Note: page numbers in italics refer to figures.
Aegean Sea, migrants crossing, here, here
African Americans
migration northward, here
number brought to United States as slaves, here
and white concerns about miscegenation, here
and World War I intelligence tests, here
African Union, and Great Green Wall, here
albinism
and early racial taxonomies, here
and early theories of skin color, here
alien species
advantages of, here
breeding with native species, here
as common and largely beneficial, here
as concept muddied by migration, here
damage done by, here
displacement of native species, here, here
early research on destructiveness of, here
efforts to purge, in Hawaii, here, here
labeling of climate-driven migrants as, here
as percentage of species, here
positive effects of, here, here
prejudice against, here, here, here, here
recent reevaluation of impact of, here
synergistic relationship between, here
U.S. Park Service opposition to, here
Allee, Warder Clyde, here
American Eugenics Society, here
American Museum of Natural History, here, here, here, here, here
Americas, supposed degeneration of life in, here
animals
exotic, European explorers’ collection and display of, here
sensing of impending environmental disturbances, here
See also DNA, animal; migration of animals
anti-immigration movement
in Europe, here
mass murders by supporters of, here
anti-immigration movement in United States, here
defeat of legal status for migrants, here
groups allied with, here
organizations in, here
outdated science embraced by, here
overpopulation concerns and, here, here
Trump administration and, here
author
alienation as Indian American, here, here
comfort in universality of migration, here
family history of, here
parents’ migration to United States, here
residence in Australia, here
as volunteer to aid refugees, here
Baartman, Saartjie, here
Bannon, Steve, here, here, here
barriers to animal migration
border walls and fences as, here
geographical barriers, here, here, here
human infrastructure as, here
beehives, expulsion of excess bees from, here
biogeography, here
birds
in Great Chain of Being, here
and seed dispersal, here, here
birds, migration of, here, here, here, here, here
early explanations of, here
tracking of, here
birthright citizenship (jus soli)
Dominican Republic’s revocation of, here
in English common law, here
Trump’s hope to revoke, here
The Black Stork (film), here
Border Patrol
establishment of, here
number of attacks on agents, here, here
borders
as arbitrary, invisible lines, here
need for opening of, here
as recent innovation, here
Borjas, George, here
Brigham, Carl, here
Britain, and anti-immigrant backlash, here, here
Bronx Zoo
and eugenics, here
exhibition of African man, here, here
Brower, David, here, here, here
Buffon, George-Louis Leclerc, comte de, here, here, here, here
on constant change in nature, here
on genital flap, here
on hierarchy of racial groups, here
Histoire naturelle by, here, here
Linnaeus and, here, here, here, here
on origin of racial groups, here, here
renown as scientist, here
on shared lineage of all humans, here
butterflies, migration of, here, here, here
See also checkerspot butterflies
The Camp of the Saints (Raspail), here
Canada
criteria for accepting immigrants, here
flight of migrants in United States to, here
Cann, Rebecca, here
Carr-Saunders, Alexander, here
Carson, Johnny, here
Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca, here, here, here
Center for Immigration Studies, here
cephalic index, here
checkerspot butterflies, here
early research on population decline in, here
Ehrlich’s research on, here, here, here
habitat destruction and, here
chestnut blight, here
cities, migration to, here, here
Citizenship and Immigration Services, U.S., here, here, here
civil rights activists
opposition to Coon’s racial theory, here
support for immigration, here, here
climate change
as continual and ongoing, here
cyclical, due to wobbles in Earth’s orbit, here
damage already done by, here
and extinctions, here
Himalayas and, here
and northward migration of species, here, here, here
climate change, next great migration caused by, here, here, here, here
complex factors in, here
false notions creating fear about, here
in-place adjustments as alternative to, here
and labeling of migrant species as invasive, here
legal barriers to, here
needed measures to facilitate, here
recasting as opportunity, here
types of disruptions and, here
