li> <li>multiple mucosal</li> <li>solitary circumscribed</li> </ul> </li> <li>neuromediators</li> <li>neuromuscular blockers, anaphylactic reactions</li> <li>neuromuscular hamartoma</li> <li>neuromuscular tissues, glucocorticoid adverse effects</li> <li>neuron-specific enolase</li> <li>neuropathic pain <ul> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>neuropathic ulcer <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>healing</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>severity classification</li> </ul> </li> <li>neuropeptide(s) <ul> <li>receptors</li> <li>stress role</li> </ul> </li> <li>neuropeptide Y</li> <li>neurosarcoidosis</li> <li>neurosyphilis <ul> <li>asymptomatic</li> <li>gummatous</li> <li>late congenital syphilis</li> <li>meningeal</li> <li>tabetic</li> </ul> </li> <li>neurothekeoma <ul> <li>cellular</li> <li>oral cavity</li> </ul> </li> <li>neurotic excoriations, linear IgA disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>neurotransmitter-affecting peptides</li> <li>neurotrophins, itching in skin disease</li> <li>neurovascular disorders</li> <li>neutral lipid storage disease with ichthyosis <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>collodion baby</li> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>neutropenia <ul> <li>periungual toe infections</li> <li>retinoid-induced</li> </ul> </li> <li>neutrophil(s) <ul> <li>activation by TNF</li> <li>adhesion <ul> <li>defects</li> </ul> </li> <li>chemotaxis defects</li> <li>deficiencies</li> <li>differentiation defects</li> <li>functional defects</li> <li>high-power microscopy</li> <li>inflammatory disease role</li> <li>mediators</li> <li>pyoderma gangrenosum</li> <li>Sweet syndrome</li> <li>tissue damage</li> <li>wound healing</li> </ul> </li> <li>neutrophil lysosomal granules</li> <li>neutrophilia, glucocorticoid therapy effects</li> <li>neutrophilic dermatoses <ul> <li>acute febrile <ul> <li>inflammatory bowel disease association</li> </ul> </li> <li>CCR1 role</li> <li>cutaneous vasculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>of dorsal hands</li> <li>eccrine hidradenitis</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>pathergy</li> <li>respiratory disorder association</li> <li>rheumatoid</li> <li><i>see also</i> bowel-associated dermatosis–arthritis syndrome; pyoderma gangrenosum; subcorneal pustular dermatosis; Sweet syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis <ul> <li>drug-induced</li> </ul> </li> <li>neutrophilic lobular panniculitis <ul> <li>definition</li> </ul> </li> <li>neutrophilic urticarial dermatosis</li> <li>neutrophil–macrophage colony-forming unit (NM-CFU)</li> <li>neutrophil-specific granule deficiency</li> <li>nevirapine <ul> <li>drug eruptions</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>NF1</i> gene mutations <ul> <li>somatic mosaicism</li> </ul> </li> <li>niacin deficiency <ul> <li>iron deficiency differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>niacinamide <ul> <li>antioxidant activity</li> <li>erythema elevatum diutinum treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>nickel allergy <ul> <li>avoidance</li> <li>cheilitis</li> <li>chemistry</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>clioquinol combination with topical corticosteroids</li> <li>contact dermatitis</li> <li>decline</li> <li>delayed-type hypersensitivity</li> <li>dietary intake</li> <li>ear piercing complications</li> <li>hand eczema</li> <li>incidence</li> <li>occurrence</li> <li>patch tests</li> <li>prevalence</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>regulatory measures</li> <li>risk</li> <li>sensitivity <ul> <li>capacity</li> <li>hand eczema predisposition</li> </ul> </li> <li>systemically reactivated allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>therapies</li> <li>urticaria</li> </ul> </li> <li>nicorandil <ul> <li>perianal ulceration</li> <li>ulceration around stomas</li> </ul> </li> <li>nicotinamide <ul> <li>acne therapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>nicotinic acid <ul> <li>acquired ichthyoses</li> <li>topical</li> </ul> </li> <li>nicotinic acid esters</li> <li>nicotinic stomatitis</li> <li>nidogen</li> <li>Niemann–Pick cells, sphingolipidoses</li> <li>Niemann–Pick disease</li> <li>nifedipine <ul> <li>hand–arm vibration syndrome treatment</li> <li>Raynaud phenomenon treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>nifurtimox, trypanosomiasis treatment</li> <li>night blindness</li> <li>Nijmegen breakage syndrome</li> <li>Nikolsky sign <ul> <li>pemphigus vulgaris</li> </ul> </li> <li>nipple <ul> <li>eczema</li> <li>erosive adenomatosis</li> <li>hyperkeratosis</li> <li>Paget disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>nitric oxide (NO) <ul> <li>complex formation</li> <li>pathophysiology in skin</li> <li>production regulation</li> <li>topical therapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>nitric oxide (NO) derivatives</li> <li>nitric oxide synthase (NOS) <ul> <li>inducible</li> </ul> </li> <li>nitrite</li> <li>nitritoid reaction, gold</li> <li>nitrofurantoin</li> <li>nitrogen mustard, topical</li> <li>nitrogen oxide, inhalation injury with burns</li> <li>nivolumab</li> <li><i>Nocardia</i></li> <li>nocardiosis</li> <li>NOD (nucleotide-binding oligomerization-domain protein)-like receptors</li> <li>NOD (nucleotide-binding oligomerization-domain protein) proteins</li> <li><i>NOD2</i> gene mutations</li> <li>nodular fasciitis</li> <li>nodular fibrosis, subepidermal</li> <li>nodular granulomatous phlebitis</li> <li>nodular lymphangitis</li> <li>nodular vasculitis, tuberculous</li> <li>Noggin</li> <li>noma neonatorum</li> <li>NOMID (neonatal onset multisystem inflammatory disease) <i>see</i> CINCA (chronic infantile neurological, cutaneous and articular) syndrome</li> <li>non-ablative fractional resurfacing (NAFR)</li> <li>non-accidental injury <ul> <li>chemical burns differential diagnosis</li> <li>irritant contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>non-adherence to treatment <ul> <li>psychological factors</li> </ul> </li> <li>non-bullous ichthyosiform erythroderma</li> <li>non-dendritic cell disorders</li> <li>non-epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma <ul> <li>transient aquagenic keratoderma differential diagnosis</li> <li>types</li> </ul> </li> <li>non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA)</li> <li>non-Hodgkin lymphoma <ul> <li>acquired ichthyoses</li> <li>cutaneous T-cell lymphoma association</li> <li>erythroderma</li> <li>granulomatous slack skin disease association</li> <li>Kaposi sarcoma association</li> <li>necrobiotic xanthogranuloma association</li> <li>paraneoplastic pemphigus association</li> <li>pigmentation</li> <li>skin cancer</li> <li>skin involvement</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus association</li> <li>Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>non-immune contact urticaria</li> <li>non-Langerhans cell histiocytoses <ul> <li>dendritic cell origin</li> <li>non-dendritic cell origin</li> </ul> </li> <li>non-mast cell haematological disorder, mastocytosis association</li> <li>non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) <ul> <li>Bowen disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>drug induced</li> <li>economic burden</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>immunosuppressive drug-induced</li> <li>inflammatory bowel disease</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>mortality</li> <li>PUVA <ul> <li>lentigines association</li> <li>patient follow-up</li> <li>side effect</li> </ul> </li> <li>treatment</li> <li>UVB, patient follow-up</li> <li>xeroderma pigmentosum</li> <li><i>see also</i> basal cell carcinoma (BCC); squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)</li> </ul> </li> <li>non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (non-NRTIs) <ul> <li>side effects</li> </ul> </li> <li>nonsense read-through drugs, epidermolysis bullosa</li> <li>non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) <ul> <li>actinic keratosis treatment</li> <li>adverse drug reactions</li> <li>eosinophilic pustular folliculitis treatment</li> <li>exanthem induction</li> <li>fixed drug eruption</li> <li>frostbite management</li> <li>hypersensitivity reactions</li> <li>photoallergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>phototoxicity</li> <li>pseudoporphyria induction</li> <li>psoriatic arthritis treatment</li> <li>skin cancer protection</li> <li>stabilization</li> <li>Sweet syndrome treatment</li> <li>urticarial eruptions</li> <li>urticarial vasculitis treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>non-syndromic autosomal dominant hypotrichoses</li> <li>non-syndromic autosomal recessive hypotrichoses</li> <li>non-syphilitic spirochaetal ulcerative balanoposthitis</li> <li>non-tuberculous mycobacteria <i>see</i> mycobacterial infections, non-tuberculous</li> <li>Noonan syndrome <ul> <li>chylous reflux</li> <li>intestinal lymphangiectasia</li> <li>lymphoedema</li> <li>with multiple lentigines</li> <li>with neurofibromatosis</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>swollen face, head and neck</li> <li>woolly hair</li> <li><i>see also</i> LEOPARD syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>Noonan with multiple lentigines syndrome <i>see</i> LEOPARD syndrome</li> <li>noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (NaSSAs)</li> <li>norepinephrine</li> <li>normolipaemic xanthoma</li> <li>normophosphataemic familial tumoral calcinosis</li> <li>North American blastomycosis, anthrax differential diagnosis</li> <li>Norton scale for pressure ulcers</li> <li>nose, radiotherapy for skin cancer</li> <li>notalgia paraesthetica <ul> <li>pruritus</li> </ul> </li> <li>Notch signalling <ul> <li>melanocytes</li> </ul> </li> <li>NOTCH1 and NOTCH2 mutations</li> <li>Nottingham Eczema Severity Score (NESS)</li> <li><i>NRAS</i> gene mutations</li> <li><i>NRAS</i> mutated melanoma</li> <li>nuchal fibroma</li> <li>nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) <ul> <li>activation <ul> <li>by α-MSH</li> <li>by TLRs</li> </ul> </li> <li>ectodermal dysplasias</li> </ul> </li> <li>nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) essential modulator (NEMO)</li> <li>nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) pathway-related primary immunodeficiencies</li> <li>nuclear hormone receptors</li> <li>nucleic acid amplification tests, cutaneous tuberculosis</li> <li>nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) <ul> <li>lipodystrophy</li> <li>side effects</li> </ul> </li> <li>nucleotide binding site and leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) proteins</li> <li>nucleotide excision repair (NER) <ul> <li>Cockayne syndrome</li> <li>xeroderma pigmentosum</li> </ul> </li> <li>null hypothesis</li> <li>numb chin syndrome, malignancy association</li> <li>number needed to treat (NNT)</li> <li>nutrition/nutritional deficiencies <ul> <li>angular cheilitis</li> <li>burns and hypermetabolic response management</li> <li>generalized severe recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa</li> <li>hair colour changes</li> <li>hyperpigmentation</li> <li>mineral deficiencies</li> <li>pressure ulcers <ul> <li>prevention</li> <li>treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>see also</i> malnutrition; protein–energy malnutrition;<i> vitamin entries</i></li> </ul> </li> <li>nympho-hymenal tears</li> <li>nystatin <ul> <li>candidosis treatment</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </section> <section> <h2>O</h2> <ul> <li>oak moss</li> <li>obesity <ul> <li>abdominal wall lymphoedema</li> <li>acanthosis nigricans association</li> <li>atopic eczema association</li> <li>benign symmetrical lipomatosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>chronically swollen leg</li> <li>cold panniculitis</li> <li>Dercum disease</li> <li>endocrine disorder skin signs</li> <li>endocrine dysregulation</li> <li>epidemic</li> <li>genetic disorders</li> <li>hereditary</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa association</li> <li>hyperlipidaemia-related skin disease</li> <li>immunological dysregulation</li> <li>Klinefelter syndrome</li> <li>lipoedema differential diagnosis</li> <li>lymphoedema <ul> <li>massive localized</li> <li>risk factor</li> </ul> </li> <li>mechanical problems</li> <li>monogenic <ul> <li>with cutaneous features</li> <li>without cutaneous features</li> </ul> </li> <li>physiological consequences</li> <li>Prader–Willi syndrome</li> <li>psoriasis association</li> <li>pyoderma gangrenosum association</li> <li>skin tags</li> <li>striae</li> <li>swollen breast</li> <li>vanishing penis syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>Objective Severity Assessment of Atopic Dermatitis (OSAAD) score</li> <li>obsessive–compulsive disorder <ul> <li>acné excoriée</li> <li>body dysmorphic disorder</li> <li>health anxieties</li> <li>lichen simplex chronicus</li> <li>nodular prurigo</li> <li>olfactory reference syndrome</li> <li>onychophagia</li> <li>onychotillomania</li> <li>skin picking disorder</li> <li>trichotillomania features</li> <li><i>see also</i> trichotillomania; trichotillosis</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>OCA2</i> gene mutations</li> <li>occipital horn syndrome <ul> <li>copper deficiency</li> </ul> </li> <li>occludins</li> <li>occupational disorders <ul> <li>acne <ul> <li>of chemical origin</li> </ul> </li> <li>acroosteolysis</li> <li>acrylate allergy</li> <li>actinic keratosis</li> <li>alkali tests</li> <li>allergens</li> <li>allergic contact dermatitis <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>occupational irritant contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>arsenic toxicity</li> <li>chemical burns</li> <li>chemical depigmentation</li> <li>chloracne</li> <li>collier's stripes</li> <li>contact dermatitis with arsenic toxicity</li> <li>dermatitic potential measurement</li> <li>dermatitis studies</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>dyspigmentation <ul> <li>causative chemicals</li> </ul> </li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>epoxy resin allergy</li> <li>exposure period</li> <li>fragrances</li> <li>hairdressers</li> <li>hand eczema</li> <li>hypothenar hammer syndrome</li> <li>irritant contact dermatitis <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>occupational allergic contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>skin protection programme</li> </ul> </li> <li>leukoderma <ul> <li>causative chemicals</li> </ul> </li> <li>mouth cancer</li> <li><i>Mycobacterium kansasii</i> infection</li> <li><i>Mycobacterium marinum</i> infection</li> <li>nickel allergy</li> <li>occupation types</li> <li>onycholysis</li> <li>palmar fascial fibromatosis</li> <li>patch tests</li> <li>perforating dermatosis</li> <li>prevention</li> <li>psoriasis</li> <li>saltpetre disease</li> <li>scrotal carcinoma</li> <li>skin cancers</li> <li>skin prick test</li> <li>surveillance</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>systemic sclerosis</li> <li>transepidermal water loss measurement</li> <li>UVR exposure</li> <li>warts</li> <li>wood allergy</li> <li>workplace visits</li> <li><i>see also</i> hand–arm vibration syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>ochronosis <ul> <li>endogenous</li> <li>exogenous <ul> <li>treatment</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>octopus stings</li> <li>octreotide therapy, necrolytic migratory erythema</li> <li>2-<i>n</i>-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one</li> <li>ocular medications, causing dermatitis</li> <li>ocular rosacea</li> <li>oculocerebral syndrome with hypopigmentation</li> <li>oculocerebrocutaneous syndrome <ul> <li>encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>MIDAS syndrome differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>oculocutaneous albinism <ul> <li>basal cell carcinoma</li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>prenatal diagnosis</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>oculocutaneous tyrosinaemia</li> <li>oculodentodigital dysplasia syndrome</li> <li>oculoectodermal syndrome</li> <li>oculomucocutaneous syndromes</li> <li>odds ratio</li> <li>Odland bodies</li> <li>odonto-onychodermal dysplasia</li> <li>oedema <ul> <li>acute haemorrhagic in infancy</li> <li>ano-genital</li> <li>eyelids</li> <li>head and neck in DRESS syndrome</li> <li>laryngeal</li> <li>lips</li> <li>pharyngeal</li> <li>pregnancy</li> <li>swollen face, head and neck</li> <li>venous insufficiency</li> <li><i>see also</i> lymphatic(s), oedema</li> </ul> </li> <li>oedematofibrosclerotic panniculopathy</li> <li>Oedemeridae</li> <li>oesophageal cancer, tylosis</li> <li>oesophageal dysmotility</li> <li>oesophageal sphincter, dermatomyositis</li> <li>oesophagus <ul> <li>disorders</li> <li>generalized severe recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma</li> </ul> </li> <li>17-oestradiol</li> <li>Oestridae</li> <li>oestrogen <ul> <li>ingestion and porphyria cutanea tarda risk</li> <li>menopausal ageing of skin</li> <li>papulopustular acne treatment</li> <li>pigmentation effects</li> </ul> </li> <li>oestrogen-producing tumours</li> <li>oil beetles</li> <li>oil folliculitis</li> <li>oil hyperkeratosis</li> <li>oil in water systems</li> <li>oil shale, occupational skin cancers</li> <li>oil syndrome</li> <li>ointments</li> <li>older people <ul> <li>actinic keratoses</li> <li>adverse drug reactions</li> <li>age effects on drug therapeutic outcomes</li> <li>angiosarcoma of the face/scalp</li> <li>asteatotic eczema</li> <li>atypical fibroxanthoma</li> <li>botulinum toxin A injection</li> <li>erosive pustular dermatitis of scalp</li> <li>lentigo maligna melanoma presentation</li> <li>Merkel cell carcinoma</li> <li>nails</li> <li>onychomycosis</li> <li>polypharmacy</li> <li>pruritus of senescence</li> <li>psoriasis</li> <li>skin disease prevalence</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>wound healing</li> </ul> </li> <li>olfactory reference syndrome</li> <li>olive oil</li> <li>Ollier disease</li> <li>Olmsted syndrome <ul> <li>perianal keratotic plaques</li> </ul> </li> <li>omalizumab <i>109.18–19</i> <ul> <li>atopic eczema treatment</li> <li>recurrent angio-oedema without weals</li> <li>urticaria treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>omega 3 fatty acids <ul> <li>polymorphic light eruption management</li> </ul> </li> <li>omega 6 fatty acids</li> <li>Omenn syndrome <ul> <li>candidosis association</li> <li>eczematous lesions</li> </ul> </li> <li>omphalitis</li> <li><i>Onchocerca volvulus</i> <ul> <li>blindness</li> <li>life cycle</li> </ul> </li> <li>onchocerciasis <ul> <li>atrophic scars</li> <li>causative organism</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>genital</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>leprosy differential diagnosis</li> <li>management</li> <li>microfilariae</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>presentation</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>oncostatin M receptor (OSMR) gene</li> <li><i>Onychocola canadensis</i></li> <li>onychocryptosis</li> <li>onychocytes</li> <li>onychodermal band</li> <li>onychodystrophy, chemotherapy-induced</li> <li>onychogryphosis</li> <li>onycholysis <ul> <li>allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>chemotherapy-induced</li> <li>dermatophyte-induced onychomycosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>idiopathic</li> <li>lichen planus of nail bed</li> <li>psoriatic</li> <li>secondary</li> </ul> </li> <li>onychomadesis</li> <li>onychomatricoma</li> <li>onychomycosis <ul> <li><i>Candida</i></li> <li>candidosis</li> <li>confocal microscopy</li> <li>dermatophyte-induced <ul> <li>causative organisms</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>distal and lateral subungual</li> <li>endonyx</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>management</li> <li>mixed</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>patterns</li> <li>proximal subungual</li> <li>superficial</li> <li>totally dystrophic</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> </ul> </li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>Down syndrome</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>non-dermatophyte moulds <ul> <li>identification</li> <li><i>Onychocola canadensis</i></li> <li>superficial</li> </ul> </li> <li>older people</li> <li>sample collection</li> <li><i>Scopulariopsis brevicaulis</i></li> <li><i>Trichophyton rubrum</i></li> <li>yellow-nail syndrome differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>onychopapilloma</li> <li>onychophagia</li> <li>onychoptosis defluvium</li> <li>onychoschizia</li> <li>onychotillomania</li> <li>O'Nyong–Nyong fever</li> <li>ophthalmia neonatorum</li> <li>ophthalmic zoster <ul> <li>HIV infection</li> </ul> </li> <li>ophthalmoganglionar complex</li> <li>ophthalmomyiasis</li> <li>opioid(s) <ul> <li>drug eruptions</li> <li>restless legs syndrome management</li> </ul> </li> <li>opioid peptides, itching in skin disease</li> <li>optic nerve glioma, NF1-associated</li> <li>optic neuropathy, Menkes disease</li> <li>optical coherence tomography</li> <li>oral administration of drugs</li> <li>oral allergy syndrome</li> <li>oral cavity <ul> <li>allergic reactions</li> <li>anatomical variants</li> <li>biology</li> <li>cancer <ul> <li>causative organisms</li> <li>erythroplasia</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>malignant transformation risk</li> <li>management</li> <li>oral submucous fibrosis predisposition</li> <li>risk factors</li> <li>second cancer risk</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>sites</li> </ul> </li> <li>Compositae allergy</li> <li>erosions in reactive arthritis</li> <li>examination</li> <li>immunity</li> <li>infections</li> <li>lumps</li> <li>neonates</li> <li>pigmented lesions</li> <li>red lesions</li> <li>Sjögren syndrome</li> <li>soreness without ulceration</li> <li>Stevens–Johnson syndrome <ul> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>swellings</li> <li>systemic disease manifestations <b>110.</b><b>89–92</b></li> <li>tissue elasticity loss</li> <li>toxic epidermal necrolysis <ul> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>vascular proliferative lesions</li> <li>white lesions</li> <li><i>see also</i> lips; mouth; teeth; tongue</li> </ul> </li> <li>oral commissures</li> <li>oral contraceptives <ul> <li>acne association</li> <li>antibiotics interactions</li> <li>hyperoestrogenism</li> <li>melasma</li> <li>papulopustular acne treatment</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> </ul> </li> <li>oral disease <ul> <li>generalized severe recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa</li> <li>scurvy</li> </ul> </li> <li>oral dysaesthesia <i>see</i> burning mouth syndrome</li> <li>oral epithelium</li> <li>oral hair</li> <li>oral hairy leukoplakia</li> <li>oral hyperkeratosis syndrome</li> <li>oral hyperpigmentation, HIV infection</li> <li>oral hypoglycaemic drugs, allergic reactions</li> <li>oral leukokeratoses, plantar keratoderma</li> <li>oral mucosa <ul> <li>biology</li> <li>junction with teeth</li> </ul> </li> <li>oral mucosa disorders <ul> <li>acquired</li> <li>Darier disease</li> <li>eosinophilic ulcer</li> <li>genetic</li> <li>lumps</li> <li>NF1</li> <li>orocutaneous syndromes</li> <li>pigmented lesions</li> <li>psoriasis</li> <li>red lesions</li> <li>swellings</li> <li>vesiculoerosive</li> <li>viral infections</li> <li>white lesions</li> <li><i>see also</i> aphthous stomatitis; oral ulcers</li> </ul> </li> <li>oral submucous fibrosis</li> <li>oral ulcers <ul> <li>aphthous in Behçet disease</li> <li>deficiency glossitis</li> <li>eosinophilic ulcer of oral mucosa</li> <li>Felty syndrome</li> <li>gold therapy</li> <li>granulomatosis with polyangiitis</li> <li>herpetiform in arsenic toxicity</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>immune deficiency</li> <li>local aetiology</li> <li>management</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>recurrent</li> <li>systemic disease association</li> <li><i>see also</i> aphthous stomatitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>orbicularis muscle</li> <li>orbicularis oris muscle, botulinum toxin A injection</li> <li>orbital cellulitis</li> <li>orf <ul> <li>brucellosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>cowpox differential diagnosis</li> <li>external ear</li> <li>giant</li> <li>milker's nodule differential diagnosis</li> <li>monkeypox differential diagnosis</li> <li>paronychia</li> <li>vulval lesions</li> </ul> </li> <li>organ transplantation <ul> <li>actinic keratosis prevalence</li> <li>children</li> <li>ciclosporin use</li> <li>HPV infection/warts in recipients</li> <li>Merkel cell carcinoma</li> <li>penile cancer complication</li> <li>post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder</li> <li>radiotherapy for skin cancers</li> <li>skin cancer <ul> <li>immunosuppressive drug therapy-induced</li> <li>management</li> <li>pre-transplant</li> <li>screening/surveillance</li> </ul> </li> <li>trichodysplasia spinulosa</li> </ul> </li> <li>organic mercurials</li> <li>organic solvents</li> <li><i>Orientia tsutsugamushi</i></li> <li><i>Ornithonyssus</i></li> <li>orocutaneous syndromes</li> <li>oro-facial and cutaneous herpes, recurrent</li> <li>oro-facial gangrene</li> <li>oro-facial granulomatosis <ul> <li>aphthous ulceration</li> <li>dental material allergy</li> <li>granulomatous cheilitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>sarcoidosis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>oro-facial–digital syndrome type 1</li> <li>orokeratosis striata lichenoides</li> <li>oro-pharyngeal cancer</li> <li>oro-pharynx <ul> <li>dermatomyositis</li> <li>HIV infection</li> </ul> </li> <li>Oropouche virus</li> <li>Oroya fever</li> <li>orthopaedic implants, metal</li> <li>Orthoptera</li> <li>osmidrosis</li> <li>osseous choristoma</li> <li>osseous neoplasms, radiography</li> <li>osteoarthritis <ul> <li>psoriatic arthritis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>osteoarthropathy, secondary hypertrophic</li> <li>osteochondritis, congenital syphilis</li> <li>osteogenesis imperfecta <ul> <li>Ehlers–Danlos syndrome association</li> <li>Menkes disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>osteoid osteoma, radiography</li> <li>osteolyses, inherited</li> <li>osteoma cutis</li> <li>osteoma mucosae</li> <li>osteomalacia <ul> <li>RAS gene mosaicism</li> <li>vitamin D deficiency differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>osteomyelitis <ul> <li><i>Acinetobacter</i></li> <li>chronic recurrent multifocal</li> <li>mycetoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>pressure ulcer-induced</li> <li>scarlet fever association</li> <li>syphilitica</li> </ul> </li> <li>osteopenia, vitamin D deficiency differential diagnosis</li> <li>osteoporosis <ul> <li>generalized severe recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa</li> <li>mastocytosis association</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>vitamin D deficiency differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>otitis externa <ul> <li>acute <ul> <li>diffuse</li> <li>localized</li> </ul> </li> <li>bullous</li> <li>causative organisms</li> <li>chronic</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>granular</li> <li>hypertrophic</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>necrotizing <ul> <li>causative organisms</li> <li>chronic otitis externa differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>otomandibular syndrome</li> <li>otomycosis <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>otophyma</li> <li>Oudtshoorn disease</li> <li>outer root sheath (ORS)</li> <li>ovarian tumours, hirsutism</li> <li>ovariectomy, hypo-oestrogenism</li> <li>overgrowth syndromes <ul> <li>lymphatic malformations</li> <li><i>see also</i> CLOVES (congenital lipomatous overgrowth, vascular malformations, epidermal naevi and skeletal/spinal anomalies) syndrome; Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome; Proteus syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>overlap syndrome <i>see</i> mixed connective tissue disease</li> <li>oxalate embolus</li> <li>oxandrolone, burns treatment</li> <li>oxazolidinones</li> <li>oxidative stress <ul> <li>irradiated cells</li> <li>vitiligo</li> </ul> </li> <li>oxybutynin, hyperhidrosis treatment</li> <li>oxyhaemoglobin</li> <li>oxymetazoline</li> </ul> </section> <section> <h2>P</h2> <ul> <li><i>P</i> value</li> <li>P13κδ deficiency</li> <li>p53 gene family <ul> <li>DNA damage</li> <li>melanocytes</li> <li>sunburn cell formation regulation</li> </ul> </li> <li>p63 transcription factor <ul> <li>ectodermal dysplasias</li> </ul> </li> <li>pachydermatoglyphy</li> <li>pachydermia oralis <i>see</i> white sponge naevus</li> <li>pachydermodactyly <ul> <li>knuckle pads differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>pachydermoperiostosis <ul> <li>cutis verticis gyrata differential diagnosis</li> <li>keloid association</li> <li>primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy</li> </ul> </li> <li>pachyonychia congenita <ul> <li>blistering</li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>and epidermolytic ichthyosis</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa association</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>keratin location</li> <li>management</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>resources</li> <li>steatocystoma multiplex association</li> <li>type 2</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Paederus</i></li> <li>paediatric dermatology <ul> <li>historical aspects</li> <li><i>see also</i> children</li> </ul> </li> <li>Paget disease <ul> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>extramammary <ul> <li>ano-genital</li> <li>ano-genital psoriasis differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>perianal</li> <li>photodynamic therapy</li> <li>vulval</li> </ul> </li> <li>Langerhans cell histiocytosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>of the nipple <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>histopathological markers</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>pagetoid reticulosis</li> <li>Paget–Schröetter syndrome</li> <li>pain <ul> <li>complex regional pain syndrome</li> <li>cryosurgery</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>erythromelalgia</li> <li>genital <ul> <li>chronic pain syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>high-intensity focused ultrasound</li> <li>inflammation</li> <li>necrotizing otitis externa</li> <li>perineal/perianal</li> <li>photodynamic therapy</li> <li>pressure ulcers</li> <li>PUVA side effect</li> <li>referred in external ear</li> <li>rest</li> <li>restless legs syndrome</li> <li>scalp dysaesthesia</li> <li>Stevens–Johnson syndrome</li> <li>sympathetically maintained</li> <li>toxic epidermal necrolysis</li> <li>varicella-zoster virus</li> <li>vulval</li> <li><i>see also</i> mucocutaneous pain syndromes; neuropathic pain</li> </ul> </li> <li>painful hereditary callosities (PHC)</li> <li>painter's colic</li> <li>paints</li> <li>palate examination</li> <li>palisaded neutrophilic and granulomatous dermatitis (PNGD)</li> <li>palladium</li> <li>palliative care, pressure ulcers</li> <li>Pallister–Killian syndrome</li> <li>palmar erythema <ul> <li>endocrine disorder skin signs</li> </ul> </li> <li>palmar fascial fibromatosis <ul> <li>camptodactyly differential diagnosis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>keloid association</li> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>palmar fibromatosis <ul> <li>fascial <ul> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>palmoplantar erythrodysaesthesia</li> <li>palmoplantar hyperkeratosis <ul> <li>autosomal dominant</li> <li>focal</li> </ul> </li> <li>palmoplantar hypokeratosis, circumscribed</li> <li>palmoplantar keratodermas (PPKs) <ul> <li>acquired</li> <li>cancer</li> <li>and cardiomyopathy</li> <li>clinical pattern</li> <li>Cole disease</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>in ectodermal dysplasia</li> <li>epidermolytic</li> <li>focal</li> <li>hearing impairment</li> <li>hyperhidrosis</li> <li>Mal de Meleda</li> <li>management</li> <li>marginal papular keratoderma</li> <li>mitochondrial with hearing impairment</li> <li>morphology</li> <li>mtDNA mutation</li> <li>neurological manifestations</li> <li>non-epidermolytic <ul> <li>transient aquagenic keratoderma differential diagnosis</li> <li>types</li> </ul> </li> <li>non-syndromic</li> <li>ophthalmic manifestations</li> <li>painful hereditary callosities</li> <li>plantar</li> <li>punctate <ul> <li>with/without ectopic calcification</li> </ul> </li> <li>sex reversal and cancer</li> <li>spiny keratoderma</li> <li>spiny palmoplantar keratosis</li> <li>striate <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>syndromic</li> <li>transient aquagenic keratoderma</li> <li>woolly hair association</li> <li><i>see also</i> pachyonychia congenita</li> </ul> </li> <li>palmoplantar psoriasis, smoking association</li> <li>palmoplantar pustulosis <ul> <li>acrodermatitis continua of Hallopeau association</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>reactive arthritis</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>palmoplantar venous malformation</li> <li>pamidronate</li> <li>panatrophy of skin</li> <li>pancreatic disease <ul> <li>adenocarcinoma</li> <li>DRESS involvement</li> </ul> </li> <li>pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours <ul> <li>MEN1 association</li> <li>necrolytic migratory erythema</li> <li>TNM staging classification</li> </ul> </li> <li>pancreatic panniculitis <ul> <li>associated disorders</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>pancreatitis <ul> <li>acute</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> </ul> </li> <li>pangeria <i>see</i> Werner syndrome</li> <li>pannexins</li> <li>panniculitis <ul> <li>α<sub>1</sub>-antitrypsin deficiency</li> <li>biopsy</li> <li>calcification of muscle/deep tissue</li> <li>chemotherapy-induced</li> <li>classification</li> <li>cold</li> <li>cosmetic fillers</li> <li>cytophagic histiocytic</li> <li>definition</li> <li>Dercum disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>dermatomyositis-associated</li> <li>factitious <ul> <li>causative organisms</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>fungal</li> <li>gouty</li> <li>hereditary</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>infectious <ul> <li>causative organisms</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>pancreatic panniculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>injecting drug abuse</li> <li>leukaemia cutis differential diagnosis</li> <li>lipoatrophic of the ankles in childhood</li> <li>lobular <ul> <li>pancreatic panniculitis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>localized lipodystrophy secondary to</li> <li>lupus <ul> <li>calcifying</li> <li>hemifacial</li> <li>sclerosing post-irradiation panniculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus association</li> </ul> </li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>neutrophilic lobular</li> <li>pancreatic</li> <li>pancreatic disease association</li> <li>pentazocine</li> <li>post-irradiation</li> <li>poststeroid <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>povidone</li> <li>sclerosing postirradiation</li> <li>septal</li> <li>suppurative</li> <li>traumatic</li> <li>variants</li> <li><i>see also</i> α<sub>1</sub>-antitrypsin deficiency panniculitis; erythema nodosum; lupus erythematosus, profundus; <i>named disorders and conditions</i>; sclerosing panniculitis; subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma</li> </ul> </li> <li>panniculopathy, oedematofibrosclerotic</li> <li>panthenol</li> <li>Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL) <ul> <li>ano-genital <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> infection</li> <li>folliculitis</li> <li>necrotic skin lesions <ul> <li>furuncle</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>PAPA (pyogenic sterile arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum and acne) syndrome <ul> <li>acne conglobata association</li> <li>acne fulminans association</li> </ul> </li> <li>papillary haemangioma</li> <li>papillary hidradenoma</li> <li>papillary hyperplasia</li> <li>papillary intralymphatic angioendothelioma</li> <li>papillary tip microabscesses</li> <li>papilloma <ul> <li>oral</li> </ul> </li> <li>papillomatosis <ul> <li>florid cutaneous</li> <li>florid oral</li> <li>vestibular</li> <li><i>see also</i> confluent and reticulated papillomatosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>papillomatous dermatitis, chronic <ul> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>Papillon–Léfèvre syndrome <ul> <li>neutrophil differentiation defects</li> </ul> </li> <li>papular and nodular mucinosis in connective tissue diseases</li> <li>papular elastorrhexis <ul> <li>pseudoxanthoma elasticum differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>papular epidermal naevus with ‘skyline' basal cell layer (PENS) syndrome <ul> <li>naevi</li> </ul> </li> <li>papular facial rashes</li> <li>papular mucinosis <ul> <li>of infancy</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li><i>see also</i> lichen myxoedematosus</li> </ul> </li> <li>papular pruritic eruption of HIV</li> <li>papular syphilide</li> <li>papular xanthoma</li> <li>papular-pruritic gloves and socks syndrome <ul> <li>parvovirus infection</li> </ul> </li> <li>papules, orf</li> <li>papuloerythema of Ofuji, erythroderma</li> <li>papulopustular reactions, chemotherapy-induced</li> <li>parabens <ul> <li>contact allergy</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Paracoccidioides brasiliensis</i></li> <li>paracoccidioidomycosis <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>genital</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>paradise nuts</li> <li>paraffinoma</li> <li>paragonimiasis</li> <li><i>Paragonimus</i></li> <li>parakeratosis <ul> <li>actinic keratosis</li> <li>Bowen disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>parakeratosis pustulosa <ul> <li>acrodermatitis continua of Hallopeau differential diagnosis</li> <li>psoriasis</li> </ul> </li> <li>paraneoplastic hypertrichosis lanuginosa acquisita</li> <li>paraneoplastic pemphigus <ul> <li>lichen planus association</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>respiratory disorder association</li> </ul> </li> <li>paraneoplastic skin conditions</li> <li>paraphenylenediamine (PPD)</li> <li>paraphimosis <ul> <li>incomplete</li> </ul> </li> <li>paraproteinaemia</li> <li>parapsoriasis <ul> <li>chronic superficial scaly dermatitis</li> <li>large plaque</li> <li>pityriasis lichenoides association</li> <li>small plaque</li> </ul> </li> <li>parasitic diseases <ul> <li>cestodes</li> <li>IgE in protective immunity</li> <li>nematodes</li> <li>ocular</li> <li>protozoa</li> <li>topical therapy</li> <li>trematodes</li> </ul> </li> <li>parasitophobia</li> <li>parathyroid hormone (PTH)</li> <li>paratoluenediamine (PTD)</li> <li>parechovirus</li> <li>parenteral administration of drugs</li> <li>Parents' Index of Quality of Life in Atopic Dermatitis (PIQoL-AD)</li> <li>Parkes Weber syndrome <ul> <li>capillary malformations</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>Proteus syndrome differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Parkinson disease <ul> <li>hyperhidrosis</li> <li>seborrhoeic dermatitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>paronychia <ul> <li>acute <ul> <li>psoriasis</li> <li>surgery</li> </ul> </li> <li>candidosis</li> <li>chronic <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>surgery</li> </ul> </li> <li>dermatophyte-induced onychomycosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>drug-induced</li> <li>erythema multiforme</li> <li>great toe of infants</li> <li>herpetic</li> <li>orf</li> <li>selenium toxicity</li> <li>subacute, psoriasis</li> <li>syphilitic</li> <li><i>see also</i> herpetic whitlow</li> </ul> </li> <li>parotid