Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
ABC News Poll, 259n
Abraham, 150, 151, 152, 171, 264n
Accademia del Cimento (Academy of Experiment), 58–59
“adamah,” 167
Adam and Eve, story of, 39, 55, 68, 69, 85, 165, 179, 181, 190, 228
descendants of, 96, 97–98
African elephants, 84, 87, 88, 110
Agassiz, Lake, 213–14, 214, 219
Agassiz, Louis, 140
Age of Reason, The (Paine), 164–65
Akkadian language, 154–56
Alexander Polyhistor, 157–58
Algonquin Indians, 213
alluvium, 112, 122
Alps, 45, 55, 58, 77, 81, 82, 125
chaotic interior of 65–66, 65
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 209
American Civil War, 183
American Geophysical Union, 260n
American Revolution, 164–65, 182
American Scientific Affiliation (ASA), 194, 226, 237
ammonites, 80, 87, 89, 90, 189
ammonium chloride (sal ammoniac), 103
Andes mountains, 80
Anglican Church (Church of England), 68, 120–21, 123, 125, 129
Annals of the Old Testament (Ussher), 97–98
anthropology, 168, 172–73, 175, 248
Appalachian mountains, 195–96
apparent age, doctrine of, 231
Aquinas, Saint Thomas, 40
Ararat, Mount, xiii, 238
Arbuthnot, John, 72–73
Arca Noë (Noah’s Ark) (Kircher), 44
archaeological excavations, 143–54, 212, 217, 227, 230
of cuneiform tablets, 143–50, 144, 152–54, 222–23
by George Smith, 148–50, 153–54
of Kish, 151–52
of Nineveh, 145–46, 148
of Ur, 150–52
Aristotle, 35, 106, 110
Arno River, 58
Ashurbanipal, King of Assyria, 145–46, 148–49
Assyrians, ancient, 144, 145–50
asteroid bombardment, 245
Astruc, Jean, 163–64
atheism, 10, 109, 249, 254–55
Atlantic Ocean, 241, 243, 245
ancient closing and reopening of, 95–96
Atlantis, myth of, 217–18
Atlantis II, 220
Atrahasis, 149, 154–56
Augustine, Saint, 37–38, 40, 48, 131, 140, 173, 251
Babylonian exile, 156–57, 165, 166, 168, 170–71
Babylonians, 98, 143–50, 144, 153, 154–59, 168, 170–72
backwater floods, 204, 208–9, 210–11, 213
Baghdad, 153, 169
Bakewell, Robert, 123, 129–30
Baptists, 182, 197, 226
basalt, 131, 132, 202–3, 204, 206, 207, 239
Beginnings of History, The (Lenormant), 171–72
Beowulf, 175
Berossus, 157–58
Bible Defended Against the British Association, The (Cockburn), 138
biblical chronologies, 96–98, 109, 122–23, 130, 237–38
“Biblical Evidence for a Recent Creation and Universal Deluge, The” (Morris), 226
biblical inerrancy, doctrine of, 183–85, 188, 228, 237
biblical interpretations, xii, xiii, 12–14, 120, 133, 161–64, 182–85
figurative vs. literal, 35–43, 47–51, 57, 63, 65, 76, 91, 96–98, 106, 114, 126–27, 129, 163, 183, 184–85, 226, 227, 237–38, 250
by individuals, 162–63, 183, 250
biblical scholarship, 161–68, 169, 184
biblical translations in, 39, 161–63, 166–67, 252
Genesis in, 160, 163–68
Big Bone Lick site, 86, 88
biogeography, 240
bitumen, 235
Black, Joseph, 104–5
Black Sea, 11, 135, 219–23, 219, 248, 253
Böklen, Ernst, 168
Bosporus, 219–20, 221
boulders, stray, 28, 106, 115, 117, 119, 121, 124, 125, 140, 202–3, 204
Branch, Glenn, 260n
Bretz, J Harlen, 203–11
critics of, 204, 207–9, 210
fieldwork of, 203–6, 209, 210
Penrose Medal awarded to, 210
scablands topography studied by, 204–7
scientific presentations of, 205, 206–7
Bridgewater treatises, 128–29, 136–37
Bright Angel Shale, 22–23, 27
Bright Angel Trail, 29
British Association for the Advancement of Science, 138, 140
British Museum, 143–50
Bryan, William Jennings, 190–91
Buckland, William, 120–31, 135, 136–39, 140
as Anglican minister, 120–21, 123, 125, 129
Bridgewater treatise of, 128–29, 136–37
critics of, 126–27, 137
diluvialism of, 120–28
fieldwork of, 121, 123–25, 136
Buddhism, 5–7
koras (pilgrimage treks) of, 5
Buffon, Baron Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de, 98–101, 106
cometary Creation theory of, 99, 101
geological epochs posited by, 100
Bureau of Reclamation, U.S., 209
Burma, 153
Burnet, Thomas, 65–69, 72, 73, 75–76, 79, 102, 108, 137
burrows, fossil, 22–23, 25, 41, 243
orientation of, 231
calcium carbonate (CaCO3), 23, 27, 103
calcium sulfate (gypsum), 196–97
Caledonian mountains, 95–96
Calvin, John, 43–45, 46, 163
Cambrian Period, 22
Cane Ridge Revival of 1801, 182
Cappel, Louis, 161–62
carbon-14 (14C), 5, 192–93, 192, 230–31, 259n
see also radiocarbon dating
Carnegie Museum, 185
carnivores, 111, 180
Cascade Range, 202, 204
Cascadia subduction zone, 216
catastrophism, 74, 114, 115–41, 210, 250
mass extinctions and, 90–91, 141
new, of Price, 187–89
uniformitarianism vs., 108–9, 117, 119–20, 128–29, 130, 133–35, 136, 140–41, 178, 198–99, 203, 210, 211, 226, 235, 237
see also floods, catastrophic
Catesby, Mark, 85–86
Catskill Formation, 96
caves, 55, 61–62, 67, 113
European, fossil assemblages in, 124–25, 127
Celsus, 36, 37
channeled scablands, 201–13
Lake Missoula as source of, 207–11, 208
landforms similar to, 211–12
topography of, 204–7
Charles I, King of England, 97
Chicago, University of, 192–93, 194, 204
China, 84, 97, 190
flood stories of, 172, 173–74, 248
Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians, 214
Christianity, xii, xiii, 9–14, 29, 31, 34, 35–51, 96–98, 123, 140, 141, 150, 182, 220, 223, 227, 235–36, 251, 254–55