warnings of destruction from, here, here, here
Clinton, Bill, here, here, here
Cold War
fear of destructive migrations after, here
and U.S. immigration race restrictions, here
colonialism
Linnaeus’s taxonomy and, here, here
nineteenth-century race theory and, here
continental drift theory, here, here
Coon, Carleton, here
Darién Gap, migration through, here, here
Darwin, Charles
Descent of Man, limited influence of, here
on global migration of species, here
and human evolution, here, here
on human racial groups, here
natural selection theory, poor reception of, here
psychological stress of, here
data, lumpers vs. splitters of, here
Davenport, Charles, here, here, here, here
Davis, Kingsley, here, here, here
demographic transition theory, here, here
Denisovan DNA in modern humans, here
Department of Homeland Security, here
disease
genetic, persistence of, here
migrants as source of, here
and origin of xenophobia, here
DNA, animal
genetic diversity through migration, here
interaction with environment, here
DNA, human
complex effects on body and behavior, here
evolution to accommodate migration, here
and genetic disease, here
interaction of genes, here, here, here
interaction with environment, here
and methylation, here
small differences between humans, here, here, here
small number of genes in, here, here
DNA evidence of human migration
in ancient petrous bones, here, here
on continuous migration, here, here
Human Genome Project and, here
on mingling with now-extinct humanoid species, here
mitochondrial DNA evidence, here
opposition to, here
on “Recent Out of Africa” theory, here
and small genetic differences in humans, here, here
DNA evidence of plant and animal migration, here
Dobzhansky, Theodosius, here, here
drought, migrations caused by, here
Earth 2100 (TV special), here
Ehrlich, Paul
attacks on, for population growth views, here
campaign against population growth, here, here, here
checkerspot butterfly research, here, here, here
interest in population growth issues, here
on overcrowding and antisocial behavior, here
on population growth in India, here
on U.S. removal of immigration restrictions, here
See also The Population Bomb (Ehrlich)
Ellis Island, here, here, here, here
Elton, Charles Sutherland
assumption of stasis in nature, here, here
on danger of invasive species, here, here
desire to revolutionize natural history, here
funding by New York Zoological Society, here
influence of work by, here, here
lemming research by, here, here, here
and migration research, here
enemy-release hypothesis, here
environmentalists
and population control movement, here, here, here, here, here, here
support for immigration restrictions, here
Eritrea
migrants from, resettled in United States, here
eugenics
American, Nazi admiration of, here
and concern about immigrants’ inferior traits, here
decline in popularity in 1930s, here
early twentieth-century support for, here
and Pioneer Fund, here
rationale for, here
Second International Congress of, here
Europe, flow of migrants into, here
crime attributed to migrants, here, here
fear-based response to, here
media dehumanization of migrants, here
migrant suffering and deaths in, here, here
number of migrants, here, here
political backlash against, here
residents’ overestimate of, here
European exploration
biodiversity discovered in, here
collection and display of exotic specimens, here
human diversity discovered in
bizarre accounts of, here
and denial of common human origin, here
extinctions, climate change and, here
fear of migrants. See xenophobia
Federation for American Immigration Reform, here, here
Galton, Francis, here, here, here
Galton Society, here
Germany, and anti-immigrant backlash, here, here
Gould, Stephen Jay, here, here
GPS, and tracking of animal migration, here, here, here, here
Grant, Madison
and anti-immigration legislation, here
background and career of, here, here
and biological inheritance theory, here
concern about biological effects of immigration, here, here, here, here, here
Passing of the Great Race, here, here, here, here
popularization of race theory, here, here
Great American Interchange, here
Great Chain of Being, race hierarchy in, here
Great Green Wall, here
Greece
antimigrant sentiment in, here
camps for Europe-bound migrants in, here
lack of resources for migrant care, here
as migrant destination, here, here, here, here
room for immigrants in, here
Haiti
and early theories of race, here