duct</li> <li>parotid glands <ul> <li>injury and gustatory sweating</li> <li>sarcoidosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>paroxysmal finger haematoma</li> <li>Parry–Romberg syndrome</li> <li>partners, skin disease impact measurement</li> <li>parvovirus infection <ul> <li>arthritis</li> <li>fifth disease</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>papular-pruritic gloves and socks syndrome</li> <li>systemic sclerosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>PASH (pyoderma gangrenosum, acne conglobata and suppurative hidradenitis) syndrome</li> <li>Pasint syndrome</li> <li>PASS (pyoderma gangrenosum, acne conglobata, suppurative hidradenitis and seronegative spondyloarthritis) syndrome</li> <li>pastes</li> <li><i>Pasteurella multocida</i></li> <li>patatin-like phospholipase</li> <li>patch testing <ul> <li>active sensitization</li> <li>allergen storage</li> <li>aluminium</li> <li>baseline series</li> <li>children</li> <li>chromium</li> <li>cobalt allergy</li> <li>complications</li> <li>compound allergy</li> <li>concentration</li> <li>cosmetics</li> <li>cross-reactions</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>dose</li> <li>eczema</li> <li>exposure time</li> <li>false negative reactions</li> <li>false positive reactions</li> <li>fragrances</li> <li>gold</li> <li>hair dyes</li> <li>hand eczema</li> <li>indications</li> <li>interpretation</li> <li>marking of test site</li> <li>mercury</li> <li>methods</li> <li>multiple positive reactions</li> <li>multiple primary hypersensitivities</li> <li>nail varnish</li> <li>nickel allergy</li> <li>non-invasive measurement techniques</li> <li>non-specific hyperreactivity</li> <li>occupational disorders</li> <li>photoallergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>photosensitivity diseases</li> <li>plant allergens</li> <li>population studies</li> <li>quenching</li> <li>readings</li> <li>recording</li> <li>relevance</li> <li>sensitivity</li> <li>sources of error</li> <li>test materials</li> <li>test site</li> <li>test substance selection</li> <li>topic medicaments</li> <li>vehicles</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>patched</i> gene (<i>PTCH</i>) mutations</li> <li>Paterson–Brown–Kelly syndrome</li> <li>pathergy <ul> <li>bowel-associated dermatosis–arthritis syndrome</li> <li>Sweet syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)</li> <li>pathogenesis-related protein 10 (PR10)</li> <li>pathogens <ul> <li>innate lymphoid cell role in response</li> <li>macrophage role in killing</li> </ul> </li> <li>patient(s) <ul> <li>beliefs about skin conditions</li> <li>education</li> <li>empowerment</li> </ul> </li> <li>Patient Benefit Index (PBI)</li> <li>patient education, systemic therapy</li> <li>Patient Generated Index</li> <li>Patient-Oriented Eczema Measure (POEM)</li> <li>Pautrier microabscesses</li> <li>P-cadherin <ul> <li>mutations</li> </ul> </li> <li>PECAM-1</li> <li>PEComa</li> <li>pedal papules of infancy</li> <li>pediculosis pubis</li> <li><i>Pediculus capitis</i></li> <li><i>Pediculus corporis</i></li> <li><i>Pediculus humanus</i></li> <li>peeling skin syndromes <ul> <li>acral</li> <li>type A</li> <li>type B</li> </ul> </li> <li>pellagra <ul> <li>acanthosis nigricans differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) <ul> <li><i>Chlamydia</i> infection</li> <li>gonococcal</li> </ul> </li> <li>PELVIS syndrome</li> <li>pembrolizumab</li> <li>pemphigoid <ul> <li>anti-105 kDa antigen</li> <li>anti-type IV collagen</li> <li>dermatitis herpetiformis differential diagnosis</li> <li>erythema multiforme differential diagnosis</li> <li>HSV infection</li> <li>mycophenolate mofetil therapy</li> <li>ocular</li> <li>oral</li> <li>pemphigus vulgaris differential diagnosis</li> <li>stoma complication</li> <li>very rare disorders</li> <li>vulvar</li> <li><i>see also</i> anti-p200 pemphigoid; Brunsting–Perry pemphigoid; bullous pemphigoid; bullous systemic lupus erythematosus; cicatricial pemphigoid; epidermolysis bullosa, acquisita; lichen planus, pemphigoides; linear IgA disease; mucous membrane pemphigoid</li> </ul> </li> <li>pemphigoid gestationis <ul> <li>autoantibody specificity</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>clinical signs</li> <li>epidermolysis bullosa differential diagnosis</li> <li>immunopathology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pruritus</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> </ul> </li> <li>pemphigoid vegetans</li> <li>pemphigus <ul> <li>acantholysis</li> <li>acetylcholine receptor antibodies</li> <li>antibodies</li> <li>apoptolysis</li> <li>bullous pemphigoid differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>cytodiagnosis</li> <li>desmoglein compensation hypothesis</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>drug-induced</li> <li>environmental factors</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>epidermolysis bullosa differential diagnosis</li> <li>familial benign chronic</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>genital</li> <li>HSV infection</li> <li>IgA <ul> <li>pemphigus vulgaris differential diagnosis</li> <li>subcorneal pustular dermatosis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>immunofluorescence studies</li> <li>immunostaining</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>lichen planus association</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>management <ul> <li>mycophenolate mofetil therapy</li> <li>radiotherapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>neonatal</li> <li>oral mucosa</li> <li>paraneoplastic <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>immunopathology/immunogenetics</li> <li>lichen planus association</li> <li>mucous membrane pemphigoid differential diagnosis</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>pemphigus vulgaris differential diagnosis</li> <li>respiratory disorder association</li> </ul> </li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>radiotherapy</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>skin picking disorder differential diagnosis</li> <li>subtypes</li> <li>target antigens</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>pemphigus erythematosus <ul> <li>seborrhoeic dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>pemphigus foliaceus <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>endemic <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>immunopathology/immunogenetics</li> </ul> </li> <li>erythroderma</li> <li>immunopathology/immunogenetics</li> <li>pregnancy</li> <li>seborrhoeic dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>subcorneal pustular dermatosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>vegetative</li> </ul> </li> <li>pemphigus gestationis, transplacental</li> <li>pemphigus herpetiformis</li> <li>pemphigus syphiliticus</li> <li>pemphigus vegetans <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>Hallopeau type</li> <li>heroin abuse</li> <li>immunopathology/immunogenetics</li> <li>Neumann type</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>pemphigus vulgaris differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>pemphigus vulgaris <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>fixed drug eruption differential diagnosis</li> <li>immunopathology/immunogenetics</li> <li>mucous membrane pemphigoid differential diagnosis</li> <li>neonatal</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>pregnancy</li> <li>vulval, clinical features</li> </ul> </li> <li>penciclovir</li> <li>penetration enhancers <ul> <li>agents</li> <li>topical drug delivery</li> </ul> </li> <li>penicillamine <ul> <li>cutaneous sclerosis induction</li> <li>pemphigus association</li> </ul> </li> <li>penicillin <ul> <li>drug-induced serum sickness-like reaction</li> <li>eczema induction</li> <li>exanthem induction</li> <li>reactions to</li> <li>recurrent cellulitis management</li> <li>syphilis treatment <ul> <li>congenital disease</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>penicilliosis</li> <li><i>Penicillium marneffei</i> <i>see</i> <i>Talaromyces marneffei</i></li> <li>penile carcinoma <ul> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathology</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>risk factors</li> <li>verrucous</li> </ul> </li> <li>penile fibromatosis</li> <li>penile haematoma</li> <li>penile horn</li> <li>penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN)</li> <li>penile lymphoedema <ul> <li>chronic</li> </ul> </li> <li>penile melanoma</li> <li>penile necrosis</li> <li>penile pearly papules <ul> <li>genital wart differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>penile thrombophlebitis</li> <li>penile ulceration <ul> <li>herpes genitalis</li> <li>pyoderma gangrenosum differential diagnosis</li> <li>tuberculosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>penis <ul> <li>acne</li> <li>amyloidosis</li> <li>aphthous ulcers</li> <li>benign tumours</li> <li>biopsy</li> <li>bite injuries</li> <li>Bowen disease</li> <li>bowenoid papulosis</li> <li>carcinoma <i>in situ</i></li> <li>chronic oedema</li> <li>colloid degeneration</li> <li>drug eruptions</li> <li>embryology</li> <li>foreign bodies</li> <li>giant condyloma</li> <li>hair sinus</li> <li>heterotopic sebaceous glands</li> <li>hypoplasia</li> <li>Kaposi sarcoma</li> <li>lichen nitidus</li> <li>lichen sclerosus</li> <li>lipogranuloma</li> <li>lymphoedema</li> <li>melanosis</li> <li>metastases</li> <li>mutilation</li> <li>pilonidal sinus</li> <li>plastic surgery complications</li> <li>psoriasis</li> <li>Raynaud phenomenon</li> <li>rupture</li> <li>sclerosing lymphangitis</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma <ul> <li>lichen sclerosus complication</li> </ul> </li> <li>strangulation</li> <li>tinea</li> <li>trauma</li> <li>tuberculosis</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>penodynia</li> <li>peno-scrotal swelling</li> <li>PENS (papular epidermal naevus with ‘skyline' basal cell layer) syndrome <ul> <li>naevi</li> </ul> </li> <li>pentamidine <ul> <li>drug eruptions</li> <li>trypanosomiasis treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>Pentatomidae</li> <li>pentazocine <ul> <li>panniculitis</li> <li>ulcers</li> </ul> </li> <li>pentoxifylline</li> <li>peptide histidine methionine (PHM)</li> <li>peptide hormones</li> <li>peptides <ul> <li>antiageing products</li> </ul> </li> <li>peptidoglycans</li> <li>perchlorethylene</li> <li>perennial allergic conjunctivitis</li> <li>perforating dermatoses <ul> <li>acquired <ul> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>exogenous agent-induced</li> <li>management</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>perforating disorders, renal failure</li> <li>perforating folliculitis</li> <li>perforating vein insufficiency</li> <li>perforin</li> <li>perfumes <ul> <li>avoidance</li> <li>oak moss ingredients</li> <li>photoallergic contact dermatitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>perianal abscess <ul> <li>fistula formation</li> <li>pilonidal sinus differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>perianal candidosis</li> <li>perianal cellulitis, anal abscess differential diagnosis</li> <li>perianal dermatitis, infants</li> <li>perianal disease <ul> <li>herpes simplex virus in HIV</li> <li>irritant contact dermatitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>perianal fistula <ul> <li>Crohn disease</li> <li>pilonidal sinus differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>perianal haematoma</li> <li>perianal itching</li> <li>perianal keratotic plaques</li> <li>perianal metastases, haemorrhoids differential diagnosis</li> <li>perianal region <ul> <li>bacterial infections</li> <li>drug reactions</li> <li>extramammary Paget disease</li> <li>infections</li> <li>inflammatory dermatoses</li> <li>malignancy</li> <li>sexually transmitted diseases</li> </ul> </li> <li>perianal skin tags</li> <li>perianal streptococcal cellulitis</li> <li>perianal ulceration <ul> <li>Crohn disease differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>periarteritis nodosa, oral lesions</li> <li>periauricular cysts/sinuses</li> <li>periauricular pits/sinuses/tags</li> <li>peribuccal pigmentation of Brocq</li> <li>pericytes, high-power microscopy</li> <li>periderm</li> <li>perifollicular fibroma</li> <li>perifolliculitis, dermatophytosis</li> <li>perineal candidosis of infancy</li> <li>perineal fistulae</li> <li>perineal groove</li> <li>perineum <ul> <li>anatomy</li> <li>bacterial flora</li> <li>bacterial infections</li> <li>drug reactions</li> <li>examination</li> <li>history taking</li> <li>infections <ul> <li>necrotizing soft tissue</li> </ul> </li> <li>inflammatory dermatoses</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>recurrent toxin-mediated erythema</li> <li>sexually transmitted diseases</li> </ul> </li> <li>perineuroma</li> <li>periocular dermatitis</li> <li>periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) stain</li> <li>periodontal disease, HIV infection</li> <li>perionychial disorders</li> <li>perioral dermatitis <ul> <li>corticosteroid-induced development/exacerbation</li> <li>papulopustular rosacea differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>perioral region <ul> <li>allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>examination</li> </ul> </li> <li>perioral ulceration, herpes simplex virus</li> <li>periorbital dermatitis</li> <li>periorbital oedema, eyelids</li> <li>periorbital syringomas, carbon dioxide laser ablation</li> <li>periostin, wound healing</li> <li>periostitis, congenital syphilis</li> <li>peripheral artery disease <ul> <li>arterial leg ulceration</li> <li>hyperlipoproteinaemia type III</li> <li>mixed leg ulcers</li> </ul> </li> <li>peripheral ischaemic disorders</li> <li>peripheral nerve sheath tumour, malignant</li> <li>peripheral neuroectodermal tumours</li> <li>peripheral neuropathies <ul> <li>benign symmetrical lipomatosis association</li> <li>burning feet syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>dapsone-induced</li> <li>hyperhidrosis</li> <li>neuropathic ulcer</li> <li>restless legs syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>thalidomide-induced</li> <li>thallium poisoning</li> </ul> </li> <li>peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumour</li> <li>peripheral ulcerative keratitis</li> <li>peripheral vascular disease <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>hand–arm vibration syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>neuropathic ulcer</li> <li>periosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>pyoderma gangrenosum association</li> </ul> </li> <li>periporitis staphylogenes and sweat gland abscesses</li> <li>periunguium <ul> <li>biting</li> <li>trauma</li> </ul> </li> <li>periurethral abscess, gonococcal</li> <li>perivascular cell tumours <ul> <li>epithelioid</li> </ul> </li> <li>periventricular nodular heterotopia, Ehlers–Danlos syndrome</li> <li>perleche <i>see</i> angular cheilitis</li> <li>Perls Prussian blue reaction</li> <li>permethrin <ul> <li>louse infestation treatment</li> <li>rosacea treatment</li> <li>scabies treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>pernicious anaemia, acquired <ul> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus association</li> <li>vitamin B<sub>12</sub> deficiency association</li> </ul> </li> <li>perniosis</li> <li>peroneal muscular atrophy, leprosy differential diagnosis</li> <li>peroxidase</li> <li>peroxidase–antiperoxidase (PAP) complexes</li> <li>peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor(s) (PPARs)</li> <li>peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) <ul> <li>lichen planopilaris</li> <li>signalling</li> </ul> </li> <li>peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonists, burns treatment</li> <li>persistent light reaction</li> <li>persistent pigment darkening (PPD)</li> <li>personalized medicines</li> <li>perspiration, insensible</li> <li>pet animals <ul> <li>arthropod skin disease</li> <li>atopic eczema <ul> <li>protection</li> </ul> </li> <li>flea bites</li> </ul> </li> <li>petechiae <ul> <li>primary immunodeficiency</li> <li>rheumatic fever</li> </ul> </li> <li>petrolatum-based emollients</li> <li>Peutz–Jeghers syndrome <ul> <li>Cowden syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>lentigines <ul> <li>laser treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>lips</li> <li>oral mucosa</li> </ul> </li> <li>Peutz–Jeghers–Touraine syndrome</li> <li>Peyronie disease</li> <li>P-glycoprotein system <ul> <li>ciclosporin drug interactions</li> <li>colchicine drug interactions</li> </ul> </li> <li>PHACES (posterior fossa malformations, haemangiomas, arterial anomalies, cardiac anomalies, eye abnormalities and sternal pit/supraumbilical raphe) syndrome</li> <li>phaeochromocytoma <ul> <li>flushing</li> <li>MEN type 2 association</li> <li>pigmentation</li> </ul> </li> <li>phaeohyphomycosis <ul> <li>genital</li> </ul> </li> <li>phaeomelanin</li> <li>phagocytes <ul> <li>congenital defects in function, differentiation and adhesion</li> </ul> </li> <li>phagocytosis <ul> <li>Langerhans cells</li> <li>lysosome role</li> </ul> </li> <li>phakomatosis pigmentokeratotica <ul> <li><i>see also</i> Schimmelpenning–Feuerstein–Mims syndrome</li> <li>congenital epidermal</li> <li>naevi</li> </ul> </li> <li>phakomatosis pigmentovascularis <ul> <li>heterotrimeric G-protein mosaic disorders</li> <li>subclassifications</li> </ul> </li> <li>phalangeal microgeodic syndrome</li> <li>phantosmia</li> <li>pharmacodynamics <ul> <li>age effects</li> <li>clinical factors affecting</li> </ul> </li> <li>pharmacogenetics</li> <li>pharmacokinetics <ul> <li>age effects</li> <li>clinical factors affecting</li> </ul> </li> <li>pharmacological interaction with immune receptors (p-i) concept</li> <li>pharmacology <ul> <li>factors affecting therapeutic outcome</li> <li>pharmacodynamics <ul> <li>clinical factors affecting</li> </ul> </li> <li>pharmacokinetics <ul> <li>clinical factors affecting</li> </ul> </li> <li>terminology</li> </ul> </li> <li>pharmacovigilance registries</li> <li>pharyngitis, streptococcal</li> <li>phenol <ul> <li>chemical peel</li> <li>depigmentation</li> <li>systemic toxicity</li> </ul> </li> <li>phenol esters</li> <li>phenol formaldehyde resin allergy</li> <li>phenol-soluble modulin</li> <li>phenothiazines <ul> <li>eczema induction</li> <li>photoallergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>phototoxicity</li> </ul> </li> <li>phenothrin</li> <li>phenotype</li> <li>phenylketonuria</li> <li>phenytoin <ul> <li>cutaneous sclerosis induction</li> <li>hyperpigmentation</li> <li>hypertrichosis</li> <li>polyfibromatosis syndrome impact</li> </ul> </li> <li>phenytoin hypersensitivity syndrome</li> <li>phaeomelanin</li> <li><i>Phialophora verrucosa</i></li> <li>philtrum</li> <li>phimosis <ul> <li>lichen sclerosus</li> <li>management</li> <li>penile cancer risk</li> </ul> </li> <li>phlebolymphoedema <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>phobias, cutaneous</li> <li>phosphatidylcholine</li> <li>phosphodiesterase, atopic eczema</li> <li>phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase deficiency</li> <li>phosphomannomutase 2 deficiency</li> <li>photoactivation</li> <li>photoageing <ul> <li>atrophic</li> <li>collagen degradation</li> <li>histological features</li> <li>hypertrophic</li> <li>neck skin</li> <li>PUVA side effect</li> <li>quantification</li> <li>skin cancer relationship</li> <li>sunscreen protection</li> <li>UV radiation-induced</li> <li>UVA radiation</li> <li>UVB phototherapy side effect</li> <li>UVB radiation</li> </ul> </li> <li>photoaggravated dermatoses</li> <li>photoallergic contact dermatitis <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>cross reactions</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>environmental factors</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>photobiology <ul> <li>principles</li> <li><i>see also</i> photoprotection; ultraviolet radiation (UVR)</li> </ul> </li> <li>photobleaching</li> <li>photocarcinogenesis</li> <li>photochemical change, tissue optics</li> <li>photochemotherapy (PUVA) <ul> <li>acute phototoxicity</li> <li>administration</li> <li>alopecia areata treatment</li> <li>chronic actinic dermatitis management</li> <li>chronic graft-versus-host disease treatment</li> <li>ciclosporin-induced malignancy</li> <li>combination therapy</li> <li>contraindications</li> <li>delivery methods</li> <li>eczema treatment</li> <li>equipment</li> <li>eye protection</li> <li>granuloma annulare treatment</li> <li>historical aspects</li> <li>history</li> <li>indications</li> <li>lentiginosis complication</li> <li>mastocytosis</li> <li>melanoma risk</li> <li>minimal phototoxic dose</li> <li>morphoea treatment</li> <li>mycosis fungoides <ul> <li>combination therapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>nail psoriasis</li> <li>necrobiosis lipoidica treatment</li> <li>palmoplantar pustulosis</li> <li>patient follow-up</li> <li>patient records</li> <li>patient safety</li> <li>penile cancer risk</li> <li>perioral acne complication</li> <li>photosensitivity diseases</li> <li>pityriasis lichenoides management</li> <li>plaque psoriasis</li> <li>polymorphic light eruption</li> <li>psoralen use</li> <li>psoriasis</li> <li>regimen variables</li> <li>scleredema treatment</li> <li>Sézary syndrome <ul> <li>combination therapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>side effects <ul> <li>counselling</li> </ul> </li> <li>solar urticaria</li> <li>subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus</li> <li>subcorneal pustular dermatosis</li> <li>systemic agent combination</li> <li>topical agent combination</li> <li>versus UVB phototherapy</li> <li>UVR source</li> <li>vitiligo treatment</li> <li><i>see also</i> extracorporeal photochemotherapy (photopheresis) (ECP)</li> </ul> </li> <li>photochemotherapy (PUVA) lentigo</li> <li>photocontact allergy <ul> <li>chronic actinic dermatitis association</li> </ul> </li> <li>photocontact facial melanosis</li> <li>photodamage <ul> <li>chemical peels</li> <li>collagenous and elastotic marginal plaques of hands</li> <li>colloid degeneration</li> <li>colloid milium</li> <li>dermal connective tissue changes</li> <li>erythematotelangiectatic rosacea differential diagnosis</li> <li><i>see also</i> solar elastosis; wrinkles</li> </ul> </li> <li>photodermatitis <ul> <li>actinic prurigo</li> <li>chemical peel contraindication</li> <li>erythema multiforme differential diagnosis</li> <li>North American Indians</li> </ul> </li> <li>photodermatoses, idiopathic</li> <li>photodynamic reactions</li> <li>photodynamic therapy (PDT) <ul> <li>acne treatment</li> <li>actinic cheilitis</li> <li>actinic keratosis treatment <ul> <li>daylight regimen</li> <li>pain</li> </ul> </li> <li>adverse effects</li> <li>aftercare</li> <li>allergy</li> <li>ambulatory</li> <li>5-aminolaevulinic acid</li> <li>basal cell carcinoma treatment <ul> <li>Gorlin naevoid syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>Bowen disease treatment,</li> <li>clinical governance</li> <li>conditions used for</li> <li>contraindications</li> <li>cutaneous T-cell and B-cell lymphoma treatment</li> <li>daylight</li> <li>dermatitis</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>extramammary Paget disease treatment</li> <li>follow-up</li> <li>fractionation of light delivery</li> <li>historical aspects</li> <li>HPV-related neoplasia treatment</li> <li>indications</li> <li>innovations</li> <li>irradiance level</li> <li>irradiation</li> <li>keratoacanthoma treatment</li> <li>LED sources</li> <li>lesion preparation</li> <li>light sources</li> <li>limitations on use</li> <li>methodology</li> <li>methyl aminolevulinate</li> <li>pain</li> <li>patient selection</li> <li>photochemical change</li> <li>photorejuvenation</li> <li>photosensitizers</li> <li>polychromatic light sources</li> <li>porphyrin</li> <li>port-wine stains treatment</li> <li>pro-drug application</li> <li>scarring</li> <li>sebaceous gland hyperplasia treatment</li> <li>service</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma treatment</li> <li>treatment schedules</li> <li>wart treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>photography, skin disease extent measurement</li> <li>photoirritation</li> <li>photons <ul> <li>absorption</li> </ul> </li> <li>photo-onycholysis</li> <li>photo-oxidative stress</li> <li>photopatch testing</li> <li>photopheresis <i>see</i> extracorporeal photochemotherapy (photopheresis) (ECP)</li> <li>photoprotection <ul> <li>actinic prurigo</li> <li>active</li> <li>caffeine</li> <li>clothing</li> <li>hydroa vacciniforme</li> <li>hypermelanosis treatment</li> <li>juvenile spring eruption</li> <li>oculocutaneous albinism</li> <li>passive</li> <li>photosensitivity diseases</li> <li>polymorphic light eruption</li> <li>pomegranate extract</li> <li>rosacea</li> <li>shade</li> <li>solar lentigines</li> <li>solar urticaria management</li> <li><i>see also</i> sun protection; sunscreens</li> </ul> </li> <li>photorejuvenation</li> <li>photosensitivity <ul> <li>abnormal</li> <li>allergic contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>clinical assessment</li> </ul> </li> <li>photosensitivity diseases <ul> <li>assessment</li> <li>chemical-induced <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>exogenous</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>chemotherapy-induced</li> <li>dermatitis</li> <li>drug-induced <ul> <li>chronic actinic dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>exogenous</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>genophotodermatoses</li> <li>idiopathic photodermatoses</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>photoaggravated</li> <li>photo-exposed sites</li> <li>symptoms</li> <li>tattoo-associated</li> </ul> </li> <li>photosensitizers, exogenous</li> <li>photostimulation, tissue optics</li> <li>phototherapy <ul> <li>acne treatment</li> <li>actinic keratosis incidence</li> <li>actinic prurigo management</li> <li>adverse effects <ul> <li>counselling</li> </ul> </li> <li>adverse incident recording</li> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>audit</li> <li>chronic actinic dermatitis management</li> <li>clinical governance</li> <li>developments</li> <li>documentation</li> <li>dosimetry</li> <li>eczema treatment</li> <li>eosinophilic folliculitis</li> <li>equipment <ul> <li>maintenance</li> </ul> </li> <li>historical aspects</li> <li>hydroa vacciniforme</li> <li>indications</li> <li>intermittent</li> <li>irritant contact dermatitis</li> <li>juvenile spring eruption</li> <li>mastocytosis</li> <li>minimal erythema dose</li> <li>modality choice</li> <li>morphoea treatment</li> <li>mycosis fungoides</li> <li>neonatal jaundice</li> <li>patient education</li> <li>patient follow-up</li> <li>patient records</li> <li>patient safety</li> <li>patient selection/assessment</li> <li>performance indicators</li> <li>pityriasis lichenoides management</li> <li>pityriasis rubra pilaris treatment</li> <li>plaque psoriasis</li> <li>polymorphic light eruption</li> <li>pruritic papular eruption</li> <li>pruritus in atopic eczema</li> <li>psoriasis</li> <li>risk management</li> <li>scleredema treatment</li> <li>setting up of unit</li> <li>Sézary syndrome</li> <li>solar urticaria</li> <li>staff safety</li> <li>UV calibration/dosimetry</li> </ul> </li> <li>photothermal ablation <ul> <li>anaesthesia</li> <li>complications</li> <li>indications</li> <li><i>see also</i> carbon dioxide laser</li> </ul> </li> <li>photothermal non-ablative techniques</li> <li>photothermolysis <ul> <li>fractional <ul> <li>ablative</li> <li>non-ablative</li> </ul> </li> <li>selective 23.4–23.5</li> </ul> </li> <li>phototoxic contact dermatitis</li> <li>phototoxicity <ul> <li>acute with PUVA</li> <li>drug reactions</li> <li>hyperpigmentation</li> <li>porphyrins</li> </ul> </li> <li>phrynoderma <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>multiple minute digitate keratoses differential diagnosis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>scurvy</li> <li>vitamin A deficiency</li> </ul> </li> <li>Phthiraptera</li> <li>phthiriasis <ul> <li>genital</li> <li>ocular</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Phthisis pubis</i> <ul> <li>chronic blepharitis</li> <li>eyelashes</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>PHYH</i> gene mutations</li> <li>Physician's Global Assessment (PGA)</li> <li>physiotherapy, congenital ichthyoses</li> <li>phytanic acid</li> <li>phytochemicals <ul> <li>antiageing products</li> <li>anti-inflammatory</li> <li>antioxidants</li> <li>cosmeceutical use</li> </ul> </li> <li>phyto-oestrogens, hyperoestrogenism</li> <li>phytophotodermatitis</li> <li>piano paronychia</li> <li>Piccardi–Lassueur–Little syndrome</li> <li>picker's acne</li> <li>picker's nodules</li> <li>picornavirus infections <ul> <li>enterovirus infection</li> <li>foot and mouth disease</li> <li>hand, foot and mouth disease</li> <li>hepatitis A virus</li> <li>hepatovirus</li> <li>herpangina</li> <li>parechovirus</li> </ul> </li> <li>picosecond lasers</li> <li>PICOT acronym</li> <li>piebaldism <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>vitiligo differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>piedra <ul> <li>black</li> <li>white</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Piedraia hortae</i></li> <li>piercing, oral injuries</li> <li>piezogenic pedal papules</li> <li><i>PIGL</i> gene mutations</li> <li>pigmentary demarcation lines</li> <li>pigmentary disorders <ul> <li>allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>arsenic toxicity</li> <li>chemical peels</li> <li>chromosomal mosaicism</li> <li>classification</li> <li>discoid lupus erythematosus</li> <li>dyskeratosis congenita</li> <li>electron microscopy</li> <li>genetic</li> <li>histological sections</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>Hodgkin disease</li> <li>liver disease</li> <li>mosaicism</li> <li>occupational dyspigmentation</li> <li>Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>vulval</li> <li>xeroderma pigmentosum</li> <li><i>see also</i> facial melanoses; hypermelanosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>pigmentary incontinence <ul> <li>oral hyperpigmentation</li> </ul> </li> <li>pigmentation <ul> <li>addisonian</li> <li>constitutive</li> <li>facultative</li> <li>gene regulation</li> <li>haemosiderin</li> <li>hair <ul> <li>accidental discoloration</li> <li>acquired defects</li> <li>biology</li> <li>colour variation</li> <li>loss</li> <li>nutritional deficiencies</li> <li>physical phenomena</li> </ul> </li> <li>heat load</li> <li>idiopathic lenticular</li> <li>lysosome role</li> <li>measurement</li> <li>melanoma risk</li> <li>nail plate</li> <li>non-melanin <ul> <li>endogenous</li> <li>exogenous</li> </ul> </li> <li>oral mucosa</li> <li>paraneoplastic</li> <li>pregnancy</li> <li>skin colour</li> <li>vitamin D synthesis restriction</li> <li><i>see also</i> dyspigmentation</li> </ul> </li> <li>pigmented lesions <ul> <li>laser treatment <ul> <li>complications</li> </ul> </li> <li>SIAoscopy</li> <li>surgery</li> </ul> </li> <li>pigmented neuroectodermal tumour of infancy</li> <li>pigmented purpuric dermatoses</li> <li>pigmented purpuric lichenoid dermatosis of Gougerot and Blum</li> <li><i>PIK3CA</i> gene mutations</li> <li><i>PIK3CA</i> mosaicism, facial features</li> <li><i>PIK3CA</i>-related overgrowth spectrum</li> <li>pilar cyst <i>see</i> trichilemmal cysts</li> <li>pilar sheath acanthoma</li> <li>piles <i>see</i> haemorrhoids</li> <li>pili annulati <ul> <li>hair colouration</li> </ul> </li> <li>pili incarnati <i>see</i> pseudofolliculitis</li> <li>pili multigemini</li> <li>pili pseudoannulati</li> <li>pili torti <ul> <li>Björnstad syndrome <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Menkes disease</li> <li>monilethrix differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>pili triangulati et canaliculi</li> <li>pilocarpine</li> <li>pilomatricarcinoma</li> <li>pilomatricoma</li> <li>pilonidal sinus <ul> <li>ano-genital</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>dissecting cellulitis of scalp association</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>folliculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa association</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>laser-assisted hair removal</li> <li>management</li> <li>obesity aggravation</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>penile</li> </ul> </li> <li>pilosebaceous cysts, plantar keratoderma</li> <li>pilosebaceous follicles <ul> <li>trichofolliculoma</li> </ul> </li> <li>pilosebaceous naevoid disorders</li> <li>pilosebaceous unit <ul> <li>acquired disorders <ul> <li>actinic folliculitis</li> <li>disseminate and recurrent infundibulofolliculitis</li> <li>eosinophilic pustular folliculitis</li> <li>folliculitis keloidalis</li> <li>heterotopic sebaceous glands</li> <li>infantile eosinophilic pustular folliculitis</li> <li>necrotizing lymphocytic folliculitis of the scalp margin</li> <li>pseudofolliculitis</li> <li>scalp folliculitis</li> <li>sebaceous gland hyperplasia</li> </ul> </li> <li>endocrinological activity</li> <li>stress mediators</li> <li>tumours</li> <li><i>see also</i> apocrine glands; eccrine glands; hair follicles; sebaceous glands</li> </ul> </li> <li>pimecrolimus <ul> <li>atopic eczema treatment</li> <li>chronic actinic dermatitis management</li> <li>eczema treatment</li> <li>eosinophilic pustular folliculitis treatment</li> <li>granuloma annulare treatment</li> <li>pityriasis alba treatment</li> <li>structure</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>topical</li> </ul> </li> <li>pincer nail</li> <li>Pinkus follicular mucinosis</li> <li>pinna <ul> <li>hypertrichosis</li> <li>infections</li> <li>shape variation</li> </ul> </li> <li>pinta <ul> <li>ashy dermatosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>pityriasis versicolor differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>pinworm</li> <li>pitch (coal-tar) <ul> <li>actinic keratosis</li> <li>occupational skin cancers</li> </ul> </li> <li>pitted keratolysis <ul> <li>hyperhidrosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) <ul> <li>cutaneous vasodilatation</li> </ul> </li> <li>pityriasis alba <ul> <li>children</li> <li>leprosy differential diagnosis</li> <li>pinta differential diagnosis</li> <li>pityriasis rosea differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>pityriasis amiantacea</li> <li>pityriasis circinata et marginata of Vidal</li> <li>pityriasis folliculorum</li> <li>pityriasis lichenoides <ul> <li>causative organisms</li> <li>chronica <ul> <li>psoriasis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>et varioliformis acuta</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>papulonecrotic tuberculid differential diagnosis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pityriasis rosea differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>pityriasis rosea <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>drug eruptions</li> <li>eczema differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>genital</li> <li>herald patch</li> <li>HHV-8 association</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>nummular dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pityriasis versicolor differential diagnosis</li> <li>pregnancy</li> <li>seborrhoeic dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>tinea corporis differential diagnosis</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>pityriasis rotunda</li> <li>pityriasis rubra pilaris <ul> <li>adult-onset <ul> <li>atypical (type II)</li> <li>classical (type 1)</li> </ul> </li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>erythroderma</li> <li>familial</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>HIV-related (type VI)</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>juvenile-onset <ul> <li>atypical (type II)</li> <li>atypical (type V)</li> <li>circumscribed (type IV)</li> <li>classical (type III)</li> </ul> </li> <li>keratosis pilaris differential diagnosis</li> <li>management</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>phrynoderma differential diagnosis</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>psoriasis differential diagnosis</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>pityriasis versicolor <ul> <li>causative organisms</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>confluent and reticulated papillomatosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>erythrasma differential diagnosis</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>hyper-/hypopigmentation</li> <li>hypomelanosis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>leprosy differential diagnosis</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pityriasis rotunda differential diagnosis</li> <li>reticular erythematous mucinosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>tinea cruris differential diagnosis</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Pityrosporum</i> folliculitis, acneform drug eruption differential diagnosis</li> <li>pizzicato paronychia</li> <li>placebo effect</li> <li>placental sulphatase deficiency</li> <li>plague <ul> <li>bubonic</li> </ul> </li> <li>plakins</li> <li>plakoglobin</li> <li>plakophilin</li> <li>plakophilin-1</li> <li>plane xanthoma <ul> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>solar elastosis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>plant allergens <ul> <li>airborne</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>cosmetics</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>plant sap, phototoxic</li> <li>plantar dermatosis, juvenile</li> <li>plantar fascial fibromatosis</li> <li>plantar fibromatosis <ul> <li>fascial</li> </ul> </li> <li>plantar hyperkeratosis</li> <li>plantar keratoderma <ul> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>postmenopausal</li> </ul> </li> <li>plaque-like CD34-positive dermal fibroma</li> <li>plasma cell cheilitis</li> <li>plasma cell disorders <ul> <li>malignant infiltration of skin</li> <li><i>see also</i> monoclonal gammopathy; multiple myeloma; Waldenström macroglobulinaemia</li> </ul> </li> <li>plasma cell(s), high-power microscopy</li> <li>plasma cell vulvitis</li> <li>plasma-acanthoma</li> <li>plasmacytoma <ul> <li>scleromyxoedema association</li> </ul> </li> <li>plasmapheresis <ul> <li>pemphigus treatment</li> <li>solar urticaria management</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>plasminogen activation</li> <li>plasminogen-activator inhibitors (PAIs) <ul> <li>wound healing</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Plasmodium</i></li> <li>plastics allergy</li> <li>platelet(s) <ul> <li>growth factors</li> <li>immune response role</li> <li>inflammation role</li> <li>inflammatory mediators</li> <li>leukocyte association</li> <li>receptors</li> <li>thrombi</li> <li>wound healing</li> </ul> </li> <li>platelet activating factor (PAF)</li> <li>platelet disorders <ul> <li>function abnormalities</li> <li>plugging</li> <li>purpura</li> </ul> </li> <li>platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) <ul> <li>wound healing</li> </ul> </li> <li>platinum, reactions to</li> <li>plectin</li> <li>pleomorphic fibroma</li> <li>pleomorphic lipoma</li> <li>pleomorphism</li> <li>plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumour</li> <li>plexiform neurofibroma</li> <li>plumbism</li> <li>Plummer–Vinson syndrome</li> <li><i>PMM2</i> gene mutations</li> <li><i>Pneumocystis jiroveci</i>, cutaneous infection</li> <li><i>Pneumocystis jiroveci</i> pneumonia (PCP) <ul> <li>drug eruptions from treatment</li> <li>incidence</li> <li>prophylaxis</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Pneumocystis</i>, Kaposi sarcoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>pneumonia, aspiration in dermatomyositis</li> <li>pneumonitis, interstitial</li> <li>podoconiosis <ul> <li>definition</li> <li>lymphatic filariasis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>podophyllin <ul> <li>wart treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>podophyllotoxin <ul> <li>wart treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>POEMS (polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy and skin changes) syndrome <ul> <li>acquired partial lipodystrophy association</li> <li>glomeruloid haemangioma</li> <li>hyperpigmentation</li> <li>malignancy association</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>POFUT1</i> gene mutations</li> <li>poikiloderma <ul> <li>acquired</li> <li>acrokeratotic of Weary</li> <li>atrophicans vasculare</li> <li>chronic superficial scaly dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>hereditary fibrosing with tendon contractures, myopathy and pulmonary fibrosis</li> <li>Kindler syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>mycosis fungoides</li> <li>with neutropenia, Clericuzio type</li> <li><i>see also</i> dyskeratosis congenita; Rothmund–Thomson syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>poikiloderma of Civatte <ul> <li>laser therapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>poldine methylsulphate</li> <li>poliomyelitis</li> <li>poliosis</li> <li>pollution <i>see</i> environmental pollution</li> <li>polyacrylamide fillers</li> <li>polyalkylamide fillers</li> <li>polyarteritis nodosa <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>cutaneous <ul> <li>inflammatory bowel disease association</li> </ul> </li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>genital</li> <li>HCV association</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>microscopic polyangiitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>superficial thrombophlebitis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>polybrominated biphenyls</li> <li>polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)</li> <li>polycyclic hydrocarbons, occupational skin cancers</li> <li>polycystic ovarian syndrome <ul> <li>acne association</li> <li>hirsutism <ul> <li>treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>weight loss</li> </ul> </li> <li>polycythaemia rubra vera</li> <li>polycythaemia vera <ul> <li>erythromelalgia</li> <li>flushing</li> <li>pruritus</li> <li>purpura</li> </ul> </li> <li>polyendocrine disease</li> <li>polyene antifungals <ul> <li>topical</li> </ul> </li> <li>polyethylene glycol (PEG)</li> <li>polyfibromatosis syndrome</li> <li>polyhydroxy acids, antiageing products</li> <li>poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA)</li> <li>polymerase chain reaction (PCR) <ul> <li>microorganism detection</li> <li>nucleic acid amplification tests for tuberculosis</li> <li>viral infections <ul> <li>techniques</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>polymethylmethacrylate and collagen fillers</li> <li>polymorphic light eruption <ul> <li>actinic folliculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>associated diseases</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>discoid lupus erythematosus <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>relationship</li> </ul> </li> <li>disease course/prognosis</li> <li>environmental factors</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>flare with UVB phototherapy</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>Jessner's lymphocytic infiltrate differential diagnosis</li> <li>juvenile spring eruption association</li> <li>lymphocytoma cutis differential diagnosis</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>of pregnancy</li> <li>psoriasis association</li> <li>PUVA <ul> <li>side effect</li> </ul> </li> <li>recurrent cutaneous necrotizing eosinophilic vasculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>sunscreen use</li> <li>tinea faciei differential diagnosis</li> <li>UVB phototherapy <ul> <li>side effect</li> </ul> </li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>polymorphism</li> <li>polymorphonuclear granulocytes</li> <li>polymyalgia rheumatica, giant cell arteritis association</li> <li>polymyositis <ul> <li>classification</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li><i>see also</i> mixed connective tissue disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>polymyxin B</li> <li>polyneuropathy, benign symmetrical lipomatosis association</li> <li>polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy and skin changes (POEMS) syndrome <i>see</i> POEMS (polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy and skin changes) syndrome</li> <li>polyomavirus <ul> <li>disease domain</li> <li>Merkel cell carcinoma</li> <li>Merkel cell infection</li> <li>trichodysplasia spinulosa</li> </ul> </li> <li>polypharmacy, older people</li> <li>polyps, hypergranulating</li> <li><i>n</i>-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)</li> <li>polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), antiageing products</li> <li>pomade acne</li> <li>pomades</li> <li>pomegranate, antioxidant use</li> <li>pompholyx eczema <ul> <li>blistering distal dactylitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>hand</li> <li>hand eczema differential diagnosis</li> <li>keratolysis exfoliativa differential diagnosis</li> <li>recurrent focal palmar peeling</li> </ul> </li> <li>ponesimod, plaque psoriasis</li> <li>Pontiac fever</li> <li>popliteal pterygium syndrome</li> <li>populations <ul> <li>determination of skin disease frequency</li> <li>disease severity</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>skin diseases as entities</li> <li>study</li> </ul> </li> <li>porcine collagen fillers</li> <li>porcine dermal matrices</li> <li>porokeratosis <ul> <li>autosomal dominant punctate</li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disseminated palmoplantar</li> <li>disseminated superficial <ul> <li>of childhood</li> <li>of immunosuppression</li> </ul> </li> <li>eccrine naevi</li> <li>Flegel disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>genital</li> <li>giant</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>lichen striatus differential diagnosis</li> <li>linear <ul> <li>systemized</li> </ul> </li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>management</li> <li>of Mibelli <ul> <li>elastosis perforans serpiginosa differential diagnosis</li> <li>genital</li> </ul> </li> <li>palmoplantar of Mantoux</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>perianal</li> <li>ptychotropica</li> <li>punctate palmoplantar</li> <li>treatment</li> <li>variants</li> <li><i>see also</i> disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis (DSAP)</li> </ul> </li> <li>porokeratotic eccrine ostial duct naevus (PEN)</li> <li>porphyria(s) <ul> <li>acute attacks</li> <li>bullous</li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>diagnosis of acute attack</li> <li>enzyme deficiencies</li> <li>faecal analysis</li> <li>histopathology of skin</li> <li>hypertrichosis</li> <li>laboratory testing</li> <li>management, acute attacks</li> <li>pathogenesis of skin disease</li> <li>plasma spectrofluorimetry</li> <li>screening of relatives</li> <li>skin manifestations</li> <li>subepidermal bullae</li> <li>urinary analysis</li> <li>whole blood/red cell analysis</li> <li><i>see also</i> <i>named individual diseases</i></li> </ul> </li> <li>porphyria cutanea tarda <ul> <li>alcohol-induced</li> <li>allergic contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>biochemical findings</li> <li>chemical-induced photosensitivity differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>drug-induced photosensitivity differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidermolysis bullosa acquisita differential diagnosis</li> <li>genetic counselling</li> <li>HCV association</li> <li>histopathology</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>hypertrichosis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>irritant contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>liver disease</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>management</li> <li>photoprotection</li> <li>pinna</li> <li>pseudoporphyria differential diagnosis</li> <li>renal failure</li> <li>risk factors</li> <li>scarring</li> <li>solar elastosis association</li> <li>solar urticaria differential diagnosis</li> <li>subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus association</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>porphyrins <ul> <li>chemistry</li> <li>phototoxicity</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Porphyromonas</i></li> <li>port-wine stains <ul> <li>eyelid</li> <li>Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome</li> <li>laser therapy</li> <li>recurrent</li> <li>Sturge–Weber syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>positron emission tomography (PET)</li> <li>postcoital fissures</li> <li>post-herpetic neuralgia <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>mood stabilizers</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>prevention</li> </ul> </li> <li>posthitis <ul> <li>xerotica obliterans</li> </ul> </li> <li>post-ionizing radiation keratosis</li> <li>post-irradiation angiosarcoma</li> <li>post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis</li> <li>post-menopausal syndrome, pruritus</li> <li>post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis <ul> <li>impetigo</li> <li>scarlet fever association</li> </ul> </li> <li>post-surgical artefact</li> <li>post-thrombotic syndrome</li> <li>post-transfusion purpura</li> <li>post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder</li> <li>postural exercises, lymphoedema</li> <li>potassium iodide <ul> <li>erythema nodosum treatment</li> <li>Sweet syndrome treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>potassium permanganate soaks <ul> <li>infective eczema</li> </ul> </li> <li>potassium-titanyl-phosphate lasers <i>see</i> KTP lasers</li> <li>Pott disease</li> <li>povidone storage disease</li> <li>powders <ul> <li>topical drug delivery</li> </ul> </li> <li>power (statistical)</li> <li>poxvirus infections <ul> <li>biology</li> <li>brucellosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>vulval</li> </ul> </li> <li>poxvirus officinalis</li> <li><i>p</i>-phenylenediamine (PPD) <ul> <li>active sensitization</li> <li>regulatory measures</li> </ul> </li> <li>Prader–Willi syndrome</li> <li>prayer nodules</li> <li>prayer sign, diabetes association</li> <li>praziquantel <ul> <li>cysticercosis treatment</li> <li>paragonimiasis treatment</li> <li>schistosomiasis treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>prebullous eruptions, urticaria differential diagnosis</li> <li>prebullous pemphigoid</li> <li>predictive value</li> <li>pregabalin <ul> <li>scalp dysaesthesia treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>pregnancy <ul> <li>acne vulgaris</li> <li>acute generalized pustular psoriasis</li> <li>antihistamines <ul> <li>contraindication</li> </ul> </li> <li>antimalarials contraindications</li> <li>antiphospholipid syndrome</li> <li>apocrine glands</li> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>atopic eruption</li> <li>autoimmune diseases</li> <li>azathioprine caution</li> <li>biological therapy caution</li> <li>chemical peel contraindication</li> <li>ciclosporin cautions</li> <li>dapsone cautions</li> <li>dermatoses</li> <li>eccrine glands</li> <li>effects on drug therapeutic outcome</li> <li>Ehlers–Danlos syndrome</li> <li>folate deficiency</li> <li>glucocorticoid adverse effects</li> <li>gonococcal complications</li> <li>granuloma gravidarum</li> <li>hair changes</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>hydroxycarbamide caution</li> <li>immune system changes</li> <li>infections</li> <li>inflammatory skin diseases</li> <li>intrahepatic cholestasis</li> <li>iron deficiency</li> <li>itching</li> <li>leprosy</li> <li>Lyme disease</li> <li>melasma</li> <li>methotrexate contraindication</li> <li>nail changes</li> <li>neonatal lupus erythematosus</li> <li>NF1 symptoms</li> <li>nitrofurantoin associated Stevens–Johnson syndrome</li> <li>pemphigoid gestationis</li> <li>pemphigus</li> <li>physiological skin changes</li> <li>pigmentation</li> <li>pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta</li> <li>polymorphic eruption</li> <li>potassium iodide contraindication</li> <li>pruritus</li> <li>pseudoxanthoma elasticum</li> <li>psoriasis <ul> <li>impact</li> </ul> </li> <li>retinoid contraindications</li> <li>rubella infection</li> <li>safe treatments</li> <li>scabies management</li> <li>sebaceous glands</li> <li>skin tumours</li> <li>spider telangiectases</li> <li>striae distensae</li> <li>syphilis</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>thalidomide contraindication</li> <li>urticaria</li> <li>varicella infection</li> <li>vascular changes</li> <li>vulval changes</li> <li><i>see also</i> polymorphic light eruption</li> </ul> </li> <li>prehaptens</li> <li>preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)</li> <li>preimplantation genetic haplotyping (PGH)</li> <li>premature ageing syndromes <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li><i>see also</i> Bloom syndrome; Werner syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>prematurity <ul> <li>anetoderma of</li> <li><i>see also</i> preterm infants</li> </ul> </li> <li>prenatal diagnosis</li> <li>preorbital cellulitis</li> <li>prepuce <ul> <li>circumcision</li> <li>dorsal perforation</li> <li>function</li> <li>non-specific balanoposthitis</li> <li>restoration</li> <li>structure</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>prescribing errors</li> <li>preservatives <ul> <li>allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>chlorocresol</li> <li>chloroxylenol</li> <li>formaldehyde-releasing</li> <li>methyldibromo glutaronitrile</li> <li>parabens</li> <li>topical drug delivery</li> </ul> </li> <li>pressure erythema, chronic venous insufficiency</li> <li>pressure ischaemia, medical trauma hair loss</li> <li>pressure ulcers <ul> <li>adjunctive therapies</li> <li>amyloidosis association</li> <li>anatomical locations</li> <li>assessment scales</li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications</li> <li>debridement</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>friction</li> <li>healability determination</li> <li>healing</li> <li>histopathology</li> <li>infections</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>Marjolin ulcer association</li> <li>negative-pressure wound therapy</li> <li>nutrition <ul> <li>in prevention</li> <li>treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>palliative care</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>patient repositioning</li> <li>pressure</li> <li>prevention</li> <li>risk assessment</li> <li>risk factors</li> <li>shear</li> <li>skin microclimate</li> <li>skincare</li> <li>staging system</li> <li>support surfaces</li> <li>surgical management</li> <li>treatment</li> <li>unavoidability</li> <li>wound care</li> <li>wound dressings</li> <li>wound swabs</li> </ul> </li> <li>preterm infants <ul> <li>anetoderma of prematurity</li> <li>barrier function of skin</li> <li>HSV infection</li> <li>noma neonatorum</li> <li>raised linear bands of infancy</li> <li>skin appearance</li> <li>zinc deficiency</li> </ul> </li> <li>pretibial myxoedema <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diabetes associations</li> <li>elephantiasic</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>systemic sclerosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> </ul> </li> <li>prevalence</li> <li><i>Prevotella</i></li> <li>priapism</li> <li>prick tests <ul> <li>modified</li> </ul> </li> <li>prickly heat</li> <li>primary biliary cirrhosis <ul> <li>hyperpigmentation</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus association</li> <li>systemic sclerosis association</li> </ul> </li> <li>primary care</li> <li>primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>immunophenotype</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management <ul> <li>treatment algorithm</li> </ul> </li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>primary cutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphoma <ul> <li>aggressive epidermotropic CD8+</li> <li>CD4+ small/medium-sized pleomorphic</li> <li>extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma</li> <li>γδ T-cell</li> <li><i>see also</i> adult T-cell leukaemia–lymphoma (ATLL)</li> </ul> </li> <li>primary effusion lymphoma, Kaposi sarcoma association</li> <li>primary herpetic gingivostomatitis</li> <li>primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy <ul> <li><i>see also</i> pachydermoperiostosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>primary immunodeficiency (PID) <ul> <li>antibody deficiencies</li> <li>autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>combined</li> <li>complement diseases</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>GARFIELD acronym</li> <li>granulomatous lesions</li> <li>immune dysregulation diseases</li> <li>immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-linked syndrome</li> <li>innate immunity defects</li> <li>management</li> <li>NFκB pathway-related</li> <li>phagocyte function, differentiation and adhesion congenital defects</li> <li>skin cancer</li> <li>skin manifestations</li> <li>warning signs</li> </ul> </li> <li>primary localized cutaneous amyloidosis (PLCA)</li> <li>primary lymphoedema with myelodysplasia</li> <li>primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin <i>see</i> Merkel cell carcinoma</li> <li>primin</li> <li>primitive polypoid granular cell tumour</li> <li><i>Primulaceae</i> <ul> <li>exposure time</li> </ul> </li> <li>prioritization (economic)</li> <li>pristinamycin</li> <li><i>PRKAR1A</i> gene mutations</li> <li>proanthocyanidin</li> <li>probability (<i>P</i>)</li> <li>probability of disease</li> <li>probenecid, hypersensitivity reaction</li> <li>proctalgia, chronic</li> <li>proctalgia fugax</li> <li>profilins</li> <li>progeria <ul> <li>adult</li> <li>Cockayne syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>coronary artery disease</li> <li>freckles</li> <li>mandibuloacral dysplasia differential diagnosis</li> <li>neonatal</li> <li>premature hair greying</li> <li>Werner syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li><i>see also</i> Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>progerin</li> <li>progesterone, urticaria</li> <li>progestins <ul> <li>acne association</li> <li>papulopustular acne treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>programming of adult disease</li> <li>progressive bacterial synergistic gangrene</li> <li>progressive capillary haemangioma</li> <li>progressive cephalothoracic lipodystrophy <i>see</i> acquired partial lipodystrophy (APL)</li> <li>progressive hemifacial atrophy</li> <li>progressive nodular histiocytosis</li> <li>prohormone convertase 1 deficiency</li> <li>prohormone convertase 2 deficiency</li> <li>prolactin <ul> <li>functions</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus association</li> </ul> </li> <li>prolidase deficiency</li> <li>proliferative verrucous leukoplakia <ul> <li>verrucous carcinoma</li> </ul> </li> <li>promethazine</li> <li><i>Pronematus davisi</i></li> <li>pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) <ul> <li>congenital defects of synthesis</li> <li>deficiency</li> </ul> </li> <li>propantheline, hyperhidrosis treatment</li> <li>propionibacteria</li> <li><i>Propionibacterium</i> <ul> <li>age effects</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Propionibacterium acnes</i> <ul> <li>acne fulminans</li> <li>antibiotic-resistant</li> <li>folliculitis of the scalp</li> <li>prepubertal acne</li> <li>SAPHO syndrome</li> <li>sarcoidosis</li> <li>strains</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Propionibacterium avidum</i></li> <li><i>Propionibacterium granulosum</i></li> <li>propolis</li> <li>propranolol <ul> <li>burns treatment</li> <li>infantile haemangioma treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>propylene glycol (PG) <ul> <li>as co-solvent</li> <li>penetration enhancer</li> <li>preservative</li> </ul> </li> <li>prosector's warts <i>see</i> tuberculosis, cutaneous, warty</li> <li>prostacyclin</li> <li>prostaglandin(s) <ul> <li>receptors</li> </ul> </li> <li>prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub></li> <li>prostanoids</li> <li>prostatitis, gonococcal</li> <li>protamine, anaphylactic reactions</li> <li>protease activated receptors (PARs)</li> <li>protease inhibitor-associated lipodystrophy syndrome <i>see</i> HIV-associated lipodystrophy</li> <li>protease inhibitors <ul> <li>cytochrome P450 system effects</li> <li>drug eruptions</li> <li>lipodystrophy</li> <li>retinoid-like effects</li> <li>side effects</li> </ul> </li> <li>proteases <ul> <li>IgE production</li> <li>itching in skin disease</li> <li>lysosomal</li> </ul> </li> <li>protective clothing, surgical</li> <li>protective immunity</li> <li>protein C deficiency <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>protein contact dermatitis</li> <li>protein malnutrition, hair colour changes</li> <li>protein S deficiency <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>protein therapeutics <i>see</i> biological therapies</li> <li>protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), ageing of skin</li> <li>protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), ageing of skin</li> <li>proteinase-activated receptor (PAR) <ul> <li>activation</li> </ul> </li> <li>proteinase-activated receptor (PAR) 2 <ul> <li>atopic eczema</li> </ul> </li> <li>proteinase-activated receptor (PAR) 4</li> <li>protein-based therapies</li> <li>protein–calorie restriction, telogen effluvium</li> <li>protein–energy malnutrition <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>management</li> <li>predisposing factors</li> <li>riboflavin deficiency</li> <li>severity classification</li> </ul> </li> <li>proteins induced by vitamin K absence (PIVKA)</li> <li>proteoglycans <ul> <li>cell surface</li> <li>core proteins</li> <li>functions</li> <li>molecular characteristics</li> <li>pathological processes</li> <li>synthesis by fibroblasts</li> </ul> </li> <li>Proteus syndrome, <ul> <li>capillary malformations</li> <li>collagenoma</li> <li>congenital collagenoma</li> <li>congenital epidermal naevi</li> <li>encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>infiltrating lipomatosis of the face differential diagnosis</li> <li>lymphatic malformations</li> <li>naevi</li> <li><i>PTEN</i>-related</li> </ul> </li> <li>Proteus-like syndrome</li> <li>protoporphyrin</li> <li>protoporphyrin IX (PpIX)</li> <li><i>Prototheca</i> algal infection</li> <li>protothecosis</li> <li>protozoal infections <ul> <li>erythema nodosum</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>infective cheilitis</li> <li>ocular disease</li> <li>oral lesions</li> </ul> </li> <li>provisional matrix, wound healing</li> <li>provocation testing</li> <li>proximal myopathies, dermatomyositis</li> <li>proximal nail fold capillaroscopy</li> <li>pruralgia</li> <li>prurigo <ul> <li>Hodgkin disease</li> <li>linear IgA disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>sarcoidosis association</li> <li><i>see also</i> actinic prurigo</li> </ul> </li> <li>prurigo nodularis <ul> <li>chronic actinic dermatitis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>clinical variants</li> <li>cytomegalovirus in HIV</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>nerve fibres</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>underlying diseases</li> </ul> </li> <li>pruritic papular eruption (PPE) of HIV <ul> <li>children</li> </ul> </li> <li>pruritus <ul> <li>acquired ichthyosis</li> <li>ancylostomiasis</li> <li>ani <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>Crohn disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>aquagenic</li> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>atopic eruption of pregnancy</li> <li>brachioradial</li> <li>bullous pemphigoid</li> <li>central sensitization</li> <li>cholestatic</li> <li>chronic <ul> <li>prurigo nodularis</li> </ul> </li> <li>chronic renal disease</li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>clinical variants</li> <li>definition</li> <li>delusional infestation differential diagnosis</li> <li>dermatoses</li> <li>diabetes association</li> <li>diabetogenic</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>diseases inducing</li> <li>drug-induced</li> <li>elderly people</li> <li>enterobiasis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>generalized</li> <li>gold therapy</li> <li>gravidarum</li> <li>hepatobiliary disease</li> <li>histamine role</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>Hodgkin disease</li> <li>inflammation</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>iron deficiency</li> <li>lichen planus</li> <li>liver disease association</li> <li>localized</li> <li>male genital</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>management</li> <li>measurement</li> <li>medicament</li> <li>nephrogenic</li> <li>neuropathic</li> <li>NF1-associated</li> <li>nocturnal</li> <li>notalgia paraesthetica</li> <li>paraneoplastic</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>peripheral sensitization</li> <li>polycythaemia vera</li> <li>pregnancy</li> <li>premonitory</li> <li>psoriasis</li> <li>psychogenic</li> <li>PUVA side effect</li> <li>quality of life</li> <li>recessive generalized severe dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa</li> <li>renal failure</li> <li>scalp <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>presentation</li> </ul> </li> <li>scratching</li> <li>seborrhoeic dermatitis association</li> <li>senescence</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>Sézary syndrome</li> <li>skin barrier function effects</li> <li>skin picking disorder differential diagnosis</li> <li>symptomatic treatment</li> <li>systemic disease</li> <li>systemic sclerosis</li> <li>thyrotoxicosis</li> <li>UVB phototherapy side effect</li> <li>vulvae</li> <li><i>see also</i> itching</li> </ul> </li> <li>P-selectin</li> <li>pseudo familial hypercholesterolaemia</li> <li>pseudoacanthosis nigricans</li> <li>pseudo-ainhum <ul> <li>acquired</li> <li>congenital</li> </ul> </li> <li>pseudoallergy</li> <li>pseudoangiosarcoma</li> <li>pseudochancre redux</li> <li>pseudochromohidrosis</li> <li>pseudoclubbing</li> <li>pseudo-Cushing syndrome <i>see</i> HIV-associated lipodystrophy</li> <li>pseudocyst of ear</li> <li>pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia</li> <li>pseudoepitheliomatous micaceous and keratotic balanitis (PEMKB)</li> <li>pseudofolliculitis <ul> <li>vulval staphylococcal infection differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>pseudofolliculitis barbae <ul> <li>laser-assisted hair removal</li> <li>sycosis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>pseudofolliculitis vibrissae</li> <li>pseudo-Hutchinson sign</li> <li>pseudo-Kaposi sarcoma, haemodialysis complication</li> <li>pseudo-knuckle pads <ul> <li>knuckle pads differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>pseudologica fantastica</li> <li>pseudolymphoma <ul> <li>aphthous ulceration</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>cutaneous</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>tattoo-associated</li> </ul> </li> <li>pseudomembranous disease, candidosis</li> <li><i>Pseudomonas</i> <ul> <li>botryomycosis</li> <li>chronic paronychia</li> <li>diabetic infections</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>nail plate pigmentation</li> <li>yellow nail syndrome</li> <li><i>see also</i> <i>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</i></li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> <ul> <li>cellulitis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>ecthyma <ul> <li>gangrenosum</li> </ul> </li> <li>erysipelas</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>infection in Langerhans cell histiocytosis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>noma neonatorum</li> <li>otitis externa <ul> <li>necrotizing</li> </ul> </li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>septicaemia</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>pseudomonilethrix</li> <li>pseudomyogenic haemangioendothelioma</li> <li>pseudopelade of Brocq</li> <li>pseudophotodermatitis <ul> <li>Compositae allergy</li> </ul> </li> <li>pseudoporphyria <ul> <li>renal failure</li> </ul> </li> <li>pseudoscars <ul> <li>diabetes</li> <li>stellate</li> </ul> </li> <li>pseudosyndactyly <ul> <li>Kindler syndrome</li> <li>recessive generalized severe dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa</li> </ul> </li> <li>pseudoxanthoma elasticum <ul> <li>acquired</li> <li>calcification</li> <li>cardiovascular changes</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>coronary artery disease</li> <li>cutis laxa differential diagnosis</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diagnostic criteria</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>Ehlers–Danlos syndrome association</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>gastrointestinal changes</li> <li>iatrogenic</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>mechanical properties of skin</li> <li>obstetric risk</li> <li>ocular changes</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>perforating</li> <li>pregnancy</li> <li>proteoglycans</li> <li>resources</li> <li>skin changes</li> <li>solar elastosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>toxic</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>psittacosis <ul> <li>erythema marginatum association</li> </ul> </li> <li>psoralen <ul> <li>hypertrichosis</li> <li>ocular side effects</li> <li>phototoxicity</li> <li><i>see also</i> photochemotherapy (PUVA)</li> </ul> </li> <li>psoralen photoadducts <ul> <li>eye effects</li> </ul> </li> <li>psoriasiform hyperkeratosis <i>see</i> keratoderma blenorrhagica</li> <li>psoriasiform napkin dermatitis</li> <li>psoriasiform sarcoidosis</li> <li>psoriasis <ul> <li>acrodermatitis continua of Hallopeau</li> <li>acrodermatitis enteropathica differential diagnosis</li> <li>acropustulosis</li> <li>alcohol abuse co-morbidity</li> <li>alcohol misuse</li> <li>allergic contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>alopecia areata association</li> <li>ano-genital</li> <li>assessment tools <ul> <li>disease-specific quality of life measures</li> </ul> </li> <li>atypical</li> <li>basal cell carcinoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>cancer association</li> <li>cardiovascular disease association</li> <li>chemokine role</li> <li>chemotherapy-induced nail change differential diagnosis</li> <li>Chikungunya fever association</li> <li>children</li> <li>chronic obstructive pulmonary disease association</li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>co-morbidities</li> <li>cost-of-illness</li> <li>Crohn disease association</li> <li>defensin activity</li> <li>diabetes association</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>discoid lupus erythematosus differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease association</li> <li>disease-specific quality of life measures</li> <li>distress</li> <li>DRESS differential diagnosis</li> <li>drug combinations</li> <li>drug-induced</li> <li>economic burden</li> <li>elephantine</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>erythrodermic</li> <li>exacerbated <ul> <li>by antimalarials</li> </ul> </li> <li>exanthemic pustular</li> <li>extramammary Paget disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>eyelids</li> <li>flexural <ul> <li>erythrasma differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>gel nail contraindication</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>geographic tongue</li> <li>hand eczema differential diagnosis</li> <li>histopathology</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>ichthyosis linearis circumflexa</li> <li>immune activation</li> <li>infantile</li> <li>infection association</li> <li>inflammatory bowel disease association</li> <li>inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal naevus overlap</li> <li>integrated management</li> <li>integrins</li> <li>irritant contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>keratolysis exfoliativa differential diagnosis</li> <li>keratosis circumscripta differential diagnosis</li> <li>Koebner phenomenon</li> <li>Langerhans cell role</li> <li>laser treatment</li> <li>lichen striatus differential diagnosis</li> <li>lichenification differential diagnosis</li> <li>lifestyle behaviours</li> <li>linear</li> <li>liver disease association</li> <li>lower leg eczema differential diagnosis</li> <li>lupus vulgaris differential diagnosis</li> <li>macrophage inhibitory factor role</li> <li>male genital</li> <li>management <ul> <li>biological therapies</li> <li>calcipotriol</li> <li>coal tar use</li> <li>mechlorethamine therapy</li> <li>methotrexate</li> <li>psychological distress</li> <li>topical tacrolimus</li> <li>vitamin D analogues</li> </ul> </li> <li>metabolic syndrome association</li> <li>MHC role</li> <li>MMP activity</li> <li>mucosal lesions</li> <li>nail plate abnormalities</li> <li>nails <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>discoloration</li> <li>onycholysis</li> <li>proximal nail fold capillaroscopy</li> </ul> </li> <li>non-pustular palmoplantar</li> <li>nummular dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>occupational</li> <li>ocular lesions</li> <li>older people</li> <li>onycholysis</li> <li>onychomycosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>oral mucosa</li> <li>ostraceous</li> <li>parakeratosis pustulosa association</li> <li>paronychia <ul> <li>acute</li> <li>subacute</li> </ul> </li> <li>pathogenesis <ul> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>plaque-type</li> </ul> </li> <li>pathophysiology <ul> <li>plaque-type</li> </ul> </li> <li>patient education</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>photoaggravated guttate</li> <li>photosensitive and polymorphic light eruption association</li> <li>phototherapy</li> <li>physical trauma association</li> <li>pityriasis rotunda differential diagnosis</li> <li>pityriasis rubra pilaris differential diagnosis</li> <li>platelet role</li> <li>porokeratosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>pregnancy <ul> <li>outcomes</li> </ul> </li> <li>pro-/anti-inflammatory prostanoid receptor targeting</li> <li>proximal nail fold capillaroscopy</li> <li>pruritus</li> <li>psychological distress</li> <li>psychological impact</li> <li>PUVA</li> <li>radiodermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>rupioid</li> <li>scale removal</li> <li>scalp</li> <li>seborrhoeic dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>segmental</li> <li>seronegative arthritis/spondylitis</li> <li>skin cancer association</li> <li>social stigma</li> <li>static</li> <li>stoma complication</li> <li>subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus association</li> <li>subungual hyperkeratosis</li> <li>sunlight association</li> <li>symmetrical drug-related intertriginous and flexural exanthem differential diagnosis</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus association</li> <li>tattoo association</li> <li>tinea corporis differential diagnosis</li> <li>tinea cruris differential diagnosis</li> <li>TNF antagonist-induced</li> <li>TNF-α treatment</li> <li>tonsillitis association</li> <li>topical corticosteroid formulations</li> <li>topical tacrolimus therapy</li> <li>transient acantholytic dermatosis association</li> <li>treatment options</li> <li>Turner syndrome</li> <li>unstable</li> <li>UVB phototherapy</li> <li>uveitis</li> <li>variants</li> <li>vulval</li> <li>warts</li> </ul> </li> <li>Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI)</li> <li>Psoriasis Disability Index (PDI)</li> <li>Psoriasis Family Impact questionnaire</li> <li>psoriasis, guttate <ul> <li>children</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>perianal streptococcal cellulitis association</li> <li>pityriasis lichenoides differential diagnosis</li> <li>pityriasis rosea differential diagnosis</li> <li>streptococcal infections</li> </ul> </li> <li>Psoriasis Life Stress Inventory (PLSI)</li> <li>psoriasis, plaque <ul> <li>biological therapy</li> <li>blistering with UVB phototherapy</li> <li>cigarette smoking</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>environmental factors</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>flexural</li> <li>follicular</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>genital</li> <li>histopathology</li> <li>history taking</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>immune-mediated inflammatory diseases</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>phototherapy</li> <li>presentation</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>scaling</li> <li>scalp</li> <li>seborrhoeic</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>systemic therapy</li> <li>thickness measurement</li> <li>topical therapies</li> <li>treatment</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> </ul> </li> <li>psoriasis, pustular <ul> <li>acrodermatitis continua of Hallopeau</li> <li>amicrobial pustulosis of the skin folds differential diagnosis</li> <li><i>CARD14-</i>mediated</li> <li>generalized <ul> <li>acute</li> <li>acute of pregnancy</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>infantile/juvenile</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pregnancy</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>subacute annular</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>nail shedding</li> <li>palmoplantar pustulosis</li> <li>subcorneal pustular dermatosis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Psoriasis Symptom Inventory (PSI)</li> <li>psoriatic arthritis <ul> <li>causes</li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>MMP-9 expression</li> <li>nail psoriasis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>presentation</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>treatment</li> <li>uveitis association</li> </ul> </li> <li>PSORIQoL</li> <li>Psoroptidae</li> <li><i>PSTPIP1</i> gene mutations</li> <li><i>PSTPIP1/CD2BP1</i> gene mutations</li> <li>psychiatric disorders <ul> <li>alcohol abuse co-morbidity</li> <li>bullous pemphigoid association</li> <li>Dercum disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>genital chronic pain syndromes</li> <li>glucocorticoid adverse effects</li> <li>oral manifestations</li> <li>pruritus</li> <li>retinoid-induced</li> <li>seborrhoeic dermatitis association</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>xeroderma pigmentosum</li> </ul> </li> <li>psychoanalysis</li> <li>psychodermatology <ul> <li>alcohol misuse</li> <li>assessment</li> <li>coping strategies</li> <li>deliberate self-harm</li> <li>delusional beliefs</li> <li>depression</li> <li>disability</li> <li>disease classification</li> <li>drug treatments</li> <li>eating disorders</li> <li>factitious skin disease</li> <li>golden rules</li> <li>multidisciplinary teams</li> <li>organizations</li> <li>psychiatric treatments</li> <li>psychogenic itch</li> <li>quality of life</li> <li>service provision models</li> <li>stigmatization</li> <li>suicide</li> <li>visible differences</li> <li><i>see also</i> obsessive–compulsive disorder</li> </ul> </li> <li>Psychodidae</li> <li>psychogenic itch</li> <li>psychological distress <ul> <li>atopic eczema association</li> <li>coping</li> <li>embarrassment</li> <li>psoriasis</li> </ul> </li> <li>psychological factors <ul> <li>acne vulgaris</li> <li>alopecia areata</li> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>blushing</li> <li>chronic skin disease</li> <li>chronic spontaneous urticaria</li> <li>impact of dermatological conditions</li> <li>integrated clinical management impact</li> <li>non-adherence to treatment</li> <li>treatment challenges</li> </ul> </li> <li>psychological therapies <ul> <li>cognitive behavioural therapy, body dysmorphic disorder</li> <li>therapeutic relationship</li> <li>wart treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>psychoneuroimmunology</li> <li>Psychosomatic Scale for Atopic Dermatitis (PSS-AD)</li> <li>psychotherapy <ul> <li>dynamic</li> <li>interpersonal</li> </ul> </li> <li>psychotropic drugs <ul> <li>acne association</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>PTCH1</i> mutations</li> <li><i>PTEN</i> gene mutations</li> <li>PTEN hamartoma of soft tissue</li> <li>PTEN hamartomatous tumour syndrome <ul> <li>arteriovenous malformations</li> <li>basal cell carcinoma</li> <li>benign symmetrical lipomatosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>congenital epidermal naevi</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>infiltrating lipomatosis of the face differential diagnosis</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>management</li> <li>mucocutaneous lesions</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>punctate keratoderma</li> <li>storiform collagenoma association</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>p</i>-tertiary-butylphenol formaldehyde resin</li> <li>pterygium syndromes</li> <li>pterygoid muscles</li> <li><i>Pthirus pubis</i></li> <li>ptosis <ul> <li>blepharochalasis differential diagnosis</li> <li>Horner syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>PTPN11</i> gene mutations</li> <li><i>PTPN14</i> gene mutations</li> <li>puberty <ul> <li>age effects on drug therapeutic outcomes</li> <li>androgen effects on hair growth</li> <li>hair growth</li> <li>miniature</li> </ul> </li> <li>pubic hair <ul> <li>hair pulling</li> </ul> </li> <li>pubic lice, perineum/perianal region</li> <li>public health</li> <li>PubMed Clinical Queries</li> <li><i>Pulex irritans</i></li> <li>Pulicidae</li> <li>pulmonary arterial hypertension in systemic sclerosis</li> <li>pulmonary stenosis with café-au-lait macules</li> <li>pulmonary thromboembolism, venous malformation association</li> <li>pulse granuloma</li> <li>pulsed dye lasers (PDL) <ul> <li>complications</li> <li>granuloma faciale</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa management</li> <li>hypertrophic scars</li> <li>infantile haemangioma treatment</li> <li>keratosis pilaris treatment</li> <li>leg veins</li> <li>port-wine stains</li> <li>psoriasis</li> <li>telangiectases</li> <li>viral warts</li> </ul> </li> <li>punctate keratoderma of genetic origin <ul> <li>palmoplantar</li> <li>plantar wart differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>punctate keratosis of palmar creases</li> <li>purpura <ul> <li>acroangiodermatitis</li> <li>actinic</li> <li>allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>allergic genital anaphylactoid</li> <li>amyloid</li> <li>annular in sports enthusiasts</li> <li>annularis telangiectodes</li> <li>antiphospholipid syndrome</li> <li>artefact</li> <li>artefactual bleeding</li> <li>atrophie blanche</li> <li>Bateman</li> <li>benign hypergammaglobulinaemic</li> <li>calcific uraemic arteriolopathy</li> <li>cardiac embolus</li> <li>causes <ul> <li>non-thrombocytopenic</li> </ul> </li> <li>cholesterol emboli</li> <li>classification</li> <li>colour change</li> <li>contact dermatitis</li> <li>corticosteroid</li> <li>cryogelling/cryoagglutination disorders</li> <li>cultural remedies</li> <li>Cushing syndrome</li> <li>cutaneous microvascular occlusion disorders</li> <li>cutaneous vasculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>dysproteinaemic</li> <li>emboli</li> <li>exercise-induced</li> <li>external causes</li> <li>Fabry disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>Favre–Chaix</li> <li>fulminans, neonatal</li> <li>granulomatosis with polyangiitis</li> <li>gravitational</li> <li>heparin necrosis</li> <li>infections in vessels</li> <li>with inflammation</li> <li>intravascular bleeding</li> <li>itching</li> <li>lichen aureus</li> <li>livedoid vasculopathy</li> <li>localized oral</li> <li>lupus anticoagulant syndrome</li> <li>malignant atrophic papulosis</li> <li>management</li> <li>mechanical vascular causes</li> <li>myeloproliferative disorders</li> <li>oral hyperpigmentation</li> <li>oxalate embolus</li> <li>paroxysmal finger haematoma</li> <li>physical bleeding</li> <li>pigmented purpuric dermatoses</li> <li>platelet disorders</li> <li>platelet plugging</li> <li>progressiva pigmentosa</li> <li>protein C/protein S deficiency</li> <li>raised intravascular pressure</li> <li>scurvy</li> <li>senile</li> <li>Sjögren syndrome</li> <li>Sneddon syndrome</li> <li>solar</li> <li>systemic coagulopathies</li> <li>thrombocytopenia</li> <li>thrombocytosis</li> <li>transfusion association</li> <li>vascular coagulopathies</li> <li>Waldenström hypergammaglobulinaemic</li> </ul> </li> <li>pustular bacterid</li> <li>pustular miliaria, folliculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>pustular ulcerative syphilide</li> <li>pustules <ul> <li>bowel-associated dermatosis–arthritis syndrome</li> <li>iatrogenic of scalp</li> <li>monkeypox</li> <li>vaccinia virus</li> </ul> </li> <li>pustulosis <ul> <li>amicrobial of the skin folds</li> <li>autoinflammatory syndromes with</li> <li><i>Malassezia</i></li> <li>neonatal cephalic</li> <li><i>see also</i> acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP); palmoplantar pustulosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>PUVA <i>see</i> photochemotherapy (PUVA)</li> <li>pyknosis</li> <li>pyoderma <ul> <li>chancriform</li> <li>cicatricial pemphigoid differential diagnosis</li> <li>faciale</li> <li>fistulans significa</li> <li>mycosis-like</li> <li>vegetans</li> </ul> </li> <li>pyoderma gangrenosum <ul> <li>acne conglobata association</li> <li>associated diseases</li> <li>atypical</li> <li>bullous variant</li> <li>classical ulcerative</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>cocaine use</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>dissecting cellulitis of scalp differential diagnosis</li> <li>ecthyma differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>extracutaneous</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>genital ulceration</li> <li>glanders differential diagnosis</li> <li>granulomatous superficial</li> <li>hepatitis association</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa association</li> <li>hypertensive ischaemic leg ulcer differential diagnosis</li> <li>infantile</li> <li>inflammatory bowel disease association</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>management</li> <li>necrotizing subcutaneous infection differential diagnosis</li> <li>neutrophil role</li> <li>neutrophilic dermatosis of dorsal hands differential diagnosis</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>parastomal</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>penile ulceration differential diagnosis</li> <li>pityriasis lichenoides differential diagnosis</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>pustular</li> <li>pyogenic sterile arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum and acne syndrome</li> <li>respiratory disorder association</li> <li>rheumatoid arthritis association</li> <li>rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatosis</li> <li>sarcoidosis association</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>stoma complication</li> <li>subcorneal pustular dermatosis association</li> <li>Sweet syndrome coexistence</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus association</li> <li>ulcerative colitis association</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>pyoderma gangrenosum, acne conglobata and suppurative hidradenitis (PASH) syndrome <ul> <li>after bowel bypass surgery</li> </ul> </li> <li>pyoderma gangrenosum, acne conglobata, suppurative hidradenitis and seronegative spondyloarthritis (PASS) syndrome</li> <li>pyodermatitis–pyostomatitis vegetans <ul> <li>inflammatory bowel disease association</li> </ul> </li> <li>pyogenic arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum and acne (PAPA) syndrome <ul> <li>acne association</li> </ul> </li> <li>pyogenic granuloma <ul> <li>acne</li> <li>bacillary angiomatosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>granuloma gravidarum</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa</li> <li>Kaposi sarcoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>laser therapy</li> <li>management</li> <li>molluscum contagiosum differential diagnosis</li> <li>nail apparatus</li> <li>orf differential diagnosis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pregnancy</li> </ul> </li> <li>pyogenic sterile arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum and acne (PAPA) syndrome <ul> <li>acne conglobata association</li> <li>acne fulminans association</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Pyometes</i> mites</li> <li>pyostomatitis vegetans <ul> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>pyoderma gangrenosum differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>pyrantel pamoate <ul> <li>ancylostomiasis</li> <li>enterobiasis treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>pyrazinamide</li> <li>pyrethroids</li> <li>pyridoxine deficiency <ul> <li>niacin deficiency differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>pyrimethamine, toxoplasmosis treatment</li> <li>pyruvic acid, chemical peel</li> <li><i>Pythium insidiosum</i></li> </ul> </section> <section> <h2>Q</h2> <ul> <li>Q fever, infectious panniculitis</li> <li>Q-switched lasers <ul> <li>actinic lentigines</li> <li>ephelides</li> <li>genital melanosis treatment</li> <li>lentigines</li> <li>lentiginous naevi</li> <li>melanocytic naevi</li> <li>melasma treatment</li> <li>naevus of Ota</li> <li>pigmented lesion treatment</li> <li>speckled naevi</li> <li>tattoo treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>quality of life <ul> <li>acne measures</li> <li>acne vulgaris impact</li> <li>assessment</li> <li>atopic eczema <ul> <li>measures</li> </ul> </li> <li>dermatology-specific measures</li> <li>disease-specific measures</li> <li>general health measures</li> <li>health economics</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa</li> <li>measures <ul> <li>clinical use</li> </ul> </li> <li>minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of score</li> <li>morphoea</li> <li>pruritus</li> <li>psoriasis measures</li> <li>seborrhoeic dermatitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>quality-adjusted life year (QALY)</li> <li>quantitative risk assessment (QRA) procedure</li> <li>quaternium-15</li> <li>Questionnaire on Experience with Skin Complaints (QES)</li> <li>Quincke's oedema <i>see</i> angio-oedema</li> <li>quinines <ul> <li>photoallergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>phototoxicity</li> </ul> </li> <li>quinolones</li> </ul> </section> <section> <h2>R</h2> <ul> <li>racial factors <ul> <li>actinic keratoses</li> <li>allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>multiple self-healing squamous epithelioma</li> <li>sarcoidosis</li> <li>skin colour <ul> <li>variation</li> </ul> </li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma</li> </ul> </li> <li>radiation <ul> <li>acute reaction</li> <li>epilation</li> <li>late reaction</li> <li>occupational actinic keratosis</li> <li>post-ionizing radiation keratosis</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma complication</li> <li>visible</li> </ul> </li> <li>radiation carcinogenesis <ul> <li>risk</li> </ul> </li> <li>radiation recall, chemotherapy-induced</li> <li>radical oxygen species</li> <li>radiodermatitis <ul> <li>acute</li> <li>ano-genital</li> <li>chronic</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>grades</li> <li>infections</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>radiation recall differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>radiofrequency devices, skin tightening</li> <li>radioisotope scans</li> <li>radiosensitivity</li> <li>radiotherapy <ul> <li>abdominal wall lymphoedema cause</li> <li>actinic keratosis incidence</li> <li>adjuvant <ul> <li>skin cancer</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>angiosarcoma induction</li> <li>applicators</li> <li>atypical fibroxanthoma</li> <li>atypical vascular proliferation after</li> <li>basal cell carcinoma <ul> <li>adjuvant</li> <li>recurrence</li> <li>treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>bathing cap distribution</li> <li>benign conditions</li> <li>Bowen disease <ul> <li>treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>cutaneous B-cell lymphoma</li> <li>cutaneous lymphoma</li> <li>cutaneous T-cell lymphoma</li> <li>dermatofibrosarcoma protruberans</li> <li>dosage</li> <li>dose fractionation</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa management</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>implants</li> <li>indications for</li> <li>intensity modulated</li> <li>Kaposi sarcoma</li> <li>keloid</li> <li>keratoacanthoma</li> <li>lentigo maligna</li> <li>lentigo maligna melanoma</li> <li>malignant conditions</li> <li>megavoltage X-ray therapy technique</li> <li>melanoma</li> <li>Merkel cell carcinoma</li> <li>metastases</li> <li>morphoea association</li> <li>morphoea induction</li> <li>moulds</li> <li>mycosis fungoides management</li> <li>panniculitis induction</li> <li>post-ionizing radiation keratosis</li> <li>post-irradiation angiosarcoma</li> <li>sarcoma development</li> <li>sclerosing postirradiation panniculitis</li> <li>Sézary syndrome</li> <li>skin cancer <ul> <li>adjuvant</li> <li>recurrence</li> </ul> </li> <li>skin side effects</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma <ul> <li>adjuvant</li> <li>recurrence</li> <li>treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>stocking distribution <i>24.5–6</i></li> <li>superficial treatment technique</li> <li>Sweet syndrome association</li> <li>swollen breast</li> <li>TomoTherapy <i>24.5–6</i></li> <li>treatment regimens</li> <li>tumours induced by/recurrence</li> <li>ulceration</li> <li>vascular neoplasms</li> <li>X-ray photon beams</li> <li><i>see also</i> electron beam radiotherapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>raised linear bands of infancy</li> <li>raltegravir</li> <li>Ramsay Hunt syndrome <ul> <li>external ear</li> </ul> </li> <li>random-effects models</li> <li>randomized controlled trials (RCT) <ul> <li>evidence-based medicine</li> <li>negative results</li> <li>question type</li> <li>systematic reviews</li> </ul> </li> <li>range (data)</li> <li>RANTES</li> <li>ranula</li> <li>rapamycin <ul> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa induction</li> <li>port-wine stains</li> </ul> </li> <li>Rapp–Hodgkin syndrome</li> <li>Rapunzel syndrome</li> <li>RAS gene mosaicism</li> <li><i>RASA1</i> gene mutations</li> <li>rash <ul> <li>acrodermatitis enteropathica</li> <li>adult-onset Still disease</li> <li>ancylostomiasis</li> <li>antimony reactions</li> <li>autoinflammatory granulomatosis of childhood</li> <li>complement deficiency</li> <li>dermatomyositis</li> <li>ehrlichiosis</li> <li>enterovirus infection</li> <li>gold therapy</li> <li>meningococcal disease</li> <li>neonatal</li> <li>papular facial</li> <li>rubella infection</li> <li>severe combined immunodeficiency</li> <li>syphilis <ul> <li>congenital disease</li> <li>secondary disease</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>Ras/MAPK pathway</li> <li>RASopathies <ul> <li><i>see also</i> neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)</li> </ul> </li> <li>rat-bite fever <ul> <li>streptobacillary</li> </ul> </li> <li>rational medicine</li> <li>rationalization (economic)</li> <li>Raynaud disease <ul> <li>hand–arm vibration syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>primary biliary cirrhosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Raynaud phenomenon <ul> <li>acrocyanosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>acroosteolysis</li> <li>aetiology</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>diagnostic criteria</li> <li>digital nerves</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>fibroblastic rheumatism</li> <li>hyperhidrosis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>management</li> <li>mechanical properties of skin</li> <li>nail fold capillaroscopy</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>penile</li> <li>primary</li> <li>proximal nail fold capillaroscopy</li> <li>rheumatoid arthritis</li> <li>secondary</li> <li>Sneddon syndrome</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>systemic sclerosis <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>vibration white finger</li> <li><i>see also</i> mixed connective tissue disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>reactive angioendotheliomatosis <ul> <li>malignant form</li> </ul> </li> <li>reactive arthritis <ul> <li><i>Chlamydia</i> infection</li> <li>vulval</li> </ul> </li> <li>reactive cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia <i>see</i> lymphocytoma cutis</li> <li>reactive dermopathy</li> <li>reactive inflammatory erythemas</li> <li>reactive oxygen species (ROS) <ul> <li>ageing of skin</li> <li>DNA damage in basal cell carcinoma</li> <li>5-LO in induction of production</li> <li>matrix metalloproteinase induction</li> <li>signal transduction pathway stimulation</li> <li>skin ageing</li> </ul> </li> <li>reactive perforating collagenosis</li> <li>rebound phenomenon, topical corticosteroids</li> <li>recall reaction, chemotherapy-induced</li> <li>receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)</li> <li>receptor–effector system</li> <li>recombinant DNA technology</li> <li>recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) <ul> <li>burn treatment</li> <li>therapy</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>RECQL2</i> gene</li> <li>recurrent aphthous stomatitis, Adamantiades–Behçet disease association</li> <li>recurrent cutaneous necrotizing eosinophilic vasculitis</li> <li>recurrent focal palmar peeling</li> <li>recurrent oro-facial and cutaneous herpes</li> <li>recurrent toxin-mediated perineal erythema</li> <li>red burning scrotum syndrome</li> <li>Reduviidae</li> <li>re-epithelialization, wound healing</li> <li>refeeding syndrome</li> <li>reflectance confocal microscopy <ul> <li>skin ageing measurement</li> </ul> </li> <li>reflex neurovascular dystrophy</li> <li>reflex sympathetic dystrophy <ul> <li>hyperhidrosis</li> <li><i>see also</i> complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Refsum disease <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>infantile</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>regulatory T cells (T<sub>regs</sub>) <ul> <li>allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>dendritic cell actions</li> <li>mycosis fungoides</li> </ul> </li> <li>regulome</li> <li>relapsing fever <ul> <li>epidemic</li> <li>louse-borne</li> <li>tick-borne</li> </ul> </li> <li>relapsing polychondritis <ul> <li>associated conditions</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>ear piercing complications</li> <li>genital ulceration</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathology</li> <li>respiratory disease association</li> <li>treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>relative risk</li> <li>relaxed skin tension lines (RSTLs)</li> <li>relaxin</li> <li>relaxin family peptide receptor 1 (RFPR1)</li> <li>renal angiomyolipoma</li> <li>renal anomalies, external ear anomaly association</li> <li>renal diseases <ul> <li>acquired disorders</li> <li>dialysis</li> <li>DRESS syndrome</li> <li>inherited disorders</li> <li>metabolic disorders</li> <li>oral manifestations</li> <li>renal transplantation</li> <li>systemic diseases</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>tuberous sclerosis complex</li> </ul> </li> <li>renal failure <ul> <li>hyperpigmentation</li> </ul> </li> <li>renal osteodystrophy, bone resorption</li> <li>renal transplantation</li> <li>renal tubular acidosis, Ehlers–Danlos syndrome association</li> <li>repeatability</li> <li>repifermin</li> <li>resins, allergy</li> <li>resorcin, hair pigmentary changes</li> <li>resorcinol <ul> <li>chemical peel</li> <li>dandruff treatment</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa management</li> <li>systemic toxicity</li> </ul> </li> <li>respiratory papillomatosis</li> <li>respiratory syncytial virus</li> <li>respiratory system disorders <ul> <li>allergy</li> <li>autoimmune disorder association</li> <li>congenital disorder association</li> <li>dermatomyositis</li> <li>DRESS association</li> <li>genetic syndromes</li> <li>infection association</li> <li>inherited disorder association</li> <li>interstitial lung disease</li> <li>Stevens–Johnson syndrome</li> <li>systemic disease association</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>toxic epidermal necrolysis</li> <li>vasculitis association</li> </ul> </li> <li>respiratory tract nodules, granulomatosis with polyangiitis</li> <li>restless legs syndrome</li> <li>restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)</li> <li>restrictive dermopathy <ul> <li>collodion baby differential diagnosis</li> <li>Neu–Laxova syndrome differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>resuscitation, burns</li> <li>resuscitation formula <ul> <li>burns</li> <li>colloid</li> <li>crystalloid</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>RET</i> gene mutations</li> <li>retapamulin</li> <li>reticular degeneration</li> <li>reticular erythematous mucinosis</li> <li>reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura</li> <li>reticuloendothelial system, sarcoidosis</li> <li>reticulohistiocytoma</li> <li>reticulohistiocytosis <i>see</i> multicentric reticulohistiocytosis</li> <li>retiform haemangioendothelioma</li> <li>retinaldehyde, antiageing products</li> <li>retinitis pigmentosa, Refsum disease</li> <li>retinoic acid <ul> <li>acne vulgaris treatment</li> <li>antiageing products</li> <li>chemical peel</li> <li>dyslipidaemia induction</li> <li>topical</li> <li>wart treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>retinoic acid nuclear receptors</li> <li>retinoic acid receptors (RAR)</li> <li>retinoid(s) <ul> <li>acanthosis nigricans treatment</li> <li>acquired ichthyoses treatment</li> <li>cheilitis</li> <li>congenital ichthyoses treatment</li> <li>dermatitis side effect</li> <li>endogenous</li> <li>Flegel disease treatment</li> <li>hand eczema treatment</li> <li>harlequin ichthyosis treatment</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa management</li> <li>HPV infection treatment</li> <li>keratitis–ichthyosis–deafness syndrome</li> <li>keratosis pilaris treatment</li> <li>melasma treatment</li> <li>multiple minute digitate keratoses treatment</li> <li>mycosis fungoides treatment</li> <li>nail psoriasis treatment</li> <li>neutral lipid storage disease with ichthyosis</li> <li>papulopustular acne treatment</li> <li>porokeratosis management</li> <li>prepubertal acne treatment</li> <li>Sézary syndrome treatment</li> <li>Sjögren–Larsson syndrome treatment</li> <li>skin cancer treatment in immunocompromised patients</li> <li>wart treatment</li> <li><i>see also</i> acitretin; etretinate; isotretinoin; vitamin A</li> </ul> </li> <li>retinoid(s), oral <ul> <li>Bowen disease treatment</li> <li>Darier disease treatment</li> <li>mal de Meleda treatment</li> <li>ocular side effects</li> <li>palmoplantar pustulosis treatment</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma secondary prevention</li> </ul> </li> <li>retinoid(s), systemic <ul> <li>adverse effects</li> <li>cautions</li> <li>contraindications</li> <li>dermatological uses</li> <li>drug–drug interactions</li> <li>keratoacanthoma treatment</li> <li>monitoring</li> <li>pharmacological properties</li> <li>pre-treatment screening</li> <li>recessive X-linked ichthyosis treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>retinoid(s), topical <ul> <li>actinic keratosis treatment</li> <li>ageing of skin</li> <li>comedonal acne treatment</li> <li>cutaneous amyloidoses treatment</li> <li>Darier disease treatment</li> <li>plaque psoriasis treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>retinoid cheilitis</li> <li>retinoid dermatitis</li> <li>retinoid X receptors (RXR)</li> <li>retinol <ul> <li>antiageing products</li> <li>topical</li> </ul> </li> <li>retinopathy, antimalarial-induced</li> <li>retinyl esters <ul> <li>antiageing products</li> </ul> </li> <li>reverse transcriptase inhibitors</li> <li>Revesz syndrome</li> <li>rexinoids, mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome treatment</li> <li>rhabdomyocytes, high-power microscopy</li> <li>rhabdomyolysis, varicella infection</li> <li>rhabdomyoma <ul> <li>oral</li> </ul> </li> <li>rhabdomyosarcoma <ul> <li>cutaneous</li> <li>oral</li> </ul> </li> <li>rhabdomyosarcomatous congenital hamartoma</li> <li>rhabdovirus infections</li> <li>Rhagionidae</li> <li>Rhazes (Persian physician)</li> <li>rheumatic endocarditis</li> <li>rheumatic fever <ul> <li>cardiac involvement</li> <li>Duckett Jones criteria for diagnosis</li> <li>erythema marginatum association</li> <li>nodules</li> <li>rheumatoid nodule differential diagnosis</li> <li>scarlet fever association</li> </ul> </li> <li>rheumatism, fibroblastic</li> <li>rheumatoid arthritis <ul> <li>arteritis</li> <li>atrophic skin</li> <li>callosities</li> <li>cryoglobulins</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>gangrene</li> <li>gold therapy</li> <li>hyperpigmentation</li> <li>interstitial granulomatous dermatosis association</li> <li>leg ulcers</li> <li>linear subcutaneous bands</li> <li>livedo reticularis</li> <li>management</li> <li>neutrophilic dermatosis</li> <li>proximal nail fold capillaroscopy</li> <li>psoriatic arthritis differential diagnosis</li> <li>pyoderma gangrenosum association</li> <li>rheumatoid nodules</li> <li>skin cancer <ul> <li>association</li> </ul> </li> <li>subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus association</li> <li>subcorneal pustular dermatosis association</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus <ul> <li>association</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>systemic sclerosis <ul> <li>association</li> <li>overlap</li> </ul> </li> <li>vascular lesions</li> </ul> </li> <li>rheumatoid disease</li> <li>rheumatoid factor, Sjögren syndrome</li> <li>rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatosis</li> <li>rheumatoid nodules <ul> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>knuckle pads differential diagnosis</li> <li>palisading necrobiotic granuloma</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>subcutaneous granuloma annulare differential diagnosis</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>rheumatological disease <ul> <li>DRESS syndrome association</li> <li>malignancy association</li> </ul> </li> <li>rhinoconjunctivitis <ul> <li>allergic</li> <li>platinum toxicity</li> </ul> </li> <li>rhinoentomophthoromycosis</li> <li>rhinophyma <ul> <li>carbon dioxide laser ablation</li> <li>electrosurgery</li> <li>rosacea-associated</li> </ul> </li> <li>rhinoscleroma <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>infective cheilitis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>rhinosporidiosis</li> <li><i>Rhinosporidium seeberi</i></li> <li>rhinovirus</li> <li>riboflavin deficiency <ul> <li>iron deficiency differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Richter–Hanhart syndrome <i>see</i> tyrosinaemia type 2</li> <li>rickets <ul> <li>congenital ichthyoses</li> <li>hypophosphataemic</li> <li>vitamin D-deficient</li> <li>vitamin D-resistant, atrichia with papular lesions differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Rickettsia akari</i></li> <li><i>Rickettsia australiensis</i></li> <li><i>Rickettsia conori</i></li> <li><i>Rickettsia felis</i></li> <li><i>Rickettsia mooseri</i></li> <li><i>Rickettsia prowazekii</i></li> <li><i>Rickettsia rickettsii</i></li> <li><i>Rickettsia tsutsugamushi</i></li> <li><i>Rickettsia typhi</i></li> <li>rickettsial infections <ul> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>rickettsialpox</li> <li>rifabutin</li> <li>rifampicin <ul> <li>drug eruptions</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa management</li> <li>leprosy treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>rifamycin</li> <li>Rift Valley fever</li> <li>Riley–Day syndrome, hyperhidrosis</li> <li>rilonacept</li> <li>ringworm <ul> <li>annular</li> <li>beard/moustache area</li> <li>foot</li> <li>glabrous skin</li> <li>hand</li> <li>infants</li> <li>nails</li> <li>pityriasis rosea differential diagnosis</li> <li>scalp</li> <li>steroid-modified</li> <li>syndromes</li> <li>trichotillomania differential diagnosis</li> <li>X-ray therapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>ritonavir <ul> <li>drug eruptions</li> <li>psoriasis therapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>Ritter disease</li> <li>rituximab <ul> <li>atopic eczema treatment</li> <li>bullous systemic lupus erythematosus treatment</li> <li>dermatomyositis treatment</li> <li>discoid lupus erythematosus treatment</li> <li>epidermolysis bullosa acquisita treatment</li> <li>pemphigus treatment</li> <li>rheumatoid nodule treatment</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>river blindness <i>see</i> onchocerciasis</li> <li>RNA, splicing</li> <li>RNA viruses</li> <li>RNase 2,3,7</li> <li>Ro antibodies</li> <li><i>Rochalimea henselae</i> <i>see</i> <i>Bartonella henselae</i></li> <li>Rocky Mountain spotted fever <ul> <li>ehrlichiosis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>rodent bites</li> <li>rodent ulcer <i>see</i> basal cell carcinoma (BCC)</li> <li>Roman Empire</li> <li>Romaña's sign</li> <li>Rombo syndrome <ul> <li>basal cell carcinoma</li> <li>milia association</li> </ul> </li> <li>rosacea <ul> <li>acne differential diagnosis</li> <li>antimicrobial peptides</li> <li>associated dermatoses</li> <li>atypical distribution</li> <li>causative organisms</li> <li>chalazion association</li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>conglobata</li> <li>corticosteroid-induced development/exacerbation</li> <li>definition</li> <li><i>Demodex</i> role</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>environmental factors</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>erythematotelangiectatic <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>flushing</li> <li>fulminans <ul> <li>pregnancy</li> </ul> </li> <li>genetics</li> <li>granulomatous <ul> <li>periorificial dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>incidence</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>lymphocytoma cutis differential diagnosis</li> <li>lymphoedematous</li> <li>management</li> <li>mucous membrane pemphigoid differential diagnosis</li> <li>ocular <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>papulopustular <ul> <li>actinic folliculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>atypical distribution</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>periorificial dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>phymatous <ul> <li>atypical distribution</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>pregnancy</li> <li>prevalence</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>sarcoidosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>severity grading</li> <li>solid facial oedema</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>rosacea-like dermatoses, papulopustular rosacea differential diagnosis</li> <li>Rosai–Dorfman disease <ul> <li>IgG4-related disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>S-100 protein stain</li> </ul> </li> <li>roseola infantum</li> <li>Ross River virus</li> <li>Ross syndrome</li> <li>Ro/SS-A antibody <ul> <li>neonatal lupus erythematosus</li> </ul> </li> <li>Rothmann–Makai disease</li> <li>Rothmund–Thomson syndrome <ul> <li>acquired poikiloderma</li> <li>basal cell carcinoma</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>Cockayne syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>congenital erosive and vesicular dermatosis with reticulated scarring differential diagnosis</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>dyskeratosis congenita differential diagnosis</li> <li>Kindler syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>management</li> <li>neonatal lupus erythematosus differential diagnosis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>premature hair greying</li> <li>Werner syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>xeroderma pigmentosum differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), collagen biosynthesis</li> <li>rove beetles</li> <li>Rowell syndrome</li> <li>R-spondin 4</li> <li>R-spondin transcription factors</li> <li>rubber allergy <ul> <li>ano-genital eczema</li> <li>shoes</li> </ul> </li> <li>rubella infection <ul> <li>arthritis</li> <li>congenital <ul> <li>neonatal lupus erythematosus differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>scarlet fever differential diagnosis</li> <li>vaccination</li> </ul> </li> <li>rubeosis</li> <li>Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome <ul> <li>keloid association</li> <li>pilomatricoma association</li> </ul> </li> <li>rule of hand</li> </ul> </section> <section> <h2>S</h2> <ul> <li>S-100 protein</li> <li>S100A7</li> <li>sacral dimple</li> <li>sacroiliitis <ul> <li>acne conglobata association</li> </ul> </li> <li>saddle-nose deformity, congenital syphilis</li> <li>SAHA (seborrhoea, acne, hirsutism and androgenetic alopecia) syndrome <ul> <li>acne</li> </ul> </li> <li>sailor's lip</li> <li>salbutamol</li> <li>salicylic acid <ul> <li>acanthosis nigricans treatment</li> <li>acne therapy</li> <li>acquired ichthyoses treatment</li> <li>antiageing products</li> <li>chemical peel <ul> <li>skin of colour</li> </ul> </li> <li>keratosis pilaris treatment</li> <li>multiple minute digitate keratoses treatment</li> <li>penetration enhancer</li> <li>systemic toxicity</li> <li>topical corticosteroid formulations</li> <li>wart treatment</li> <li>Whitfield's ointment</li> </ul> </li> <li>salivary glands, examination</li> <li>saltpetre disease</li> <li>sampling error</li> <li>sandflies <ul> <li>bites</li> </ul> </li> <li>Sanfilippo syndrome</li> <li>saphenofemoral junction</li> <li>saphenous vein(s)</li> <li>saphenous vein graft <ul> <li>harvesting</li> <li>post-traumatic eczema</li> </ul> </li> <li>SAPHO (synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis) syndrome <ul> <li>acne association</li> <li>acne conglobata association</li> <li>acne fulminans association</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa association</li> <li>IL-1 antagonist therapy</li> <li>palmoplantar pustulosis association</li> <li>prepubertal acne association</li> </ul> </li> <li>saponification</li> <li>saquinavir, drug eruptions</li> <li>sarcoid <ul> <li>cutaneous reaction</li> <li>facial and laser treatment</li> <li>genital lesions</li> <li>granulomatous rosacea differential diagnosis</li> <li>idiopathic reactions</li> </ul> </li> <li>sarcoid dactylitis <ul> <li>chronic</li> </ul> </li> <li>sarcoid granuloma <ul> <li>calcification</li> <li>cutaneous</li> <li>environmental factors</li> <li>subcutaneous sarcoidosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>sarcoidosis <ul> <li>angiolupoid</li> <li>annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma differential diagnosis</li> <li>associated diseases</li> <li>cardiac involvement</li> <li>causative organisms</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>cutaneous <ul> <li>variant</li> </ul> </li> <li>CXCR3 expression</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diagnostic criteria</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>environmental factors</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>erythema nodosum <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>erythrodermic</li> <li>extrapulmonary</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>genital</li> <li>granuloma annulare differential diagnosis</li> <li>granulomatous cheilitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>hypopigmented</li> <li>with hypopituitarism</li> <li>ichthyosiform</li> <li>immunopathogenesis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>leprosy differential diagnosis</li> <li>lesion location</li> <li>leukaemia cutis differential diagnosis</li> <li>lichenoid</li> <li>lip lesions</li> <li>livedo association</li> <li>lupus pernio</li> <li>lupus vulgaris differential diagnosis</li> <li>lymphocytoma cutis differential diagnosis</li> <li>maculopapular</li> <li>management</li> <li>morphoea-like</li> <li>nail</li> <li>necrobiosis lipoidica <ul> <li>association</li> </ul> </li> <li>necrobiosis lipoidica-like lesions</li> <li>nephrolithiasis/nephrocalcinosis</li> <li>nodular</li> <li>oral/perioral lesions</li> <li>papular</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>patient assessment</li> <li>plaque</li> <li>psoriasiform</li> <li>pulmonary</li> <li>renal involvement</li> <li>respiratory disorder association</li> <li>sarcoid granuloma <ul> <li>subcutaneous sarcoidosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>scar</li> <li>scarring alopecia</li> <li>sclerosing panniculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>subcutaneous <ul> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> </ul> </li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus association</li> <li>systemic manifestations</li> <li>testicular</li> <li>TNF antagonist-induced</li> <li>ulcerative</li> <li>verrucous</li> <li>vulval</li> </ul> </li> <li>sarcoma <ul> <li>clear cell</li> <li>epithelial membrane antigen expression</li> <li>epithelioid</li> <li>lymphoedema association</li> <li>post-irradiation</li> <li>radiation-induced</li> <li>skin</li> </ul> </li> <li>Sarcophagidae</li> <li><i>Sarcoptes scabiei</i> <ul> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> </ul> </li> <li>Sarcoptidae <i>34.41–2</i></li> <li><i>Sarocladium strictum</i></li> <li>Satchmo syndrome</li> <li>saturated fatty acids</li> <li>saturnism</li> <li>saw-toothing</li> <li>scabies <i>34.41–2</i> <ul> <li>allergic contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>animal</li> <li>atopic eczema differential diagnosis</li> <li>atypical forms</li> <li>bedbug bite differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features <i>34.41–2</i> <ul> <li>animal scabies</li> <li>crusted</li> </ul> </li> <li>complications</li> <li>corticosteroid therapy</li> <li>crusted <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>definition</li> <li>dermatitis herpetiformis differential diagnosis</li> <li>ecthyma association</li> <li>epidemic (Panama)</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>follow-up</li> <li>genital</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>identification of mites</li> <li>incognito</li> <li>infantile acropustulosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>infants</li> <li>institutional outbreaks</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>irritant contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>Langerhans cell histiocytosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>management</li> <li>Norwegian <ul> <li>erythroderma</li> </ul> </li> <li>onchocerciasis differential diagnosis</li> <li>pathophysiology <ul> <li>crusted</li> </ul> </li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>pregnancy</li> <li>secondary infection</li> <li>sexually transmission</li> <li>streptococcal infections</li> <li>transient acantholytic dermatosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>scalded skin syndrome <ul> <li><i>see also</i> staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome; toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)</li> </ul> </li> <li>scaling (dermatological) <ul> <li>generalized exfoliative dermatitis</li> <li>harlequin ichthyoses</li> <li>keratinization disorders</li> <li>recessive X-linked ichthyosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>scaling (economic)</li> <li>scalp/scalp disorders <ul> <li>allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>alopecia areata</li> <li>angiosarcoma</li> <li>apocrine tubular adenoma</li> <li>biopsy <ul> <li>orientation</li> <li>pattern hair loss</li> <li>site</li> </ul> </li> <li>cicatricial pemphigoid</li> <li>contact dermatitis</li> <li>cooling in chemotherapy</li> <li>cutis verticis