mainstream, 197–98, 248
missionaries of, 168, 169–70, 172–73, 175, 212, 216–17
see also Protestants; Roman Catholic Church
Christian Philosopher, The (Mather), 85
Christian View of Science and Scripture, The (Ramm), 197–98
Christie, Agatha, 152
Christina of Lorraine, Grand Duchess, 47
Chronicles, First Book of, 264n
Chronologia (Julius Africanus), 97
Church of England (Anglican Church), 68, 120–21, 123, 125, 129
Church of Scotland, 167
cinder cones, 131, 132, 135, 136
Civil War, American, 183
Clallam Indians, 216–17
Clark, Robert, 220
clay, 24–25, 101
Clement of Alexandria, 37
Clement VII, Pope, 45
Clovis Culture, 213
coal, 186, 189
Cockburn, William, 137–39, 140
Coconino Sandstone, 25, 26, 27
Colenso, Bishop John William, 169–70
Colorado Plateau, 29
Colorado River, 16, 20, 23, 28
Columbia River, 202, 204, 205–9, 208, 212
Columbia University, 194, 218
comets, 73–75, 76, 113
as Earth’s progenitor, 99, 101
communism, 236–37
conformable layers, 21
conglomerate rock, 124, 249
Constitution, U.S., 252
continental drift, 239–44, 244
see also plate tectonics
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 45–49
coprolites, 212–13
coral reefs, fossil, 189, 234–35
cores, see drill cores
cosmic rays, 230–31
coulees, 202–3, 205
Council of Trent, 48, 162–63
Creation, 12, 13, 50, 53, 60–61, 64–69, 74, 81, 106, 114, 121, 122–23, 128, 130, 133, 135, 137, 164–65, 177
Babylonian version of, 146, 148, 150, 159
Buffon’s cometary theory of, 99, 101
contradictory stories of, 165
dating of, 96–98, 99, 100, 190
day-age theory of, 123, 184, 186, 188, 236, 250
Earth as perfect sphere at, 39–40, 65–69, 75–76
as epic poetry, 251
fossils as placed at, 140, 231
gap theory of, 123, 184, 186, 188, 191, 236, 250
mountains as forming after, 39–40, 65–69
repeated stories of, 164
second round of, 68, 69, 102, 111
White’s visions of, 186
Creation and the Flood (Young), 237–38
creationism, xii–xiii, 11–14, 34, 76, 91, 137–38, 140, 178, 179–99, 225–39
Black Sea flood hypothesis rejected by, 11, 223
communism opposed by, 236–37
dinosaurs in, 179, 180, 181, 189
evolution opposed by, 179–80, 182, 185, 186–87, 189–91, 194, 226, 227, 235, 236–37
geology as viewed by, 180–82, 185; see also flood geology
Grand Canyon as viewed by, 15–16, 22, 24–25, 26–28
miracles invoked by, 187, 228, 238, 249, 253–54, 256
origins of, 181–88
public opinion polls on, 259n
science vs., 12, 179–81, 194–97, 237–39, 245
self-imposed separatism of, 236
young Earth, xii, 11, 190–97, 225–37, 249, 250
see also flood geology; fundamentalism
Creation Museum, 179–81, 245
Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event, 91
Critical History of the Old Testament (Simon), 163
Critica Sacra (Sacred Criticism) (Cappel), 161–62
Croft, Herbert, 69
cuneiform tablets, 143–50, 144, 152–54, 222–23
Cuvier, Georges, 83–84, 87–91, 137
catastrophism of, 119–20, 121–22, 125, 130, 133
comparative anatomy practiced by, 87, 88, 89, 127
geological eras recognized by, 118–20
geologic time recognized by, 88–90
regional map created by, 118–19
Daniel, Book of, 50
Danube River, 222
Darrow, Clarence, 190–91
Darwin, Charles, 13, 103, 126, 140, 177, 236
dating methods, 191–93
fossil succession, 90, 118–20, 124–25, 132–33, 187, 191, 194, 196, 229–30, 232–33, 243
radiometric, 5, 17–19, 28, 29, 32, 185, 191–93, 195, 196, 197, 198, 230–31; see also radiocarbon dating
tree-ring record, 181, 193, 231
David, King, 165
day-age theory, 123, 184, 186, 188, 236, 250
Dead Sea, 197
deformation, 17, 21, 31, 33–34, 65, 71, 93–95, 94, 95, 102, 131, 260n
folding, 189, 195–96, 232, 233
orientation of, 94–95, 233–34
rigid, 243
tilting, 19, 60, 71, 94–95, 105, 189
uplift, 19, 94–95, 134, 136, 232, 239
deposition, 8, 21, 26, 59–60, 93, 101–2, 114, 136, 181
of British gravel blanket, 121–22
grand cycle of, 103–9, 110
as horizontal, 20, 60, 61, 71, 105, 108
order of, 20, 26–27, 59, 60, 61, 77, 90, 132–33, 191
Descartes, René, 53–54, 60
soul located in pineal gland by, 57
Deucalion and Pyrrha, 158–59, 172, 217–18
Devonian Period, 95–96, 95
Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (Galileo), 49
Dictionary of the Bible, 170
dikes, see granite veins
diluvialism, 80–84, 120–28, 137–39
diluvium, 122, 128
dinosaurs, 23, 26, 44, 230, 252
in creationism, 179, 180, 181, 189
extinction of, 79, 91, 180, 232, 259n
fossil trackways of, 181, 231–32
Discourse on the Revolutions of the Globe (Cuvier), 119–20
Dissertation on Solids Naturally Enclosed in Solids (Stensen, “Steno”), 61
Dodh Kosi River, 31
Dranse River, 119
drill cores:
of Black Sea floor, 221–22
ice, 181, 213
of Marmara Sea, 222
of sedimentary rock from oil wells, 195
Earth:
age of, xii, 9, 10, 11, 12–13, 18, 28, 40, 49, 53, 90, 96–98, 133, 141, 184, 190–97, 225–37, 249, 250; see also geologic time
in biblical translations, 166–67
Buffon’s cometary origin theory of, 99, 101
Cartesian theory of origin of, 53–54
as center of universe, 45–50, 198
climate changes of, 256
as flat, 50, 191, 198
as habitable ark, 251
internal heat of, 17, 32, 105, 106–7, 110, 196
