Adams, Abigail, 71
on Continental Army, 15
Washington and, 14, 17, 62–63, 71
Alexander, William. See Stirling, Lord
American cavalry, 111
Lee’s Legion, 144, 147, 149, 150, 223, 225, 235
of Washington, William, 175, 184, 196, 197, 202, 204–206, 208, 209, 210, 211–212, 214–217, 225, 226
American military
plan to remodel army by Lee, Charles, 81–82
as standing or regular army, 36–37, 40–41, 43, 223, 253–254, 263–264, 273–276
US Army, 274–277
See also Continental Army; Legion of the United States; militia, American; strategy, of American military; United States Army; specific topics
American militia. See militia, American
American money
collapse of, 229
Congress and, 99, 100, 108, 166–167
Morris notes, 251
American politicians
Paine, Thomas, and, 16
See also Congress
American Revolution
final year, 1783, 1
troop weariness with war, 229
See also specific topics
Americans
Lafayette as liaison between France and, 95–97, 99, 163, 166–167, 238, 249, 253
view of Washington by modern, 1, 2
See also specific topics
Anderson, Thomas, 187
Andre, John, 167–168
Angell, Israel, 150
Anglo-Canadians, in Continental Army, 76
Arbuthnot, Marriot, 159
Armstrong, John, 245, 246, 248–249, 252, 253
Arnold, Benedict, 51, 53, 65–67, 234
raid on Virginia, 230–231
Articles of Confederation, 100
Augusta, 182
Baltimore, Congress retreat to, 41
Barber, Francis, 157
British military, 195, 204, 205
Legion of the United States, 272
Beckwith, William, 124
Bennett, Donald V., 276
Benny. See Tarleton, Banastre
Blackstock’s, 174, 193, 196, 199
Blue Jacket, 271
Blue Ridge Mountains, 188, 201
Boston
blockade by militia, 14
British abandonment of, 18
British military and, 14, 18–19
British retreat from Concord to, 10–12, 14
plan to attack British-held, 18
Boston Tea Party, 6
Bound Brook, 46
Brandywine Creek, 61–62
Breed’s Hill, 15
Britain
English Civil War, 15
Europe and, 50
French and Indian War, 16
peace with US, 238, 241–242, 249–250, 254
planned European peace conference for America and, 232
punitive laws against Massachusetts colonists, 6
Seven Years War, 16
war with Revolutionary France, 267, 274
See also specific topics
British cavalry
British Legion, 110, 166, 173, 174, 184, 186, 189, 190, 193, 194, 201, 202, 207–211, 215
dragoons, 24, 110, 123, 132, 144, 147, 193, 201, 202, 205–207
of Tarleton, 110, 111, 165, 166, 173–177, 184–190, 193–196, 201–202, 205, 207–216, 222, 223
British fleet
French fleet and, 95–97, 231, 236, 237
New York and, 20, 21, 95–96, 144, 237
voyage home, 256
See also British military; Howe, Richard
British forts
abandonment of all, 273
postwar unsurrendered forts, 254, 262
See also specific forts
British Legion, 110
in South Carolina, 166, 173, 174, 184, 186, 189, 190, 193, 194, 201, 202, 207–211
British military
artillerymen, 192–193, 209–210
bayonet fighting, 195, 204, 205
Canada and, 15, 52, 53, 76, 171–172, 262, 267–269, 273
desertions, 224
Florida and, 103
Georgia and, 103–104, 107–108, 182–183
Harlem Heights and, 34–35
Indians and, 53, 262, 269, 271–273
Lexington and, 5–14
light infantry, 190–191
Long Island and, 21–28
Manhattan and, 25, 27, 30–33, 37–38
Massachusetts and, 101
medical treatment for wounded, 214
New Jersey and, 39–43, 46–48, 60, 85–92, 101–102, 113–139, 141–163, 167, 234
New York and, 19–22, 36, 50–59, 63–68, 100–106, 108–109, 111, 167, 230, 233, 234, 249, 255–256
North Carolina and, 165–166, 172, 174, 181, 182, 193, 217, 222–228, 234
Philadelphia and, 45–47, 60–63, 68–70, 73–75, 84
as prisoners of Continental Army, 214–215, 217
Queen’s Rangers, 146, 147, 149, 150, 152–153, 157–160
rebels renewing allegiance to, 39–41
recruitment, 191–192
retreat from Concord to Boston, 10–12, 14
retreat from Philadelphia to New York, 84–92
Rhode Island and, 96–98, 101, 108, 146
