Aaron v. Target Corp., 328n105
AARP, 32, 137 abolitionists, 53-54
Ackerman, Bruce, 60, 109-11, 29in2i8
Adams, John, 36
affirmative harm, 128-30, 152, 303n42
Affordable Care Act, 179
African Americans: eminent domain
and, 138; Kelo v. City of New London
opposed by, 138; Negro removal, 88;
property rights of, 64, 68; state reforms
and, 167; urban renewal and, 88
Alito, Samuel, 116, 239
Allee King Rosen & Fleming, Inc.
(AKRF), 189-90
Amar, Akhil, 62, 70, 212
amicus briefs, 32, 88, 93, 124, 137, 260n153
Ansolabehere, Stephen, 138
architectural holdouts, 93
Arizona Homeowners’ Protection Effort, 320-21n46
Arizona Supreme Court, 146
Armendariz v. Penman, 327n105
Athenian, Byron, 20, 22; in Parcel 3, 27-28,
236
Audacity of Hope, The (Obama), 245
bad faith takings, 193
Balaker, Courtney, 243
Balaker, Ted, 243
Baldwin James, 88
Baltimore Colts, 225
Barnett, Randy, 65
Barron, John, 43
Barron v. City of Baltimore, 43
Barros, Benjamin, 212
Baycol, Inc. v. Downtown Development Authority, 272n176
Beachy, Lloyd, 19, 28; plastic village and, 22
Becher, Debbie, 89, 220
Been, Vicki, 221
Bell, Abraham, 206-7, 332n14
Bell-Parchomovsky proposal, 206-7, 332n14
Benedict, Jeff, 11
Benson, Bruce, 96
Benson v. State, 183
Berger, Lawrence, 40, 44
Berliner, Dana, 24-25, 31
Berman v. Parker, 9, 24-25, 125, 203;
blight takings and, 84, 86-88; case for overruling, 105; condemnations and, 58; federalism rationale, 120; living Constitution and, 243; New Deal jurists, 109; oligopoly, 129; originalism and, 243; overruling, 241, 243; precedent and, 103, 112-14, 185; public use and, 58-61, 238; rationale, 128-30; societal reliance, 241; standard of review, 115; sweeping language, 126, 128; validity, 244
Beyer, Richard, 179; evictions and, 20; in Fort Trumbull neighborhood, 12; legal fees, 24; on local economy, 14-15; on organized land grab, 17; on Palmer apology, 234-35; in Parcel 3, 27-28; resistance, 22
Bill of Rights, 6, 35, 105; applying to states, 43; drafting of, 37; enforcement, 126; Fourteenth Amendment and, 70; guarantees, 117; incorporating, 125; meaning and scope, 273-7411196; originalism and, 62; Privileges or Immunities Clause and, 62; Thomas on, 62; U.S. Supreme Court on, 240, 266-67n90
Bingham, John, 64
Blackstone, William, 39, 42
Blescus, Erika, 21
blight takings, 3, 7; ban on condemnations, 10; Berman v. Parker and, 84, 86-88; blight definitions, 84-86, 303n40, 303n42, 307n71, 309n90, 310n97, 312n122; community say in, 219-21; conclusion, 231; condemnations in neighborhoods, 86-90, 303n42; economic development takings and, 129-30; failing bans, 225-31; federalism and interjurisdictional mobility, 221-25; heightened scrutiny test and, 214-19; increasing compensation for, 205-9; judicial reaction upholding unlimited definition of, 187-91; physical conditions and, 309n84; procedural safeguards, 209-12; protection for homes, 212-13; public health and, 146-49, 156, 303n42; Public Use Clauses and, 117, 132-33, 203; reforming or banning, 204-31; solution to, 90; state decisions, 185-87; state reforms, 145-57; victims, 106, 127-28, 213, 217, 226
Bologna, Dominick, 197-98
Bond, Christopher, 162-63
Bond Amendment, 162-63
Bork, Robert, 70
Breyer, Stephen, 75; on just compensation, 205-6
bribery, 234
bright-line rule, 218
Brooks, John, 19
Brown v. Beatty, 45
Brown v. Board of Education, 58, 69, 108, 131
Bruegmann, Robert, 98
Bullock, Scott, 24-25, 31, 33
Burnett, David, 15, 17
Burnett, Guy F., 253n11
Bush, George W., 163, 168, 228
Calder v. Bull, 38-39, 43, 267n93
California League of Cities (CLC), 173-74, 175
California Proposition 99, 159, 174-75, 316n158, 316n161
California Supreme Court, 151, 225
Carole Media v. New Jersey Transit Corp., 195-96
Casino Reinvestment Development Authority v. Banin, 278n12
Chase, Samuel P., 38
China displacements, 244
Chrysler Corporation, 215 citizen-initiated referendums, 174-75
City of Detroit v. Vavro, 76