Latin word for, 167
magnetic field of, 240, 242
predicted end of, 56, 96–98
as prediluvian perfect sphere, 39–40, 65–69, 75–76
rotation of, 83
theoretical cooling of, 239
total water supply of, 55, 66
Ussher’s birthdate for, 64
earthquakes, 53, 111, 134, 135, 172, 229, 232
deep, 242–43
global distribution of, 240, 242–43
nuclear tests vs., 242
tsunamis produced by, 215–17
ecological zonation, 196
Edinburgh, University of, 95, 102, 107
Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, 126–27
Egypt, 89, 96–97, 190, 193, 217–18
flood stories lacked by, 172, 176
Eichhorn, Johann, 164
elephants, 84, 86, 87, 88, 110
old, death position of, 193
Elijah, 97
Elijah ben Asher Levita, 161
Elohim, 166
Encyclopedia Biblica, 168
Engels, Friedrich, 236
England, 65–76, 85–86, 95, 101, 120–41, 143–54, 212, 213
fossils of, 70–71, 80, 118
sedimentary rock in, 103, 118
English Channel, 212
Enki, 155
Enlightenment, 164–65
Enlil, 155
Epochs of Nature (Buffon), 100
“eretz,” 166–67
erosion, 8, 16, 17, 19–20, 21–22, 23, 24, 26, 53, 60–61, 74, 101, 102, 117, 134, 135, 181, 195, 249
grand cycle of, 103–9, 110
of mountains, 93, 95–96, 99
Essay on the Theory of the Earth (Cuvier), 119
Essay Toward a Natural History of the Earth (Woodward), 69, 70, 71–73, 75
Euphrates River, 146, 147, 150–52, 153, 169, 170, 171, 175–76, 223
Evangelical Quarterly, 244
evaporation, 55, 67, 196–97
evaporites, 196–97
Everest, Mount, 9, 17, 31–34
base camp of, 31
fault zones of, 31, 32
height of, 260n
Lhotse Detachment of, 32
name of, 260n
North Col Formation of, 32
Qomolangma Fault of, 32
Qomolangma Formation of, 32–33
radiometric dating of, 32
Ronbuk Formation of, 31–33
Yellow Band of, 32
Everest, Sir George, 260n
evolution, 11, 13, 36, 88–91, 182, 185, 196, 249, 252, 256
Buffon as proponent of, 99
creationist opposition to, 179–80, 182, 185, 186–87, 189–91, 194, 226, 227, 235, 236–37
Creation Museum version of, 179–80
Scopes trial and, 190–91
Examination of Dr. Woodward’s Account of the Deluge, An (Arbuthnot), 72–73
extinctions, 79–91, 118, 126, 138, 185, 263n
of dinosaurs, 79, 91, 180, 232, 259n
of fossil species, 27, 79–80, 87, 88–89, 243
mass, 90–91, 141
species changes shown by, 88–91
Fairbridge, Rhodes, 218
faith, 247–57
reason vs., xii, 34, 36–38, 42–43, 67, 69, 76, 85, 170, 178
faults, 31, 32, 33, 233
fault zones, 31, 32, 233
feldspar, 17
Ferdinand II, Grand Duke of Tuscany, 58–59, 60
field mapping, 194
Fijians, 172, 215
fish, 81–82, 252
Fishes’ Complaint and Vindication, The (Scheuchzer), 81–82
Fleming, John, 126–27, 128
flood control, 153
in China, 173–74
flood geology, 10, 176–77, 178, 185–98, 225–39
apparent age doctrine in, 231
fossil record and, 187–89, 191, 228–35, 243
geologic record in, 189, 228–35
Kulp’s refutation of, 194–97, 226
flood geology (continued)
mammoths invoked in, 185, 188–89, 193–94
miracles invoked by, 187, 228, 238
radiocarbon dating disputed by, 230–31
science vs., 187, 188, 191–98, 226–35, 236, 237–39
vapor canopy theory of, 74, 228, 230, 235, 245
Young’s criticisms of, 237–38
see also Price, George McCready
Flood Myths of Early China, The (Lewis), 173–74
flood-prone estuaries, 147, 150–53, 175–76
floods, catastrophic, 8–14, 115–17, 135, 169–74, 198–99, 201–23
backwater, 204, 208–9, 210–11, 213
at Baghdad, 153, 169
of Black Sea, 11, 135, 219–23, 219, 248, 253
deglaciation as source of, 218–23; see also glacial ice dams
geological signature of, 119, 199
geologists’ denials of, 203–4
in Grand Canyon, 28–29
in Hindu cosmology, 159–60
of Irrawaddy River delta, 153
on Mars, 210, 211
in Mesopotamia, 150–53, 160, 169, 170, 171, 174, 175–76, 177, 222–23, 248, 253
see also tsunamis
flood stories, xi–xiv, 8–14, 143–60, 168–78, 199, 212–23, 247–53
actual events transmitted by, 8–9
Akkadian, 154–56
Babylonian, 143–50, 144, 153, 154–59, 168, 170–72
Chinese flood control in, 173–74
compilations of, 171–74
culture-to-culture transmission of, 159, 175
deglaciation as source of, 218–23
differences in, 146–47, 149, 159–60, 170–71
geology and, 169–70, 176–78
global distribution of, 168, 171–74
Greek, 158–59, 172
Hindu, 159–60, 171–72
of Moken sea gypsies, 8
Native American, 23–24, 29, 172, 212–14
oral transmission of, 176
Pacific tsunami, 8, 215–16
plausible reality of, 176
psychological hypotheses of, 168–69
Scandinavian, 214–15
similarities in, 143, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 155–56, 157–59, 172
survivor heroes of, 146, 149, 152, 153–56, 157–60, 171, 174
Tibetan, 7, 14
tsunami, 8, 215–18
Florence, Italy, xiii, 58–63, 62, 132
Accademia del Cimento, 58–59
Folk-lore in the Old Testament (Frazer), 172
fossil assemblages, 119–20, 124–25, 127, 196, 232, 233
fossil record, 118–20, 124–25, 132–33, 137, 243, 249
ecological zonation in, 196
flood geology and, 187–89, 191, 228–35, 243
fossils, xiii, 13, 29, 33–36, 57–63, 72, 79–91, 114, 125, 128–29, 130, 133, 185, 186–87, 191, 228, 229
ammonites, 80, 87, 89, 90, 189
ancient Greek view of, 34–36
apparent age doctrine applied to, 231
biogeography of, 240
comparative anatomy and, 88–89
coprolites, 212–13