Skinner’s Greens, 123, 149, 150, 152–153, 157, 158
South and, 108
South Carolina and, 107–111, 163–166, 172–217, 219, 228, 233–236
Staten Island and, 114, 115, 142, 145, 148, 160
Virginia and, 183, 228, 230–234, 236–238
voyage home, 256
weapons and ammunition, 192–193
West Indies and, 103
West Point and, 141, 142, 145, 148–149
Year of the Hangman and, 45, 64
See also German mercenaries; Howe, Richard; strategy, of British military; specific topics
Broad River, 174–177, 183, 185–188, 190, 194, 197, 198, 201, 215–217
Brooklyn Heights forts, 20, 22, 23, 26–28
Brown, John, 67
Brown, Thomas, 143
Buford, Abraham, 165
Bunker Hillism, 16, 21, 29, 39, 55
Burgoyne, John, 50–51, 53–55, 59, 63–66
general action plan and, 45–46
Burr, Aaron, 33
Caesar, Julius, 1
Caldwell, Hannah, 130–131, 133–134, 141
Caldwell, James, 117, 130–131, 139, 152, 155
Camden, 164, 166, 171, 173, 196
Canada
Anglo-Canadians in Continental Army, 76
British military and, 15, 52, 53, 76, 171–172, 262, 267–269, 273
Congress and invasion of, 15, 52, 99
Continental Army and, 15, 52, 53, 75–76, 99, 171–172
generals of Continental Army and invasion of, 75–76
Indians and, 262, 267–269, 271, 272
Carleton, Guy (Lord Dorchester), 249, 255, 268–269
See also North Carolinians; South Carolinians
case shot (grapeshot), 192, 226
Charleston, 103, 107, 108–111, 124, 164, 165, 182, 191, 235, 236
Chatham, 128, 133, 134, 139, 158
Cherokees, 177
Clark, Abraham, 72
Clarke, Elijah, 178, 179, 181, 199
Clarke, Jonas, 5
Clinton, George, 51, 142, 255, 256
Clinton, Henry (general), 23, 24, 25, 31, 32, 98
New York and, 100–103, 108, 141–142, 144–148, 166, 230, 234, 237
retreat from Philadelphia to New York, 84–92
strategy and plans of, 124–125, 136, 145, 146, 148–149, 159
Collier, George, 26–27
Collins, James, 197–198, 205–206
colonies
militia and, 14
See also specific topics
commander in chief, Washington as. See general, Washington as
Common Sense (Paine), 16
Congress, 239
American money and, 99, 100, 108, 166–167
anti-Washington members, 70–72, 75–77, 83
as bankrupt, 221, 229, 238, 243, 251, 252
Canada invasion and, 15, 52, 99
committee at Valley Forge, 77
Continental Army and, 15, 63–64, 77, 116, 221, 229–230, 242–255
Continental officers’ pensions and, 77, 100, 242–253, 255, 258
Continentals surround and threaten, 252–253
dismissal of remaining Continental regiments, 254
escape to Princeton, 253
France and, 231–232
general actions and, 19, 20, 100
Indians and, 265
Legion of the United States and, 264, 267, 274
pay for Continentals and, 77, 100, 229–230, 242–253, 255, 258
peace negotiations with Howe, Richard, 28–29, 35–36
Pennsylvania Continentals march for back pay to, 229–230
Philadelphia and, 41, 62, 229, 238, 248, 249, 251–253
presidency and, 259
press and, 253
resignation of Washington before, 258
retreat to Baltimore, 41
standing or regular army and, 253–254, 263–264, 273–275
states and, 108
Washington and, 14–15, 17, 29–30, 33–34, 36–37, 40, 43–44, 46, 70–73, 75–78, 83, 106, 116, 144, 162, 163, 168, 219, 220, 229, 238, 242–243, 246–255–256, 258–259, 263–265
Wayne and, 273–274
whiskey tax of, 270
See also specific topics
Connecticut
Continental Army and, 167
militiamen, 30–32
Connecticut Farms, 120, 123, 126, 129, 130, 132–135, 139, 150–152, 161, 162
Continental Army
American money depreciation and, 100, 108
Anglo-Canadians in, 76
as band of brothers, 277
on brink of dissolution, 115, 116
Canada and, 15, 52, 53, 75–76, 99, 171–172
Congress and, 15, 63–64, 77, 116, 221, 229–230, 242–255
Connecticut and, 167
contribution to war’s end of, 241
councils of war, 27, 29, 38, 86–87, 220
creation of, 14–15
criticisms by Lee, Charles, of, 82, 83
desertions, 116, 117, 143, 146
desperation in North and South, 227
dislike and distrust of Washington, 1, 16–17, 246–248, 252