City of Jamestown v. Leevers Supermarkets, Inc., 272n182, 278n25
City of Las Vegas Downtown Redevelopment Agency v. Pappas, 85, 282n61
City of Little Rock v. Raines, 272n176
City of Minneapolis v. Wurtele, 278n25
City of Oakland v. Oakland Raiders, 338n110
civil rights movement, 242
Clarke, Daniel, 53
Clark v. Nash, 124, 133
Clinton, Bill, 137
Coalition to Save Fort Trumbull
Neighborhood, 22-23, 235
Cohen, Lloyd, 94
collusion, 234
Columbia University, 85, 189-90, 194, 199, 326n74
Columbia v. Heller, 65
Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States (Story), 49-50
Commentaries on the Laws of England (Blackstone), 39
Commission on Civil Rights, 282n61 common carriers, 6, 95-97, 265n71, 312n122, 316-17n165
common law, 7
common law constitutionalism, 102-5 communism, 218
community: development, 148, 153; economic development and blight takings input of, 219-21; organizers, 220-21; welfare of, 148
compensations: Breyer on just, 205-6; fair market value formula, 205, 213, 301n29, 332n11; Fifth Amendment requirement, 102, 118; Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff and, 207; increasing for blight takings, 205-9; increasing for economic development takings, 205-9; Kennedy on adjusting, 205; over and under compensations, 333n31; Poletown Neighborhood Council v. City of Detroit and, 207-8, 210; Public Use Clause requirement, 2; under Takings Clause, 61
Compromise of 1877, 47
condemnations: ban on, 10; Berman v.
Parker and, 58; economic development takings ignoring costs of, 78-80; erroneous, 95; in Fort Trumbull neighborhood, 19-23; justifying, 279n25, 285n110; in legitimately blighted neighborhoods, 86-90, 303n42; mill acts and, 41, 266n85; New London Development Corporation and, 19; O’Connor on, 127; Poletown Neighborhood Council v. City of Detroit and, 78-80; private roads and, 39; procedural remedies for abuse, 210-12; property characteristics, 311n114; public health and, 130; Public Use Clauses and, 117, 132-33, 203; quick-take, 181-82, 184-85; risk, 222; state decisions, 185-87. See also blight takings; private-to-private condemnations; public purpose; public use
Congressional Research Service, 162 Connecticut Superior Court, 26-27 Connecticut Supreme Court, 77, 193, 234; on economic development, 29-30, 80; U.S. Supreme Court criticizing, 31
Constitution, U.S., 54-55, 68; common law constitutionalism, 102-5; constitutional moments, 109-11; Contracts Clause, 50; economic development takings and, 278n25; interpreting, 7, 8; mill acts and, 266n88; moral theory of constitutional interpretation, 105-6; popular constitutionalism, 7-8, 106-8; U.S. Supreme Court interpretation, 30, 67. See also Bill of Rights; living Constitution; specifi c amendments
Contracts Clause, 50
Cooley, Thomas, 6, 44, 68; public use and, 54-55
Corcoran Jennison, 30 Corradino, Thomas J., 26-28 corruption, 234-35; political, 187; risk of, 95 Cottonwood Christian Center v. Cypress
Redevelopment Agency, 328n105 County of Hawaii v. C&J Coupe Family
Ltd. Partnership, 193
County of Wayne v. Hathcock, 61, 74-75, 128, 159-60
Cristofaro, Margarita, 12, 13; house, 13; memorial plaque, 233; in Parcel 3, 27-28, 236
Cristofaro, Michael, 14, 33; on elderly, 21; on harassment, 20; on New London Development Corporation, 233; protests, 233; resistance, 22
Cristofaro, Pasquale, 12, 13; house, 13; in Parcel 3, 27-28, 236; settlement, 233
Curtis, Michael Kent, 70-71
Day, The, 16, 20, 123
Dean, Howard, 137
Democratic Party, 15, 42, 56, 107, 137-38, 167
Dery, Charles, 14, 22, 233
Dery, Matthew, 14, 20, 22, 26, 233; in
Parcel 4A, 27-29, 237
Dery, Wilhelmina, 14, 22; death of, 233 deteriorated structures, 149-50, 306n58, 308n71, 309n87, 310n74