coral reefs, 189, 234–35
curative powers attributed to, 57
diluvialist view of, 80–84, 122
English, 70–71, 80, 118
of extinct species, 27, 79–80, 87, 88–91, 243
fecal pellets, 33
fish, 81–82
formation of, 59–60
found in polar regions, 189
fraudulent, 264n
“giant,” 82–87, 88, 137
in Grand Canyon, 16, 22–23, 24, 25, 26, 27
as growing in rocks, 41, 59
Homo diluvii testis, 82–84, 83
human, 122
of invertebrate burrows and tracks, 22–23, 25, 41, 231
Leonardo’s view of, 41–42
mammoth, see mammoths
marine, 26, 33–34, 68–69, 81–82, 118–19, 229
marine, in mountains, 12, 33–35, 41–42, 57–61, 70, 74, 80, 101, 173, 189, 253
as mineral oddities, 58, 81–82
as placed at Creation, 140, 231
plant, 73, 81, 82, 90
as proving global flood, 37, 38, 40, 42, 45, 91, 173
tongue stones, 57–60
trackways, 25, 181, 231
trilobites, 23, 33, 79, 91, 189, 229–30, 245
fossil succession, 90, 118–20, 124–25, 132–33, 187, 191, 194, 196, 229–30, 232–33, 243
France, 57–58, 86, 87–91, 98–101, 118–20, 130, 163–64
Auvergne region of, 131–33, 132, 135, 136
Frazer, James, 172–73
Freiberg Mining Academy, 101
French Revolution, 87–88, 109
Freud, Sigmund, 168–69
fundamentalism, xiii, 10, 182–98, 225–38, 255
biblical inerrancy doctrine of, 183–85, 188, 228, 237
communism opposed by, 236–37
evolution opposed by, 185, 186–87, 189–91
origins of, 182–84
reactionary, 248
sectarianism and, 183
self-imposed isolation of, 184–85, 189–90, 236
varying viewpoints in, 184, 188, 191, 193, 194–97, 236, 250–51
see also creationism; flood geology
Fundamentals, The, 184
Galanopoulos, Angelos, 217–18
Galileo Galilei, 10, 46–50, 51, 53, 54, 58, 61, 74, 99, 100
Gallup Poll, 259n
gap theory, 123, 184, 186, 188, 191, 236, 250
Garden of Eden, 169
dinosaurs in, 179, 180, 181
see also Adam and Eve, story of
garnet, 17
Genesis, Book of, 34, 50, 74, 75–76, 82–83, 87, 106, 122, 133, 135, 139, 140, 152, 177, 188
brevity of, 252
as composite story, 160, 163–68
contradictions in, 163, 165–66, 190
figurative vs. literal interpretations of, 36–43, 44, 62, 65, 67–68, 89, 96–98, 100, 102, 109, 111, 120, 121, 123, 126–27, 128, 129–30, 131, 170, 187–88, 198, 250, 251–52
Jerome’s translation of, 39, 161, 162–63, 166–67
monotheism promoted by, 157, 168, 170–71, 251
names of God in, 164, 166
older sources of, 148, 157, 160, 164
repetitions in, 163, 164
stylistic analyses of, 164, 165
Genesis Flood, The (Whitcomb and Morris), 227–39
geological eras, 109, 114, 118–10, 186, 188
Geological Essays (Kirwan), 110–11
Geological Society of America, 205, 207, 260n
Penrose Medal of, 210
Geological Society of London, 130, 139
Geological Society of Washington, DC, 206–7
Geological Survey, U.S., 207
geologic record, 17–29, 18, 21, 77, 82–84, 91, 120, 133, 141, 189, 230, 234, 249
deciphering, 19–21
in flood geology, 189, 228–35
oldest rocks in, 14, 18, 26
stratigraphic sequence of, 18, 20, 26, 60, 105, 128–29, 136, 189, 196, 209, 229, 232–34
geologic time, 16, 20, 34, 60–61, 88–91, 93–114, 115, 120, 132–37, 180, 186, 188, 189, 233, 239, 243, 249, 256–57
Aristotle’s cycle theory of, 35, 106, 110
biblical chronologies vs., 96–98, 109
Cuvier’s recognition of, 88–90
deep time concept of, 94, 103, 111, 114, 250
discovery of, 93–96, 102–14; see also Hutton, James
in Grand Canyon, 17, 18, 22, 23, 24, 26, 29, 31
Werner’s theory of, 101
see also dating methods
geology:
Appalachian, 195–96
basic principles of, 20, 54, 59–61, 64, 70, 77, 90, 191, 196
creationist view of, 180–82, 185; see also flood geology
development of, 29, 34, 53
field, 58, 60, 61, 81, 93–95, 101, 106–8, 111, 115–17, 118–20, 121, 123–25, 131–33, 196, 203–6, 209, 210
flood stories and, 169–70, 176–78
heretical, 203–4, 206–9
historical, 101, 226, 227
laboratory models of, 195–96
regional, 117–19
regional maps of, 118
scriptural, 140
Steno and, see Stensen, Niels “Steno”
geomorphology, 1
Getroz glacier, 119
“giants,” fossil, 82–87, 88, 137
Gilgamesh epic, 146, 154, 156
glacial ice dams, 119, 201–15, 208, 214
failures of, 4–7, 6, 207–15, 219, 248
of Lake Agassiz, 213–14, 214, 219
of Lake Missoula, 207–11, 208, 212–13
radiocarbon dating of, 211
glacial moraines, 4–5, 4, 6, 215
glaciations, see ice ages
glaciers, 91, 115, 119, 140, 180, 202, 204, 209
Glen Canyon dam, 16
Glen Tilt site, 106, 111
global positioning system (GPS), 260n
graded bedding, 233–34
Graham, Billy, 198
Grand Canyon, 9, 10, 14, 15–29, 18, 59, 179, 181, 187, 229, 233
ancient catastrophic floods in, 28–29
Bright Angel Shale of, 22–23, 27
cliffs vs. ledges in, 24–25
Coconino Sandstone of, 25, 26, 27
creationist view of, 15–16, 22, 24–25, 26–28
discontinuities in, 16
fossils in, 16, 22–23, 24, 25, 26, 27
geologic time in, 17, 18, 22, 23, 24, 26, 29, 31
Hermit Shale of, 25
Indian Gardens of, 22–23
Kaibab Limestone of, 26, 27
Muav Limestone of, 23–24, 27
posited canyon previous to, 28
radiometric dating of, 17–19, 28, 29
Redwall Limestone of, 24, 27
Supai Group of, 24
Tapeats Sandstone of, 19, 21–22, 21, 27
Toroweap Formation of, 26, 27
unconformities in, 21–22, 21, 23–24
Vishnu Schist of, 16–20, 21–22, 21, 31