dismissal of remaining regiments by Congress, 254
draft, 46
early largely New England, 16–17
enlistment and recruitment, 15, 18, 36, 42, 44, 46, 50, 78, 116, 142, 163, 221–223
farewell message of praise by Washington to, 254–256
financial support problems, 100, 221
Florida and, 103
food shortages and starvation, 116, 143, 147, 163, 164, 171, 181
Fraunces Tavern farewell by Washington to officers, 256–257
French military and, 232–233, 234, 236
on furlough, 250–252
Georgia and, 104, 107–108, 182–183, 265
Long Island and, 22–28
Manhattan and, 22, 25–28, 30–33, 37–38
medical treatment for wounded, 214
near collapse of, 230
New Jersey and, 39–43, 47, 60, 85–93, 101–102, 115–139, 141–163, 167, 229, 230, 234, 249
New Jersey militia and, 39–40, 115, 121–123, 127–138, 141–162, 234
New Windsor camp confrontation, 1, 2, 3, 245–248
New York and, 19–22, 36, 50–59, 63–68, 104–106, 109, 111, 167, 229, 232–234, 255–256
New York City and, 22, 30, 33, 232, 255–256
North Carolina and, 164–166, 171–172, 175, 179, 181, 182, 217, 222–228, 234
North Carolina militia and, 224–227
Northern Army, 51–53, 58, 59, 64, 65
numbers of troops, 17–18, 28, 36–37, 39–40, 44, 46, 50, 52, 58, 76, 78, 142, 144, 163, 164, 171, 184, 222, 223, 227, 230
officers, 37, 77, 100, 242–253, 255–258
opinion of Washington on New Englanders in, 16–17
other militias and, 20, 36–38, 51, 65, 68, 72, 109–111
pay for Continentals from Congress, 77, 100, 229–230, 242–253, 255, 258
Pennsylvania and, 69, 73–75, 229–230
pensions of officers and Congress, 77, 100, 242–253, 255, 258
Philadelphia and, 47, 60–63, 68–70, 73–75, 84, 85, 229–230
poor condition of, 222
report on problems in, 77
retreat across East River, 27–28
Rhode Island and, 96–98
soldiers surround and threaten Congress, 252–253
South Carolina and, 103, 107–111, 164–166, 172–190, 194–222, 228, 233–236
South Carolina militia and, 166, 173–175, 177–190, 195–217, 220–222, 235
as standing army, 36–37, 40–41, 43, 223, 253–254
supplies and equipment, 74, 76, 77, 108, 116, 143, 144, 163, 168, 171, 181, 220–222, 230, 231, 233
at Valley Forge, 74–75, 77–78, 81, 83–85
Virginia and, 168, 183, 222, 228, 231–233, 236–238
Virginia militia and, 208, 210, 225, 226, 231, 236
Washington’s discontent with troops, 29, 33, 34, 36–37
West Point and, 141, 142, 143, 145, 147–149, 167, 168, 255
See also American military; general, Washington as; Legion of the United States; specific topics
Continental Congress. See Congress
Cornwallis, Charles (lord), 39, 42, 46
as Southern commander, 165, 166, 172–178, 180, 182, 183, 191–192, 198–199, 215–217, 220–228, 231, 233, 234, 236–238
Cowpens, 186, 188–190, 194–215, 217–221, 227
Crane, Stephen, 128
Cromwell, Oliver, 15
Crosbie, William, 124, 125, 135–136
Cruger, John Henry, 175, 178, 179, 199
Cudjo, 128
Cunningham, John, 181
Custis, Jack, 227
Davidson, William, 181, 182, 185
Dayton, Elias (colonel), 117–120, 123, 127, 150, 152–154
Dayton, Jonathan, 118
Declaration of Independence, 20
DeKalb, Johann, 164
Delaware River, 42, 84, 85, 144, 150
Delawareans, 164, 166, 195, 196, 208, 210, 212, 225, 226
d’Estaing, Charles Hector Theodat, Comte, 95–99, 106–108
Diamond, William, 5
Dickenson, Philemon, 150
Dobbs Ferry, 233
Dorchester, Lord. See Carleton, Guy
Dorchester Heights, 19
Downing, Samuel, 66
dragoons, British, 24, 110, 201, 202, 205–207
17th Dragoons, 123, 132, 144, 147, 193
Continental Army retreat across, 27–28
Elizabethtown, 113–121, 125–126, 128, 129, 137, 138, 141, 145, 147, 149, 151, 152, 160
Elizabethtown Point, 119, 123, 125, 137–139, 142, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 160
Elmer, Nathan, 152
Elston, Samuel “Carrot,” 152
espionage. See spies, American
espontoon, 210
Estabrook, Prince, 7
Europe
Britain and, 50
planned peace conference for Britain and America, 232