development: areas, 149; community, 148, 153; domain-driven, 230; economic, 29-30, 80; economic underdevelopment, 187; Empire State Development Corporation, 187-90, 197; Fort Trumbull neighborhood plan, 18; Gallenthin Reality Development, Inc. v. Borough of Paulsboro, 186; Goldstein v. New York State Urban Development Corp., 187-88, 190; Kaur v. New York State Urban Development Corp., 187, 189-90, 193-94, 199; private-to-private economic, 229-30; Rhode Island Economic Development Corp. v. the Parking Co., 184-85, 329n114. See also economic development takings; New London Development Corporation; redevelopment
Didden, Bart, 197-98
Didden v. Village of Port Chester, 197-99 disease, 84, 86, 304n42
Disney Corporation, 94-97, 287n136 displacements: China, 244; minorities, 58;
owners giving in, 281n55; Poletown Neighborhood Council v. City of Detroit, 87, 279n32
District of Columbia Court of Appeals,
194
District of Columbia emancipation debate, 51-54
domain-driven development, 230
Douglas, William O., 58 drainage, 45, 307n71 Dred Scott v. Sandford, 52 Due Process Clause: cases, 8; Fifth
Amendment, 52; Fourteenth Amendment, 6, 48-49, 110, 124, 296n82; originalism and, 62; original meaning and, 65-68
Dworkin, Ronald, 8, 105-6
Echeverria, John, 124
economic development takings, 1,
4; accountability, 82; ban on, 10, 170-71, 176-77; blight takings and, 129-30; bright-line rule against, 218; community say in, 219-21; conclusion, 231; Connecticut Supreme Court on, 29-30, 80; constitutionality, 278n25; exploitation and, 208; failing bans, 22531; federalism and interjurisdictional mobility, 221-25; heightened scrutiny test and, 214-19; ignoring costs of condemnation, 78-80; increasing compensation for, 205-9; interest groups and, 74-76, 81-84; Kelo v. City of New London and, 73, 75, 77, 84; lack of binding obligations, 76-78;
London Development Corporation, 127; Michigan Supreme Court on, 128; minorities and, 7, 131; nonmonetary costs, 80; Pfizer, Inc., 26; procedural safeguards, 209-12; protection for homes, 212-13; public health and, 315n144; public purpose and, 74-84; public reaction and, 139; rationale, 81; reforming or banning, 204-31; state reforms and, 147; upholding, 278n25; victims, 80, 82-83, 100, 106, 127-28, 207, 211, 213, 217, 226, 230
economic dislocation, 306n58
economic underdevelopment, 187
Eighth Amendment, 71
Ellef, Peter, 15, 234
Ellickson, Robert, 221, 223-24
Ely, James, 117
Ely, John Hart, 99-102
emancipation: advocates, 268n120; District of Columbia public use debate, 51-54; Emancipation Proclamation, 52;
Madison and, 71; Public Use Clauses and, 52
eminent domain, 5; abuse, 180, 219;
African Americans and, 138; alleviating abuse, 9-10; broad view, 266n85; Commission on Civil Rights report, 282n61; costs, 223; curbing, 173; government restricting, 63; grasping hand, 1, 245; historical use, 224;
holdout problems and, 217; Kelo on, 26; Lewis on, 67; minorities and, 32, 138; NAACP and, 301n22; negotiation and, 97-98; New London Development Corporation threats, 19-22; official resistance, 281n54; ongoing legal and political struggle, 241-45; pressure to reform, 172; for private development, 73, 89; Private Property Rights Protection Act and, 161; protection for homes, 213; public reaction, 83-84; Public Use Clauses and, 71; state laws, 3;
unconstrained use, 8-9; victims, 98, 101-2, 219; voluntary sales and, 19-20. See also public use
Empire State Development Corporation (ESDC), 187-90, 197
Epstein, Richard, 93, 217-19
Equal Protection Clause, 227 Establishment Clause, 62-63 excavation, 307n71 exit limitations, 222-25
fair market value formula, 205, 213,
301n29, 332n11
Fallbrook Irrigation District v. Bradley, 124-25
Farber, Daniel, 212
favoritism, 120-23
federalism, 183; blight and economic development takings and, 221-25; impact of immobility, 221-25; interjurisdictional mobility and, 221-25; limitations of exit and voice, 222-25
Federalist, 10, 39, 136, 178
Federalist, 78, 69
federal reforms: Bond Amendment, 162-63; Bush Executive Order, 163; political backlash and, 160-63; Private Property Rights Protection Act, 160-61
feminist movement, 107