Grand Canyon: A Different View (Vail), 15–16, 260n
Grand Coulee, 205
granite, 18, 31, 125, 202–3, 239
granite veins (dikes), 19, 20, 32, 105, 106–7
gravel, 3, 101, 115, 119, 121–22, 124, 125, 131, 132, 136, 139, 202, 205, 206, 209
gravity, suspended, 71
graywacke sandstone, 93–96, 95, 102, 107–8
Great Barrier Reef, 26
great white shark, 58–60
Greek Bible, 98, 161–62, 167, 250, 263n
Greeks, ancient, 41, 43, 49, 63, 89, 96, 157–59, 217–18, 219
Babylonian flood story known by, 157–58
flood story of, 158–59, 172
Greeks, ancient (continued)
fossils as viewed by, 34–36
king list of, 217
Greenland ice cores, 213
Gulf Stream, 213
Guru Rimpoche, 5–7
gypsum (calcium sulfate), 196–97
Hall, Sir James, 107–8, 111, 130
Halley, Edmund, 73–75, 228
Hammurabi, King of Babylon, 154
Haran, 152
Havasupai people, 23
Hebrew Bible, 157, 161–62, 165, 167, 250
vowels and spaces lacked by, 161, 252
Hebrew language, 39, 63, 161, 166–67, 252, 263n
Herbarium of the Deluge (Scheuchzer), 82
heresy, 9, 45–50, 99, 100, 162–63
geological, 203–4, 206–9
Hermit Shale, 25
Herod, King of Judea, 98
Himalaya mountains, 33–34, 159
Hindu flood stories, 159–60, 171–72
Histoire Naturelle (Buffon), 99
Ho-ko-ma-ta, 23
Homo diluvii testis, 82–84, 83
Hutton, James, 93–96, 95, 102–14, 137, 239
background of, 102–3
critics of, 109–11, 112
death of, 109–10, 129
at Glen Tilt site, 106, 111
grand cycle posited by, 103–9, 110, 130
at Siccar Point site, 93–96, 94, 95, 102, 107–8, 109, 111, 113–14
uniformitarianism espoused by, 108–9, 119, 120, 130, 133
Huxley, Thomas, 177–78
hydraulic sorting, 229–30, 235
hydrological cycle, 55
ice ages (glaciations), 5, 140, 185, 218–19, 229
deglaciation at end of, 218–23
Quaternary extinction event of, 91
ice dams, see glacial ice dams
ice drill cores, 181, 213
ice giants, 214–15
Iceland, 215
Idaho, 208, 212
Ides, Ysbrand, 84
igneous rock, 20, 260n
Illogical Geology (Price), 187
Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth (Playfair), 111–13
India, 33, 84, 110
flood stories of, 159–60, 171–72
Indian elephants, 84, 87, 88
Indian Gardens, 22–23
Indonesia, 8, 216
Inquisition, 47, 48–49
Institute for Creation Research, 237
intelligent design, xiii, 254
Introduction to Geology (Bakewell), 123, 129–30
Introduction to the History of Minerals (Buffon), 99
Irrawaddy River, 153
isotopes, radioactive, 17–19, 192–93, 198, 231, 259n
James, Epistle of, 162
Jamieson, Robert, 167
Japan, 216
Jefferson, Thomas, 86–87
Jerome, Saint, 38–39, 161, 162–63, 166–67
Jerusalem, destruction of Temple in, 96–97
Jesuits, 45, 54–55
Jesus, 10, 96–98
Jewish Bible, 161–64
Jews, 34, 35, 36, 39, 43, 50, 89, 149, 161
Babylonian exile of, 156–57, 165, 166, 168, 170–71
exodus of, 96–97
oral traditions of, 152, 165, 166
traditional Sabbath of, 98
John Paul II, Pope, 49–50, 64
Jordan, David Starr, 187
Josephus, 98
Joshua, Book of, 46
Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation, 194
Jude, Epistle of, 162
Judges, Book of, 167
Julius Africanus, 96–97
Jupiter, moons of, 46
Kaibab Limestone, 26, 27
Keill, John, 75–76
Khoikhoi (Hottentot) people, 175
King James Bible, 98, 167, 263n
Kircher, Athanasius, 54–55, 60
Kirkdale Cave site, 124–25, 127
Kirwan, Richard, 109, 110–11, 112–13
Kish, 151–52
Klamath Indians, 176
Kulp, J. Laurence, 194–97, 226
lahars, 116
lakes, ancient, 2–7, 2, 4, 6, 207–12, 208
Langdon, Stephen, 151–52
Latin Bible, 39, 161, 162–63, 166–67, 263n
lava dams, 28
lava flows, 131–32, 132, 202
lead, 18–19
Lectures on Genesis (Luther), 44
Lenormant, François, 171–72
Leonardo da Vinci, 41–42, 43, 103
Leviticus, Book of, 167
Lewis, Mark, 173–74
Lhotse Detachment, 32
Libby, Willard F., 192–93, 192, 194
limestone, 19, 195, 245
Kaibab, 26
metamorphosed, 32
Muav, 23–24, 27
Redwall, 24, 27
Limited Test Ban Treaty (1963), 242
Lucian, 158–59
Luther, Martin, 43–45, 46, 162–63
Lyell, Charles, 129–37, 139, 140, 169
fieldwork of, 131–33, 132
geologic time defended by, 132–37
Huxley’s support for, 177–78
uniformitarianism of, 133–35, 136, 178, 203, 235
magnetometers, 242
Mallowan, Max, 152–53
Malone, Dudley Field, 191
mammoths, 84–87, 88, 90, 91, 110–11, 118, 127, 261n–62n
in Big Bone Lick site, 86, 88
deaths suffered by, 185, 193–94
in flood geology, 185, 188–89, 193–94
radiocarbon dating of, 185, 193
Siberian, 84, 86, 88, 100, 110, 112–13, 127, 178, 185
mammoth teeth, 84, 85–86, 88, 261n–62n
Manu, 159–60, 171–72
mapping, geological, 118, 194, 233
marble, 32
Marmara Sea, 222
Marriott, Alice Lee, 175
Mars, 210, 211, 256
Marx, Karl, 236
mass extinctions, 90–91, 141
mass spectrometers, 18–19, 259n
mastodons, 88, 261n–62n
Mather, Cotton, 84–85, 86, 231
Matthew, Gospel of, 50, 264n
Mazama, Mount, 176
Medici family, 58, 63
Mediterranean Sea, 11, 35, 217–23
Black Sea and, 219–23, 219
tsunami in, 217–18
megafauna, 91
Memoir on the Geology of Central France (Scrope), 131
Mesopotamia, 141, 143–60, 147, 169–77
catastrophic floods in, 150–53, 160, 169, 170, 171, 174, 175–76, 177, 222–23, 248, 253
first farmers’ arrival in, 222, 223
India’s trade relationship with, 159
metamorphic rock, 20, 260n
of Everest, 31–32