Evelyn, William Glanville, 23, 25
Fabian strategy, 48–50, 63, 85
Fabius Maximus, Quintus, 48–49, 64
Washington compared to, 69, 71–72, 85, 94, 274
Fallen Timbers, 271–273
“Farewell Orders to the Armies of the United States” (Washington), 254
the Farms. See Connecticut Farms
FitzRandolph, Nathaniel, 128–129, 158, 162
Florida, 103
Fort Defiance, 271
Fort Edward, 58–59
Fort Jefferson, 267
Fort Stanwix, 59
Fort Ticonderoga, 18, 50, 52–53, 264
Continentals retreat from, 54–59
Fort Washington, 38–39, 263, 264
forts, American
abandonment of New York City forts, 33
strategy regarding, 20, 25, 55
See also specific forts
France
French and Indian War, 16
Seven Years War, 16
Spain and, 241
war between Britain and Revolutionary, 267, 274
France, American Revolution and, 50, 68, 84, 98
alliance treaty between US and, 78
Congress and, 231–232
contribution to war’s end of, 241
Lafayette as liaison between Americans and, 95–97, 99, 163, 166–167, 238, 249, 253
planned European peace conference for US and, 232
postwar peace treaty with US, 242
See also French fleet; French military; Lafayette, Marquis de
Franklin, Benjamin, 28–29, 115, 241, 242
Fraunces Tavern, Washington’s farewell to officers at, 256–257
French and Indian War, 16
British fleet and, 95–97, 231, 236, 237
Rhode Island and, 146
Rochambeau and, 232–233
Savannah and, 107–108
Virginia and, 233
West Indies and, 96, 99, 106, 232, 233, 236, 242
Continental Army and, 232–233, 234, 236
Freylinghuysen, Frederick, 128
Fusiliers. See Royal Fusiliers of 7th Regiment
Galloping Hill Road, 126, 129–132, 148–153, 156, 159
Gates, Horatio, 53, 59, 63–65, 171, 196, 248
aim to replace Washington as commander-in-chief, 68, 70–72, 75, 76, 164, 166
Burgoyne’s surrender to, 67–68, 72
as Southern commander, 164–166
Washington and, 68, 70–73, 75, 76, 84, 164, 166, 244–246, 252
general, Washington as
appearance of, 18
challenges to leadership of, 79
modern generals opinion of, 2
See also Continental Army; strategy, of Washington; specific topics
generals
modern generals opinion of Washington, 2
strategy as essence of job of, 2
generals, of Continental Army, 84–85
Canada invasion and, 75–76
councils of war, 27, 29, 38, 86–87
See also Continental Army; specific generals
George III, 21, 26, 232, 238, 249, 269
Georgia
British military and, 103–104, 107–108, 182–183
Continental Army and, 104, 107–108, 182–183, 265
Georgians, 179, 181, 199–201, 203, 212
German mercenaries, 21, 41, 42, 109, 119, 123
brutality of, 24
Jaeger Corps, 114, 131–135, 147, 154–156, 159, 160
See also British military
Gibraltar, 242
Gilbert Town, 217
Gist, Mordecai, 25
Goudelock, Mr., 215–216
Goudelock, Mrs., 216
Grand Glaize, 270–271
grapeshot (case shot), 192, 226
de Grasse, Joseph Paul, Comte, 233
grasshoppers (modified cannons), 192–193, 202
Green, Ashbel, 129, 152, 158, 160–161
Green River Road, 186, 187, 188, 190, 194, 196, 199, 201, 212, 213, 215, 216
Greene, Nathanael, 22, 29, 39, 47, 50, 70, 241
communications with Washington, 219–220, 222, 227–228, 236
death of, 267
letters to guerilla leaders, 222–223
in New Jersey, 147–153, 156, 157, 159
praise for Morgan by, 219
as quartermaster, 77, 78, 85, 86, 116
as Southern commander, 168–169, 171–173, 179, 181–185, 187, 218–228, 231, 233–236
strategy of victory of Washington and, 227
Virginia’s esteem for, 227
Greens. See Skinner’s Greens
Grey, Charles, 101
Guilford Court House, 224–227
Hackensack River, 102
as lieutenant colonel, aide to Washington, 48–50, 73, 75, 77, 93, 127
as Secretary of Treasury, 270
Hamilton’s Ford, 216
Hand, Edward, 138
Hanging Rock, 191
Hannibal, 49
Harlem Heights
British military and, 34–35
Continental Army and, 30, 33–35
Harrington, Daniel, 6
Harrington, Moses, 6
Harrison, Robert Hanson, 90
Hartford, 167
Hayes, Samuel, 128