Fifth Amendment: applying, 124-25; compensation requirement, 102, 118; constraints, 229; Due Process Clause, 52; framers, 133; grand jury indictment requirement, 273n194; pretextual takings and, 199; state laws and, 6;
Takings Clause, 4-5, 36-37, 42, 43, 51, 240. See also Public Use Clauses financial crisis of 2008, 235
Finizio, Daryl Justin, 235
First Amendment: enforcing, 118-19;
Establishment Clause, 62-63; judicial enforcement, 101
Fitz Randolph, Carman, 55
Florida Constitutional Amendment 8, 157 foreclosures: procedures, 90; public health and, 90; in rem judicial, 285n112
Fort Trumbull neighborhood, 4, 5; Beyer in, 12; bulldozing path to prosperity in, 12-19; Coalition to Save Fort Trumbull Neighborhood, 22-25, 235; condemnations in, 19-23; Institute for Justice and, 24-26; legal battle, 24-29; municipal development plan, 18; overview, 11; Von Winkle in, 12
Founding era, 6, 67, 69; property rights, 71; public use, 36-43, 72
Fourteenth Amendment, 295n80; adoption, 35, 273-74n196; antidiscrimination provisions, 110; Bill of Rights and, 70; drafting, 47; Due Process Clause, 6, 48-49, 110, 124, 296n82; enactment, 5, 43, 44, 55, 133; enforcing, 118-20; Equal Protection Clause, 227; ratification, 52; Takings Clause, 6, 62, 64
Fourth Amendment, 71; enforcing, 118-20; unreasonable searches and seizures, 117-19
Frankfurter, Felix, 57
Freedom of Information Act, 16
Furman v. Georgia, 135
Gallenthin Reality Development, Inc. v.
Borough of Paulsboro, 186
Gans, Herbert, 87-88
Gaudiani, Claire, 15, 17, 19; resignation, 234; social justice and, 22
gays and lesbians, 100; gay marriage, 136, 242; protecting, 109; rights movement, 107, 179
General Building Contractors v. Board of Shawnee City Commissioners, 278n25
General Motors, 59, 76-80, 82, 208, 210, 215
Georgia Department of Transportation v.
Jasper County, 272n180
Georgia Supreme Court, 266n85
Goldstein v. New York State Urban Development Corp., 187-88, 190
Goldstein v. Pataki, 196-97, 199
Goodridge v. Department of Public Health, 135-36
grasping hand: eminent domain, 1, 245; invisible hand compared to, 1-2; minorities and, 245
Gregg v. Georgia, 299n3
Guam Supreme Court, 196, 199-200 gun rights movement, 242
Guretsky, James, 22; bankruptcy and, 257n77; in Parcel 4A, 27-29, 237
Guretsky, Laura, 22; bankruptcy and, 257n77; in Parcel 4A, 27-29, 237
Hamilton, Alexander, 36-37; legislative overreaching and, 69
Hand, Learned, 109
Hankins v. Lawrence, 265n77
harm: affirmative, 128-30, 152, 303n42; risk of, 306n51
Harvard University, 95-97
Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff, 24, 103, 112, 125; compensations and, 207; O’Connor and, 32, 59-60, 127-29; oligopoly, 59, 128, 129, 271n169; overruling, 243; precedent and, 112-14; public use and, 58-61, 238; rational-basis test, 115; rationale, 128-30; standard of review, 115; sweeping language, 126, 128
Hawaii Supreme Court, 193
Head v. Amoskeag Mfg. Co., 266n86 heightened scrutiny test: blight and economic development takings and, 214-19; genuine holdout problems and, 217-19; means-ends scrutiny and, 21617; Poletown Neighborhood Council v. City of Detroit and, 214-16
Heller, Michael, 91, 219-20
Hicks, James, 26
Hills, Roderick, 219-20
Hispanics: Kelo v. City of New London opposed by, 138; urban renewal and, 88
History of the Connecticut Supreme Court, The (Horton), 30-31
Hogue v. Port of Seattle, 272n176, 311n112 holdout problems, 253n11; architectural holdouts, 91-92; eminent domain and, 217; heightened scrutiny test and, 217-19; implications, 97-99; negotiation and, 97-98; precommitment strategies, 96-97, 288n146; in public purpose, 90-99; secret assembly and, 94-96; sincere dissenters, 91-93; strategic holdouts, 91-92; subsidies and, 98
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 56-57 hortatory fluff, 182
Horton, Wesley, 19, 30-32, 92, 123; O’Connor and, 33-34, 127; on Thomas, 132
Hurricane Katrina, 157
Idaho Supreme Court, 147