ongoing turmoil in, here
Haitian refugees in Dominican Republic, revocation of birthright citizenship, here
Haitian migrants in United States
deportation of, here
flight to Canada to avoid, here
and loss of homes and jobs, here
revocation of TPS status (2017), here, here
search for justifications for, here
temporary protective status (TPS) after 2010 earthquake, here
Trump on, here
U.S. efforts to limit number of, here
Hanen, Jonathan, here
Hardin, Garrett, here, here, here, here
Hart-Celler Act of 1965, here
Hawaii
beneficial effects of nonnative plants, here
efforts to purge nonnative plants, here, here
migration of plants from, here
studies of racial mixing in, here, here, here
Himalayas, climate change and, here
Hōkūle’a (sailing canoe), here
Hottentot apron. See genital flap
Hottentot Venus, here
human beings. See DNA, human; migration of humans; other specific topics
human beings, shared origin of
early European denial of, here
and small differences in DNA, here, here, here
Human Genome Project, here, here
ICARUS (International Cooperation for Animal Research Using Space), here
identity, location as basis of
and idea of migration as anomalous, here
origin of concept, here
Immigration Act of 1924 (Johnson-Reed Act), here, here
immigration to United States, here
dangers faced by migrants, here
as disruptive of communities, here
drastic decline in 1920s–30s, here
in early twentieth century
anti-immigration legislation, here
concerns about spread of immigrants’ “inferior” traits, here, here, here
fear of communists and, here
and melting pot concept, here
and World War I anti-German sentiment, here
by non-Europeans, after Hart-Celler Act, here
population concerns and, here, here
politicians’ support of, here
racial undertones in opposition to, here
route through South America, here, here
study on impact of, here
See also Darién Gap; entries under United States
India
and demographic transition theory, here
Ehrlich on population growth in, here, here
migration to United States in 1960s, here
population control in, here, here, here
inherited biological traits, early theories on, here
and concern about spread of immigrants’ inferior traits, here, here, here
and cultural vs. biological inheritance, here
and “feeble-minded” persons, restrictions on reproduction by, here
vs. modern genetic theory, here
research obstacles and, here
See also eugenics; mixed-race persons
international migration, as small portion of overall migration, here
International Panel on Climate Change, here
invasion biology, here
Isle Royale, wolf inbreeding on, here
Italy, and anti-immigrant backlash, here
Jean-Pierre (refugee), here, here, here, here, here
Johnson, Albert, here
Johnson, Lyndon B., here
Johnson-Reed Act. See Immigration Act of 1924
Kaibab plateau (Arizona), deer population crash on, here, here, here
Kon-Tiki Viracocha, legend of, here, here
Lack, David, here
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, here
Laughlin, Harry, here, here, here, here
lemmings, suicidal migration of
vs. actual causes of population cycles, here, here
in Disney’s White Wilderness documentary, here, here, here
Elton’s research on, here, here, here
as fictional, here
Leopold, Aldo, here, here, here
Libya, and migration to Europe, here, here
Linnaeus, Carl
animal migration, rejection of, here, here, here
childhood and family of, here
criticism of Buffon, here, here, here
fraudulent studies of Sami people, here, here
and Great Chain of Being theory, here
obsession with order, here
on original global dispersion of animals, here
and phrenology, here
sexual obsession of, here
Systema Naturae
anthropomorphism in, here
scandal caused by, here
vital issues addressed by, here
Linnaean taxonomy, here
as basis of modern system, here
borders between groups in, here
colonial mentality underlying, here, here
general acceptance of, here
Linnaean taxonomy of human, here, here, here
flimsy evidence for, here
influence of, here
search for unusual specimens, here
theological issues raised by, here, here, here
xenophobia and racial violence arising from, here
Los Angeles, and population growth, here, here
Malpighian Layer, here
McLeman, Robert, here, here, here, here
medical professionals
inability to adequately assess black patients’ pain, here
persistence of race concept in, here
Mediterranean Sea, here
barriers to prevent migration across, here
and Europe-bound refugees, here, here
methylation of DNA, here
migrant journeys