Heard, Nathaniel, 141, 157, 160
Heath, William, 40
Highlanders. See Scottish Highlanders
Hillsboro, 223
Hobart Gap, 115, 119, 130, 134, 135, 148, 156
Hobart Mountain, Old Sow alarm, 121, 127, 150
Horton, Joseph, 151
Howard, John Eager, 195, 196, 205, 207–210, 212
Howe, Richard (admiral lord), 21, 70
d’Estaing and, 95–97
peace negotiations with Congress, 28–29, 35–36
Howe, Robert (major general), 103, 106, 141, 143
Howe, William (general), 20, 21, 35–36, 38, 41, 43
general action plans and, 45–47
Philadelphia and, 45–47, 60–63, 68, 73–75, 84
strategy of, 25–26
Hudson River, 39, 60, 64, 65, 102, 116, 233, 234
Huntington, Ebenezer, 161
Ides of March, 1
Indians
American military and, 261–264, 266–267
attack on Fort Recovery, 269
British military and, 53, 262, 269, 271–273
Canada and, 262, 267–269, 271, 272
Legion of the United States and, 266–273
Miami Indians, 263, 264, 266, 269–271
Ottawa, 272
peace attempts with, 262
settlers and, 262
Shawnees, 271
Inman, Joshua, 199
Jackson, James, 181, 199, 212, 213, 215
Jaeger Corps, 114, 131–135, 147, 154–156, 159, 160
James River, 231
Jefferson, Thomas, 221, 231, 266, 274
Jones, Joseph, 247
Kennedy, William, 198
Kentucky, 268
King’s Mountain, 185, 186, 190, 199, 215
Kips Bay, 30–33
Knowlton, Thomas, 34
Knox, Henry, 18, 43, 70, 248, 258, 261, 263–265, 266, 269
Knyphausen, Wilhelm von
in New Jersey, 123–125, 127, 132, 134–139, 141–143, 145–149, 151, 153, 154, 157–160
Kociuszko, Thaddeus, 65
Lafayette, Marquis de, 62, 76, 87, 89, 90, 92, 98, 171
as liaison between France and Americans, 95–97, 99, 163, 166–167, 238, 249, 253
Lake Champlain, 52, 53, 55, 58
Languedoc (French flagship), 97
Lear, Tobias, 261–262
Lee, Charles, 19–20, 39, 40, 41
court-martial of, 93–94
criticisms of Continental Army by, 82, 83
as General Double Trouble, 81–94
plan to remodel American army, 81–82
refusal to attack Clinton, Henry, 87–90
Lee, Harry “Light Horse Harry,” 144, 149, 223, 225, 235
Lee, Richard Henry, 17, 70, 156–157, 244
Lee’s Legion, 144, 147, 149, 150, 223, 225, 235
Legion of the United States
bayonet fighting, 272
Indians and, 266–273
Kentucky militia and, 266–267, 269
training and discipline, 265–266, 269
Wayne and, 264–274
Legionville, 266
Lemmington, Abigail, 133–134
Lenud’s Ferry, 165
Lewis, Fielding, 163
Lexington, 5–13
Liberty Hall, 120, 126, 137, 159–160
Lincoln, Benjamin, 51, 66–67, 106–111
Little Turtle (Me-she-kin-no-quah), 263, 264, 269, 271, 272
Livingston, Robert R., 48, 49, 50
Livingston, William, 39, 117, 120, 121–122, 146
Long Canes, 178–181
Long Island
British military and, 21–28
Continental Army and, 22–28
American militia and, 197–198
Mad Anthony. See Wayne, Anthony
Madison, James, 258
Manhattan
British military and, 25, 27, 30–33, 37–38
Continental Army and, 22, 25–28, 30–33, 37–38
See also New York
Marion, Francis, 173, 191, 219, 222, 235
Martha’s Vineyard, 101
Marylanders, 25, 164, 166, 195, 196, 208, 212, 214, 222, 226
Massachusetts
British military and, 101
British punitive laws against, 6
propaganda on Lexington and Concord, 13–14
See also Boston; specific topics
Mathew, Edward, 123, 132, 137, 157–158
Maumee River valley, 271
Maxwell, William “Scotch Willie,” 119–123, 129, 131, 132, 134, 135, 149, 150
McArthur, Archibald, 175, 192, 202, 207–209, 212, 213
McCall, James, 179
McDougall, Alexander, 40, 243–244, 258
McDowell, Joseph, 199
McHenry, James, 274
McJunkin, Joseph, 217
Mediterranean, 242
Metuchen, 47
Miami Indians, 263, 264, 266, 269–271
Middlebrook, 47
Mifflin, Thomas, 27, 70–72, 75, 76
militia, American
Boston blockade by, 14
colonies and, 14
Concord and, 10–14
Lexington and, 5–14
loyalist militia and, 197–198
overview, 6
regulars compared to, 162
romanticization of, 162
standing or regular army and, 263–264
strategy of Washington and, 51, 234