gyrata</li> <li>cylindroma</li> <li>dissecting cellulitis</li> <li>dysaesthesia</li> <li>erosive pustular dermatitis <ul> <li>dissecting cellulitis of scalp differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>follicular mucinosis</li> <li>folliculitis</li> <li>hair growth</li> <li>hair pulling</li> <li>histological sections</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>iatrogenic pustulation</li> <li>infections</li> <li>inflammation</li> <li>itch</li> <li>lichen simplex chronicus</li> <li>lipoedema</li> <li>lipoedematous alopecia</li> <li>metastases <ul> <li>acquired cicatricial alopecia</li> </ul> </li> <li>morphoea</li> <li>naevus lipomatosus superficialis</li> <li>necrobiotic</li> <li>pain <ul> <li>androgenetic alopecia</li> <li>chronic</li> <li>chronic telogen effluvium</li> </ul> </li> <li>pilosebaceous unit tumours</li> <li>pityriasis amiantacea</li> <li>pruritus</li> <li>psoriasis</li> <li>pustular conditions</li> <li>radiodermatitis</li> <li>sarcoidosis</li> <li>scaling disorders</li> <li>scleroderma</li> <li>sebaceous naevi</li> <li>seborrhoeic dermatitis</li> <li>secondary cicatricial alopecia</li> <li>sun exposure</li> <li>surgery and medical trauma hair loss</li> <li>syphilis</li> <li>syringocystadenoma papilliferum</li> <li>thickened scalp</li> <li>trichoepitheliomas</li> <li>tumours</li> <li><i>see also</i> alopecia; erosive pustular dermatitis of scalp; folliculitis, scalp</li> </ul> </li> <li>scar metastases</li> <li>SCARF syndrome</li> <li>scarlatina, staphylococcal</li> <li>scarlatiniform erythema</li> <li>scarlet fever <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>Kawasaki disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>management</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>scarlet fever toxin A, <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i></li> <li>scarring <ul> <li>acne vulgaris <ul> <li>mimics</li> </ul> </li> <li>atrophic <ul> <li>anetoderma differential diagnosis</li> <li>spontaneous of cheeks</li> </ul> </li> <li>chemical peels <ul> <li>complication</li> </ul> </li> <li>discoid lupus erythematosus</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa</li> <li>hydroa vacciniforme</li> <li>injecting drug abuse</li> <li>photodynamic therapy</li> <li>prepubertal acne</li> <li>severity</li> <li>skin resurfacing complication</li> <li>wound healing <ul> <li>age-related changes</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>see also</i> hypertrophic scars; keloid</li> </ul> </li> <li>scars <ul> <li>orientation of surgical</li> <li>sarcoidosis</li> <li>unsatisfactory</li> </ul> </li> <li>SCART1</li> <li>SCART2</li> <li>scavenger receptors</li> <li><i>Scedosporium apiospermum</i></li> <li>Schamberg disease <ul> <li>capillaritis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Schamroth's window</li> <li>Scheie syndrome</li> <li>Schimmelpenning–Feuerstein–Mims syndrome <ul> <li>congenital epidermal naevi</li> <li>naevi</li> </ul> </li> <li>Schindler disease, a-<i>N</i>-acetyl-galactosaminidase deficiency</li> <li><i>Schistosoma</i></li> <li>schistosomiasis <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>ectopic cutaneous</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> </ul> </li> <li>Schnitzler syndrome <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>drug-induced serum sickness-like reaction differential diagnosis</li> <li>IgG variant</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>Schöpf–Schulz–Passarge syndrome <ul> <li>apocrine hydrocystoma</li> <li>basal cell carcinoma</li> <li>nail lichen planus differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Schulman syndrome</li> <li>Schwann cells, high-power microscopy</li> <li>schwannoma <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>malignant</li> <li>NF1-associated</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>schwannomatosis</li> <li>SCINEXA score</li> <li>scleredema <ul> <li>of Buschke</li> <li>endocrine disorder skin signs</li> <li>neonatorum</li> <li>systemic sclerosis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>sclerema neonatorum <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>progeria differential diagnosis</li> <li>restrictive dermopathy differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>sclerodactyly <ul> <li>fibroblastic rheumatism</li> <li>mal de Meleda</li> <li>systemic sclerosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>scleroderma <ul> <li>acroosteolysis</li> <li>chemical exposure</li> <li>drug-induced</li> <li>environmental triggers</li> <li>histological sections</li> <li>inflammation</li> <li>localized</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>mast cell role</li> <li>mechanical properties of skin</li> <li>renal crisis</li> <li>scalp</li> <li>sclerosing panniculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>stiff skin syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>Werner syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li><i>see also</i> systemic sclerosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>scleroderma diabeticorum</li> <li><i>Scleroderma domesticum</i></li> <li>scleromyxoedema <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>management</li> <li>nephrogenic systemic fibrosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>of renal disease (<i>see</i> nephrogenic systemic fibrosis)</li> <li>respiratory disorder association</li> <li>systemic implications</li> <li>systemic sclerosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> </ul> </li> <li>sclerosing angioma</li> <li>sclerosing cholangitis</li> <li>sclerosing epithelial hamartoma</li> <li>sclerosing lipogranuloma</li> <li>sclerosing lymphangitis, penile</li> <li>sclerosing panniculitis <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>histopathology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>post-irradiation <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>see also</i> lipodermatosclerosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>sclerosing sweat duct carcinoma</li> <li>sclerosis <ul> <li>lymphatic malformations</li> <li>skin</li> </ul> </li> <li>sclerosteosis</li> <li>sclerotherapy <ul> <li>hypertrichosis</li> <li>leg veins</li> <li>lymphatic malformations</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>SCN9A</i> gene mutations</li> <li>scoliosis, syringomyelia association</li> <li>Scoloidea</li> <li>scombroid fish, urticaria</li> <li><i>Scopulariopsis brevicaulis</i> <ul> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>onychomycosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD)</li> <li>Scorpiones (scorpions)</li> <li>scratch test</li> <li>scratching <ul> <li>lichen simplex chronicus</li> <li><i>see also</i> itching</li> </ul> </li> <li>screwworms</li> <li>scrofuloderma <ul> <li>children with HIV</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathogenesis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>scrotal calcinosis <i>61.5.</i></li> <li>scrotal candidosis</li> <li>scrotal carcinoma <ul> <li>prognosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>scrotodynia</li> <li>scrotum <ul> <li>acute</li> <li>aphthous ulcers</li> <li>cribriform atrophy</li> <li>hyperpigmentation in neonates</li> <li>lymphoedema</li> <li>psoriasis</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma</li> <li>tinea</li> <li>ulceration</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>scrub typhus</li> <li>scurvy <ul> <li>purpura</li> </ul> </li> <li>Scyphozoa</li> <li>sea anemone stings</li> <li>sea chervil</li> <li>sea mat stings</li> <li>sea urchins, envenomation</li> <li>seabather's eruption</li> <li>seasonal allergic conjunctivitis</li> <li>sebaceoma</li> <li>sebaceous adenoma <ul> <li>acne vulgaris differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>sebaceous carcinoma <ul> <li>acne vulgaris differential diagnosis</li> <li>eyelid <ul> <li>chronic blepharitis</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>sebaceous cysts</li> <li>sebaceous glands <ul> <li>breast areola</li> <li>development</li> <li>ectopic (<i>see</i> Fordyce spots)</li> <li>heterotopic</li> <li>hyperplasia <ul> <li>acne vulgaris differential diagnosis</li> <li>basal cell carcinoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>carbon dioxide laser ablation</li> </ul> </li> <li>hypertrophy</li> <li>immune defence function</li> <li>neonates</li> <li>neuropeptide receptors</li> <li>pregnancy</li> <li>tumours</li> </ul> </li> <li>sebaceous keratoacanthoma, Muir–Torre syndrome</li> <li>sebaceous tumours, keratoacanthomas and visceral malignancy <i>see</i> Muir–Torre syndrome</li> <li>sebocystomatosis <i>see</i> steatocystoma multiplex</li> <li>sebopsoriasis</li> <li>seborrhoea <ul> <li>acne</li> <li>hyperandrogenism</li> </ul> </li> <li>seborrhoea, acne, hirsutism and androgenetic alopecia (SAHA) syndrome <ul> <li>acne</li> </ul> </li> <li>seborrhoeic dermatitis <ul> <li>acquired</li> <li>acrodermatitis enteropathica differential diagnosis</li> <li>alcohol abuse co-morbidity</li> <li>ano-genital</li> <li>chalazion</li> <li>chronic mucocutaneous candidosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>clinical variants 40.2–40.3</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>erythematotelangiectatic rosacea differential diagnosis</li> <li>folate deficiency association</li> <li>gold reactions</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>infantile <ul> <li>atopic eczema differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>inflammatory</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>Langerhans cell histiocytosis differential diagnosis</li> <li><i>Malassezia</i> association <ul> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>management</li> <li>Parkinson disease</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pemphigus foliaceus differential diagnosis</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>periorificial dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>photoaggravated</li> <li>pityriasis rosea differential diagnosis</li> <li>pityriasis versicolor differential diagnosis</li> <li>presentation</li> <li>protein–energy malnutrition differential diagnosis</li> <li>psoriasis differential diagnosis</li> <li>pyridoxine deficiency</li> <li>quality of life</li> <li>reticular erythematous mucinosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>riboflavin deficiency differential diagnosis</li> <li>rosacea association</li> <li>scalp</li> <li>severity</li> <li>spinal cord injury</li> <li>tinea capitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>tinea corporis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>seborrhoeic eczema <ul> <li>allergic contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>discoid lupus erythematosus differential diagnosis</li> <li>photoaggravated, chronic actinic dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>vulval <ul> <li>psoriasis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>seborrhoeic keratosis <ul> <li>actinic keratosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>benign lichenoid keratosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>confluent and reticulated papillomatosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>definition</li> <li>dermoscopic features</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>eyelid</li> <li>genital wart differential diagnosis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>laser treatment</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>solar lentigo progression</li> <li>surgery</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>second messengers</li> <li>secondary care</li> <li>secondary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy</li> <li>secondary localized cutaneous amyloidosis (SLCA)</li> <li>secosteroids <ul> <li>therapeutic actions</li> </ul> </li> <li>Secretan syndrome</li> <li>sectioning, artefacts</li> <li>secukinumab, plaque psoriasis treatment</li> <li>selectins</li> <li>selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) <ul> <li>body dysmorphic disorder</li> <li>phobia treatment</li> <li>trichotillomania treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>selenium <ul> <li>deficiency</li> <li>excess</li> <li>reactions to</li> <li>supplementation</li> <li>toxicity <ul> <li>protein–energy malnutrition differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>selenium sulphide, tinea capitis treatment</li> <li>self-esteem <ul> <li>low</li> </ul> </li> <li>self-healing mucinosis</li> <li>self-help</li> <li>self-help groups</li> <li>self-image, poor</li> <li>self-injury, neurodevelopmental disorders</li> <li>self-mutilation</li> <li>selumetinib</li> <li>semen allergy</li> <li>semicircular lipoatrophy</li> <li>senile purpura</li> <li>sensitive skin</li> <li>sensitization <ul> <li>active</li> <li>allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>ear piercing complications</li> <li>potential</li> <li>risk</li> <li>susceptibility</li> </ul> </li> <li>sensitizing agents, topical therapy</li> <li>sensorineural hearing loss</li> <li>sensory innervation</li> <li>sentinel lymph node biopsy <ul> <li>melanoma</li> <li>Merkel cell carcinoma</li> </ul> </li> <li>sepsis <ul> <li>abdominal wall lymphoedema complication</li> <li>burns</li> <li>macrophage inhibitory factor role</li> <li>pressure ulcer-induced</li> </ul> </li> <li>septic shock <ul> <li>IgA vasculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>toxic shock syndrome differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>septicaemia <ul> <li><i>Acinetobacter</i></li> <li>melioidosis</li> <li><i>Pasteurella multocida</i></li> <li><i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i></li> <li>Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis</li> </ul> </li> <li>serine protease inhibitors</li> <li>seroma</li> <li>serotonin noradrenergic reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)</li> <li>sertaconazole, seborrhoeic dermatitis treatment</li> <li>serum sickness, urticarial vasculitis association</li> <li>serum sickness-like reactions, drug-induced</li> <li>sesquiterpene lactone mix</li> <li>severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) <ul> <li>BCG infection</li> <li>candidosis association</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>genotypes</li> <li>with microcephaly, growth retardation and sensitivity to ionizing radiation</li> </ul> </li> <li>severe cutaneous adverse reaction (SCAR) syndromes <ul> <li>acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis</li> <li>DRESS syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>severe dermatitis–multiple allergies–metabolic wasting (SAM) syndrome</li> <li>sex chromosome defects</li> <li>sex-linked characters</li> <li>sexual abuse <ul> <li>children</li> <li>lichen sclerosus differential diagnosis</li> <li><i>see also</i> child abuse; non-accidental injury</li> </ul> </li> <li>sexual development disorders</li> <li>sexually acquired reactive arthritis (SARA)</li> <li>sexually transmitted infections <ul> <li>anal fissure differential diagnosis</li> <li>chancroid</li> <li>genital <i>Chlamydia</i></li> <li>gonorrhoea</li> <li>granuloma inguinale</li> <li>Langerhans cell histiocytosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>lymphogranuloma venereum</li> <li>male genital dermatoses</li> <li>meticillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i></li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>scabies</li> <li><i>see also</i> syphilis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Sézary cells <ul> <li>count</li> </ul> </li> <li>Sézary syndrome <ul> <li>atypical cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorder</li> <li>cell of origin</li> <li>chromosomal abnormalities</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>erythroderma</li> <li>gene abnormalities</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>leukaemia cutis differential diagnosis</li> <li>management <ul> <li>combination therapies</li> <li>skin-directed therapy</li> <li>systemic therapy</li> <li>toxin therapies</li> </ul> </li> <li>molecular pathogenesis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pityriasis rubra pilaris differential diagnosis</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>pruritus</li> <li>staging system</li> </ul> </li> <li>shade, photoprotection</li> <li>shagreen patch</li> <li>Shah–Waardenburg syndrome</li> <li>shaken baby syndrome</li> <li>shale tar</li> <li>shampoos <ul> <li>medicated</li> </ul> </li> <li>Sharp syndrome <i>see</i> mixed connective tissue disease</li> <li>SHARPIN adapter protein</li> <li>sharps injuries, surgical</li> <li>shawl sign</li> <li>shea butter</li> <li>shear-stress, papillary capillary rupture</li> <li>Sheehan syndrome</li> <li>sheep nostril fly</li> <li>shingles <i>see</i> zoster infection</li> <li>shock, burn-induced</li> <li>shoe allergy</li> <li>shoe dermatitis</li> <li>short anagen syndrome <ul> <li>loose anagen syndrome differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>short-term digital dermoscopic monitoring (STM)</li> <li>shoulder surgery</li> <li>shoulder–hand syndrome</li> <li>shrinking lungs syndrome <ul> <li>respiratory disease association</li> </ul> </li> <li>Shulman syndrome <i>see</i> eosinophilic fasciitis</li> <li>sialidosis</li> <li>Siberian tick typhus</li> <li>Sicariidae</li> <li>sickle cell anaemia <ul> <li>pseudoxanthoma elasticum-like lesions</li> </ul> </li> <li>sign of Leser–Trélat</li> <li>signal peptides</li> <li>signal transduction pathway</li> <li>signalling lymphocytic activating molecule (SLAM) family receptors</li> <li>signalling proteins, mutations</li> <li>sildenafil <ul> <li>lymphatic malformation treatment</li> <li>morphoea treatment</li> <li>Raynaud phenomenon treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>silica <ul> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>systemic sclerosis trigger</li> </ul> </li> <li>silicone <ul> <li>dressings</li> <li>fillers</li> <li>gels</li> <li>reactions to</li> </ul> </li> <li>silicone gel sheeting, keloid treatment</li> <li>Silk Road</li> <li>silver nitrate</li> <li>silver, reactions to <ul> <li>ear piercing complications</li> <li>photosensitive</li> </ul> </li> <li>silver sulfadiazine</li> <li>Simplified Psoriasis Index (SPI)</li> <li>Simuliidae</li> <li>Sindbis virus infection</li> <li>single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)</li> <li>sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy <ul> <li><i>see also</i> Rosai–Dorfman disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>sinus tracts, hidradenitis suppurativa</li> <li>Siphonaptera <ul> <li>classification</li> <li><i>see also</i> flea bites</li> </ul> </li> <li>Sipple syndrome</li> <li>sirolimus <ul> <li>acne association</li> <li>Cowden syndrome treatment</li> <li>lymphatic malformations</li> <li>skin cancer treatment in immunocompromised patients</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma secondary prevention</li> </ul> </li> <li>Sister Mary Joseph nodules</li> <li>sitosterolaemia <ul> <li>tendon xanthomas</li> </ul> </li> <li>Six Area Six Sign Atopic Dermatitis (SASSAD) severity score</li> <li>Sjögren syndrome, respiratory disease association</li> <li>Sjögren–Larsson syndrome <ul> <li>collodion baby</li> </ul> </li> <li>Sjögren syndrome <ul> <li>angular cheilitis</li> <li>classification criteria</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>clinical types</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>connective tissue disease</li> <li>cryoglobulins</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>digestive system disorders</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia differential diagnosis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>mouth</li> <li>mucous membrane pemphigoid differential diagnosis</li> <li>mucous membranes</li> <li>multicentric reticulohistiocytosis association</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus association</li> <li>systemic sclerosis <ul> <li>association</li> <li>overlap</li> </ul> </li> <li>treatment</li> <li>urticarial vasculitis association</li> </ul> </li> <li>skeletal abnormalities, NF1</li> <li>skeletal muscle tumours</li> <li>skin <ul> <li>barrier function <ul> <li>ageing effects</li> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>disruption</li> <li>mechanical</li> <li>repair</li> </ul> </li> <li>blood flow</li> <li>blood vessels</li> <li>components</li> <li>development</li> <li>diagnostic testing techniques</li> <li>fragility</li> <li>functions</li> <li>glabrous</li> <li>hair-bearing</li> <li>homeostasis</li> <li>innervation <ul> <li>neurophysiological testing</li> </ul> </li> <li>lymphatics</li> <li>microbiome <ul> <li>atopic eczema relationship</li> </ul> </li> <li>neural network</li> <li>neuro-endocrine organ role</li> <li>percutaneous absorption mechanisms</li> <li>physiological functions</li> <li>property measurement</li> <li>sample collection in fungal infection</li> <li>surface electrical properties</li> <li>tensile strength</li> <li>tension lines surgical considerations</li> <li>tightening</li> </ul> </li> <li>skin age score (SAS)</li> <li>skin appendage tumours</li> <li>skin cancer <ul> <li>chronic lymphocytic leukaemia</li> <li>cost-of-illness</li> <li>Crohn disease</li> <li>donor-derived cells</li> <li>economic burden</li> <li>end-stage organ failure</li> <li>graft-versus-host disease</li> <li>haemopoietic cell transplantation</li> <li>high-risk</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>host genetic predisposition</li> <li>immunocompromised patient <ul> <li>clinopathological features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>locally advanced disease</li> <li>management</li> <li>metastatic disease</li> <li>organizations for patients/health care professionals</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>prevention</li> <li>revision of immunosuppression</li> <li>risk factors</li> <li>screening/surveillance</li> </ul> </li> <li>immunosuppressive drugs</li> <li>inflammatory bowel disease</li> <li>intralesional therapy</li> <li>ionizing radiation in treatment</li> <li>lupus vulgaris co-morbidity</li> <li>metastatic disease</li> <li>mycosis fungoides</li> <li>non-Hodgkin lymphoma</li> <li>occupational</li> <li>oncogenic viral infections</li> <li>organ transplantation <ul> <li>immunosuppressive drug therapy-induced</li> <li>management</li> <li>pre-transplant</li> <li>screening/surveillance</li> </ul> </li> <li>photoageing</li> <li>phototherapy <ul> <li>patient follow-up</li> <li>side effect</li> </ul> </li> <li>post-organ transplantation</li> <li>prevalence</li> <li>psoriasis <ul> <li>association</li> </ul> </li> <li>PUVA <ul> <li>patient follow-up</li> <li>side effect</li> </ul> </li> <li>radiation-induced</li> <li>radiotherapy <ul> <li>adjuvant</li> <li>recurrence</li> </ul> </li> <li>recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa</li> <li>reduced tumour immune surveillance</li> <li>rheumatoid arthritis</li> <li>risk factors</li> <li>sports injuries</li> <li>staging</li> <li>sunbed use</li> <li>surgery</li> <li>surveillance after phototherapy</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>ulcerative colitis</li> <li>UVB phototherapy, patient follow-up</li> <li>UVR role</li> <li>xeroderma pigmentosum</li> <li><i>see also</i> basal cell carcinoma (BCC); melanoma; non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC); squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)</li> </ul> </li> <li>skin cleansers, neonates</li> <li>skin colour <ul> <li>constitutive</li> <li>facultative</li> <li>measurement</li> <li>racial factors</li> <li>variation between racial groups</li> </ul> </li> <li>skin conditions <ul> <li>co-morbidities</li> <li>emotional reactions</li> <li>patient beliefs</li> <li>treatment challenges</li> </ul> </li> <li>skin disease <ul> <li>assessment tools</li> <li>association measures</li> <li>chronicity</li> <li>co-occurrence</li> <li>definition</li> <li>endocrinological considerations in therapy</li> <li>extent measurement</li> <li>frequency measures</li> <li>historical classification</li> <li>historical definition</li> <li>impact measurement <ul> <li>adolescents</li> <li>children</li> <li>family</li> <li>partners</li> </ul> </li> <li>incidence</li> <li>life course impairment assessment</li> <li>pathogenesis</li> <li>psychological comorbidities</li> <li>severity measurement</li> <li>symptom measurement</li> <li>therapy benefit measurement</li> <li>validation of measurement</li> </ul> </li> <li>skin grafts/grafting <ul> <li>burns</li> <li>combined epidermal/dermal substitutes</li> <li>composite</li> <li>dermal substitutes</li> <li>epidermal substitutes</li> <li>full-thickness <i>20.31–2</i></li> <li>meshing</li> <li>split-thickness</li> <li>vitiligo treatment</li> <li>wound healing</li> </ul> </li> <li>skin laxity <ul> <li>ageing</li> <li>Ehlers–Danlos syndrome</li> <li>occipital horn syndrome</li> <li>Williams–Beuren syndrome</li> <li><i>see also</i> anetoderma; cutis laxa</li> </ul> </li> <li>skin lesions <ul> <li>additional clinical examination <ul> <li>simple</li> </ul> </li> <li>annular</li> <li>arrangement</li> <li>body sites</li> <li>borders</li> <li>colour</li> <li>description</li> <li>distribution</li> <li>linear</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>palpation</li> <li>pattern</li> <li>shape</li> <li>surface features</li> </ul> </li> <li>skin of colour <ul> <li>black skin biological significance</li> <li>chemical peels</li> </ul> </li> <li>skin picking disorder</li> <li>skin prick test, occupational disorders</li> <li>skin rejuvenation, chemical peels</li> <li>skin resurfacing, laser treatment <ul> <li>ablative devices</li> <li>anaesthesia</li> <li>complications</li> <li>fractionated ablative <ul> <li>devices</li> </ul> </li> <li>non-ablative devices <ul> <li>fractionated</li> </ul> </li> <li>preoperative management</li> </ul> </li> <li>skin tags <ul> <li>acanthosis nigricans</li> <li>benign</li> <li>diabetes</li> <li>male ano-genital</li> <li>naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>perianal</li> <li>snip excision</li> </ul> </li> <li>skin thickness <ul> <li>irritant contact dermatitis</li> <li>thickening and diabetes association</li> <li>thinning as corticosteroid therapy side effect</li> </ul> </li> <li>skin tumours <ul> <li>Mohs micrographic surgery</li> <li>pregnancy</li> <li>renal transplantation</li> <li>retinoic acid therapy</li> <li>shave biopsy</li> </ul> </li> <li>skin types <ul> <li>Fitzpatrick classification</li> <li>sun-reactive</li> </ul> </li> <li>Skindex</li> <li>skin-window technique</li> <li>SLAM-associated protein (SAP)</li> <li><i>SLC6A19</i> gene mutations</li> <li><i>SLC24A5</i> gene mutations</li> <li><i>SLC45A2</i> gene mutations</li> <li>sleep deprivation, acne vulgaris</li> <li>sleeping sickness <i>see</i> trypanosomiasis</li> <li>slime, bacterial</li> <li>Smad signalling mediators</li> <li>small molecule therapies, epidermolysis bullosa</li> <li>smallpox <ul> <li>scarlet fever differential diagnosis</li> <li>vaccination</li> </ul> </li> <li>smart phone technology</li> <li>Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome</li> <li>smoking <ul> <li>acne vulgaris</li> <li>actinic cheilitis predisposition</li> <li>ageing of skin</li> <li>α<sub>1</sub>-antitrypsin deficiency panniculitis</li> <li>atopic eczema association</li> <li>benign symmetrical lipomatosis association</li> <li>dermal connective tissue changes</li> <li>dermatitis herpetiformis</li> <li>flap necrosis risk</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa association</li> <li>keratosis</li> <li>nail plate pigmentation</li> <li>oral cancer risk</li> <li>oral hyperpigmentation</li> <li>palmoplantar psoriasis association</li> <li>pemphigus protection</li> <li>penile cancer risk</li> <li>plaque psoriasis</li> <li>probability of disease</li> <li>psoriatic arthritis</li> <li>skin ageing</li> <li>thromboangiitis obliterans</li> <li>venous lake association</li> <li>vulval intraepithelial neoplasia risk</li> </ul> </li> <li>smooth muscle cells, high-power microscopy</li> <li>smooth muscle hamartoma</li> <li>snake bites <ul> <li>cutaneous vasculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>lymphangitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Sneddon syndrome</li> <li>Sneddon–Wilkinson disease <ul> <li>acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis differential diagnosis</li> <li><i>see also</i> subcorneal pustular dermatosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>snip excision</li> <li>snuff, keratosis</li> <li>soap substitutes</li> <li>social avoidance</li> <li>social factors <ul> <li>appearance role</li> <li>impact of dermatology conditions</li> <li>impacts over lifespan</li> <li>integrated clinical management impact</li> </ul> </li> <li>social isolation</li> <li>social medicine</li> <li>social stigma</li> <li>socioeconomic factors</li> <li>SOCS proteins</li> <li>sodium <ul> <li>concentration in sweat</li> <li>sweat composition</li> </ul> </li> <li>sodium hypochlorite</li> <li>sodium pump</li> <li>sodium sulfacetamide</li> <li>sodium valproate</li> <li>sodoku</li> <li>soft-tissue lesions, radiography</li> <li>soft-tissue tumours <ul> <li>classification</li> <li>fat cells</li> <li>fibrohistiocytic</li> <li>fibrous</li> <li>lymphatic</li> <li>muscle</li> <li>myofibroblastic</li> <li>radiography</li> <li>vascular</li> </ul> </li> <li>solar cheilosis</li> <li>solar elastosis <ul> <li>acquired elastotic haemangioma</li> <li>actinic comedonal plaque</li> <li>actinic keratosis</li> <li>elastotic nodules of the ear</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>variant</li> </ul> </li> <li>solar keratoses <i>see</i> actinic keratoses</li> <li>solar lentigines <i>see</i> actinic lentigines</li> <li>solar purpura</li> <li>solar urticaria <ul> <li>chemical-induced photosensitivity differential diagnosis</li> <li>chronic actinic dermatitis association</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>drug-induced photosensitivity differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>polymorphic light eruption differential diagnosis</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>solid facial oedema</li> <li>solitary circumscribed neuroma</li> <li>solitary giant trichoepithelioma</li> <li>solitary lymphocytoma</li> <li>solitary neurofibroma</li> <li>soluble oil dermatitis</li> <li>solvents <ul> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>topical drug delivery</li> </ul> </li> <li>somatic mutations</li> <li>somatostatin</li> <li>sonic hedgehog (SHH) <ul> <li>basal cell carcinoma genetics</li> <li>ectodermal dysplasias</li> <li>pathway mutations in syndromic cleft lip/palate</li> <li><i>see also</i> hedgehog pathway inhibitors</li> </ul> </li> <li>soot, occupational skin cancers</li> <li>sorbic acid</li> <li>South India</li> <li>southern tick-associated rash illness</li> <li>Sowda <i>see</i> lichenified onchodermatitis (LOD)</li> <li>SOX-10 transcription factor</li> <li><i>SOX18</i> gene mutations</li> <li>soya, antiageing products</li> <li>sparganosis <ul> <li>application</li> <li>proliferum</li> </ul> </li> <li>specific granule deficiency</li> <li>speckled lentiginous naevus syndrome</li> <li>spectacle frames <ul> <li>acanthoma</li> <li>dermatitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>spectrophotometric image analysis (SIAoscopy)</li> <li>spermatogenesis, drug effects</li> <li>sphingolipidoses</li> <li>spices</li> <li>spider(s) <ul> <li>brown recluse</li> <li>fiddleback</li> <li>funnel web</li> <li>violin</li> <li>widow</li> <li>wolf</li> </ul> </li> <li>spider angioma</li> <li>spider mites</li> <li>spider telangiectases <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>liver disease</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>Spiegler–Fendt sarcoid <i>see</i> lymphocytoma cutis</li> <li>Spiegler's tumour <i>see</i> eccrine glands, cylindroma</li> <li>spiky hair</li> <li>spina bifida <ul> <li>anaphylaxis risk</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>latex allergy</li> </ul> </li> <li>spinal cord compression, hand–arm vibration syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>spinal cord cyst</li> <li>spinal cord injury, dermatoses</li> <li>spinal dysraphism <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>occult</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>spindle cell haemangioma</li> <li>spindle cell lipoma</li> <li><i>SPINK5</i> gene mutation</li> <li>spiny keratoderma</li> <li>spiny palmoplantar keratosis</li> <li>spiradenocarcinoma</li> <li>spiradenoma <ul> <li>malignant</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Spirillum minor</i></li> <li>spirochaetes</li> <li><i>Spirometra</i></li> <li>spironolactone <ul> <li>female pattern hair loss management</li> <li>hirsutism treatment</li> <li>papulopustular acne treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>splenomegaly, neonatal lupus erythematosus</li> <li>splinter haemorrhages <ul> <li>psoriasis</li> </ul> </li> <li>split-hand–split-foot malformation (SHFM)</li> <li>spondylitis <ul> <li>psoriatic arthritis</li> </ul> </li> <li>spondyloarthritis</li> <li>sponges, dermatitis</li> <li>spongiosis</li> <li><i>Sporothrix schenckii</i> <ul> <li>colony</li> </ul> </li> <li>sporotrichosis <ul> <li>anthrax differential diagnosis</li> <li>atrophic scars</li> <li>cat scratch disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>disseminated cutaneous</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>glanders differential diagnosis</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa differential diagnosis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>lymphangitis</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>sports injuries <ul> <li>abrasions</li> <li>acne mechanica</li> <li>athlete's nodule</li> <li>black heel/palm</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>corns/calluses</li> <li>definition</li> <li>friction blisters</li> <li>haemorrhagic</li> <li>hyperpigmentation</li> <li>hypothenar hammer syndrome</li> <li>inflammation</li> </ul> </li> <li>spotted fevers <ul> <li>Rocky Mountain spotted fever <ul> <li>ehrlichiosis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li><i>SPRED1</i> gene mutations</li> <li>spun-glass hair</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) <ul> <li>acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans complication</li> <li>actinic keratosis <ul> <li>association</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>risk of development</li> </ul> </li> <li>anal <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>staging</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>anal fistula complication</li> <li>antirheumatic drug-induced</li> <li>associated diseases</li> <li>basal cell carcinoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>Bowen disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>cervical lymph node involvement</li> <li>chondrodermatitis nodularis differential diagnosis</li> <li>cicatricial pemphigoid differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>Crohn disease association</li> <li>cutaneous</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>dyskeratosis congenita</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>epidermodysplasia verruciformis</li> <li>epithelioma cuniculatum</li> <li>external auditory canal <ul> <li>staging</li> </ul> </li> <li>external ear</li> <li>eyelid</li> <li>genital HPV association</li> <li>Hailey–Hailey disease</li> <li>heat-associated</li> <li>high-risk</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>HPV role in pathogenesis</li> <li>immunocompromised patients, management</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>keratoacanthoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>lichen planus <ul> <li>association</li> </ul> </li> <li>lichen sclerosus association</li> <li>lip</li> <li>low-risk</li> <li>lupus vulgaris co-morbidity</li> <li>male genital</li> <li>management</li> <li>with Merkel cell carcinoma</li> <li>metastases risk</li> <li>Mohs micrographic surgery</li> <li>molluscum contagiosum differential diagnosis</li> <li>nail apparatus</li> <li>oesophagus</li> <li>oral <ul> <li>causes</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>history</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>malignant transformation</li> <li>management</li> <li>predisposing factors</li> <li>presentation</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>risk reduction</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>sites</li> </ul> </li> <li>parotid lymph node involvement</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>penile <ul> <li>lichen sclerosus complication</li> </ul> </li> <li>perianal</li> <li>photocarcinogenesis</li> <li>photodynamic therapy</li> <li>phymatous rosacea differential diagnosis</li> <li>pilonidal sinus complication</li> <li>pinna</li> <li>poorly differentiated</li> <li>post-organ transplantation</li> <li>precursors</li> <li>presentation</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>progression prevention</li> <li>pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia differential diagnosis</li> <li>radiation-induced</li> <li>radiotherapy <ul> <li>adjuvant</li> <li>recurrence</li> </ul> </li> <li>recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa</li> <li>recurrence risk</li> <li>scrotal</li> <li>secondary prevention</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>signalling pathways</li> <li><i>in situ</i></li> <li>sunscreen protection</li> <li>surgery</li> <li>transplant recipients</li> <li>treatment <ul> <li>modality</li> </ul> </li> <li>trichilemmal carcinoma</li> <li>UVR role</li> <li>variants</li> <li>vulval</li> <li>well-differentiated</li> <li>xeroderma pigmentosum</li> </ul> </li> <li>squamous hyperplasia, genital</li> <li>squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) <ul> <li>genital</li> </ul> </li> <li>squaric acid dibutylester, sensitizing agent use</li> <li>SSTRs</li> <li><i>ST14</i> gene mutations</li> <li>stable flies</li> <li>staining <ul> <li>artefacts</li> <li>techniques</li> </ul> </li> <li>stainless steel implants</li> <li><i>STAMBP</i> gene mutations</li> <li>standard deviation</li> <li>standard error</li> <li>standard erythema dose (SED) <ul> <li>sun exposure</li> </ul> </li> <li>Staphylinidae</li> <li>staphylococcal enterotoxin B</li> <li>staphylococcal folliculitis <ul> <li>stoma infection</li> <li>vulval</li> </ul> </li> <li>staphylococcal infections <ul> <li>acrodermatitis continua of Hallopeau differential diagnosis</li> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>coagulase-negative <ul> <li>folliculitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>eye infections</li> <li>genital</li> <li>immunodeficiency association</li> <li>infective eczema</li> <li>vulval</li> </ul> </li> <li>staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome <ul> <li>bullous impetigo epidemics</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>epidermolysis bullosa differential diagnosis</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>infants</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>neonates</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>vulval lesions</li> </ul> </li> <li>staphylococcal superantigen</li> <li><i>Staphylococcus</i> <ul> <li>classification</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> <ul> <li>adherence</li> <li>allergic eczema relationship</li> <li>anthrax differential diagnosis</li> <li>antibiotic resistance</li> <li>antigens in atopic eczema</li> <li>associated diseases</li> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>bacterial interference</li> <li>biofilms</li> <li>blepharitis</li> <li>blistering distal dactylitis</li> <li>botryomycosis</li> <li>carbuncle</li> <li>carriage <ul> <li>suppression</li> </ul> </li> <li>cellulitis</li> <li>chancriform pyoderma</li> <li>children with HIV infection</li> <li>clinical history</li> <li>colonization</li> <li>definition</li> <li>dermatitis vegetans</li> <li>dracunculiasis secondary infection</li> <li>ecthyma</li> <li>environmental factors</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>erysipelas</li> <li>ethnic