barriers’ deflection into greater danger, here
deaths in, here, here, here, here, here
difficulty of, here, here, here
and health care, here
measures needed to facilitate, here
migration
benefits, suppression of truth about, here
body changes in response to, here, here
migration as anomalous
early rejection of ancient human migration, here, here, here
early rejection of animal migration, here, here, here, here, here
persistence of concept, here
migration as destructive
author’s research on, here
biological model of ecological niches and, here
early research on invasive species and, here
media support for concept, here
and Nazi preference for native plants, here
warnings of post-Cold War mass migrations, here
See also invasive species; population growth; xenophobia
migration deterrence measures, here, here
ineffectiveness of, here, here
and migrant health, here
See also Trump policies to deter immigration; United States border wall; walls and fences at national borders
migration of animals, here
complexity of, here
difficulty of tracking, here
ecological functions of, here, here
efforts to create corridors for, here
eighteenth-century rejection of, here, here, here
and genetic diversity, here
GPS tracking of, here, here, here, here
as greater than previously believed, here
great skill displayed in, here
habitat destruction and, here
ICARUS program to track, here
impulses driving, here
limited knowledge about, before late twentieth century, here, here
mark-and-recapture tracking of, here
new scientific interest in, here
theological issues raised by, here
tracking on social media, here
See also barriers to animal migration; birds, migration of
migration of early humans across globe
alternative theory of separate evolution of races, here
Darwin on, here
modern understanding of, here
and racial groups, early theories on, here
seeming impossibility of, here, here
tree metaphor to describe, here, here
as unproven until late twentieth century, here
See also DNA evidence of human migration; Pacific Islands, prehistoric human migrations to
migration of humans
as continual and ongoing, here
and evolution, here
as shaped by political and economic forces, here
migration of humans today
and chain migration, here
and classification of migrants, here
fragmentary statistics on, here
high volume of, here
migrants as above-average, here
migrants’ benefits to host country, here, here
remittances sent home by migrants, here, w78
stepwise migration, here
See also Europe, flow of migrants into; immigration to United States; xenophobia
migration of humans today, reasons for, here, here
as complex and often unclear, here
economic motives, here
effect on countries’ willingness to admit them, here
generous public services as, here
political disruption and, here, here
See also climate change, next great migration caused by
migration of plants
as continual and ongoing, here
Hawaiian Koa tree and, here
role of animals in, here, here
sweet potatoes and, here, here, here, here
migration of plants and animals
as common and largely beneficial, here
DNA evidence on, here
efforts to create corridors for, here
Pacific coast mountains as corridor for, here
in response to climate change, here, here, here
See also alien species
migration of plants and animals in ancient times
continental drift theory, here, here
Darwin on, here
evidence suggesting active migration, here
land bridges theory, here
to Pacific islands, here, here, here, here, here
miscegenation, post-emancipation concerns about effects of, here
mitochondrial DNA, here
and evidence of evolutionary branching, here, here
as molecular clock, here, here
Mitochondrial Eve, here
mixed-race persons, early theories on
and concerns about miscegenation, here
failure of research to verify, here
feared degeneration of, here, here, here, here
study of, in Hawaii, here, here, here, here
study of, on Pitcairn Island, here
See also inherited biological traits, early theories on
Mjøen, Jon Alfred, here
Movebank, here
movement ecology, here
muskrats, American, in Europe, here
National Invasive Species Council, here
Native Americans, European diseases and, here
Nazis
admiration for American eugenics, here
and international refugee law, here
preference for native plants, here
U.S. rejection of refugees fleeing from, here
Neanderthal DNA in modern humans, here
New York City, early twentieth century
mix of natives and immigrants, here
mongrel culture developed in, here