training and preparedness, 11–12, 121
Washington and, 32–33, 36, 51, 72, 234
Whiskey Rebellion and, 270, 273
See also Continental Army; specific topics
American militia and, 197–198
militiamen
Connecticut, 30–32
See also militia, American
minutemen, 6
See also militia, American
Monmouth battle, 90–95
Monmouth Court House, 87, 88, 90, 92, 123
Morgan, Daniel “Old Wagoner,” 17, 51, 67, 73, 85, 92
Greene’s praise for, 219
illness, 184, 218, 220, 221, 224
letter to Jefferson, 221
overview, 171–172
in South, 171–173, 175, 176, 180–190, 194–210, 212–214, 217–221, 224
Morris, Gouverneur, 100
Morris notes, 251
Morristown, 42, 46, 115–119, 125, 127, 129, 141, 143–149, 163
mutiny of Continentals from, 229–230
Munroe, John, 8
Muzzy, Isaac, 8
Muzzy, John, 7
“My Buddy” (poem), 277
Neville, John, 270
New Brunswick, 39, 40, 43, 46, 47
New Englanders, 243
early Continental Army of, 16–17
New Garden Road, 224–226
New Jersey
British military and, 39–43, 46–48, 60, 85–92, 101–102, 113–139, 141–163, 167, 234
Continental Army and, 39–43, 47, 60, 85–93, 101–102, 115–139, 141–163, 167, 229, 230, 234, 249
Greene in, 147–153, 156, 157, 159
Knyphausen in, 123–125, 127, 132, 134–139, 141–143, 145–149, 151, 153, 154, 157–160
militia, 39–40, 115, 121–123, 127–138, 141–162, 234
mutiny of Continentals from, 230
Stirling in, 114–116, 118–119, 128, 138, 141
von Wurmb in, 114–116, 119, 123, 125–127, 129, 131–132, 155, 160
New Jersey Regiments, 89, 117–118, 120, 134, 150, 156, 157
New Jersey Volunteers. See Skinner’s Greens
confrontation, 1, 2, 3, 244–248
New York
British fleet and, 20, 21, 95–96, 144, 237
British military and, 19–22, 36, 50–59, 63–68, 100–106, 108–109, 111, 167, 230, 233, 234, 249, 255–256
Clinton, Henry, and, 100–103, 108, 141–142, 144–148, 166, 230, 234, 237
Continental Army and, 19–22, 36, 50–59, 63–68, 104–106, 109, 111, 167, 229, 231–234, 255–256
retreat of Clinton, Henry, from Philadelphia to, 84–92
in strategy of American military, 29–30
in strategy of Washington, 29–30
See also specific New York locations
New York City
American forts, 33
British military and, 102, 232
Continental Army and, 22, 30, 33, 232, 255–256
See also Manhattan; New York
New York Harbor
British fleet and, 20, 21, 95–96, 144
French fleet and, 95–96
Newark Bay, 113
Newburgh, 252
Newburgh addresses, 244–250
Newmarsh, Timothy, 202, 203, 204
French fleet and, 167, 232, 233
Ninety Six district, of South Carolina, 174–182, 192, 199, 233
North, Continentals’ desperation in, 227
North, Frederick (lord), 238
North Carolina
British military and, 165–166, 172, 174, 181, 182, 193, 217, 222–228, 234
Continental Army and, 164–166, 171–172, 175, 179, 181, 182, 217, 222–228, 234
militia, 224–227
Northern Army, 51–53, 58, 59, 64, 65
Northerners, dislike of Washington, 81, 82
Northwest Territory, 262, 266, 267, 273
Ogden, Mathias, 150
Old Wagoner. See Morgan, Daniel
Ottawa Indians, 272
Pacolet River, 176, 180, 182, 184–186, 189, 216
Parker, John, 5–8
peace
postwar peace treaty between US and France, 242
between US and Britain, 238, 241–242, 249–250, 254
peace negotiations
between Congress and Howe, Richard, 28–29, 35–36
with Indians, 262
planned European conference for America and Britain, 232
Pennsylvania
Continental Army and, 69, 73–75, 229–230
mutiny of Continentals from, 229–230
state government, 73–74
See also Philadelphia
Pennsylvania Packet, 14
Pennsylvania State House, 252
Philadelphia
British military and, 45–47, 60–63, 68–70, 73–75, 84
Clinton, Henry, retreat to New York from, 84–92
Congress and, 41, 62, 229, 238, 248, 249, 251–253
Continental Army and, 47, 60–63, 68–70, 73–75, 84, 85, 229–230
generals of Continental Army and, 73, 74
Howe, William, and, 45–47, 60–63, 68, 73–75, 84
local population switching sides, 69