Ilagan v. Ungacta, 199-200
Illinois Supreme Court, 277n3 incorporation, 62, 70, 124, 273-74n196, 276n235
Indiana Supreme Court, 265n77 in rem judicial foreclosure, 285n112 Institute for Justice (IJ), 5; counteroffer, 28; critics, 28; data limitations, 215-16; Fort Trumbull neighborhood case and, 24-26; intervention by, 83, 212; on Iowa, 302n31; Kelo on, 25; lawyers, 122; means-ends scrutiny and, 216; pro bono lawyers, 25-26; public use and, 26-27, 30; seeking cases, 242; on Utah, 311n116; Von Winkle on, 25
interest groups: capture, 81-84; economic development takings and, 74-76, 81-84; enriching, 244; influence, 74-76; lobbying, 227; political backlash and, 175-78
interjurisdictional mobility, 221-25 International Paper Company, 57, 270n148 invisible hand, 1-2
Italian Dramatic Club, 23, 23, 83, 93
Jacobs, Jane, 80
judicial deference: public use and, 55-57;
Public Use Clauses, 124, 199
judicial enforcement: First Amendment, 101; public use, 4
judicial protection, 100
judicial reaction: conclusion, 202-3; interpreting state Public Use Clauses, 182-83; invalidating quick-take condemnations, 184-85; overview, 181-82; political backlash and, 191-92; pretextual takings and, 192-202; state decisions blight condemnations, 18587; upholding unlimited definition of blight, 187-91
juvenile delinquency, 303n42
Kagan, Elena, 61
Kansas Supreme Court, 272n182
Karesh v. City of Charleston, 272n176
Kaufman, Wallace, 207
Kaur v. New York State Urban Development
Corp., 187, 189-90, 193-94, 199
Kelly, Daniel, 95, 192, 220
Kelo, Susette, 122, 151; on eminent domain, 26; former house site, 236; on Institute of Justice, 25; little pink house, 13; Palmer apology to, 234-35; in Parcel 4A, 27-29, 237; on pressure, 21; resistance, 22; settlement, 233
Kelo v. City of New London: African Americans opposing, 138; aftermath, 86; assessment of majority, 116-23; as black stain, 235; case for overruling, 105, 107; conclusion, 134; courts prior to, 60; defenders, 88; deferring to flawed political process, 116-20; divided ruling, 61; economic development takings and, 73, 75, 77, 84; favoritism and, 120-23; feature film, 243; federalism rationale, 118-20; future of, 237-45; as guide, 104-5;
Hispanics opposing, 138; judicial protection and, 100; Kennedy opinion, 8, 34, 114-16, 120-23, 128, 192, 195, 201; liberal opposition, 239; O’Connor dissent, 2, 8, 34, 87, 104, 127-31, 182, 241; oral arguments, 32-33, 92; orthodoxy, 72; overruling, 7, 238-41; political influence and, 82-83; property rights and, 2-5; public opinion, 235; public reaction, 8-9, 66, 108; public use and, 238; rationale, 130; reform laws, 136-37; settlement with New London Development Corporation, 232-33; state court reaction, 9; Stevens’ majority opinion, 4, 8, 71, 103-4, 112-14, 118, 120, 123-26, 192, 240; substantive due process precedents and public use, 123-26; Thomas dissent, 3, 51, 101, 110, 131-34. See also Berman v. Parker; Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff; judicial reaction; Poletown Neighborhood Council v. City of Detroit; political backlash; specifi c topics
Kennedy, Anthony: on adjusting compensations, 205; on favoritism, 121-23; Kelo v. City of New London concurring opinion, 8, 34, 114-16, 120-23, 128, 192, 195, 201; O’Connor on, 123; Posner on, 293n32; on pretextual takings, 194; public use issues, 116; rational-basis test, 115
Kentucky Supreme Court, 277n3 Klass, Alexandra, 228 Knowledge Networks, 138 Kramer, John, 25
Krauter v. Lower Big Blue Natural Resource District, 278n12
Kreckovic, Peter, 24-25
Krier, James, 206
land acquisition, 220
land assembly district (LAD), 219-20 land values, 89, 223
Lash, Kurt, 62, 273-74n196
Lawson, Gary, 65, 67-68 Lefcoe, George, 259n127 legislative response, 141-42 Lewis, John: on eminent domain, 67;
public use and, 54-55; treatise, 44, 264n58, 265n77, 268-69n124
liberalism, 42
liberal moral theory, 8
Limbaugh, Rush, 107, 300n15