differences</li> <li>exfoliative toxins</li> <li>exotoxins</li> <li>folliculitis</li> <li>folliculitis decalvans</li> <li>furuncle</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>glanders differential diagnosis</li> <li>HIV infection <ul> <li>children</li> </ul> </li> <li>impetigo <ul> <li>bullous</li> </ul> </li> <li>involvement in cutaneous disease</li> <li>Kawasaki disease</li> <li>necrotizing lymphocytic folliculitis of the scalp margin</li> <li>otitis externa</li> <li>pathology</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>periporitis staphylogenes and sweat gland abscesses</li> <li>pinna infection</li> <li>recurrent toxin-mediated perineal erythema</li> <li>scalp pruritus</li> <li>septic arthritis</li> <li>sex differences</li> <li>superantigen production</li> <li>sycosis</li> <li>toxic shock syndrome</li> <li>vulval infection</li> <li><i>see also</i> staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> <ul> <li>blepharitis</li> <li>rosacea association</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Staphylococcus hominis</i></li> <li><i>Staphylococcus lugdunensis</i></li> <li>starch</li> <li>starvation, telogen effluvium</li> <li>stasis dermatitis</li> <li>statins, familial hypercholesterolaemia management</li> <li>status protusus cutis</li> <li>stavudine, drug eruptions</li> <li>steatocystoma multiplex <ul> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa <ul> <li>association</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>stellate pseudoscars</li> <li>stem cell(s) <ul> <li>activation regulation</li> <li>burns management</li> <li>epidermal proliferation unit concept</li> <li>transplantation erythematous reactions</li> </ul> </li> <li>stem cell factor (SCF)</li> <li>stem cell factor receptor (KIT)</li> <li>stem cell therapy <ul> <li>systemic sclerosis management</li> <li>wound healing</li> </ul> </li> <li>Stemmer's sign</li> <li><i>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</i> <ul> <li>HIV infection</li> </ul> </li> <li>Stensen's duct</li> <li>sternum, surgery</li> <li>steroid hormones</li> <li>steroid sulphatase (<i>STS</i>) gene mutations</li> <li>steroid withdrawal syndrome</li> <li>Stevens–Johnson syndrome <ul> <li>antiretroviral therapy effect</li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications</li> <li>culprit drug removal</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>drug eruptions</li> <li>drug-induced</li> <li>drugs predisposing to</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>erythema multiforme relationship</li> <li>fixed drug eruption differential diagnosis</li> <li>fluid replacement</li> <li>folate synthesis inhibitor-induced</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>genital ulceration</li> <li>haemorrhagic crusting of lips</li> <li>hand, foot and mouth disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>infections</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>mucous membrane pemphigoid differential diagnosis</li> <li>nail lichen planus differential diagnosis</li> <li>nitrofurantoin in pregnancy</li> <li>nutrition</li> <li>ocular complications</li> <li>ocular effects</li> <li>ocular mucous membrane pemphigoid</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>pathology</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>variants</li> <li>varicella infection</li> <li><i>see also</i> toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Stewart–Treves syndrome</li> <li>stiff skin syndrome <ul> <li>hyaline fibromatosis syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>systemic sclerosis differential diagnosis</li> <li><i>see also</i> Winchester syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>stigmatization</li> <li>Still disease <ul> <li>hyperpigmentation</li> <li><i>see also</i> adult-onset Still disease; juvenile rheumatoid arthritis</li> </ul> </li> <li>sting(s)</li> <li>stinging, delayed-type/immediate-type</li> <li>stingrays</li> <li>stink bugs</li> <li><i>STK11</i> gene mutations</li> <li>stomach disorders</li> <li>stomas <ul> <li>acanthotic papules</li> <li>allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>appliances</li> <li>bladder carcinoma</li> <li>complications <ul> <li>Crohn disease association</li> <li>irritant skin reactions</li> <li>pyoderma gangrenosum association</li> </ul> </li> <li>cutaneous Crohn disease</li> <li>dermatological assessment</li> <li>granulomas</li> <li>hypergranulating polyps</li> <li>hyperkeratotic papules</li> <li>infections</li> <li>inflammatory dermatosis treatment</li> <li>irritant contact dermatitis</li> <li>irritant skin reactions</li> <li>papular reactions</li> <li>patch testing</li> <li>patient assessment</li> <li>psoriasis association</li> <li>pyoderma gangrenosum association</li> <li>skin complications</li> <li>types</li> <li>ulceration</li> <li>underlying bowel disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>stomatitis <ul> <li>denture-related <ul> <li>angular cheilitis association</li> </ul> </li> <li>monoclonal plasmacytic ulcerative</li> <li>riboflavin deficiency differential diagnosis</li> <li>ulcerative</li> <li><i>see also</i> aphthous stomatitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>stonefish stings</li> <li>stop codon</li> <li>storiform collagenoma</li> <li>storiform patterning</li> <li>Stormorken syndrome</li> <li>stratum basale</li> <li>stratum corneum <ul> <li>barrier function</li> <li>epidermal barrier</li> <li>factors determining permeation</li> <li>intercellular lipid domains</li> <li>mechanical function</li> <li>penetration pathways</li> </ul> </li> <li>stratum granulosum</li> <li>stratum lucidum</li> <li>stratum spinosum</li> <li>straw itch</li> <li>strawberry naevus <i>see</i> infantile haemangiomas</li> <li>strawberry tongue</li> <li>streblodactyly</li> <li>streptobacillary rat-bite fever</li> <li><i>Streptobacillus moniliformis</i></li> <li>streptocerciasis</li> <li>streptococcal infections <ul> <li>ano-genital dermatitis</li> <li>associated diseases</li> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>carriage</li> <li>causative organisms</li> <li>cellulitis <ul> <li>perianal</li> </ul> </li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical history</li> <li>cutaneous</li> <li>definition</li> <li>dermatitis/perianal cellulitis</li> <li><i>emm</i> genes</li> <li>environmental factors</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>erysipelas</li> <li>erythema annulare centrifugum</li> <li>erythema marginatum association</li> <li>eyes</li> <li>genital</li> <li>impetigo</li> <li>infective eczema</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>Lancefield group antigens</li> <li>M protein</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>perianal cellulitis</li> <li>perianal dermatitis</li> <li>post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis with impetigo</li> <li>recurrent toxin-mediated perineal erythema</li> <li>rheumatic fever</li> <li>superantigen toxins</li> <li>throat and recurrent toxin-mediated perineal erythema association</li> <li>toxic shock-like syndrome</li> <li>toxin-mediated</li> <li>vulval</li> <li>vulvovaginitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (SPE)</li> <li>streptococcal toxic shock syndrome</li> <li><i>Streptococcus faecalis</i>, vulval infection</li> <li><i>Streptococcus</i> group A <ul> <li>blistering distal dactylitis</li> <li>dermatitis vegetans</li> <li>ecthyma</li> <li>erysipelas</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>β-haemolytic <ul> <li>erythema nodosum</li> <li>perianal dermatitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>toxic shock-like syndrome</li> <li>vulvovaginitis</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i> <ul> <li>carriage</li> <li>ecthyma</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>impetigo</li> <li>isolates</li> <li>Kawasaki disease</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>recurrent toxin-mediated perineal erythema</li> <li>scarlet fever <ul> <li>toxins</li> </ul> </li> <li>toxic shock syndrome</li> <li>vulval infection</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Streptococcus sanguinis</i>, Behçet disease association</li> <li><i>Streptomyces</i>, pitted keratolysis</li> <li><i>Streptomyces somaliensis</i></li> <li>stress, mechanical</li> <li>stress, psychological <ul> <li>acne vulgaris</li> <li>neurogenic inflammation</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus association</li> <li>urticaria</li> </ul> </li> <li>stress response systems, neuroendocrine</li> <li>stretch marks <ul> <li>endocrine disorder skin signs</li> </ul> </li> <li>striae <ul> <li>atrophicans</li> <li>distensae</li> <li>elastotic</li> <li>gravidarum</li> </ul> </li> <li>striated muscle hamartoma</li> <li>string-of-pearls sign</li> <li>stroke <ul> <li>antiphospholipid syndrome association</li> <li>complex regional pain syndrome association</li> </ul> </li> <li>stromelysins</li> <li><i>Strongyloides stercoralis</i> <ul> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>urticaria weals</li> </ul> </li> <li>strongyloidosis <ul> <li>HIV infection</li> </ul> </li> <li>stucco keratosis <ul> <li>Flegel disease differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>stump acne</li> <li>Sturge–Weber syndrome <ul> <li>facial haemangiomas</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>heterotrimeric G-protein mosaic disorders</li> <li>port-wine stains</li> </ul> </li> <li>stye</li> <li>subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE) <ul> <li>associated diseases</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>subclavian vein thrombosis</li> <li>subcorneal pustular dermatosis <ul> <li>acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>amicrobial pustulosis of the skin folds differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>IgA pemphigus association</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pyoderma gangrenosum differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>subcorneal pustules</li> <li>subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>sclerema neonatorum differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>subcutaneous fat necrosis, pancreatic disease association</li> <li>subcutaneous lipomatosis</li> <li>subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>lupus panniculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>subcutaneous tissue <ul> <li>anatomy</li> <li>cellular composition</li> </ul> </li> <li>subepidermal nodular fibrosis</li> <li>subjective sensory irritation</li> <li>submandibular glands</li> <li>substance P <ul> <li>cutaneous vasodilatation</li> <li>itching in skin disease</li> <li>sebaceous gland cells</li> <li>self-injury</li> <li>stress role</li> </ul> </li> <li>subungual abscess</li> <li>subungual disturbances</li> <li>subungual exostosis</li> <li>subungual haematoma</li> <li>subungual haemorrhage</li> <li>subungual hyperkeratosis <ul> <li>lichen planus of nail bed</li> <li>psoriasis</li> </ul> </li> <li>subungual keratoacanthoma</li> <li>succulent gums</li> <li>sucking blisters</li> <li>suckling pads</li> <li>Sudeck atrophy</li> <li>Sugio–Kajii syndrome</li> <li>suicidal ideation <ul> <li>deliberate self-harm</li> </ul> </li> <li>suicide <ul> <li>acne vulgaris</li> <li>attempts by acne patients</li> <li>dermatological patients</li> <li>risk assessment</li> </ul> </li> <li>sulphamethoxypyridazine <ul> <li>dermatitis herpetiformis</li> <li>linear IgA disease treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>sulphapyridine <ul> <li>dermatitis herpetiformis</li> <li>linear IgA disease treatment</li> <li>mucous membrane pemphigoid</li> </ul> </li> <li>sulphasalazine <ul> <li>adverse reactions</li> <li>dermatitis herpetiformis treatment</li> <li>psoriatic arthritis treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>sulphatases, multiple sulphatase deficiency</li> <li>sulphonamides <ul> <li>acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis predisposition</li> <li>exanthem induction</li> <li>photoallergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>toxoplasmosis treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>sulphonylureas, eczema induction</li> <li>sulphur, acne therapy</li> <li>sulphur amino acids, trichothiodystrophy</li> <li>sun exposure <ul> <li>acquired elastotic haemangioma</li> <li>actinic lichen planus</li> <li>allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>atypical naevi</li> <li>Bloom syndrome</li> <li>children</li> <li>dermatoporosis</li> <li>Flegel disease</li> <li>granuloma annulare</li> <li>lentigo maligna</li> <li>lip cancer</li> <li>mechanical properties of skin</li> <li>melanoma <ul> <li>structures</li> </ul> </li> <li>Merkel cell carcinoma</li> <li>Meyerson naevi</li> <li>occupational skin cancers</li> <li>ochronosis</li> <li>pigmentation response</li> <li>psoriasis</li> <li>radiotherapy protection</li> <li>scalp</li> <li>seborrhoeic keratosis</li> <li>simple lentigo</li> <li>sports injuries</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma association</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>UVR</li> <li>venous lake association</li> <li>xeroderma pigmentosum</li> <li><i>see also</i> actinic <i>entries</i>; photodamage; solar <i>entries</i></li> </ul> </li> <li>sun protection <i>see</i> photoprotection</li> <li>sun protection factor (SPF)</li> <li>sunbeds <ul> <li>actinic keratosis incidence</li> <li>melanoma risk</li> <li>pseudoporphyria induction</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma association</li> <li>UVR exposure</li> </ul> </li> <li>sunburn <ul> <li>severe reactions in xeroderma pigmentosum</li> <li>sports injuries</li> </ul> </li> <li>sunburn cells (SBC)</li> <li>sun-reactive skin types</li> <li>sunscreens <ul> <li>actinic prurigo</li> <li>active photoprotection</li> <li>allergy</li> <li>Bowen disease management</li> <li>chronic actinic dermatitis</li> <li>erythropoietic protoporphyria</li> <li>hydroa vacciniforme</li> <li>juvenile spring eruption</li> <li>non-erythema endpoints</li> <li>passive photoprotection</li> <li>photodamage protection</li> <li>photosensitivity diseases</li> <li>phototoxic</li> <li>polymorphic light eruption</li> <li>porphyria management <ul> <li>porphyria cutanea tarda</li> </ul> </li> <li>rosacea <ul> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>solar lentigines</li> <li>subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus treatment</li> <li>usage</li> <li>UV light blocking</li> </ul> </li> <li>superantigens</li> <li>superficial acral fibromyxoma</li> <li>superficial angiomyxoma</li> <li>superficial epithelioma with sebaceous differentiation</li> <li>superficial vein insufficiency</li> <li>superficial venous thrombosis <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>thrombophlebitis migrans</li> <li>treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>superinfections, congenital ichthyoses</li> <li>superoxide <ul> <li>production regulation</li> </ul> </li> <li>support organizations</li> <li>support surfaces, pressure ulcers <ul> <li>prevention</li> <li>treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>suppressors of cytokine signalling (SOCS)</li> <li>suramin <ul> <li>onchocerciasis treatment</li> <li>trypanosomiasis treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>surgery <ul> <li>anatomy</li> <li>aseptic technique</li> <li>basal cell carcinoma</li> <li>benign naevi</li> <li>bleeding complications</li> <li>complications</li> <li>consent</li> <li>cryosurgery</li> <li>curettage</li> <li>dog-ear repair</li> <li>dressings</li> <li>electrocautery</li> <li>electrosurgery</li> <li>elliptical excision</li> <li>epidermoid cysts</li> <li>equipment</li> <li>eyelids</li> <li>facial <ul> <li>blood vessels</li> <li>cosmetic units</li> <li>free margins</li> <li>lymphatic supply</li> <li>nerve blocks</li> <li>sensory nerves</li> </ul> </li> <li>flaps</li> <li>granulating wounds</li> <li>haemostasis for open wounds</li> <li>hand hygiene</li> <li>head and neck</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa management</li> <li>history taking</li> <li>incomplete excision</li> <li>infections</li> <li>keratoacanthoma</li> <li>knots</li> <li>limbs</li> <li>lipomas</li> <li>local anaesthesia</li> <li>male genital lichen sclerosus management</li> <li>M-plasty</li> <li>mucous membrane lesions</li> <li>nerve damage</li> <li>NF1 treatment</li> <li>patient preparation</li> <li>pigmented lesions</li> <li>postoperative care</li> <li>postsurgical artefact</li> <li>preoperative preparation</li> <li>pressure dressings</li> <li>protective clothing</li> <li>relaxing incisions</li> <li>safety</li> <li>scars <ul> <li>orientation</li> <li>unsatisfactory</li> </ul> </li> <li>secondary intention healing</li> <li>shoulder</li> <li>skin cancer</li> <li>skin grafts <i>20.31–2</i></li> <li>skin surface cleansing</li> <li>skin tension lines</li> <li>snip excision</li> <li>spina bifida</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma</li> <li>standing cutaneous deformity repair</li> <li>sterilization</li> <li>sternum</li> <li>surgical needles</li> <li>Sweet syndrome association</li> <li>syringomyelia treatment</li> <li>techniques <ul> <li>historical aspects</li> <li>wart treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>tricone repair</li> <li>undermining levels</li> <li>upper back</li> <li>vermilion border</li> <li>wedge excision</li> <li>wound closure</li> <li>wound dressings</li> <li>wound healing <ul> <li>obesity</li> </ul> </li> <li>wound infections</li> <li>Z-plasty</li> <li><i>see also</i> biopsy of skin; Mohs micrographic surgery; sutures</li> </ul> </li> <li>Sutton ulcers</li> <li>sutures <ul> <li>buried dermal</li> <li>horizontal mattress</li> <li>knots</li> <li>materials</li> <li>pulley</li> <li>purse string</li> <li>removal</li> <li>running intradermal</li> <li>simple interrupted</li> <li>subcuticular</li> <li>technique</li> <li>vertical mattress</li> <li>wound healing</li> </ul> </li> <li>sweat <ul> <li>abnormal odour</li> <li>composition</li> <li>rate of production</li> </ul> </li> <li>sweat chloride test</li> <li>sweat duct</li> <li>sweat glands <ul> <li>abscesses</li> <li>carcinomas <ul> <li>endocrine mucin-producing</li> <li>sclerosing</li> </ul> </li> <li>development</li> <li>disorders</li> <li>endocrine mucin-producing carcinoma</li> <li>hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasias</li> <li>male ano-genital region</li> <li>precursor fluid</li> <li>secretory nerve fibres</li> <li>sympathetic nerve terminals</li> <li><i>see also</i> apocrine glands; eccrine glands</li> </ul> </li> <li>sweating <ul> <li>active</li> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>cold-induced syndrome</li> <li>eccrine in spinal cord injury</li> <li>emotional</li> <li>flushing association</li> <li>gustatory <ul> <li>submental</li> <li>treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>itching relationship</li> <li>mental</li> <li>night sweats</li> <li>osmotic factors</li> <li>submental gustatory</li> <li>thermal</li> <li>thermoregulatory</li> <li>transient acantholytic dermatosis association</li> <li>urticaria</li> </ul> </li> <li>sweating sickness</li> <li>Sweet syndrome <ul> <li>aphthous ulcers</li> <li>associated diseases</li> <li>classical</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diagnostic criteria</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>drug-induced</li> <li>environmental factors</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>erythema elevatum diutinum differential diagnosis</li> <li>erythema nodosum association</li> <li>histiocytoid</li> <li>hypocomplementaemic urticarial vasculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>infections</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>leukaemia cutis differential diagnosis</li> <li>Majeed syndrome association</li> <li>malignancy-associated</li> <li>management</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>paraneoplastic</li> <li>pathergy</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>pyoderma gangrenosum coexistence</li> <li>respiratory disorder association</li> <li>rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatosis</li> <li>sarcoidosis association</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus association</li> <li>subcutaneous</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus association</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>swimmer's itch</li> <li>swimmer's shoulder</li> <li>swimming, otitis externa</li> <li>sycosis <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>herpes simplex virus</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>lupoid</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pseudofolliculitis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>symmetrical drug-related intertriginous and flexural exanthem (SDRIFE)</li> <li>symmetrical dyschromatosis of the extremities</li> <li>sympathectomy, hyperhidrosis treatment</li> <li>sympathetic nerve injury</li> <li>sympathetic skin response</li> <li>symplastic haemangioma</li> <li>symptoms, measurement</li> <li>synaptophysin</li> <li>syndecans <ul> <li>wound healing</li> </ul> </li> <li>syndromic hypotrichoses <ul> <li>autosomal dominant</li> <li>autosomal recessive</li> </ul> </li> <li>synovitis, <i>Acinetobacter</i></li> <li>synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome <i>see</i> SAPHO (synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis) syndrome</li> <li>syphilides <ul> <li>corymbose</li> <li>lichenoid</li> <li>macular</li> <li>nodular</li> <li>papular</li> <li>serpiginous nodulosquamous</li> <li>tubercular</li> </ul> </li> <li>syphilis <ul> <li>age groups <ul> <li>congenital disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>anal fissure differential diagnosis</li> <li>anal lesions</li> <li>antimicrobial resistance</li> <li>associated diseases</li> <li>biological false positive reactions</li> <li>cardiovascular</li> <li>cerebrospinal fluid examination <ul> <li>HIV-seropositive individuals</li> </ul> </li> <li>chancre <ul> <li>extragenital</li> </ul> </li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features <ul> <li>congenital disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>clinical variants <ul> <li>congenital disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>congenital <ul> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>clinical variants</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>late</li> <li>management</li> <li>neonatal lupus erythematosus differential diagnosis</li> <li>neonates</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>presentation</li> <li>saddle-nose deformity</li> <li>stigmata</li> </ul> </li> <li>course of untreated</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>endemic</li> <li>epidemiology <ul> <li>congenital disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>follow-up</li> <li>gummata <i>29.16–17</i></li> <li>hair loss</li> <li>histopathology</li> <li>historical aspects</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>incidence</li> <li>incubation period</li> <li>infective cheilitis</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>latent <ul> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>follow-up</li> </ul> </li> <li>leukoplakia</li> <li>management <ul> <li>congenital disease</li> <li>treatment failure</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> </ul> </li> <li>meningovascular</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>ocular</li> <li>onchocerciasis differential diagnosis</li> <li>oral ulceration</li> <li>other STI screening</li> <li>parenchymatous</li> <li>pathophysiology <ul> <li>congenital disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>penicillin treatment</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>pinna</li> <li>pregnant women</li> <li>presentation <ul> <li>congenital disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>prevalence</li> <li>primary <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>fingers</li> <li>presentation</li> </ul> </li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>rapid point-of-care tests</li> <li>response to treatment</li> <li>scalp</li> <li>secondary <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>erythema multiforme</li> <li>nephrotic syndrome</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pityriasis rosea differential diagnosis</li> <li>pityriasis versicolor differential diagnosis</li> <li>presentation</li> <li>psoriasis differential diagnosis</li> <li>telogen effluvium</li> </ul> </li> <li>serological screening</li> <li>sex differences <ul> <li>congenital disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>sexual contact management</li> <li>stages</li> <li>tertiary <ul> <li>atrophic scars</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>mucous membrane lesions</li> <li>necrotizing lymphocytic folliculitis of the scalp margin differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>tongue lesions</li> <li>treatment failure</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> <li>vulval sarcoidosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>yaws <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>syphilitic alopecia</li> <li>syringocystadenoma papilliferum <ul> <li>scalp</li> </ul> </li> <li>syringoid eccrine carcinoma</li> <li>syringoma <ul> <li>acne vulgaris differential diagnosis</li> <li>eyelid</li> <li>malignant</li> <li>malignant chondroid</li> <li>penile</li> <li>vulval</li> </ul> </li> <li>syringomyelia <ul> <li>hand–arm vibration syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>post-traumatic</li> </ul> </li> <li>systematic reviews <ul> <li>application to specific patient</li> <li>critical appraisal</li> <li>fixed-effects models</li> <li>importance of results</li> <li>language bias</li> <li>publication bias</li> <li>random-effects models</li> <li>randomized controlled trials</li> <li>summary value</li> <li>validity</li> </ul> </li> <li>systemic amyloidosis</li> <li>systemic capillary leak syndrome</li> <li>systemic diseases <ul> <li>Compositae allergy</li> <li>digestive system disorder association</li> <li>eye involvement</li> <li>hoarseness sign</li> <li>itching</li> <li>kidney disease</li> <li>liver disease association</li> <li>mouth ulcer association</li> <li>oral manifestations</li> <li>respiratory disease association</li> <li>with skin features and cardiac involvement</li> </ul> </li> <li>systemic fibrosis <i>see</i> nephrogenic systemic fibrosis</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) <ul> <li>alopecia areata association</li> <li>ANA-negative</li> <li>antinuclear antibodies</li> <li>antiphospholipid syndrome association</li> <li>autoantibodies</li> <li>bullae</li> <li>cardiac involvement</li> <li>children</li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complement deficiency</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>cryoglobulins</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>discoid lupus erythematosus differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease activity assessment</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>DRESS association</li> <li>environmental factors</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>genetic factors</li> <li>hair changes</li> <li>hypocomplementaemic urticarial vasculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>IgA vasculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>immunohistology</li> <li>infantile urticaria</li> <li>inheritance</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>Klinefelter syndrome</li> <li>lichen planus association</li> <li>lip manifestations</li> <li>lupus-specific changes</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>management</li> <li>mucinosis</li> <li>mucous membrane lesions</li> <li>multicentric reticulohistiocytosis association</li> <li>nail changes</li> <li>older people</li> <li>oral contraceptives</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pigmentary changes</li> <li>pinna</li> <li>pregnancy</li> <li>primary immunodeficiency</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>prolidase deficiency differential diagnosis</li> <li>respiratory disease association</li> <li>Schnitzler syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>serum factor defects</li> <li>skin cancer association</li> <li>subcorneal pustular dermatosis association</li> <li>systemic sclerosis, overlap</li> <li>telogen effluvium</li> <li>urticaria</li> <li>urticarial vasculitis association</li> <li>UVA-1 phototherapy</li> <li>variants</li> <li>vascular reactions</li> <li>vasculopathy</li> <li>warts</li> <li><i>see also</i> bullous systemic lupus erythematosus; mixed connective tissue disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>systemic sclerosis <ul> <li>antibodies</li> <li>associated diseases</li> <li>autoantibodies</li> <li>autoantibody patterns</li> <li>bromodomains</li> <li>cardiac involvement</li> <li>cardiopulmonary manifestations</li> <li>causative organisms</li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>cryoglobulins</li> <li>cutaneous features <i>56.4–6</i></li> <li>definition</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>diffuse</li> <li>digestive system disorders</li> <li>digital nerves</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>environmental factors</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>erectile dysfunction</li> <li>ethnicity</li> <li>extracellular matrix deposition</li> <li>gastrointestinal manifestations</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>history taking</li> <li>HLA region role</li> <li>hyperpigmentation</li> <li>incidence</li> <li>innate immune components</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>limited</li> <li>lung involvement</li> <li>macrophage inhibitory factor role</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>management</li> <li>microvascular injury</li> <li>morphoea relationship</li> <li>musculoskeletal manifestations</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>occupational disorders</li> <li>oral features</li> <li>organ-based disease assessment</li> <li>overlap</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pityriasis rubra pilaris association</li> <li>predisposing factors</li> <li>presentation</li> <li>prevalence</li> <li>primary biliary cirrhosis</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>proteoglycans</li> <li>proximal nail fold capillaroscopy</li> <li>pulmonary arterial hypertension</li> <li>radiography</li> <li>Raynaud phenomenon</li> <li>renal manifestations</li> <li>respiratory disease association</li> <li>scleredema differential diagnosis</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>subsets</li> <li>UVA-1 phototherapy</li> <li>variants</li> <li>Werner syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li><i>see also</i> mixed connective tissue disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>systemic therapy <ul> <li>drug interactions</li> <li>monitoring</li> <li>patient education</li> <li>patient selection</li> <li>pharmacology</li> <li>pre-treatment screening</li> <li>record keeping</li> <li>risk reduction</li> <li>standards of care</li> <li><i>see also</i> immunomodulatory therapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis <i>see</i> juvenile rheumatoid arthritis</li> </ul> </section> <section> <h2>T</h2> <ul> <li>T cells <ul> <li>activation by APCs</li> <li>atopic eczema lesions</li> <li>histamine regulation of function</li> <li>immunity against ringworm</li> <li>immunogenotyping</li> <li>macrophage interactions</li> <li>sensitization process</li> <li>sensitized</li> <li>skin disease pathogenesis</li> <li>skin-resident</li> <li>subcutaneous fat</li> <li><i>see also</i> cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs); natural killer (NK) cell(s); regulatory T cells (T-regs); T-cell clones; T-cell receptor(s) (TCR)</li> </ul> </li> <li>γδ T cells <ul> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>epithelial</li> <li>wound healing</li> </ul> </li> <li>T helper cells <ul> <li>histamine regulation of response</li> </ul> </li> <li>T helper type 1 (Th1) cells <ul> <li>immune response</li> </ul> </li> <li>T helper type 2 (Th2) cells <ul> <li>allergy</li> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>IgE production</li> <li>immune response</li> </ul> </li> <li>T helper type 2 (Th2) pathway, immunity against ringworm</li> <li>T helper type 17 (Th17) cells <ul> <li>acne vulgaris</li> <li>morphoea</li> </ul> </li> <li>T helper type 17/interleukin 22 (Th17/IL-22) cells</li> <li>T helper type 22 (Th22) cells</li> <li>T4 endonuclease V <ul> <li>skin cancer treatment in immunocompromised patients</li> </ul> </li> <li>Tabanidae</li> <li>tabes dorsalis</li> <li>tacalcitol <ul> <li>plaque psoriasis treatment</li> <li>structure</li> </ul> </li> <li>tachykinin substance P</li> <li>tachykinins, itching in skin disease</li> <li>tachyphylaxis, topical corticosteroids</li> <li>tacrolimus <ul> <li>acne association</li> <li>atopic eczema treatment</li> <li>chronic actinic dermatitis management</li> <li>eczema treatment</li> <li>eosinophilic pustular folliculitis treatment</li> <li>granuloma annulare treatment</li> <li>Hailey–Hailey disease treatment</li> <li>hypertrichosis treatment</li> <li>lower leg eczema treatment</li> <li>morphoea treatment</li> <li>necrobiosis lipoidica treatment</li> <li>pityriasis alba treatment</li> <li>pityriasis lichenoides management</li> <li>structure</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus treatment</li> <li>topical</li> <li>wound healing</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Taenia solium</i></li> <li>taeniasis</li> <li>Takayasu arteritis</li> <li><i>Talaromyces marneffei</i> <ul> <li>HIV infection-associated</li> </ul> </li> <li>talc</li> <li>talon noir</li> <li>tamoxifen <ul> <li>alopecia</li> <li>palmar fascial fibromatosis management</li> </ul> </li> <li>tampons, super-absorbent</li> <li>tanapox virus infection</li> <li>tanning <ul> <li>ability of skin</li> <li>delayed</li> <li>devices</li> <li>immediate pigment darkening</li> <li>melanogenesis</li> <li>persistent pigment darkening</li> <li>response to UV radiation</li> <li>UVR-induced</li> </ul> </li> <li>tanning industry</li> <li>tapeworms <i>see</i> cestode infections</li> <li>tar <ul> <li>carcinogenicity</li> <li>occupational skin cancers</li> <li>topical corticosteroid formulations</li> <li>topical therapies</li> </ul> </li> <li>tar derivatives, photocontact facial melanosis</li> <li>tar warts</li> <li>taste sensation</li> <li><i>TAT</i> gene mutations</li> <li>tattoos <ul> <li>accidental</li> <li>black henna</li> <li>complications</li> <li>decorative</li> <li>functions</li> <li>granulomas, carbon dioxide laser ablation</li> <li>granulomatous reactions</li> <li>Koebner phenomenon</li> <li>laser treatment</li> <li>lichen planus</li> <li>mercury toxicity</li> <li>oral</li> <li>paradoxical darkening</li> <li>pigments</li> <li>removal</li> <li>traumatic</li> </ul> </li> <li>taxanes, alopecia induction <ul> <li>permanent</li> </ul> </li> <li>Tay syndrome</li> <li>tazarotene</li> <li>T-cell clones <ul> <li>mycosis fungoides</li> </ul> </li> <li>T-cell deficiency disorders</li> <li>T-cell mediated cytotoxicity</li> <li>T-cell receptor(s) (TCR)</li> <li>T-cell receptor (TCR) genes, mycosis fungoides</li> <li>T-cell-mediated drug hypersensitivity</li> <li>tea tree oil</li> <li>teeth <ul> <li>biology</li> <li>congenital syphilis</li> <li>development</li> <li>ectrodactyly–ectodermal dysplasia–cleft lip/palate (EEC) syndrome</li> <li>epidermolysis bullosa</li> <li>generalized severe recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa</li> <li>hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasias</li> <li>junctional epidermolysis bullosa</li> <li>nail–patella syndrome</li> <li>oral mucosa junction</li> <li>recessive generalized severe dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa</li> <li>structure</li> </ul> </li> <li>teicoplanin</li> <li><i>TEK</i> gene mutations</li> <li>telangiectasia <ul> <li>ageing of skin</li> <li>Bloom syndrome</li> <li>causes</li> <li>chronic venous insufficiency</li> <li>cutis marmorata congenita</li> <li>discoid lupus erythematosus</li> <li>generalized essential <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>hereditary haemorrhagic</li> <li>hypotrichosis–lymphoedema–telangiectasia syndrome</li> <li>laser treatment</li> <li>legs</li> <li>macularis eruptiva perstans <ul> <li>mastocytosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>oral mucosa</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>primary</li> <li>systemic sclerosis</li> <li>unilateral naevoid telangiectasia syndrome</li> <li>varicose veins</li> <li><i>see also</i> ataxia telangiectasia; hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT); spider telangiectases</li> </ul> </li> <li>telangiectatic metastatic carcinoma</li> <li>teledermatology <ul> <li>adherence to treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>telogen <ul> <li>gravidarum</li> <li>prolongation</li> <li>release, delayed/immediate</li> </ul> </li> <li>telogen effluvium <ul> <li>abrupt-onset</li> <li>acute</li> <li>chronic <ul> <li>investigations</li> <li>primary</li> </ul> </li> <li>definition</li> <li>drug-induced</li> <li>female pattern hair loss differential diagnosis</li> <li>histological sections</li> <li>HIV infection association</li> <li>hyperandrogenism</li> <li>infants</li> <li>pathogenesis</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> </ul> </li> <li>telomere shortening, dyskeratosis congenita</li> <li>temozolomide, melanoma treatment</li> <li>TEMPI syndrome</li> <li>temporal arteritis <i>see</i> giant cell arteritis</li> <li>temporal artery</li> <li>temporal lobe epilepsy</li> <li>temporalis muscle</li> <li>temporomandibular joint (TMJ), examination</li> <li>tenascin-X deficiency</li> <li>tendon sheath <ul> <li>fibroma</li> <li>giant cell tumour</li> </ul> </li> <li>Tenebrionidae</li> <li>tennis toe</li> <li>tenofovir</li> <li>tensile strength of skin</li> <li>teratogenicity <ul> <li>methotrexate</li> <li>mycophenolate mofetil</li> <li>potassium iodide</li> <li>retinoids</li> <li>thalidomide</li> </ul> </li> <li>terbinafine <ul> <li>acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis predisposition</li> <li>dermatophytosis <ul> <li>treatment failure</li> </ul> </li> <li>seborrhoeic dermatitis treatment</li> <li>sporotrichosis treatment</li> <li>tinea capitis treatment</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> </ul> </li> <li>Terry's nails</li> <li><i>p</i>-tertiary-butylphenol</li> <li>testes</li> <li>testosterone, male balding</li> <li>test–retest reliability</li> <li>tetanus <ul> <li>dracunculiasis secondary infection</li> <li>immunization</li> <li>injecting drug abuse</li> <li>umbilical infection</li> </ul> </li> <li>tetracyclines <ul> <li>acne conglobata treatment</li> <li>anti-inflammatory effects</li> <li>hyperpigmentation</li> <li>nail colouration</li> <li>phototoxicity</li> <li>sarcoidosis treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>Texier disease</li> <li><i>TGFBR1</i> gene mutations</li> <li>TGF-β type II receptor (TRII)</li> <li><i>TGM1</i> gene mutations</li> <li>thalassaemias <ul> <li>pseudoxanthoma elasticum-like lesions</li> </ul> </li> <li>thalidomide <ul> <li>actinic prurigo management</li> <li>adverse effects</li> <li>cautions</li> <li>contraindications</li> <li>discoid lupus erythematosus treatment</li> <li>dose</li> <li>drug–drug interactions</li> <li>embryopathy</li> <li>erythema multiforme</li> <li>erythema nodosum leprosum treatment</li> <li>microtia</li> <li>monitoring</li> <li>oral aphthous ulceration in HIV</li> <li>pharmacological properties</li> <li>pre-treatment screening</li> <li>recurrent aphthous stomatitis</li> <li>regimens</li> </ul> </li> <li>thallium, reactions to</li> <li>theque</li> <li>therapeutic relationship</li> <li>Theridiidae</li> <li>thermal damage time (TDT), selective thermolysis</li> <li>thermal injury <ul> <li>acronecrosis</li> <li>chemical burns differential diagnosis</li> <li>irritant contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>thermal relaxation time (TRT), selective thermolysis</li> <li>thermokinetic selectivity</li> <li>thermoregulation <ul> <li>disturbance in milaria</li> </ul> </li> <li>thiamine</li> <li>thiazides, phototoxicity</li> <li>thimerosal</li> <li>thioacetazone, drug eruptions</li> <li>thioalcohols</li> <li>thioglycollates</li> <li>thiomersal</li> <li>thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) <ul> <li>azathioprine metabolism</li> </ul> </li> <li>thoracic outlet obstruction</li> <li>thoracic outlet syndrome and cervical rib <ul> <li>hand–arm vibration syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>Raynaud phenomenon differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Thost–Unna keratoderma</li> <li>threadworm <ul> <li>anal abscess differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>thrips</li> <li>thrombasthenia</li> <li>thrombin receptor</li> <li>thromboangiitis obliterans <ul> <li>acute scrotum</li> <li>arterial occlusion</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>corkscrew collaterals</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>Raynaud phenomenon differential diagnosis</li> <li>thrombophlebitis migrans association</li> </ul> </li> <li>thrombocytopenia <ul> <li>heparin-induced <ul> <li>antiphospholipid syndrome differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>neonatal lupus erythematosus</li> <li>subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn</li> </ul> </li> <li>thrombocytopenic purpura <ul> <li>Epstein–Barr virus</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>varicella infection</li> </ul> </li> <li>thrombocytosis <ul> <li>erythromelalgia</li> <li>purpura</li> </ul> </li> <li>thromboembolism prophylaxis</li> <li>thrombo-occlusive disease</li> <li>thrombopathia</li> <li>thrombophlebitis <ul> <li>krokodil abuse</li> <li>migrans <ul> <li>definition</li> </ul> </li> <li>penile</li> <li>superficial migratory</li> </ul> </li> <li>thrombosis <ul> <li>cancer-associated</li> <li>inflammatory bowel disease association</li> <li>IVIG adverse reaction</li> </ul> </li> <li>thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1)</li> <li>thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura <ul> <li>antiphospholipid syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>HIV infection</li> </ul> </li> <li>thromboxanes</li> <li>thrush <i>see</i> candidosis</li> <li>thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)</li> <li>thymol</li> <li>thymoma <ul> <li>paraneoplastic pemphigus association</li> <li>pemphigus erythematosus association</li> </ul> </li> <li>thyroid dermopathy <i>see</i> pretibial myxoedema</li> <li>thyroid disease <ul> <li>Cowden syndrome association</li> <li>DRESS involvement</li> <li>myxoedema in</li> <li>periocular oedema</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>telogen effluvium</li> <li>vitiligo association</li> </ul> </li> <li>thyroid hormones <ul> <li>receptors</li> </ul> </li> <li>thyroid tissue, ectopic</li> <li>thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1)</li> <li>thyroiditis <ul> <li>alopecia areata association</li> <li>postpartum</li> </ul> </li> <li>thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), function</li> <li>thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR)</li> <li>thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors</li> <li>thyrotoxicosis, pruritus</li> <li>thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH), function</li> <li>Thysanoptera</li> <li>TIA-1</li> <li>Tichner–Hanhart syndrome</li> <li>tick(s) <ul> <li>classification</li> <li>hard</li> <li>mouthparts</li> <li>soft</li> </ul> </li> <li>tick bites/tick-borne diseases <ul> <li>acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>ecthyma differential diagnosis</li> <li>ehrlichiosis</li> <li>IgE induction</li> <li>Lyme disease</li> <li>lymphadenopathy</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>prevention</li> <li>reactions</li> <li>relapsing fever</li> <li>Rocky Mountain spotted fever</li> <li>secondary infections</li> <li>tick paralysis</li> <li>tick typhus</li> <li>tularaemia</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>TIE2</i> gene mutations</li> <li>tight junctions</li> <li>time trade-off (TTO)</li> <li>tinea <ul> <li>acrodermatitis continua of Hallopeau differential diagnosis</li> <li>amiantacea</li> <li>barbae <ul> <li>sycosis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>chemotherapy-induced nail change differential diagnosis</li> <li>circinata</li> <li>faciei <ul> <li>papulopustular rosacea differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>genital</li> <li>granuloma annulare differential diagnosis</li> <li>hand eczema</li> <li>imbricata</li> <li>incognita</li> <li>nigra</li> <li>nummular dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>steroid-modified</li> </ul> </li> <li>tinea capitis <ul> <li>alopecia areata differential diagnosis</li> <li>causative organisms</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>ectothrix type</li> <li>endothrix type</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>favus type</li> <li>infection control</li> <li>kerion</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>prevention</li> <li>seborrhoeic dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> </ul> </li> <li>tinea corporis <ul> <li>annular erythema of infancy differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>infants</li> <li>leprosy differential diagnosis</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pityriasis rotunda differential diagnosis</li> <li>pityriasis versicolor differential diagnosis</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> </ul> </li> <li>tinea cruris <ul> <li>psoriasis differential diagnosis</li> <li>symmetrical drug-related intertriginous and flexural exanthem differential diagnosis</li> <li>vulval</li> </ul> </li> <li>tinea manuum <ul> <li>allergic contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>hand eczema differential diagnosis</li> <li>keratolysis exfoliativa differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>tinea pedis <ul> <li>causative organisms</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>erythrasma differential diagnosis</li> <li>infection control</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pitted keratolysis differential diagnosis</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> </ul> </li> <li>tinidazole, trichomoniasis treatment</li> <li>tin-tack sign</li> <li>tissue cooling</li> <li>tissue hypoxia, subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn</li> <li>tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) <ul> <li>wound healing <ul> <li>diabetic wounds</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1)</li> <li>tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2)</li> <li>tissue optics <ul> <li>absorption</li> <li>photochemical change</li> <li>photomechanical reactions</li> <li>photostimulation</li> <li>photothermal reactions</li> <li>reflection</li> <li>scattering</li> <li>transmission</li> </ul> </li> <li>tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), frostbite management</li> <li>tissue sections, microscopic examination</li> <li>titanium dioxide <ul> <li>UV light blocking</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Tityus</i></li> <li>TNF-receptor associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS)</li> <li><i>TNFRSF1A</i> gene mutations</li> <li>tobacco chewing <ul> <li>erythroplasia</li> <li>keratosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>toe(s) <ul> <li>acquired digital fibrokeratoma</li> <li>deformities</li> <li>distal phalangeal erosive lesions</li> <li>fibro-osseous pseudotumour of the digits</li> <li>fused <ul> <li>in Kindler syndrome</li> <li>in recessive generalized severe dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa</li> </ul> </li> <li>inclusion body fibromatosis</li> <li>paronychia of great toe of infants</li> <li>periungual infections</li> <li>sports injuries</li> </ul> </li> <li>toe clefts, bacterial flora</li> <li>toe webs, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> infection</li> <li>toenails <ul> <li>footwear-induced trauma</li> <li>ingrowing <ul> <li>chemical cautery</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>tofacitinib <ul> <li>plaque psoriasis</li> <li>psoriatic arthritis treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>togavirus infections</li> <li>tolbutamine, eczema induction</li> <li>Toll-like receptor(s) (TLRs) <ul> <li>signalling</li> </ul> </li> <li>Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), rosacea</li> <li>tolnaftate</li> <li>toluene-2,5-diamine (PTD)</li> <li>TomoTherapy <i>24.5–6</i></li> <li>tongue <ul> <li>argyria</li> <li>brown/black hairy</li> <li>cellulitis</li> <li>central papillary atrophy</li> <li>circumvallate papillae</li> <li>coated</li> <li>dorsum</li> <li>erythema migrans</li> <li>filiform papillae</li> <li>fissured</li> <li>foliate papillitis</li> <li>furred</li> <li>haemangiomas in Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome</li> <li>lymphangioma</li> <li>macroglossia</li> <li>median rhomboid glossitis</li> <li>movement</li> <li>oral hairy leukoplakia</li> <li>plicated</li> <li>psoriasis</li> <li>scrotal</li> <li>strawberry</li> <li>venous malformation</li> <li>ventrum</li> <li><i>see also</i> geographic tongue</li> </ul> </li> <li>tongue-tie <i>see</i> ankyloglossia</li> <li>tonsillitis, psoriasis association</li> <li>toothpaste allergy</li> <li>topical drug delivery <ul> <li>absorption</li> <li>active pharmaceutical ingredient</li> <li>adherence</li> <li>advice to patients</li> <li>alcohols</li> <li>antibiotics</li> <li>antifungal agents</li> <li>antihistamines</li> <li>antiparasitic agents</li> <li>antiseptics</li> <li>antiviral agents</li> <li>application frequency</li> <li>concentration of drug</li> <li>co-solvent use</li> <li>depigmenting agents</li> <li>dermato-pharmacokinetic method</li> <li>emulsifiers</li> <li>erythema multiforme</li> <li>factors determining permeation</li> <li>fatty acids</li> <li>flux across skin</li> <li>formulations</li> <li>greases</li> <li>hazards</li> <li>humectants</li> <li>lanolin</li> <li>lipids</li> <li>macrogols</li> <li>microdialysis</li> <li>mineral oils</li> <li>occlusion <ul> <li>topical corticosteroids</li> </ul> </li> <li>optimization</li> <li>penetration enhancers</li> <li>percutaneous absorption mechanisms</li> <li>powders</li> <li>preservatives</li> <li>propylene glycol as co-solvent</li> <li>quantity for application</li> <li>side effects</li> <li>solvents</li> <li>surfactants</li> <li>uptake by skin microcirculation</li> <li>vehicles <ul> <li>choice of</li> <li>metamorphosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>volatile solvent use</li> <li>waxes</li> <li><i>see also</i> calcineurin inhibitors, topical; corticosteroids, topical; retinoid(s); vitamin D analogues</li> </ul> </li> <li>topical therapy <ul> <li>anti-infective agents</li> <li>antiperspirants</li> <li>astringents</li> <li>depigmenting agents</li> <li>depilatories</li> <li>sensitizing agents</li> <li>sunscreens</li> <li>traditional remedies</li> <li><i>see also</i> emollients</li> </ul> </li> <li>TORCH syndrome</li> <li><i>Torulopsis</i>, vulvo-vaginitis</li> <li>torus mandibularis</li> <li>touch corpuscles</li> <li>touch domes</li> <li>touch pads, development</li> <li>touch sensation, Merkel cell–neurite complex</li> <li>touch spots</li> <li>Touraine centrofacial lentiginosis</li> <li>Touraine–Solente–Gole syndrome <i>see</i> primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy</li> <li>Townes–Brocks syndrome</li> <li>toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) <ul> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications</li> <li>culprit drug removal</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>drug eruptions</li> <li>drugs predisposing to</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>erythema multiforme relationship</li> <li>fluid replacement</li> <li>generalized bullous fixed drug eruption differential diagnosis</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>Hailey–Hailey disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>infections</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>mucous membrane pemphigoid differential diagnosis</li> <li>nail shedding</li> <li>nutrition</li> <li>ocular complications</li> <li>ocular effects</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>pathology</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>renal failure</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus association</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus association</li> <li>variants</li> <li>vulval adenosis</li> <li><i>see also</i> Stevens–Johnson syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>toxic erythema of chemotherapy <ul> <li>agents</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>symmetrical drug-related intertriginous and flexural exanthem differential diagnosis</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>toxic erythema of the newborn <ul> <li>infantile acropustulosis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>toxic oil syndrome</li> <li>toxic products of combustion, inhalation injury with burns</li> <li>toxic pustuloderma</li> <li>toxic shock syndrome <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>measles differential diagnosis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>toxin 1</li> <li>vulval lesions</li> <li><i>see also</i> streptococcal toxic shock syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Toxicodendron</i> spp. <ul> <li>desensitization</li> </ul> </li> <li>toxin-mediated perineal erythema, recurrent</li> <li><i>Toxocara canis</i> <ul> <li>chronic urticaria</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Toxocara catis</i></li> <li><i>Toxocara malayensis</i></li> <li><i>Toxoplasma gondii</i></li> <li>toxoplasmosis <ul> <li>oral lesions</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>TP53</i> gene mutations</li> <li><i>TP63</i> gene</li> <li><i>TP73 gene</i></li> <li>trabecular carcinoma of the skin <i>see</i> Merkel cell carcinoma</li> <li>trachoma, leprosy differential diagnosis</li> <li>trachyonychia</li> <li>traditional remedies <ul> <li>topical therapy</li> <li><i>see also</i> complementary therapies; herbal products/medications</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>TRAF1</i> gene expression</li> <li>transaldolase deficiency</li> <li>transcription coupled repair (TCR)</li> <li>transcription/DNA repair factor IIH (TFIIH)</li> <li>transepidermal elimination (TEE)</li> <li>transepidermal water loss (TEWL) <ul> <li>irritant contact dermatitis</li> <li>measurement</li> <li>measurement in occupational disorders</li> <li>neonates</li> <li>xerosis cutis</li> </ul> </li> <li>transferosomes</li> <li>transferrin, unsaturated</li> <li>transforming growth factor α (TGF-α), keratincotye-generated</li> <li>transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) <ul> <li>ageing of skin</li> <li>collagen gene expression modulation</li> <li>collagen production regulation</li> <li>hair growth inhibition</li> <li>keratincotye-generated</li> <li>scarring</li> <li>wound healing</li> </ul> </li> <li>transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), wound healing</li> <li>transfusion reactions <ul> <li>allergic</li> <li>skin involvement</li> </ul> </li> <li>transglutaminase 1 (TG1) <ul> <li>deficiency</li> </ul> </li> <li>transglutaminase 5</li> <li>transient acantholytic dermatosis <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pemphigus vulgaris differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>transient aquagenic keratoderma</li> <li>transient pustular melanosis <ul> <li>neonatal</li> </ul> </li> <li>transient receptor potential vanilloid 3 gene (<i>TRPV3</i>) gene</li> <li>transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1)</li> <li>transmembrane receptors <ul> <li>linked to intracellular enzymes</li> <li>without enzyme-linked activity</li> </ul> </li> <li>transplacental transfer <ul> <li>of maternal autoantibodies</li> <li>of maternal malignant disease</li> </ul> </li> <li>TRAPS <i>see</i> tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS)</li> <li>trauma <ul> <li>anal</li> <li>anal fissure differential diagnosis</li> <li>atrophic scars</li> <li>burns</li> <li>chemotherapy-induced nail change differential diagnosis</li> <li>complex regional pain syndrome</li> <li>cutaneous vasculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>ear piercing complications</li> <li>eczema</li> <li>excessive response to injury</li> <li>external ear</li> <li>factitious panniculitis</li> <li>fibro-osseous pseudotumour of the digits</li> <li>footwear</li> <li>friction blisters</li> <li>gas gangrene</li> <li>granuloma annulare</li> <li>hair shaft</li> <li>HSV transfer</li> <li>infiltrating lipomatosis of the face differential diagnosis</li> <li>lymphoedema</li> <li>male genital dermatoses</li> <li>manicure instruments</li> <li>medical trauma hair loss</li> <li>morphoea association</li> <li>mucous membrane pemphigoid differential diagnosis</li> <li>nails <ul> <li>acute</li> <li>chronic repetitive</li> <li>delayed</li> <li>footwear-induced</li> <li>plantar keratoderma differential diagnosis</li> <li>shedding</li> </ul> </li> <li>neuromas</li> <li>obstetric</li> <li>onycholysis</li> <li>panniculitis</li> <li>penile</li> <li>perianal/perineal</li> <li>periungual tissues</li> <li>pseudo-knuckle pads</li> <li>psoriasis association</li> <li>spinal cord injury</li> <li>Sweet syndrome association</li> <li>sympathetic nerve injury</li> <li>tattoos</li> <li>trichothiodystrophy association</li> <li>vulval</li> <li><i>see also</i> athletes; injury, skin; mechanical injury; sports injuries</li> </ul> </li> <li>traumatic alopecia</li> <li>travel, diagnosis of skin disease</li> <li>Treacher–Collins syndrome <ul> <li>microtia</li> <li>peri-auricular anomalies</li> </ul> </li> <li>trematode infections</li> <li>trench fever</li> <li>trench foot</li> <li><i>Treponema pallidum</i></li> <li><i>Treponema pallidum</i> subsp. <i>carateum</i></li> <li><i>Treponema pallidum</i> subsp. <i>endemicum</i></li> <li><i>Treponema pallidum</i> subsp. <i>pallidum</i> <ul> <li>congenital disease</li> <li>dark-field microscopy</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>fetal infection</li> <li>immunoevasiveness</li> <li>microbiology</li> <li>molecular amplification tests</li> <li>morphology</li> <li>non-treponemal tests</li> <li>serological tests</li> <li>treponemal antigen tests</li> <li>Western blot assay</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Treponema pallidum</i> subsp. <i>pertenue</i></li> <li>treponemal infections <ul> <li>eyes</li> <li>tropical ulcer</li> <li><i>see also</i> syphilides; syphilis</li> </ul> </li> <li>treponematoses, non-venereal</li> <li>tretinoin <ul> <li>solar elastosis management</li> <li>striae management</li> <li><i>see also</i> isotretinoin; retinoic acid</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>TREX1</i> gene mutations</li> <li>triamcinolone acetonide <ul> <li>intralesional <ul> <li>skin atrophy</li> </ul> </li> <li>localized lipoatrophy from injection</li> <li>prepubertal acne</li> </ul> </li> <li>Triatominae</li> <li>triazoles</li> <li><i>Tribolium castaneum</i></li> <li>trichiasis</li> <li>trichilemmal carcinoma</li> <li>trichilemmal cysts <ul> <li>proliferating tumours</li> </ul> </li> <li>trichilemmal tumour, proliferating</li> <li>trichilemmoma</li> <li><i>Trichinella spiralis</i></li> <li>trichloroacetic acid <ul> <li>chemical peel <ul> <li>actinic keratosis treatment</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>trichloroethylene</li> <li>trichoadenoma</li> <li>trichobezoar</li> <li>trichoblastoma <ul> <li>cutaneous lymphoadenoma</li> <li>solitary giant trichoepithelioma</li> </ul> </li> <li>tricho-dento-osseous syndrome <ul> <li>kinky hair</li> </ul> </li> <li>trichodiscoma</li> <li>trichodynia <ul> <li>androgenetic alopecia</li> <li>chronic telogen effluvium</li> </ul> </li> <li>trichodysplasia spinulosa <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>multiple minute digitate keratoses differential diagnosis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>trichodysplasia spinulosa polyoma virus (TSPyV)</li> <li>trichoepitheliomas <ul> <li>desmoplastic</li> <li>eyelid</li> <li>familial</li> <li>multiple</li> <li>solitary giant</li> </ul> </li> <li>trichofolliculoma</li> <li>trichogram</li> <li>trichohepato-enteric syndrome, trichorrhexis nodosa</li> <li>tricholemmomas, eyelid</li> <li>trichome stains</li> <li>trichomegaly <ul> <li>eyelashes in HIV</li> <li>trichiasis</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Trichomonas</i> <ul> <li>vulvo-vaginal candidosis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>trichomoniasis</li> <li>trichomycosis <ul> <li>axillaris</li> <li>pubis</li> </ul> </li> <li>trichonosis</li> <li>trichophagia</li> <li>trichophytin test</li> <li><i>Trichophyton</i> <ul> <li>hand eczema differential diagnosis</li> <li>identification <i>32.29–30</i></li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Trichophyton concentricum</i></li> <li><i>Trichophyton equinum</i></li> <li><i>Trichophyton erinacei</i></li> <li><i>Trichophyton gourvilii</i></li> <li><i>Trichophyton interdigitale</i> <ul> <li>tinea cruris</li> <li>tinea pedis</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Trichophyton megninii</i></li> <li><i>Trichophyton mentagrophytes</i></li> <li><i>Trichophyton mentagrophytes</i> var. <i>quinckeanum</i></li> <li><i>Trichophyton rubrum</i> <ul> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>onychomycosis</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>tinea corporis</li> <li>tinea cruris</li> <li>tinea manuum</li> <li>tinea pedis</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Trichophyton schoenleinii</i></li> <li><i>Trichophyton simii</i></li> <li><i>Trichophyton soudanense</i></li> <li><i>Trichophyton tonsurans</i></li> <li><i>Trichophyton verrucosum</i></li> <li><i>Trichophyton violaceum</i> <ul> <li>erythroderma</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Trichophyton yaoundei</i></li> <li>trichoptilosis</li> <li>tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome</li> <li>trichorhizophagia</li> <li>trichorrhexis invaginata <ul> <li>Netherton syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>trichorrhexis nodosa <ul> <li>argininosuccinic aciduria</li> <li>biotinidase deficiency</li> <li>distal</li> <li>hair colouration</li> <li>localized</li> <li>Menkes disease</li> <li>Netherton syndrome</li> <li>proximal</li> <li>trichohepato-enteric syndrome</li> <li>weathering</li> </ul> </li> <li>trichoscopy</li> <li><i>Trichosporon</i> <ul> <li>systemic mycosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>trichostasis spinulosa</li> <li>trichoteiromania</li> <li>trichotemnomania</li> <li>trichothiodystrophy, <ul> <li>autism association</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>photosensitive</li> <li>premature ageing</li> <li>skin ageing</li> <li>trauma association</li> <li>variants</li> <li>xeroderma pigmentosum/trichothiodystrophy syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>trichotillomania <ul> <li>alopecia areata differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>DSM-IV criteria</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>psychopathology</li> </ul> </li> <li>trichotillosis</li> <li>trichromes</li> <li>triclocarban</li> <li>triclosan</li> <li>tricyclic antidepressants</li> <li>trigeminal nerve zoster</li> <li>trigeminal neuropathic pain syndromes <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>trigeminal trophic syndrome <ul> <li>acné excoriée differential diagnosis</li> <li>atypical</li> </ul> </li> <li>triggering receptors expressed by myeloid cells (TREMs)</li> <li>triglycerides</li> <li>trimethylaminuria <ul> <li>olfactory reference syndrome differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>triparanol, acquired ichthyoses</li> <li>tripe palms</li> <li>triple response of Lewis</li> <li>trisomy 13 <ul> <li>spinal dysraphism association</li> </ul> </li> <li>trisomy 18 <ul> <li>spinal dysraphism association</li> </ul> </li> <li>trisomy 21 <ul> <li>neonatal pustulosis of transient myeloproliferative disorder</li> <li><i>see also</i> Down syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>triton tumour</li> <li>Trombiculidae</li> <li><i>Tropheryma whippelii</i></li> <li>trophoblastic tumours, pemphigoid gestationis</li> <li>tropical immersion foot</li> <li>tropical pulmonary eosinophilia syndrome</li> <li>tropical sprue</li> <li>tropical ulcer <ul> <li>yaws differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>tropoelastin</li> <li>Trousseau sign</li> <li>Trousseau syndrome, thrombophlebitis migrans association</li> <li>TRPV superfamily</li> <li><i>TRPV3</i> gene mutations</li> <li>true histiocytic lymphoma</li> <li><i>Trueperella pyogenes</i></li> <li>trunk, allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li><i>Trypanosoma</i></li> <li>trypanosomiasis <ul> <li>African</li> <li>American</li> <li>causative organisms</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>HIV infection <ul> <li>association</li> </ul> </li> <li>investigations</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> </ul> </li> <li>tryptase <ul> <li>ectopic eczema</li> <li>mastocytosis</li> <li>urticaria</li> </ul> </li> <li>L-tryptophan</li> <li><i>TSC1</i> and <i>TSC2</i> genes</li> <li>tsetse flies</li> <li><i>t</i>-test</li> <li>tuberculid erythema induratum</li> <li>tuberculids <ul> <li>atrophic scars</li> <li>classification</li> <li>nodular</li> <li>papulonecrotic <ul> <li>granuloma annulare differential diagnosis</li> <li>necrotizing lymphocytic folliculitis of the scalp margin differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>see also</i> erythema induratum of Bazin; lichen scrofulosorum</li> </ul> </li> <li>tuberculin reaction</li> <li>tuberculin skin test</li> <li>tuberculosis <ul> <li>complex regional pain syndrome association</li> <li>congenital</li> <li>cutaneous <ul> <li>anti-TNF- treatment</li> <li>BCG vaccination</li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical spectrum</li> <li>description</li> <li>diagnostic tests</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease-specific changes</li> <li>drug dosing schedule</li> <li>granuloma development</li> <li>gummata</li> <li>haematogenous spread</li> <li>leprosy differential diagnosis</li> <li>metastatic abscesses</li> <li>miliary</li> <li>nucleic acid amplification tests</li> <li>pathogenesis</li> <li>prevention</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>transmission</li> <li>treatment</li> <li>warty</li> </ul> </li> <li>diagnostic tests</li> <li>erythema nodosum</li> <li>extensively drug resistant</li> <li>eye infections</li> <li>genital</li> <li>glanders differential diagnosis</li> <li>granulomatous cheilitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa differential diagnosis</li> <li>HIV co-infection</li> <li>hyperhidrosis</li> <li>immunology</li> <li>immunopathology</li> <li>infective cheilitis</li> <li>latent</li> <li>miliary</li> <li>multidrug resistant</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>orificial</li> <li>penile</li> <li>perianal <ul> <li>anal abscess differential diagnosis</li> <li>anal fissure differential diagnosis</li> <li>anal fistula differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>peripheral arthritis</li> <li>primary inoculation</li> <li>protective immunity</li> <li>skin reactions</li> <li>spine</li> <li>verrucosa cutis <ul> <li>amoebiasis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>vulval sarcoidosis differential diagnosis</li> <li><i>see also</i> lupus vulgaris; scrofuloderma</li> </ul> </li> <li>tuberculous chancre</li> <li>tuberculous lymphadenitis, HIV infection</li> <li>tuberculous mastitis</li> <li>tuberin</li> <li>tuberous sclerosis complex <ul> <li>cardiac disorders</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>diagnostic criteria</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>fibrous connective tissue naevi</li> <li>genetic counselling</li> <li>inheritance</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>management</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>prevalence</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>radiological findings</li> <li>renal involvement</li> <li>respiratory disorder association</li> <li>vitiligo differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>tufted angioma</li> <li>tularaemia</li> <li>tumbu fly</li> <li>tumoral calcinosis <ul> <li>familial</li> </ul> </li> <li>tumour immune surveillance, reduced and skin cancer</li> <li>tumour necrosis factor (TNF) <ul> <li>biological properties</li> <li>endothelial cell actions</li> <li>IFN role</li> <li>receptors</li> </ul> </li> <li>tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists <ul> <li>dermatological uses</li> <li>pityriasis rubra pilaris treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) <ul> <li>early-phase allergic response</li> <li>hidradenitis suppurativa management</li> <li>keratinocyte function</li> <li>melanoma treatment</li> <li>sarcoidosis</li> <li>Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis</li> <li>toxic epidermal necrolysis association</li> </ul> </li> <li>tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) antagonists, sarcoidosis treatment</li> <li>tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) inhibitors <ul> <li>adverse reactions</li> <li>plaque psoriasis treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) receptor, pegylated recombinant human</li> <li>tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS) <ul> <li>amyloid A amyloidosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>tumour suppressor genes</li> <li>tumours <ul> <li>benign <ul> <li>male genital</li> <li>nail</li> <li>vulval</li> </ul> </li> <li>fat cells</li> <li>haematopoietic</li> <li>malignant nail</li> <li>multisystem</li> <li>nail</li> <li>oestrogen-producing</li> <li>peripheral neuroectodermal</li> <li>perivascular cells</li> <li>pityriasis rubra pilaris association</li> <li>precancerous male genital</li> <li>of skin appendages</li> <li>spillage</li> <li>spread from adjacent/distant tissues</li> <li>uncertain histogenesis</li> <li><i>see also</i> malignancy; metastases; soft-tissue tumours</li> </ul> </li> <li>tumour-to-tumour metastasis</li> <li><i>Tunga penetrans</i></li> <li>tungiasis</li> <li>Tungidae</li> <li>turban tumour</li> <li>Turcot syndrome <ul> <li>Muir–Torre syndrome association</li> </ul> </li> <li>turf cancer</li> <li>turf toe</li> <li>Turner syndrome <ul> <li>halo naevi association</li> <li>intestinal lymphangiectasia</li> <li>lymphatic malformations</li> <li>lymphoedema</li> <li>macrotia</li> <li>pilomatricoma association</li> <li>sclerema neonatorum differential diagnosis</li> <li>swollen face, head and neck</li> <li>venous malformations</li> </ul> </li> <li>turpentine <ul> <li>allergy</li> <li>substitutes</li> </ul> </li> <li>twenty-nail dystrophy</li> <li>Tydeidae</li> <li>tylosis <ul> <li>oesophageal cancer</li> </ul> </li> <li>typhus <ul> <li>epidemic</li> <li>murine</li> <li>scrub</li> <li>sporadic</li> <li>tick</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>TYR</i> gene mutations</li> <li>tyrosinaemia type 1</li> <li>tyrosinaemia type 2</li> <li>tyrosinaemia type 3</li> <li>tyrosinase <ul> <li>delayed tanning</li> <li>hair pigmentation loss</li> </ul> </li> <li>tyrosine</li> <li>tyrosine deficiency, phenylketonuria</li> <li>tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitors <ul> <li>hair depigmentation</li> <li>papulopustular eruptions</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>TYRP1</i> gene mutations</li> <li>Tyson glands</li> <li>Tzanck smear</li> </ul> </section> <section> <h2>U</h2> <ul> <li>ubiquinone</li> <li>ulceration <ul> <li>ano-genital in HIV infection</li> <li>basal cell carcinoma</li> <li>calibre-persistent artery of lip</li> <li>conjunctival</li> <li>cytomegalovirus in HIV</li> <li>diabetic foot</li> <li>diabetic of leg</li> <li>genital <ul> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>primary herpes genitalis</li> </ul> </li> <li>granulomatosis with polyangiitis</li> <li>haemodialysis complication</li> <li>infantile haemangiomas</li> <li>infective eczema in lower leg</li> <li>injecting drug abuse</li> <li>leukaemia cutis differential diagnosis</li> <li>Lipschutz</li> <li>livedoid vasculopathy</li> <li>male genital <ul> <li>HIV infection</li> </ul> </li> <li>necrobiosis lipoidica</li> <li>neuropathic ulcer</li> <li>oral mucosa</li> <li>pentazocine ulcers</li> <li>perianal <ul> <li>Crohn disease differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>perioral in herpes simplex virus</li> <li>pressure points</li> <li>pressure sores</li> <li>prevention in foot</li> <li>primary immunodeficiency</li> <li>prolidase deficiency</li> <li>radiotherapy-induced</li> <li>rheumatoid</li> <li>sickle cell anaemia</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma complication</li> <li>stoma complication</li> <li>systemic sclerosis</li> <li>thalassaemias</li> <li>trigeminal trophic syndrome <ul> <li>atypical</li> </ul> </li> <li>tropical ulcer</li> <li>vasculopathic in dermatomyositis</li> <li><i>Vibrio vulnificus</i> infection</li> <li>vulval <ul> <li>causes</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>see also</i> aphthous stomatitis; aphthous ulcers; leg ulceration; oral ulcers; venous leg ulcers; venous ulcers</li> </ul> </li> <li>ulcerative colitis <ul> <li>hair colour changes</li> <li>lichen planus association</li> <li>linear IgA disease association</li> <li>necrobiosis lipoidica association</li> <li>pyoderma gangrenosum association</li> <li>reactive lesions</li> <li>skin cancer association</li> </ul> </li> <li>ulcerative sarcoidosis</li> <li>ulcerative stomatitis</li> <li>ulerythema ophryogenes <ul> <li>erythematotelangiectatic rosacea differential diagnosis</li> <li>scarring</li> </ul> </li> <li>Ullrich–Turner syndrome <i>see</i> Noonan syndrome</li> <li>ulnar artery</li> <li>ulnar–mammary syndrome</li> <li>ultrasonography <ul> <li>diagnostic</li> <li>psoriatic plaque thickness</li> <li>three-dimensional</li> </ul> </li> <li>ultraviolet (UV) exposure <ul> <li>acne vulgaris</li> <li>actinic prurigo</li> <li>allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>damage</li> <li>dermal connective tissue changes</li> <li>melanocyte response</li> <li>melanoma</li> <li>Merkel cell carcinoma</li> <li>mixed connective tissue disease</li> <li>polymorphic light eruption</li> <li>porokeratosis association</li> <li>premature ageing of skin</li> <li>reactive oxygen species production</li> <li>rosacea association</li> <li>subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>tanning</li> <li>transient acantholytic dermatosis association</li> <li><i>see also</i> sun exposure</li> </ul> </li> <li>ultraviolet (UV) filters <ul> <li>photoallergic contact dermatitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>ultraviolet index (UVI)</li> <li>ultraviolet protection factor (UVP)</li> <li>ultraviolet radiation (UVR) <ul> <li>absorption spectrum</li> <li>action spectroscopy</li> <li>acute effects</li> <li>ageing of skin</li> <li>ambient erythemal</li> <li>artificial sources <ul> <li>population exposure</li> </ul> </li> <li>basal cell carcinoma risk factor</li> <li>biological dosimetry</li> <li>calibration/dosimetry</li> <li>carcinogenesis</li> <li>cardiovascular disease role</li> <li>cellular effects on skin</li> <li>chromophore changes</li> <li>chronic effects</li> <li>clinical effects</li> <li>DNA damage repair</li> <li>erythema</li> <li>exposure risks</li> <li>fluorescent tube source</li> <li>gene upregulation</li> <li>genetic changes</li> <li>immunomodulation</li> <li>innate immunity enhancement</li> <li>keratinocyte function</li> <li>measurement</li> <li>molecular effects on skin</li> <li>normal effects on skin</li> <li>occupational skin cancers</li> <li>photoageing</li> <li>physical dosimetry</li> <li>population exposure</li> <li>production</li> <li>scleredema treatment</li> <li>seborrhoeic keratosis</li> <li>skin cancer <ul> <li>occupational</li> </ul> </li> <li>skin damage</li> <li>skin interactions</li> <li>solar</li> <li>sources</li> <li>subcategories</li> <li>tanning induction</li> <li>terrestrial</li> <li>therapeutic and melanoma risk</li> <li>transmission through skin</li> <li>vitamin D role</li> <li><i>see also</i> phototherapy; UVA radiation; UVA-1 phototherapy; UVB phototherapy; UVB radiation</li> </ul> </li> <li>ultraviolet (UV)-sensitive syndrome <ul> <li>Cockayne syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>xeroderma pigmentosum differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>umbilicus <ul> <li>bacterial flora</li> <li>bacterial infections</li> <li><i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> infection</li> <li>skin metastases</li> </ul> </li> <li>uncombable hair syndrome</li> <li>uncomfortable hair syndrome</li> <li>undecylenic acid</li> <li><i>Unicararia stenocephala</i></li> <li>unilateral naevoid telangiectasia syndrome</li> <li>Unna–Thost disease</li> <li>upper limb <ul> <li>surgery</li> <li><i>see also</i> arm, swollen</li> </ul> </li> <li>Urbach–Wiether disease <i>see</i> lipoid proteinosis</li> <li>urea, penetration enhancer</li> <li>urethral caruncle</li> <li>urethritis, gonorrhoea</li> <li>urogenital cancers, lymphoedema</li> <li>urokinase receptor (uPAR)</li> <li>uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (UROD) <ul> <li>deficiency</li> <li>gene mutation</li> </ul> </li> <li>urothelial carcinoma of bladder/urethra, extramammary Paget disease association</li> <li>ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy treatment</li> <li>urticaria <ul> <li>acute spontaneous <ul> <li>investigations</li> </ul> </li> <li>aetiology</li> <li>aggravating factors</li> <li>alcohol-induced</li> <li>allergic</li> <li>angio-oedema</li> <li>annular erythema of infancy differential diagnosis</li> <li>aquagenic</li> <li>autoimmune <ul> <li>progesterone</li> </ul> </li> <li>caterpillar reactions</li> <li>challenge procedures</li> <li>children</li> <li>cholinergic, <ul> <li>cold urticaria association</li> </ul> </li> <li>chronic spontaneous <ul> <li>investigations</li> <li>psychological factors</li> </ul> </li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>cold contact</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>contact <ul> <li>allergic</li> <li>chemical burns differential diagnosis</li> <li>irritant contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>non-allergic</li> <li>non-immune</li> </ul> </li> <li>definition</li> <li>delayed pressure</li> <li>dermographism</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>drug eruptions</li> <li>environmental factors</li> <li>eosinophil granule proteins</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>erythema marginatum differential diagnosis</li> <li>factitious</li> <li>foods</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>heat contact</li> <li>heroin abuse</li> <li>histamine liberators</li> <li>histological sections</li> <li>idiopathic</li> <li>immunomodulatory therapy</li> <li>inducible <ul> <li>classification</li> <li>weals</li> </ul> </li> <li>infants</li> <li>infection-induced</li> <li>infections</li> <li>infestations</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>locusts</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>management</li> <li>mechanical</li> <li>mechanical forces</li> <li>menstrual cycle <ul> <li>association</li> </ul> </li> <li>molybdenum toxicity</li> <li>neutrophilic urticarial dermatosis</li> <li>nickel allergy</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>non-allergic</li> <li>non-immune contact</li> <li>papular <ul> <li>arthropod bites/stings</li> <li>caterpillar reactions</li> <li>perforating dermatosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>toxic erythema of the newborn</li> <li>transient