Pennsylvania Continentals march for back pay to, 229–230
Phoenix, HMS, 31
Pickens, Andrew “Wizard Owl”
overview, 177
South Carolina and, 177–182, 184, 185, 196, 198–201, 203–212, 215–217, 235
Pickens, Rebecca, 199
Pickering, Timothy, 248, 255, 258
Pile, John, 223
Pindell, Richard, 214
Popp, Stephan, 159
Porter, Asahel, 9
Portsmouth, 231
presidency
Congress and, 259
Washington and, 258–259, 262–265, 268, 270, 273–274
press, Congress and, 253
Prevost, Augustine, 103, 107, 108
Congress escape to, 253
propaganda, American
on Lexington and Concord, 13–14
Paine and, 16
Putnam, Israel, 16, 22, 26, 33
Quebec City, 171
Queen’s Rangers, 146, 147, 149, 150, 152–153, 157–160
Rahway River, 134–135, 150, 153–157
Rainbow, HMS, 26–27
Rangers. See Queen’s Rangers
rebels
renewing allegiance to British, 39–41
See also specific topics
Reed, Joseph, 34
Reeves, Isaac, 133
regulars
militia compared to, 162
See also Continental Army
Revolutionary War. See American Revolution
Rhode Island
British military and, 96–98, 101, 108, 146
Continental Army and, 96–98
French fleet and, 146
Rhode Island Regiments, 98, 150, 154–156
Rivington, James, 117
Rochambeau, Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, Comte de, 167, 231, 232–234, 236, 237
Roebuck, HMS, 60
Ross, George, 151
Royal Fusiliers of 7th Regiment, 191, 192, 202, 203, 204, 207, 209
Royal Gazette, 117
Royal Welsh Fusiliers, 226
Rutledge, Edward, 28–29
saber fighting, 205–206
Sandy Hook, 20, 86, 87, 92, 97, 234
Saratoga battles, 66–68, 165, 172, 195
Saxe, Maurice de, 105
Schuyler, Philip, 51, 53, 58, 59, 63–65
Scotch Willie. See Maxwell, William
Scottish Highlanders, 147, 225
71st Highlanders, 192, 202, 207, 209, 210, 212
Seeley, Sylvanus, 128, 135, 152, 162
Sergeant, Jonathan, 72
settlers
Indians and, 262
Northwest Territory, 273
Seven Years War, 16
7th Regiment. See Royal Fusiliers of 7th Regiment
Seymour, William, 205
Shawnees, 271
Short Hills, 115, 121, 122, 128, 129, 143, 149, 156, 157
Simcoe, John Graves, 146, 147, 153, 157, 158, 269
Skinner’s Greens, 123, 149, 150, 152–153, 157, 158
Smallwood, William, 166
soldiers
memorable, 276
See also American military; British military; French military
South
as bankrupt, 221
British military and, 108
Continentals’ desperation in, 227
Cornwallis as British commander in, 165, 166, 172–178, 180, 182, 183, 191–192, 198–199, 215–217, 220–228, 231, 233, 234, 236–238
Gates as US commander in, 164–166
Greene as US commander in, 168–169, 171–173, 179, 181–185, 187, 218–228, 231, 233–236
Morgan in, 171–173, 175, 176, 180–190, 194–210, 212–214, 217–221, 224
See also specific topics
South Carolina
British Legion in, 166, 173, 174, 184, 186, 189, 190, 193, 194, 201, 202, 207–211
British military and, 107–111, 163–166, 172–217, 219, 228, 233–236
Cherokees, 177
civil government and legislature, 163–164, 177
Continental Army and, 103, 107–111, 164–166, 172–190, 194–222, 228, 233–236
militia, 166, 173–175, 177–190, 195–217, 220–222, 235
Ninety Six district, 174–182, 192, 199, 233
Pickens and, 177–182, 184, 185, 196, 198–201, 203–212, 215–217, 235
Sumter and, 173–174, 178, 179, 181, 183, 191, 197, 198
South Carolinians, 179
Spencer, Joseph, 31
Spencer, Oliver, 120
spies, American, 74–75, 145, 148–149
Springfield, 117, 134, 147–151, 155, 156, 158, 159, 161, 162
St. Clair, Arthur, 52–59, 63, 64, 109
Washington’s anger with, 261–262
St. Leger, Barry, 59
Stark, John, 65, 76, 147, 150, 157
Staten Island, British military and, 114, 115, 142, 145, 148, 160
states
Congress and, 108
See also specific states
Steuben, Friedrich Wilhelm von (baron), 78, 82, 92, 141, 145, 147, 149, 254, 258
Stewart, Alexander, 235
Stirling, Lord (William Alexander), 22, 24–26, 75
in New Jersey, 114–116, 118–119, 128, 138, 141
Stony Point fort, 104–106, 265
strategy, 2