living Constitution, 4, 7-8, 74; Berman
v. Parker and, 243; common law constitutionalism, 102-5; constitutional moments, 109-11; moral theory of constitutional interpretation, 105-6;
popular constitutionalism, 106-8; public use and, 99-111; Public Use Clauses and, 99; representation-reinforcement theory, 99-102, 289n166; Thayerian idea, 108; versions, 61
Lochner era, 124, 126, 297n94
Lochner v. New York, 124
Locke, John, 38-39, 42
Loughbridge v. Harris, 266n85
Loving v. Virginia, 69
low-density living, 98
Luberoff, David, 228
Madison, James, 42, 136, 178; emancipation and, 71; property rights and, 63-64
Mahoney, Julia, 134
majoritarian voting process, 220-21
Marks v. United States, 295n65
Marley, Marguerite, 21
Maryland Court of Appeals, 279n25
Maryland Supreme Court, 181, 185
Mayor of Baltimore v. Valsamaki, 185, 328n114
Mayor of the City of Vicksburg v. Thomas, 277n12
McGoldrick, Joseph, 86
means-ends scrutiny, 216-17
Melton, Buckner, 60
Merrill, Thomas, 118, 124, 206
MHC Financing Ltd. Partnership v. City
of San Rafael, 195
Miceli, Thomas, 217
Michigan Court of Appeals, 215
Michigan Supreme Court, 6, 44, 59-60, 74, 87; on economic development takings, 128
Middletown Township v. Lands of Stone, 193, 328n114
Midkiff, 8
migration patterns, 222
mill acts, 265n77; condemnations and, 41, 266n85; constitutionality, 266n88;
mill acts (cont.)
history, 40; nineteenth century, 47-49; private roads and, 39-43; public use and, 40-41
Mills, Henry, 55
Milne, George, 15, 19
minorities, 220, 300n11; displacements, 58; economic development takings and, 7, 131; eminent domain and, 32, 138; Equal Protection Clause and, 227; grasping hand and, 245; insular, 100-101; as invaders, 86; politically weak, 101-2, 110-11; private-to-private condemnations and, 82; protecting, 74; public use and, 110; targeting, 88-89; victims, 82, 106, 289n166. See also African Americans; gays and lesbians; Hispanics
miracle of aggregation, 170-71
Missouri Supreme Club, 305n46 moral theory of constitutional interpretation, 105-6
Morrill, Lot, 53
Morris, Gouverneur, 42
Murphy, Thomas, 76
NAACP, 88, 107, 137-38, 239; eminent domain and, 301n22
Nader, Ralph, 59, 107, 239, 300n15
Naval Undersea Warfare Center, 14,
235
Nazism, 218
negotiation, 97-98
Negro removal, 88
Nevada Supreme Court, 225-26
New Deal: Berman v. Parker jurists, 109; consensus breakdown, 243; constitutional doctrine, 291n218; ideology, 6-7, 59; orthodoxy, 134, 203; transformations, 110
New Jersey Nets, 187
New Jersey Supreme Court, 186
New London Development Corporation (NLDC), 5, 259n127; condemnations, 19; Cristofaro, M., on, 233; economic development takings, 127; eminent domain threats, 19-22; evictions, 20; exemptions, 83, 93; Gaudiani resignation, 234; Horton and, 31-32; Kelo v. City of New London settlement, 232-33; legal battle with, 24-29; lobbying and, 122; municipal development plan, 18, 19; redevelopment and, 15-17; U.S. Supreme Court and, 15, 32-34
New York Court of Appeals, 182-94, 196, 199, 202
New York Times, 17, 235
Niagara Falls Power Company, 270n148
Nichols, Philip, Jr., 56
99 Cents Only Stores v. Lancaster Redevelopment Agency, 114, 194, 328n105
Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, 195, 196, 199-200
Norwood v. Horney, 182, 186
Oakland Raiders, 225, 338n110, 338n112
Obama, Barack, 168, 245
O’Connell, Ed, 17
O’Connor, Sandra Day: Alito replacing, 239; on condemnations, 127; court departure, 116; dissent in Kelo v. City of New London, 2, 8, 34, 87, 104, 127-31, 182, 241; Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff and, 32, 59-60, 127-29; Horton and, 33-34, 127; on Kennedy, 123
Ohio Supreme Court, 182-83, 186
Oklahoma Supreme Court, 182-83 oligopoly: Berman v. Parker, 129; Hawaii
Housing Authority v. Midkiff, 59, 128, 129, 271n169
Olympics, Beijing, 2008, 244
Oregonians in Action Political Action
Committee, 320-21n46
originalism, 4, 7, 253n11; Berman v.