Metamorphoses (Ovid), 158
Methodists, 182
mica, 17
Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 241
Middle Ages, 40, 97
mid-ocean ridges, 240, 241, 241, 242, 243
millennialism, 41
Miller, Arthur, 188
Miocene epoch, 82
missionaries, 168, 169–70, 172–73, 175, 212, 216–17
Missoula, Lake, 207–11, 208, 212–13
Missouri River, 213
Moken people (sea gypsies), 8
Moon, 46–47
Moore, James, 244
moraines, glacial, 4–5, 4, 6, 215
Morris, Henry, 225–39
Moses, 44, 48, 65, 67–68, 74, 85, 96, 99, 106, 114, 120, 121, 123, 163, 164, 166
Moses Coulee, 202–3
mountains, 1–7, 93–96, 112, 135, 239
ancient, 17, 20, 26
changed attitudes toward, 77
erosion of, 93, 95–96, 99
formation of, 239–44; see also plate tectonics
as forming after the Creation, 39–40, 53, 81
lunar, 46–47
marine fossils found in, 12, 33–35, 41–42, 57–61, 70, 74, 80, 101, 173, 189, 253
mid-ocean ridges, 240, 241, 241, 242, 243
as ruins of once perfect world, 9, 44–45, 55, 65–69, 77
subterranean streams in, 55
Muav Limestone, 23–24, 27
Mundus Subterraneus (Subterranean World) (Kircher), 55
Murchison, Roderick, 131–33, 138
Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, 89
NASA, 210
National Park Service, 15, 260n
National Science Foundation, 259n
Native Americans, 43, 68, 176
Beowulf-like story repeated by, 175
Clovis culture, 213
flood stories of, 23–24, 29, 172, 212–14
mammoth stories of, 86–87
Thunderbird and Whale mythology of, 217
tsunami flood stories of, 216–17
natural philosophers, 34, 35, 40, 41, 45, 49, 51, 53, 54, 56–57, 58, 64, 67, 69, 70, 71, 76, 77, 79–80, 83, 86, 91, 98, 104, 113, 114, 115, 119, 123–24, 182, 186
Natural Theology (Paley), 122–23
nautilus, pearly, 80
Needham, Joseph, 100–101
Neolithic sites, 219
Neptunism, 101, 106, 108, 110
New Geology, The (Price), 189
New System of Geology (Cockburn), 138–39
New Theory of the Earth, A (Whiston), 75
Newton, Isaac, 67–68, 71, 75
New World, 28–29, 84–87
exploration of, 42–43, 86–87
repopulation of, 43, 68
New York, 84–85
Catskill Formation, 96
Nez Perce Indians, 212
Niagara Bible Conference, 184
Nile River, 172, 176
Nineveh, 145–46, 148
Noah’s ark, xiii, 36, 67, 126–27, 227
animals in, 27, 56, 79, 87, 126, 137, 158–59, 165–66, 169, 230
Babylonian version of, 146–50
bitumen caulking of, 235
carnivores and, 111
Mount Ararat landing of, xiii, 238
New World animals in, 42–43
symbolic meaning of, 168–69
Noah’s Ark (Arca Noë) (Kircher), 55
Noah’s Flood:
amount of rainfall in, 74, 165, 228
biblical critics’ view of, 36, 38
Black Sea flood as, 11, 222–23
cometary cause of, 73–75, 76, 113
contradictions in stories of, 165–66
dating of, 97, 120
divine creation of more water as needed for, 55, 66
duration of, 13, 16, 66, 74, 97, 114, 126, 165, 228
early Christian debate on, 35–41
floodwaters’ origins in, 54, 55, 61–63, 62, 65, 66–67, 69, 71, 76–77, 83, 110–11, 112–13, 228, 243
Noah’s flood (continued)
as global catastrophe, 7, 10, 33, 34, 35–36, 38–43, 50, 54–56, 65, 76, 85, 89, 90, 109, 121, 124, 135, 136, 141, 150, 153, 166–67, 169–70, 171–74, 223, 225–37, 245, 259n
Grand Canyon as formed by, 15–16, 22, 24–25
human variety and, 43
inadequate supply of water for, 55, 56, 66, 73, 74, 228
marine fossils in mountains explained by, 33–34
Mesopotamian versions of, 143–53, 144
planetary repopulation after, 43, 55–56, 63, 197
postdiluvian runoff problem of, 42, 55, 62, 67, 75, 243
Protestant interpretations of, 43–51
as recent global catastrophe, 89, 120, 124, 125–28
as regional or local disaster, 11, 55–56, 135, 150–53, 169–71, 172–74, 177, 184, 228
sediment rate required for, 22
suspended gravity and, 71
symbolic meaning of, 36–37, 38, 149, 168–69
triggers of, 53–54, 61–63, 67, 71, 79, 83, 110
vapor canopy theory of, 74, 113, 228, 230, 235, 245
White’s visions of, 186, 187
Nordic mythology, 214–15
North America, 14, 96, 110–11, 172, 175, 176, 248
Cascadia subduction zone of, 216
deglaciation of, 218–19
glacial outburst floods in, 201–14
human arrival in, 212–14, 230
mammoth fossils in, 84–87, 88, 118, 127, 261n–62n
mastodon fossils in, 88, 261n–62n
see also Native Americans; New World
North Col Formation, 32
Notes on the State of Virginia (Jefferson), 86
nuclear test ban treaties, 242
oceanography, 11, 220–23
plate tectonics and, 240–44
sonar in, 240–41
Odin, 214–15
Oenigen limestone quarry, 82
Ohio River, 86
oil well drilling, 195
Ojibwa (Chippewa) Indians, 214
Old Red Sandstone, 93–96, 95, 102, 107–8
Olympus, Mount, 38
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (Copernicus), 45–46
oral traditions, 8–9, 212, 216
Jewish, 152, 165, 166
transmission of, 176
Oratorians, 163
Oregon, 204, 206, 212, 213, 216–17
Origen, 36–37
Origines Sacrae (Sacred Origins) (Stillingfleet), 56
Ovid, 158
Pacific Islands, 215, 248
Paine, Thomas, 164–65, 182
Paisley Caves site, 213
paleontology, 89, 185, 194, 249
Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 152
Paley, William, 122–23
Paluxy River footprints, 231
Pangea, 239
Pardee, Joe, 207–8, 209
Parker, Reverend Samuel, 205
Parnassus, Mount, 158
Paros, 217
Pasig-Potrero River, 115–17, 117