New York Times, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
niches, ecological, as closed in early theory, here
and animal population cycles, inexplicability of, here, here
Elton’s lemming theory and, here
Gause’s Law and, here
and Nazi preference for native plants, here
and view of newcomers as destructive, here
niches, ecological, as open in reality, here
Nuremberg Laws, here
Osborn, Henry Fairfield
and anti-immigration legislation, here
background of, here
and biological inheritance theory, here
concern about biological implications of immigration, here, here, here, here
popularization of race theory, here
and population control, here
as science popularizer, here
Osborn, Henry Fairfield, Jr., here
Pacific islands, migration of plants and animals to, here, here, here, here, here
Pacific Islands, prehistoric human migrations to, here
efforts to explain, here, here
Panama, history of migration through, here
See also Darién Gap
Parmesan, Camille, here, here, here
Piailug, Pius “Mau,” here
Pitcairn Island, study of racial mixing in, here
plate tectonics theory, here, here
politicians, anti-immigration, rise of, here
Polynesian peoples. See Pacific Islands
The Population Bomb (Ehrlich)
call for harsh population control in, here
Ehrlich’s celebrity status due to, here
Ehrlich’s later recanting of, here
influence of, here
racial undertones in, here, here
population cycles in animals
closed niche theory and, here, here
Elton’s research on, here
in lemmings, discovery of actual cause of, here
population density, high
and increased social cooperation, here
research on antisocial behavior triggered by, here, here
research on benefits of, here
population growth as ecological crisis
as argument against immigration, here, here, here
demographic transition theory and, here, here
and Ehrlich’s population control campaign, here, here, here
and environmentalists’ support for population control, here, here, here, here, here, here
evidence for, in animal populations, here
influence of concept, here, here, here
Malthus on, here
motives of population control supporters, here
postwar revival of fears about, here
racial undertones in, here, here, here
rethinking of studies claiming, here
r/K selection theory and, here
subsidence of concern about, here
See also India
population growth as social crisis
and antisocial behavior triggered by crowding, here
as argument against immigration, here
public concerns about, here
racial groups
broad support for concept in 1950s, here
Coon’s theory of separate evolution of, here
criticism of, here
and hierarchy of races, here
DNA evidence undermining concept, here, here, here
evidence of continuous human migration undermining concept, here
hierarchy of, in Great Chain of Being theory, here
migration effects as explanation for, here
persistence of concept in medical and scientific community, here
research suggesting reality of, here, here
scientists’ reluctance to discuss, here
UN rejection of concept, here
racial groups, early theories on, here
and albinism, here
flimsy evidence for, here
Linnaeus on, here
search for unusual human specimens, here
theological issues raised by, here, here, here, here
xenophobia and racial violence arising from, here
See also inherited biological traits, early theories; mixed-race persons, early theories on
racial groups, nineteenth-century theories on, here
difficulties finding evidence for, here
as generally accepted in early twentieth century, here
as justification for colonialism, here
as justification for segregation, here
popularization of, here
racial science
establishment of, here
search for biological markers of race, here
Refugee Convention of 1951, here
refugees
conditions required for status as, here
Safe Third Country agreements and, here
Reich, David, here, here, here, here
remittances sent home by migrants, and wealth redistribution, here
Ripley, William Z., here
r/K selection theory, here
Roosevelt, Theodore “Teddy,” here, here, here
Safe Third Country agreements, here
St. Matthew’s Island, deer population crash on, here, here, here
sea lampreys in Great Lakes, here
sea-level rise, complex interaction with migration, here
Second International Congress of Eugenics, here
September 11 terror attacks, here
Shapiro, Harry, here
sinus pudoris. See genital flap
sitting height index, here
skin color
early European reports on, here
range of, in Europeans, here
as socially meaningless before age of European exploration, here