strategy, of American military
Bunker Hillism and, 16, 21, 29, 39, 55
New York in, 29–30
See also strategy, of Washington; specific topics
strategy, of British military
general action plans of, 45–47, 102
George III and, 26
Howe, William, and, 25–26
See also specific topics
strategy, of Washington
general actions and, 43, 85, 86, 87, 102
New York in, 29–30
See also strategy, of American military; strategy of victory, of Washington; specific topics
strategy of victory, of Washington, 239
changes in, 2
critics of, 3
Greene and, 227
militias and, 234
overview, 2–3
as possibly failing, 230
standing or regular army in, 41, 43, 223, 274, 276
Wayne and, 273
See also specific topics
sugar, 96
Sugar Loaf, 54
Sullivan, Jeremiah, 137
Sullivan, John, 22, 24, 25, 26, 28, 47, 60–63
Newport and, 96–98
Sumter, Thomas
letter from Greene to, 222–223
South Carolina and, 173–174, 178, 179, 181, 183, 191, 197, 198
Tallmadge, Benjamin, 28, 143, 257, 258
Tarleton, Banastre “Benny”
cavalry of, 110, 111, 165, 166, 173–177, 184–190, 193–196, 201–202, 205, 207–216, 222, 223
as lieutenant colonel, 165, 166, 173–177, 180–181, 183–199, 201–205, 207–217, 219, 221–222, 223, 225
taxation
tea tax, 6
whiskey tax, 270
tea tax, 6
Temple of Virtue, 1, 3, 245, 250
Thacher, James, 18, 55, 58, 143, 144, 151
Thicketty Creek, 180, 184, 186, 215
Thicketty Mountain, 200
Thomson, Charles, 166
Throgs Neck, 37
Tidd, William, 6
Tooker, Joseph, 151
Trenton, 41–43
Triomphe, 249
Twiss, Lieutenant, 54
United States (US)
alliance treaty with France, 78
peace with Britain, 238, 241–242, 249–250, 254
planned European peace conference for France and, 232
postwar peace treaty with France, 242
See also specific topics
United States Army (US Army), 274–277
US. See United States
US Military Academy, at West Point, 2, 276
Valley Forge
Congressional committee at, 77
Continental Army at, 74–75, 77–78, 81, 83–85
Varnum, James, 221
Vauxhall Bridge, 150, 154, 156
Vauxhall Road, 131, 132, 148, 150, 152, 153, 156–160
Vernon (Mount), 258
Verplanck’s Point fort, 104
Vietnam War, 276
Virginia
Arnold’s raid on, 230–231
British military and, 183, 228, 230–234, 236–238
Continental Army and, 168, 183, 222, 228, 231–233, 236–238
esteem for Greene, 227
Jefferson as governor of, 221, 231
militia, 208, 210, 225, 226, 231, 236
Virginians, 165, 195–196, 208, 210, 225–227
von Heister, Leopold, 25
von Riedesel, Friedrich Adolf, 56, 57, 58
von Wurmb, Ludwig Johann Adolph
Livingston, Susan, and, 126
in New Jersey, 114–116, 119, 123, 125–127, 129, 131–132, 155, 160
Walker, George, 157
War for Independence. See American Revolution
war strategy. See strategy
Washington, George
as caring, 3
initial readiness to fight, 14
overview, 275
self-control of, 261–262
See also specific topics
Washington, William, 213
cavalry of, 175, 184, 196, 197, 202, 204–206, 208, 209, 210, 211–212, 214–217, 225, 226
Watts, Isaac, 155
Waxhaws, 165
Wayne, Anthony (“Mad Anthony”), 62, 87, 91, 93, 231
Congress and, 273–274
Legion of the United States and, 264–274
mutiny of Pennsylvania Continentals and, 229–230
Stony Point fort and, 104–106
strategy of victory of Washington and, 273
Wilkinson and, 267–268, 270, 272
Webster, James, 226
West Indies
British military and, 103
French fleet and, 96, 99, 106, 232, 233, 236, 242
Spain and, 242
West Point
British military and, 141, 142, 145, 148–149
Continental Army and, 141, 142, 143, 145, 147–149, 167, 168, 255
US Military Academy at, 2, 276
Westham, 231
Wethersfield, 232
Whipple, William, 41
whiskey tax, 270
White Plains, 38
Wilkinson, James, 54, 72, 75, 267–268, 270, 272
Williams, Otho, 227
Williamson, Andrew, 177–178
Winnsborough, 174
Wizard Owl. See Pickens, Andrew
World War I, 276–277
World War II, 276
Yankees, dislike of Washington, 81, 82
Young, John, 197