Patton, George, 225
Paul III, Pope, 45–46
Paul V, Pope, 48
Pawnee Indians, 213
pearly nautilus, 80
Pentateuch and Book of Joshua Critically Examined, The (Colenso), 169–70
Permian Period, 23
Permian-Triassic extinction event, 91
Persians, ancient, 96, 98
Peter I “the Great,” Tsar of Russia, 84
Philippines, 115–17, 117
Philo, 35–36
photosynthesis, 5, 192–93
phyllite, 32
Pinatubo, Mount, 115–17, 117
Pindar, 158
pineal gland, 57
pink granite, 19
Pitman, Walter, 11, 221–23
Pius VII, Pope, 122–23
plants, 22, 56, 240
fossil, 73, 81, 82, 90
photosynthesis by, 5, 192–93
plate tectonics, xiii, 29, 181, 228–29, 232, 240–45, 249, 250
in earthquake distribution, 240, 242–43
explanatory power of, 243–44
Himalaya formed by, 33–34
mid-ocean ridges produced by, 240, 241, 241, 242, 243
spreading centers in, 241, 242, 244
subduction zones of, 216, 242–43, 244
Plato, 158, 217–18
Playfair, John, 107–8, 111–13
Polyhistor, Alexander, 157–58
populism, 182–83
Presbyterians, 182, 237
Prévost, Constant, 130
Price, George McCready, 185–91, 195, 196, 197, 227
evolution and, 186–87, 189–91
fossil record as viewed by, 187–89, 191, 229
new catastrophism of, 187–89
White’s influence on, 185–87
see also flood geology
Principia Philosophiae (Descartes), 53–54
Principles of Geology (Lyell), 132, 133–37
Protestants, 43–51, 57, 63, 120, 162–63, 166, 179–99, 250
evangelical, 178, 183–85, 189–91, 193–98, 225–27, 235–38, 244
populist, 182–83
see also fundamentalism
psychological hypotheses, 168–69
Ptolemy, 49
pudding stone, 124
Pu-keh-eh, 23
Qomolangma Fault, 32
Qomolangma Formation, 32–33
quartz, 17, 25
quartzite, 19, 124
Quaternary Period, 91
Questions and Answers on Genesis (Philo), 35–36
radioactive isotopes, 17–19, 192–93, 198, 231, 259n
radiocarbon dating, 5, 192–93, 192, 194, 230–31, 259n
of Black Sea mud layer, 220, 221
of human coprolites, 212–13
of Lake Missoula ice dams, 211
of mammoths, 185, 193
of Santorini volcanic ash, 217
wood samples used for, 193
radiometric dating, 5, 17–19, 28, 29, 32, 185, 191–93, 195, 196, 197, 198, 230–31
raindrop craters, 233
rainwater, percolating, 24
Ramm, Bernard, 197–98, 226
Rank, Otto, 168–69
Rawlinson, Henry, 144, 149
Redwall Limestone, 24, 27
Relics of the Flood (Buckland), 125
Renaissance, 41, 97, 162
Revelation, Book of, 50, 162
rift volcanism, 241
ripple marks, 233
giant, 206, 209–10
rivers, 35, 55, 67, 75, 101, 124, 125, 180, 205
alluvial deposits of, 112, 122
annual flooding of, 172, 176
flood control measures on, 153, 173–74
in Garden of Eden, 169
ice dam collapses of, see glacial ice dams
Siberian, 212
valleys and gorges of, 1–7, 9, 112, 131, 132, 132, 138, 206
Robigou, Véronique, 18, 21, 244
Roman Catholic Church, 35–51, 57, 61, 166
Council of Trent of, 48, 162–63
early, 35–41
Galileo grounded by, 10, 46–50, 51, 54, 99
heresy condemned by, 45–50, 99, 100, 162–63
Order of the Oratory of, 163
science vs., 45–51
Steno’s conversion to, 63–64
Romans, ancient, 98, 113
flood story repeated by, 158–59
Royal Geographical Society, 260n
Royal Society of Edinburgh, 104–6
Royal Society of London, 70, 73–75, 85, 101
Copley Medal of, 125
Halley’s address to, 74–75
Ryan, Bill, 11, 221–23
Ryle, Herbert, 170–71
Sacred Criticism (Critica Sacra) (Cappel), 161–62
Sacred Origins (Origines Sacrae) (Stillingfleet), 50
Sacred Physics (Scheuchzer), 65, 83, 83
Sacred Theory of the Earth (Barnet), 65–69
Saint Helens, Mount, 10
sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride), 103
saliva ducts, 57
Samuel, First and Second Books of, 167
sand, 16–17, 32, 101, 115, 119, 124
quartz, 25
slopes supported by, 24
sand dunes, fossilized, 25
sandstone, 19, 20, 23, 24–25, 103, 113–14, 195
Coconino, 25, 26, 27
graywacke, 93–96, 95, 102, 107–8
Old Red, 93–96, 95, 102, 107–8
Santiam Kalapuya Indians, 212
Santorini (Thera), 217–18
Satapatha Brahmana, 159
scablands, see channeled scablands
Scandinavia, 214–15
Scheuchzer, Johann, 65, 81–84, 83, 118
schist, 32
formation of, 17–19
see also Visnhu Schist
Schofield Reference Bible, 188
science, 43, 64, 72, 80, 85, 114, 127, 259n
creationism vs., 12, 179–81, 194–97, 237–39, 245
flood geology vs., 187, 188, 191–98, 226–35, 236, 237–39
religion vs., xii–xiv, 9–14, 45–51, 63, 113, 122–23, 129, 131, 136, 141, 170–71, 178, 191, 197–98, 247–57
resistance to change in, 253
serendipitous nature of progress in, 60
Science, 188
Scopes, John Thomas, 190–91
Scotland, 93–96, 94, 95, 102–14, 126, 130–31, 167
scriptural geologists, 140
Scrope, George Poulett, 131–33
sea gypsies, 8
sea levels, 35, 42, 218–23
seas, 67
ancient, 17, 19, 22–23, 24, 26, 27, 31–34, 42, 58–60, 94–95, 100, 101, 104–6, 136, 245
inland, 135
topography of, 240–44
Second Coming, 96–97
sectarianism, 183
secular modernism, 248
Sedgwick, Adam, 126, 136, 138, 139
sedimentary rock, 21, 42, 59–61, 80, 82, 101–2, 103–9, 114, 188, 194–97, 228–32, 235, 243, 249
British, 103, 118
conformable layers of, 21
dinosaur tracks in, 181
drill cores of, 195
formation of, 20, 195, 239
granite veins in, 19, 20, 32, 105, 106–7
individual layers of, 25
insoluble materials in, 106