acantholytic dermatosis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>patch test complication</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>physical</li> <li>pigmentosa <ul> <li>mastocytosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>platelet role</li> <li>platinum toxicity</li> <li>pregnancy</li> <li>presentation</li> <li>pressure</li> <li>progesterone</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>pseudoallergic reactions</li> <li>psychological factors</li> <li>rheumatic fever</li> <li>schistosomiasis</li> <li>Schnitzler syndrome</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>solar</li> <li>spontaneous</li> <li>stress</li> <li>sweating</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>targeted therapy</li> <li>temperature-dependent</li> <li>urticarial vasculitis differential diagnosis</li> <li>vibration</li> <li><i>see also</i> allergic contact urticaria</li> </ul> </li> <li>urticarial vasculitis <ul> <li>associated diseases</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>disease course</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>erythema multiforme differential diagnosis</li> <li>hypocomplementaemic disease <ul> <li>Schnitzler syndrome differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>urticaria-like follicular mucinosis</li> <li>ustekinumab <ul> <li>palmoplantar pustulosis treatment</li> <li>pityriasis rubra pilaris treatment</li> <li>plaque psoriasis treatment</li> <li>psoriasis treatment</li> <li>psoriatic arthritis treatment</li> <li>pyoderma gangrenosum treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>UVA radiation <ul> <li>action spectroscopy</li> <li>matrix metalloproteinase induction</li> <li>photoageing</li> <li>sunscreen protection</li> </ul> </li> <li>UVA-1 phototherapy <ul> <li>administration</li> <li>delivery methods</li> <li>minimal erythema dose</li> <li>side effects</li> <li>systemic sclerosis</li> <li><i>see also</i> photochemotherapy (PUVA)</li> </ul> </li> <li>UVB phototherapy <ul> <li>administration</li> <li>adverse effects</li> <li>carcinogenic risk</li> <li>combination therapy</li> <li>contraindications</li> <li>delivery methods</li> <li>home treatment</li> <li>indications</li> <li>minimal erythema dose</li> <li>narrow-band for plaque psoriasis</li> <li>versus PUVA</li> <li>regimen variables</li> <li>staff safety</li> <li>subcorneal pustular dermatosis</li> <li>systemic agent combination</li> <li>topical agent combination</li> </ul> </li> <li>UVB radiation <ul> <li>action spectroscopy</li> <li>matrix metalloproteinase induction</li> <li>photoageing</li> <li>sunscreen protection</li> </ul> </li> <li>UVC radiation</li> <li>uveitis <ul> <li>autoinflammatory granulomatosis of childhood</li> <li>herpes zoster</li> <li>psoriasis association</li> <li>psoriatic arthritis association</li> <li>vitiligo association</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </section> <section> <h2>V</h2> <ul> <li>vaccinations <ul> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>morphoea association</li> </ul> </li> <li>vaccinia virus infection <ul> <li>anthrax differential diagnosis</li> <li>monkeypox differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>vacuum-assisted closure, neuropathic ulcers</li> <li>vagabonds' disease</li> <li>vaginal adenocarcinoma, vulval adenosis</li> <li>vaginal candidosis</li> <li>vaginal discharge</li> <li>vaginitis, desquamative</li> <li>valaciclovir <ul> <li>post-herpetic neuralgia</li> </ul> </li> <li>validation, measurement tools</li> <li>validity <ul> <li>clinical trials <ul> <li>strengthening</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>valproate <ul> <li>cutaneous sclerosis induction</li> </ul> </li> <li>valvular heart disease, antiphospholipid syndrome association</li> <li>Van Buchem disease</li> <li>van der Woude syndrome <ul> <li>ectrodactyly–ectodermal dysplasia–cleft lip/palate syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>syndromic cleft lip/palate</li> </ul> </li> <li>Van Maldergem syndrome</li> <li>vancomycin</li> <li>vancomycin-induced linear IgA disease</li> <li>vanishing bone syndromes <ul> <li>lymphatic malformations</li> <li><i>see also</i> Gorham–Stout syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>vanishing penis syndrome</li> <li>varicella gangrenosa</li> <li>varicella infection <ul> <li>atypical, rickettsialpox differential diagnosis</li> <li>children with HIV</li> <li>chronic</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>fetal</li> <li>haemorrhagic</li> <li>infants</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>maternal</li> <li>monkeypox differential diagnosis</li> <li>mouth ulcers</li> <li>oral mucosa</li> <li>orf differential diagnosis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>pityriasis lichenoides differential diagnosis</li> <li>pregnancy</li> <li>prophylaxis</li> <li>toxic shock syndrome association</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>varicella-zoster immune globulin (VZIg)</li> <li>varicella-zoster virus (VZV) <ul> <li>aphthous ulceration</li> <li>biology</li> <li>chronic verrucous</li> <li>cytodiagnosis</li> <li>disseminated</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>infective cheilitis</li> <li>lichen planus</li> <li>pain management</li> <li>pregnancy</li> <li>reactivation in immune restoration disease</li> <li>transmission</li> <li>treatment</li> <li>varicella</li> <li>vulval lesions</li> </ul> </li> <li>varicose eczema <ul> <li>allergic contact dermatitis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>varicose veins <ul> <li>chronic venous insufficiency</li> <li>Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome</li> <li>stripping causing phlebolymphoedema</li> <li>surgery-induced lymphoedema</li> <li>telangiectases</li> </ul> </li> <li>varicosities <ul> <li>labial veins</li> <li>oral cavity</li> </ul> </li> <li>variegate porphyria <ul> <li>acute attacks</li> <li>chemical-induced photosensitivity differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>drug-induced photosensitivity differential diagnosis</li> <li>genetic counselling</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>management</li> <li>skin lesion pathogenesis</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>vascular coagulopathies</li> <li>vascular disorders <ul> <li>arteriovenous</li> <li>capillary</li> <li>erythrocyanosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>internal malignancy association</li> <li>lymphatic anomalies</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>venous</li> </ul> </li> <li>vascular disruption theory</li> <li>vascular endothelial cells</li> <li>vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) <ul> <li><i>Bartonella</i> stimulation</li> <li>wound healing</li> </ul> </li> <li>vascular lesions <ul> <li>Adamantiades–Behçet disease</li> <li>atypical</li> <li>flashlamp treatment</li> <li>laser therapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>vascular malformations <ul> <li>infantile haemangioma differential diagnosis</li> <li>swollen face, head and neck</li> </ul> </li> <li>vascular neoplasms, radiotherapy-induced</li> <li>vascular proliferative lesions, oral</li> <li>vascular tumours <ul> <li>benign</li> <li>malignant <ul> <li>intermediate</li> </ul> </li> <li>reactive vascular lesions</li> <li><i>see also</i> haemangiomas</li> </ul> </li> <li>vasculitides <ul> <li>cardiac involvement</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>respiratory disorder association</li> </ul> </li> <li>vasculitis, cutaneous <ul> <li>allergic genital</li> <li>ANCA-associated <ul> <li>giant cell arteritis differential diagnosis</li> <li>polyarteritis nodosa differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>anti-GBM</li> <li>chemotherapy-induced nail change differential diagnosis</li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>cocaine use</li> <li>cryoglobulinaemic <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>definition</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>erythema elevatum diutinum</li> <li>erythema induratum of Bazin</li> <li>erythema multiforme differential diagnosis</li> <li>erythema nodosum</li> <li>familial Mediterranean fever</li> <li>history taking</li> <li>hypocomplementaemic urticarial</li> <li>IgA</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>large-vessel</li> <li>leg ulceration <ul> <li>mixed leg ulcer differential diagnosis</li> <li>venous leg ulcer differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>leukocytoclastic <ul> <li>inflammatory bowel disease association</li> <li>papulonecrotic tuberculid differential diagnosis</li> <li><i>Rickettsia conori</i> association</li> </ul> </li> <li>livedo pattern</li> <li>lymphocytic</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>management</li> <li>medium-vessel</li> <li>meningococcal disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>microscopic polyangiitis</li> <li>nodular <ul> <li>tuberculous</li> </ul> </li> <li>periosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>pityriasis lichenoides differential diagnosis</li> <li>presentation</li> <li>primary immunodeficiency</li> <li>recurrent necrotizing eosinophilic</li> <li>renal involvement</li> <li>rheumatoid</li> <li>single-organ small-vessel</li> <li>small-vessel ANCA-associated <ul> <li>respiratory disorder association</li> </ul> </li> <li>small-vessel immune complex-associated <ul> <li>respiratory disorder association</li> </ul> </li> <li>systemic disease indications</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>systemically reactivated allergic contact dermatitis</li> <li>Takayasu arteritis</li> <li>urticarial</li> <li>variable-vessel</li> <li>variants</li> <li>vessel size</li> <li>X-linked lymphoproliferative diseases</li> <li><i>see also</i> cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis; eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis; giant cell arteritis; granuloma faciale; granulomatosis, with polyangiitis; Kawasaki disease; urticarial vasculitis</li> </ul> </li> <li>vasculogenesis</li> <li>vasculopathy, systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) <ul> <li>cutaneous vasodilatation</li> </ul> </li> <li>vasoconstriction, cold-induced</li> <li>VCAM-1</li> <li>vegetable oils</li> <li>vegetating cicatricial pemphigoid, oral lesions</li> <li>VEGFC protein, lymphoedema therapy</li> <li><i>VEGFR3</i> gene mutations</li> <li>veil cells</li> <li>veins <ul> <li>anatomy</li> <li>deep</li> <li>macrocirculation</li> <li>perforating</li> <li>physiology</li> <li>superficial</li> </ul> </li> <li>vellus hair <ul> <li>eruptive cyst</li> <li>growth</li> </ul> </li> <li>Velpeau disease <i>see</i> hidradenitis suppurativa</li> <li>vemurafenib</li> <li>Venezuelan haemorrhagic fever</li> <li>venlafaxine phototoxicity</li> <li>venom <ul> <li>Hymenoptera stings/bites</li> <li>immunotherapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>veno-occlusive priapism</li> <li>venous angioma</li> <li>venous disorders <ul> <li>chronic venous insufficiency</li> <li>lymphatic malformation association</li> <li>venous thrombosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>venous eczema, chronic venous insufficiency</li> <li>venous hypertension, femoral veins</li> <li>venous insufficiency <ul> <li>oedema</li> <li><i>see also</i> chronic venous insufficiency</li> </ul> </li> <li>venous lakes <ul> <li>laser therapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>venous leg ulcers <ul> <li>associated disorders</li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>treatment algorithm</li> <li>variants</li> <li><i>see also</i> leg ulceration</li> </ul> </li> <li>venous malformations <ul> <li>associated disorders</li> <li>blue rubber bleb naevus syndrome</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>gastrointestinal</li> <li>glomuvenous</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>Maffucci syndrome</li> <li>management</li> <li>mucocutaneous</li> <li>palmoplantar</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>solitary</li> </ul> </li> <li>venous obstruction</li> <li>venous occlusion, acrocyanosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>venous outflow obstruction <ul> <li>swollen arm differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>venous reflux</li> <li>venous system, macrocirculation</li> <li>venous thromboembolism, antiphospholipid syndrome association</li> <li>venous thrombosis <ul> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>Mondor disease</li> <li>superficial venous thrombosis</li> <li>thrombophlebitis migrans</li> <li>varicose veins <ul> <li>Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>see also</i> deep vein thrombosis (DVT)</li> </ul> </li> <li>venous ulcers <ul> <li>chronic venous insufficiency</li> <li>healing</li> <li>lower leg eczema complication</li> <li>tropical ulcer differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>ventilator-associated pneumonia, burns</li> <li>venulectasias, legs</li> <li>venules</li> <li>vermilion border <ul> <li>surgical incisions</li> </ul> </li> <li>vermilionectomy</li> <li>vernal keratoconjunctivitis <ul> <li>clinical characteristics <i>109.18–19</i></li> <li>management</li> </ul> </li> <li>Verneuil disease <i>see</i> hidradenitis suppurativa</li> <li>vernix caseosa</li> <li>verruca necrogenica <i>see</i> tuberculosis, cutaneous, warty</li> <li>verruca vulgaris <ul> <li>follicular mucinosis association</li> <li>oral</li> </ul> </li> <li>verruciform xanthoma <ul> <li>genital</li> </ul> </li> <li>verrucous carcinoma <ul> <li>foot</li> <li>genital wart differential diagnosis</li> <li>nail apparatus</li> <li>oral</li> <li>vulval</li> </ul> </li> <li>verrucous haemangioma</li> <li>verrucous perforating collagenoma</li> <li>verrucous sarcoidosis</li> <li>verruga peruana</li> <li>versican</li> <li>very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) <ul> <li>diabetes</li> <li>hyperlipoproteinaemia type III</li> <li>hyperlipoproteinaemia type IV</li> <li>hyperlipoproteinaemia type V</li> </ul> </li> <li>Vesalius (Italian physician)</li> <li>vesicles, oral mucosa</li> <li>vesicular stomatitis virus infection</li> <li>Vespoidea</li> <li>vestibular papillomatosis</li> <li>vestibule, vulval</li> <li>vestibulodynia</li> <li>vibrating hand tools <ul> <li>hypothenar hammer syndrome</li> <li>palmar fascial fibromatosis</li> <li><i>see also</i> hand–arm vibration syndrome</li> </ul> </li> <li>vibration white finger <i>see</i> hand–arm vibration syndrome</li> <li>vibratory angio-oedema</li> <li><i>Vibrio cholerae</i></li> <li><i>Vibrio vulnificus</i></li> <li>vidarabine <ul> <li>herpes simplex virus treatment</li> <li>varicella-zoster virus</li> </ul> </li> <li>villi</li> <li>vimentin</li> <li>vinegar, cnidarian sting treatment</li> <li>vinorelbine, hyperpigmentation induction</li> <li>vinyl chloride <ul> <li>occupational acroosteolysis</li> <li>proximal nail fold capillaroscopy</li> <li>sclerodactyly</li> <li>systemic sclerosis trigger</li> </ul> </li> <li>viral antigens, delayed sensitivity testing</li> <li>viral arthropathies</li> <li>viral haemorrhagic fevers <ul> <li>Argentinian</li> <li>Bolivian</li> <li>Brazilian</li> <li>bunyavirus</li> <li>epidemic typhus differential diagnosis</li> <li>filovirus</li> <li>flavivirus infections</li> <li>Lassa fever</li> <li>Lujo virus</li> <li>meningococcal disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>Rocky Mountain spotted fever differential diagnosis</li> <li>tick typhus differential diagnosis</li> <li>tick-borne</li> <li>Venezuelan</li> </ul> </li> <li>viral infections <ul> <li>aphthous ulceration</li> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>blood fractions</li> <li>carcinogenesis</li> <li>culture specimens</li> <li>cytodiagnosis</li> <li>Darier disease complication</li> <li>diagnosis</li> <li>drug reaction association</li> <li>drug-induced exanthem differential diagnosis</li> <li>ear piercing complications</li> <li>encephalitis</li> <li>enteroviruses</li> <li>erythema annulare centrifugum</li> <li>erythema nodosum</li> <li>exanthems</li> <li>eyes <i>109.39–40</i></li> <li>fluorescence microscopy</li> <li>haemorrhagic fevers</li> <li>herpesvirus</li> <li>heterosexual men</li> <li>high-power microscopy</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>human retroviruses</li> <li>infants</li> <li>infective cheilitis</li> <li>insect-borne</li> <li>IRIS/IRD/IRAD</li> <li>laboratory diagnosis</li> <li>lichen striatus association</li> <li>mixed cryoglobulinaemia</li> <li>mucous membrane pemphigoid differential diagnosis</li> <li>myxovirus</li> <li>neonatal</li> <li>oncogenic</li> <li>oral cavity</li> <li>oral mucosa disorders</li> <li>oral ulceration</li> <li>parvovirus</li> <li>pathogenesis</li> <li>patterns of cutaneous reaction</li> <li>perineum/perianal region</li> <li>persistent</li> <li>picornavirus infections</li> <li>pinna</li> <li>pityriasis lichenoides</li> <li>polyarteritis nodosa</li> <li>polymerase chain reaction</li> <li>polyomavirus</li> <li>poxvirus</li> <li>serological tests</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus <ul> <li>association</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>systemic sclerosis</li> <li>tests</li> <li>togavirus</li> <li>vesicle fluid</li> <li>viral haemorrhagic fevers</li> <li>vulval</li> <li><i>see also</i> <i>named viruses and infections</i></li> </ul> </li> <li>virions</li> <li>virus-associated haemophagocytic syndrome</li> <li>viruses <ul> <li>classification</li> <li>latent</li> <li>reactivation</li> <li>replication in epidermal cells</li> </ul> </li> <li>visceral larva migrans</li> <li>vismodegib <ul> <li>basal cell carcinoma treatment</li> <li>naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>visual analogue scale (VAS)</li> <li>vitamin(s) <ul> <li>deficiencies</li> <li>excess</li> </ul> </li> <li>vitamin A <ul> <li>antiageing products</li> <li>carotenaemia</li> <li>deficiency</li> <li>excess</li> <li>recommended daily intake</li> <li>skin pathogenesis</li> <li>toxicity</li> <li><i>see also</i> retinoid(s); retinol</li> </ul> </li> <li>vitamin B, antioxidant activity</li> <li>vitamin B<sub>1</sub> deficiency</li> <li>vitamin B<sub>2</sub> <ul> <li>acne association</li> <li>deficiency <ul> <li>iron deficiency differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>vitamin B<sub>3</sub> deficiency <ul> <li>iron deficiency differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>vitamin B<sub>6</sub> <ul> <li>acne association</li> <li>deficiency</li> </ul> </li> <li>vitamin B<sub>9</sub> deficiency</li> <li>vitamin B<sub>12</sub> <ul> <li>acne association</li> <li>deficiency <ul> <li>aphthous ulceration</li> <li>deficiency glossitis</li> <li>folate deficiency differential diagnosis</li> <li>hyperpigmentation</li> <li>iron deficiency differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>injections and sclerodermiform reactions</li> </ul> </li> <li>vitamin C <ul> <li>antioxidant action</li> <li>pressure ulcer treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>vitamin C deficiency <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>vitamin D <ul> <li>congenital ichthyoses</li> <li>metabolism</li> <li>skin pathogenesis</li> <li>synthesis <ul> <li>melanin role</li> <li>restriction by pigmented skin</li> <li>sunscreen effects</li> <li>UVR exposure</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>vitamin D analogues <ul> <li>Flegel disease treatment</li> <li>nail psoriasis</li> <li>plaque psoriasis</li> <li>topical</li> <li>wart treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>vitamin D deficiency <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>generalized severe recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa</li> <li>hyperparathyroidism</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>mixed connective tissue disease</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> </ul> </li> <li>vitamin D receptor</li> <li>vitamin D supplements <ul> <li>hydroa vacciniforme</li> <li>photosensitivity diseases</li> </ul> </li> <li>vitamin E <ul> <li>antioxidant action</li> <li>deficiency</li> <li>excess</li> <li>recommended daily intake</li> </ul> </li> <li>vitamin K <ul> <li>deficiency</li> <li>injections and sclerodermiform reactions</li> </ul> </li> <li>vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB)</li> <li>vitamin K<sub>1</sub> injections <ul> <li>cutaneous sclerosis induction</li> </ul> </li> <li>vitiligo <ul> <li>addisonian pigmentation</li> <li>aetiology</li> <li>alopecia areata association</li> <li>autoimmune hypothesis</li> <li>chemotherapy-induced hypopigmentation differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>depigmentation</li> <li>dermatitis herpetiformis association</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>electron microscopy</li> <li>endocrine disorder skin signs</li> <li>environmental factors</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>facial hemiatrophy association</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>hair pigmentary defect</li> <li>halo naevi <ul> <li>association</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>hypochromic</li> <li>immune responses</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>Koebner phenomenon</li> <li>leprosy differential diagnosis</li> <li>lichen planus <ul> <li>association</li> </ul> </li> <li>lichen sclerosus differential diagnosis</li> <li>management</li> <li>mixed</li> <li>occupational dyspigmentation differential diagnosis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>piebaldism differential diagnosis</li> <li>pinta differential diagnosis</li> <li>pityriasis alba differential diagnosis</li> <li>pityriasis versicolor differential diagnosis</li> <li>psychological impact</li> <li>PUVA</li> <li>radiotherapy-induced</li> <li>repigmentation</li> <li>rheumatoid arthritis</li> <li>segmental</li> <li>social stigma</li> <li>trichrome</li> <li>universalis</li> <li>UVB phototherapy</li> <li>variants</li> <li>vulval</li> </ul> </li> <li>vitronectin, wound healing</li> <li>Voerner disease</li> <li>Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada syndrome <ul> <li>hair pigmentary defect</li> <li>vitiligo association</li> </ul> </li> <li>Vohwinkel syndrome</li> <li>volatile agents, illicit use</li> <li>volumizing of skin</li> <li>vomiting, hyperhidrosis</li> <li>von Hippel–Lindau syndrome <ul> <li>renal involvement</li> </ul> </li> <li>von Kossa staining</li> <li>von Recklinghausen disease <i>see</i> neurofibromatosis type 1</li> <li>von Willebrand disease</li> <li>von Willebrand factor, myeloproliferative disorders</li> <li>voriconazole, skin cancer association</li> <li>vulva <ul> <li>bacterial flora</li> <li>bacterial infections</li> <li>benign tumours</li> <li>bullous disorders</li> <li>congenital anomalies</li> <li>dermatoses</li> <li>examination</li> <li>extramammary Paget disease</li> <li>female genital mutilation</li> <li>function</li> <li>fungal infections</li> <li>genodermatoses</li> <li>history taking</li> <li>infections</li> <li>inflammatory dermatoses</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>malignancy</li> <li>mammary-like gland adenoma</li> <li>oedema</li> <li>pain</li> <li>pigmentary disorders</li> <li>pigmented lesion</li> <li>pre-malignant conditions</li> <li>psoriasis</li> <li>skin flora</li> <li>structure</li> <li>traumatic lesions</li> <li>ulcerative disorders <ul> <li>causes</li> </ul> </li> <li>variants</li> <li>viral infections</li> </ul> </li> <li>vulval hyperaesthesia, post-inflammatory</li> <li>vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) <ul> <li>basaloid</li> <li>extramammary Paget disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>management</li> <li>pagetoid</li> <li>severity classification</li> <li>warty</li> </ul> </li> <li>vulval lymphangiectasia/lymphangioma, carbon dioxide laser ablation</li> <li>vulval papillomatosis, genital wart differential diagnosis</li> <li>vulvitis circumscripta</li> <li>vulvodynia</li> <li>vulvo-vaginal adenosis</li> <li>vulvo-vaginal-gingival syndrome</li> <li>vulvovaginitis <ul> <li>candidal</li> <li>streptococcal</li> </ul> </li> <li>VZV immunoglobulin</li> </ul> </section> <section> <h2>W</h2> <ul> <li>Waardenburg syndrome <ul> <li>classification</li> <li>piebaldism differential diagnosis</li> <li>spinal dysraphism association</li> <li>variants</li> <li>vitiligo differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Wade–Fite staining</li> <li>Waldenström hypergammaglobulinaemic purpura</li> <li>Waldenström macroglobulinaemia <ul> <li>circulating abnormal immunoglobulins</li> <li>cryoglobulins</li> <li>malignant infiltration of skin</li> <li>oral lesions</li> <li>paraneoplastic pemphigus association</li> </ul> </li> <li>Walzel's sign</li> <li>war wounds</li> <li>warble flies</li> <li>warfarin <ul> <li>antiphospholipid syndrome treatment</li> <li>drug eruptions</li> <li>necrosis</li> <li>surgical bleeding complications</li> </ul> </li> <li>warming, frostbite management</li> <li>Warthin–Starry silver staining</li> <li>warts <ul> <li>oral</li> <li>periungual <ul> <li>carbon dioxide laser ablation</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>see also</i> ano-genital warts</li> </ul> </li> <li>warts, cutaneous <ul> <li>basal cell carcinoma differential diagnosis</li> <li>butchers'</li> <li>causative organisms</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>common</li> <li>definition</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>digitate</li> <li>discoid lupus erythematosus</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>epidermoid cysts</li> <li>eyelids</li> <li>filiform</li> <li>growth in primary immunodeficiency</li> <li>hand <ul> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>Hodgkin disease</li> <li>huge hyperkeratotic</li> <li>human papillomavirus in HIV</li> <li>iatrogenic transmission</li> <li>imiquimod therapy</li> <li>incontinentia pigmenti differential diagnosis</li> <li>infectivity</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>malignant change</li> <li>management <ul> <li>photodynamic therapy</li> <li>topical bleomycin</li> <li>topical sensitizers</li> </ul> </li> <li>multiple minute digitate keratoses differential diagnosis</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>phobias</li> <li>photodynamic therapy</li> <li>pigmented</li> <li>plane <ul> <li>confluent and reticulated papillomatosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>molluscum contagiosum differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>plantar <ul> <li>carbon dioxide laser ablation</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>prognosis</li> <li>psoriasis</li> <li>regression</li> <li>systemic lupus erythematosus</li> <li>tar</li> <li>transplant recipients</li> <li>variants</li> <li>viral <ul> <li>black heel/palm differential diagnosis</li> <li>cutaneous horn differential diagnosis</li> <li>Hailey–Hailey disease differential diagnosis</li> <li>laser therapy</li> <li>multiple minute digitate keratoses differential diagnosis</li> <li>persistent infections</li> <li>photodynamic therapy</li> <li>porokeratosis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>see also</i> seborrhoeic keratosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>warts, hypogammaglobulinaemia, infections and myelokathexis (WHIM) syndrome</li> <li>warts, immunodeficiency, lymphoedema and ano-genital dysplasia (WILD) syndrome</li> <li>warty dyskeratoma</li> <li>WAS protein (WASP)</li> <li>wasps <ul> <li>stings <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>venom</li> </ul> </li> <li>water <ul> <li>evaporation from skin</li> <li>light absorption</li> </ul> </li> <li>water-in-oil systems</li> <li>Waterlow scale for pressure ulcers</li> <li>Watson syndrome</li> <li>wavelength, selective thermolysis</li> <li>waxes, topical medication</li> <li>waxy keratoses of childhood</li> <li>weals, urticaria <ul> <li>allergic</li> <li>cholinergic</li> <li>cold urticaria</li> <li>definition</li> <li>histology</li> <li>inducible</li> <li>morphology</li> </ul> </li> <li>weaning, delayed</li> <li>Weary–Kindler syndrome <i>see</i> Kindler syndrome</li> <li>weathering nodule of ear <ul> <li>chondrodermatitis nodularis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Weber–Christian disease</li> <li>Weber–Cockayne disease</li> <li>weeverfish stings</li> <li>Weibel–Palade bodies</li> <li>weight loss <ul> <li>lymphoedema</li> <li>systemic sclerosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Weil disease</li> <li>Wells syndrome <ul> <li>recurrent cutaneous necrotizing eosinophilic vasculitis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Werner syndrome <ul> <li>basal cell carcinoma</li> <li>calcification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>Cockayne syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>coronary artery disease</li> <li>definition</li> <li>diabetes associations</li> <li>differential diagnosis</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>genetics</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>management</li> <li>mandibuloacral dysplasia differential diagnosis</li> <li>neoplasms</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>premature hair greying</li> <li>Rothmund–Thomson syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>skin ageing</li> </ul> </li> <li>wet wrap technique <ul> <li>atopic eczema</li> <li>eczema treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>WHIM (warts, hypogammaglobulinaemia, infections and myelokathexis) syndrome</li> <li>Whipple disease <ul> <li>pigmentation</li> <li>spondylarthropathy</li> </ul> </li> <li>whirlpool footbaths, <i>Mycobacterium fortuitum</i> infection</li> <li>white adipose tissue <ul> <li>adipocytes</li> </ul> </li> <li>white dermographism, atopic eczema</li> <li>white fibrous papulosis of the neck</li> <li>white piedra</li> <li>white sponge naevus</li> <li>Whitfield's ointment</li> <li>whole exome sequencing</li> <li>whole genome sequencing</li> <li>Wickham's striae, lichen planus</li> <li>widow spiders</li> <li>Wiedemann–Rautenstrauch syndrome <ul> <li>neonatal progeroid syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>progeria differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>WILD (warts, immunodeficiency, lymphoedema and ano-genital dysplasia) syndrome</li> <li>Willan, Robert</li> <li>Williams–Beuren syndrome</li> <li>willingness to pay (WTP)</li> <li>Wilson disease</li> <li>Wimberger's sign</li> <li>Winchester syndrome <ul> <li>hyaline fibromatosis syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>hypertrichosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>window film</li> <li>Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome <ul> <li>bacterial infections</li> <li>eczematous lesions</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>oral lesions</li> </ul> </li> <li>witchcraft syndrome</li> <li>Witkop–von Sallmann syndrome <ul> <li>tricho-dento-osseous syndrome differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Wnt pathway <ul> <li>ectodermal dysplasias</li> <li>signalling</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>WNT10A</i> gene mutation</li> <li>Wnt10b</li> <li>Wnt/β-catenin pathway, hair follicle stem cell activity regulation</li> <li><i>Wolbachia endobacteria</i></li> <li>Wolff–Chaikoff effect, potassium iodide-induced</li> <li>women <ul> <li>apocrine miliaria</li> <li>hirsutism</li> <li>HIV infection</li> </ul> </li> <li>wood allergy <ul> <li>timbers causing</li> </ul> </li> <li>wood dust</li> <li>Wood's light <ul> <li>erythrasma diagnosis</li> <li>fungal infections</li> <li>scabies mite identification</li> </ul> </li> <li>Woolf syndrome</li> <li>woollen garments, sensory irritation</li> <li>woolly hair <ul> <li>Carvajal syndrome</li> <li>naevus</li> <li>Naxos disease</li> <li>palmoplantar keratodermas</li> </ul> </li> <li>Woringer–Kolopp disease</li> <li>wound care <ul> <li>burns</li> <li>haemostasis for open wounds</li> <li>pressure ulcers</li> </ul> </li> <li>wound(s), chronic <ul> <li>abnormal healing</li> </ul> </li> <li>wound dressings <ul> <li>burns</li> <li>granulating wounds</li> <li>pressure ulcers</li> <li>surgical</li> </ul> </li> <li>wound healing <ul> <li>abnormal</li> <li>accelerated epithelial</li> <li>acute</li> <li>age</li> <li>age-related changes</li> <li>anchoring fibril function</li> <li>angiogenesis <ul> <li>diabetic wounds</li> </ul> </li> <li>basement membrane</li> <li>biomaterials</li> <li>children</li> <li>chronic wounds</li> <li>corticosteroid-associated impairment</li> <li>diabetic wounds</li> <li>fetal</li> <li>fibrin plug</li> <li>fibroblast recruitment</li> <li>granulating wounds <i>20.24 </i></li> <li>granulation phase</li> <li>granulation tissue</li> <li>growth factor augmentation</li> <li>hyaluronan</li> <li>immune response</li> <li>impairment <ul> <li>corticosteroid-associated</li> <li>by microbial colonization</li> </ul> </li> <li>inflammatory exudate</li> <li>inflammatory phase</li> <li>low-power laser therapy</li> <li>macrophage inhibitory factor role</li> <li>matrix synthesis</li> <li>microRNA regulation</li> <li>M-plasty</li> <li>novel therapies</li> <li>older people</li> <li>physiological basis of treatment</li> <li>reactive oxygen species production</li> <li>re-epithelialization</li> <li>remodelling phase</li> <li>retinoic acid therapy</li> <li>scab formation</li> <li>scarring</li> <li>by secondary intention</li> <li>skin grafts</li> <li>stages</li> <li>surgical</li> <li>sutures</li> <li><i>see also</i> flaps, surgical; skin grafts</li> </ul> </li> <li>wound infections <ul> <li><i>Acinetobacter</i></li> <li><i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> infection</li> <li>surgical</li> </ul> </li> <li>wound proteases</li> <li>wound swabs, pressure ulcers</li> <li>wrinkles, glyphic</li> <li>wrinkling <ul> <li>chemical peels</li> <li>filler use</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>smoking effects</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>WRN</i> gene mutations</li> <li><i>Wucheria bancrofti</i> <ul> <li>life cycle</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </section> <section> <h2>X</h2> <ul> <li>X chromosome</li> <li>xanthelasmas <ul> <li>cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis</li> <li>chronic cholestasis</li> <li>carbon dioxide laser therapy</li> <li>coronary artery disease</li> <li>eyelid</li> </ul> </li> <li>xanthogranuloma <ul> <li>necrobiotic <ul> <li>plane xanthoma differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>see also</i> juvenile xanthogranuloma</li> </ul> </li> <li>xanthoma(s) <ul> <li>coronary artery disease</li> <li>deep, necrobiotic xanthogranuloma differential diagnosis</li> <li>dyslipidaemic plane</li> <li>eruptive <ul> <li>diabetes</li> <li>hyperlipoproteinaemia type I</li> </ul> </li> <li>histiocytic disorders</li> <li>lipid metabolism disorders</li> <li>normolipaemic</li> <li>palmar <ul> <li>primary biliary cirrhosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>plane</li> <li>primary biliary cirrhosis</li> <li>tendon <ul> <li>cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis</li> <li>sitosterolaemia</li> </ul> </li> <li>tubero-eruptive</li> <li>tuberous <ul> <li>primary biliary cirrhosis</li> <li>sitosterolaemia</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>xanthoma disseminatum <ul> <li>cutaneous</li> <li>malignancy association</li> <li>systemic</li> </ul> </li> <li>xanthomatosis <ul> <li>diffuse plane <ul> <li>plane xanthoma differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>lipoid proteinosis differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>xenon (Xe) arc, UVR source</li> <li><i>Xenopsylla cheopis</i></li> <li>xeroderma pigmentosum <ul> <li>basal cell carcinoma</li> <li>classification</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>clinical variants</li> <li>Cockayne syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>definition</li> <li>DNA repair failure</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>freckles</li> <li>inheritance</li> <li>internal malignancy association</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>lip lesions</li> <li>management</li> <li>ocular neoplasms</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>Rothmund–Thomson syndrome differential diagnosis</li> <li>trichothiodystrophy differential diagnosis</li> <li>variant XP-V</li> </ul> </li> <li>xeroderma pigmentosum/Cockayne syndrome complex</li> <li>xeroderma pigmentosum/trichothiodystrophy (XP/TTD) syndrome</li> <li>xerosis <ul> <li>cutis</li> <li>HIV infection</li> <li>HTLV-1 association</li> <li>renal failure</li> <li>skin barrier function effects</li> </ul> </li> <li>X-linked agammaglobulinaemia</li> <li>X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) defects</li> <li>X-linked lymphoproliferative diseases</li> <li>X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome</li> <li>X-linked skin disease, linear manifestations</li> <li>X-ray examination, nails</li> <li>XXXXY syndrome</li> <li>XXYY syndrome</li> <li>XYY syndrome</li> </ul> </section> <section> <h2>Y</h2> <ul> <li>Y chromosome</li> <li>yaws <ul> <li>onchocerciasis differential diagnosis</li> <li>syphilis</li> <li>tropical ulcer differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>years lost to disability (YLD)</li> <li>yeasts <ul> <li>isolate identification</li> <li><i>see also</i> <i>Candida</i>; <i>other named organisms</i></li> </ul> </li> <li>yellow fever</li> <li>yellow-nail syndrome <ul> <li>clinical features</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>lichen planus differential diagnosis</li> <li>lymphoedema</li> <li>lymphoedema–distichiasis syndrome association</li> <li>management</li> <li>onychomycosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>respiratory disorder association</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Yersinia enterocolitica</i></li> <li><i>Yersinia pestis</i></li> <li><i>Yersinia pseudotuberculosis</i>, Far East scarlet-like fever</li> <li>young adults, molluscum contagiosum</li> </ul> </section> <section> <h2>Z</h2> <ul> <li>zidovudine <ul> <li>nail colouration</li> <li>psoriasis therapy</li> </ul> </li> <li>Ziehl–Neelsen staining</li> <li>zileuton, Sjögren–Larsson syndrome treatment</li> <li>Zimmermann–Laband syndrome, macrotia</li> <li>zinc deficiency <ul> <li>acquired <ul> <li>telogen effluvium</li> </ul> </li> <li>acrodermatitis</li> <li>acrodermatitis enteropathica</li> <li>angular cheilitis</li> <li>biotin deficiency differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>genital erythema</li> <li>investigations</li> <li>liver disease association</li> <li>management</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> </ul> </li> <li>zinc gluconate, hidradenitis suppurativa management</li> <li>zinc oxide <ul> <li>UV light blocking</li> </ul> </li> <li>zinc pyrithione</li> <li>zinc supplementation, pressure ulcer treatment</li> <li>zinc therapy <ul> <li>oral for papulopustular acne treatment</li> <li>wart treatment</li> </ul> </li> <li>Zinsser–Engman–Cole syndrome <i>see</i> dyskeratosis congenita</li> <li>Ziprkowski–Margolis syndrome</li> <li><i>ZMPSTE24</i> gene mutations</li> <li>Zollinger–Ellison syndrome</li> <li>Zoon balanitis <ul> <li>ano-genital psoriasis differential diagnosis</li> <li>lichen sclerosus differential diagnosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>Zoon vulvitis</li> <li>zoonoses <ul> <li>brucellosis</li> <li>glanders</li> <li>Oroya fever</li> <li>plague</li> <li>psittacosis</li> </ul> </li> <li>zoster immune globulin (ZIG)</li> <li>zoster infection <ul> <li>brucellosis differential diagnosis</li> <li>clinical features</li> <li>complications/co-morbidities</li> <li>definition</li> <li>epidemiology</li> <li>nomenclature</li> <li>pathophysiology</li> <li>presentation</li> <li>prevention</li> <li>recurrent</li> <li>treatment ladder</li> <li>variants</li> </ul> </li> <li>Z-plasty</li> <li>zygomatic deformities</li> <li>zygomycosis <ul> <li>genital</li> <li>panniculitis</li> </ul> </li> <li><i>Zygomycota</i> <i>see</i> <i>Glomeromycota</i></li> </ul> </section> </section> </body> </html>