social cooperation, increase in, with increased population density, here
social media, and animal migration tracking, here
Southern Poverty Law Center, here
Stockholm Syndrome (Horowitz), here, here
Stoneking, Mark, here
storms and floods, migrations caused by, here, here
STRUCTURE software, here
Sullivan, Louis, here, here, here
Sweden, crime attributed to refugees in, here, here
Syrian Civil War, here, here, here, here
terrorism within United States, migrants and, here, here
Thompson, Ken, here
Thorne, Alan G., here
Tibetan Buddhists, flight from China, here
Trump, Donald
and anti-immigrant backlash, here
and border wall, plans to extend, here
on cost of migrants to United States, here
on Haitian refugees, here
on immigrant crime in Europe, here, here
on migrant caravans, here
on migrants as disease vectors, here
officials in administration of, as members of U.S. anti-immigration movement, here
racism of, here
and Safe Third Country policies, here
supporters, characteristics of, here
supporters’ belief in separation of races, here
on violence at U.S. border, here, here
Trump policies to deter immigration, here, here
and asylum claims, restrictions on, here
deportations of undocumented immigrants, here
ineffectiveness of, here
penalties for immigrant use of welfare services, here
plan to revoke birthright citizenship, here
and raised awareness of migrants, here
separation of children from parents, here
similar policies in other countries or U.S. administrations, here, here
Turkey, as conduit for African migration to Europe, here, here, here
United Nations
Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration, here
rejection of race as concept, here
resettlement of refugees by, here
Security Council concerns about climate-driven migrations, here
United States, migrants in
Americans’ overestimate of number of, here
and anti-immigrant backlash, here
difficulty of life for, here
economic effects of, here
increased crime attributed to, here, here
labeling as criminals, here, here
Refugee Resettlement Program, here
residents’ fear of, without evidence, here
support systems for, here, here
See also Haitian refugees in United States; immigration to United States
United States border wall
ineffectiveness of, here
Tijuana neighborhood abutting, here
Trump’s plan to extend, here
United States border with Canada
animal migration across, here
Border Patrol cameras monitoring, here
United States border with Mexico
author’s crossing of, here
easy passage in earlier years, here, here
many nationalities crossing, here
number of documented crossings, here
official crossing points, here
undocumented crossings
and aid to distressed migrants, here
dangers of, here
deaths of migrants, here, here
identification of dead migrants, here, here
pathways for, here
U.S. checkpoints on roads beyond, here
United States immigration policy
debate on, in 1980s–90s, here
easing on antimigrant sentiment with closed borders, here
employer vs. worker views on, here
Immigration Act of 1924 (Johnson-Reed Act) and, here, here
Nazi admiration of, here
refugee status, conditions required for, here
rejection of refugees fleeing Nazis, here, here
removal of race restrictions (Hart-Celler Act), here
restrictions by region of origin, here, here
See also Trump policies to deter immigration
VDARE (website), here
Vogt, William, here, here, here
walls and fences at national borders, here
and forcing of migrants into dangerous routes, here
ineffectiveness of, here
recent proliferation of, here
See also United States border wall
Washington Post, here, here, here
water scarcity, international agreements to manage, here, here
Weismann, August, here
Weismannism, here, here, here, here, here, here
Where Do Camels Belong? (Thompson), here
White Wilderness (Disney documentary)
Academy Award for, here
on lemming mass suicide, here, here, here
Wikelski, Martin, here, here, here, here
Wilson, Allan, here
World War II
anti-rat campaigns in Britain, here
discovery of bird migrations using radar, here
and lemming metaphor, here
postwar revival of overpopulation fears, here
U.S. rejection of Jewish refugees from, here
xenophobia, here
conditions causing, here
dissipation with assimilation, here
and exaggeration of threat, here
fear of disease and, here
origins of concept, here, here, here
persistence despite evidence, here, here
as vestigial impulse, here
Yellowstone to Yukon Initiative, here