marine, 19, 20, 32
solidifaction of, 104–5
see also deformation; geologic time
sediments, 15–20, 24, 59–62, 103–6, 125, 189, 195, 196, 228–32, 245
backwater, 210–11
of Black Sea layers, 220, 221
hydraulic sorting of, 229–30, 235
of lake terraces, 2–6
marine, 19, 20, 31–34
sediments (continued)
settling-out time needed for, 25
as sorted by density, 71, 72, 73, 229
surficial, 90, 115–17, 118, 120–29, 139, 140
see also deposition
seismology, 242–43
Seventh-day Adventism, 186–87
Sevy, Elaine, 260n
shale, 19, 20, 23, 24–25, 195
Bright Angel, 22–23
Hermit, 25
shark’s teeth, 58–60
Shell Oil Company, 195–96
Shoshone Indians, 212
Shuruppak, 147, 149, 154, 222–23
Siberian mammoths, 84, 86, 88, 100, 110, 112–13, 127, 178, 185
Siberian rivers, 212
Siccar Point site, 93–96, 94, 95, 102, 107–8, 109, 111, 130, 229
Silurian Period, 95–96, 95
Simeulue Island, 216
Simon, Richard, 163
Smith, George, 143–50, 144, 152, 153–54, 156
Smith, William, 118
Snake River, 208
Society of Biblical Archaeology, 147
soils, 53, 74, 103, 112, 166–67, 243
Solomon, King, 97–98
Solon, 217–18
sonar, 240–41
South America, 80, 85, 243
Spokane Flood, 205, 207
Spokane Indians, 212
Stackhouse Bible, 120
Stationers’ Company, 98
Stensen, Niels “Steno,” xiii, 56–64, 69, 71, 79, 98, 102, 233, 249
beatification of, 64
Catholic conversion of, 63–64
field observations of, 58, 60, 61
geological principles formulated by, 59–61, 64, 70, 77, 191, 196
medical training of, 57–58
six-stage model of, 61–62, 62
Woodward’s plagiarizing of, 72–73
Stillingfleet, Edward, 56
Stono plantation, 85–86
stratigraphic columns, 18, 233
stratigraphy, 18, 20, 26, 60, 105, 128–29, 136, 189, 196, 209, 229, 232–34
structural mapping, 194, 233
Stuiver, Minze, 231
subduction zones, 216, 242–43, 244
subterranean abyss, 55, 61–62, 62, 63, 66–67, 69, 71, 75–76, 83, 110–11, 113, 187, 228
Subterranean World (Mundus Subterraneus) (Kircher), 55
Sumerians, 143–50, 147, 152, 153–54, 222–23
Sun, 13, 42, 54, 76, 99, 101, 251, 252
in Copernican system, 45–49
Supai Group, 24
supergeyser eruptions, 245
Superior, Lake, 214
surficial sediments, 90, 115–17, 118, 120–29, 139, 140, 140
Switzerland, 81–84, 119
Tapeats Sandstone, 19, 27
unconformity of, 21–22, 21
tear glands, 57
telescope, invention of, 46–47, 48
Tell Obd site, 152
“tellus,” 167
“terra,” 166–67
Texas, 196–97, 231
Theory of the Earth (Hutton), 108–10, 111–13
Thera (Santorini), 217–18
thrust faults, 233
Thunderbird, 217
Tibet, 1–8, 2, 4, 260n
flood story of, 7, 14
Guru Rimpoche and, 5–7
Tibetan Plateau, 33, 174
Tigris River, 146, 147, 153, 169, 171, 175–76, 223
Tolmachoff, Innokenty, 185
tongue stones, 57–60
shark’s teeth as, 58–60
topographic terraces, 1–6, 2
topography, xi–xiii, 1–14, 28, 34, 99, 100, 115, 118, 121, 132, 135, 166–67, 180, 181, 243
in aerial photography, 209–10
alpine, 44, 45
of Cascade Range, 202
deciphering, 1–7
inherent beauty of, 8, 77
as result of divine wrath, 38–41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 55–56, 71–72
scablands, 204–7
seafloor, 240–44
seventeenth-century opinion on origins of, 53–77
Toroweap Formation, 26, 27
Tower of Babel, story of, 149–50
Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, 109
tree-ring records, 181, 193, 231
trilobites, 23, 33, 79, 91, 189, 229–30, 245
Tsangpo Gorge, 1, 3, 4–5, 4, 6
Tsangpo River, 1–7, 2, 4, 6
tsunamis, 172, 215–18, 248
Mediterranean, 217–18
2004 Indian Ocean, 8, 216
unconformities, 21–22, 21, 23–24
of Black Sea seabed, 221–22
of Siccar Point site, 93–96, 94, 95, 102, 107–8
unicorns, 167, 263n
uniformitarianism, 108–9, 117, 119–20, 128–29, 130, 133–35, 136, 140–41, 178, 198–99, 203, 210, 211, 226, 235, 237
Ur, 147, 150–52
uranium-lead radiometric dating, 18–19, 196, 198
Urban VIII, Pope, 49
urination fantasies, 168–69
Uruk, 154
Ussher, Bishop James, 64, 97–98, 190
Utnapishtim, 146, 154, 156
vapor canopy theory, 74, 113, 230, 245
greenhouse effect of, 228, 235
vertebrate paleontology, 89
Victoria Institute, 220
Vikings, 215
Vindiciae Geologicae: or, the Connexion of Geology with Religion Explained (Buckland), 122
Vishnu Schist, 16–20, 31
unconformity of, 21–22, 21
volcanoes, 10, 55, 67, 100, 105, 135, 186, 206, 229, 243, 260n
cinder cones left by, 131, 132, 135, 136
lahars of, 116
lava flows of, 131–32, 132, 202
Mount Mazama, 176
Mount Pinatubo, 115–17, 117
Mount Saint Helens, 10
rift, 241
Santorini (Thera), 217–18
Vossius, Isaac, 55–56
Washington, 201–11, 216–17
Washington, University of, 201–3, 204, 231
Wegener, Alfred, 239–40
Werner, Abraham, 101–2, 104–6, 108, 109, 110
Whale, 217
Whiston, William, 75, 76
Whitcomb, John, 225–39
White, Ellen Gould, 185–87
Willamette Valley, 204, 206, 208, 212, 213
William III, King of England, 68
Witschonke, Alan, 65, 83, 95, 144
Woodward, John, 69–73, 75, 79, 81, 102, 126, 137, 187, 229
Woolley, Leonard, 150–52
World War II, 240–41, 242
Xisuthros, 157–58
Yahweh, 166
Yakama Indians, 212
Yellow Band, 32
Yellowstone National Park, 202
Young, Davis A., 237–38
Yu, 174
Zimmern, Heinrich, 168
zircon, 18–19
Ziusudra, 153–54, 156, 157–58, 222–23