Parker and, 243; Bill of Rights and, 62; Due Process Clause and, 62; nonmainstream objections, 70-72; original intent and, 63-64; original meaning and, 65-68; public use and, 61-72; uncertainty and, 69-70
Owensboro v. McCormick, 272n176
Pacific Legal Foundation, 150, 242
Palmer, Richard, 234-35
Parcel 3: Athenian in, 27-28, 236; Beyer in, 27-28; Cristofaro, M., in, 27-28, 236; Cristofaro, P., in, 27-28, 236
Parcel 4A: Dery, M., in, 27-29, 237;
Guretsky, J., in, 27-29, 237; Guretsky,
L., in, 27-29, 237; Kelo in, 27-29, 237;
Von Winkle in, 27-29, 237
Parchomovsky, Gideon, 206-7, 332n14 Paterson, William, 37-38
Paxton, Frederick, 22-23, 235
Penalver, Eduardo, 194, 212
Pennsylvania Supreme Court, 193
People’s Initiative to Stop the Taking of Our Land (PISTOL), 320-21n46
Persily, Nathaniel, 138
Pfizer, Inc., 5, 201, 210, 237; collusion and, 234; economic development takings, 26; lobbying and, 122; New London headquarters, 19; redevelopment and, 15-17; shut down, 235
plastic village, 22
Poletown Neighborhood Council v. City of Detroit, 59, 76-78, 82, 83, 128, 180; compensations and, 207-8, 210; condemnations, 78-80; displacements, 87; heightened scrutiny test and, 21416; job losses, 279n32, 279n33, 280n34
political backlash, 8, 298n1; conclusion, 164, 178-80; falling short, 165-88; federal reforms, 160-63; interest groups and, 175-78; judicial reaction and, 191-92; legislative response, 141-42; overview, 135-37; paucity of effective reform laws, 173-74; political ignorance theory and, 165-66, 172, 177-78; public ignorance of reform laws, 166-72, 168; public reaction and, 137-41, 139, 140; state reforms and, 142-60, 143-44; success of citizen-initiated referendums, 174-75; timing of, 172-78
political corruption, 187
political ignorance theory, 165-66, 172, 177-78
politically vulnerable groups, 224
political mobilization, 242
popular constitutionalism, 7-8, 106-8 Posner, Richard, 100, 136, 229-30; on
Kennedy, 293n32
Powell, Lazarus, 52
precommitment strategies, 96-97, 288n146
Prentiss, Samuel, 53
pressure tactics, 5
pretextual takings: determining, 192-93;
extreme deference and, 196-200; Fifth
Amendment and, 199; future of claims, 200-202; government’s intentions, 193-94; judicial reaction and, 192202; Kennedy on, 194; magnitude of expected benefits, 194-95; main beneficiary and, 195-96; planning process and, 195
Pritchett, Wendell, 58, 87
Private Property Rights Protection Act, 160-61
private roads: condemnations and, 39; mill acts and, 39-43; statues, 40-41, 264n60; takings, 41, 133, 227, 265n69
private-to-private condemnations, 186, 314n137; banning, 204; minorities and, 82; state reforms, 142, 145-57, 247-50
private-to-private economic development, 229-30
privilege, 231
Privileges or Immunities Clause, 62 procedural safeguards, 209-12
Progressive ideology, 6-7, 56, 113 property rights, 1; advocates, 232; of
African Americans, 64, 68; debate, 3; Founders and, 36-39; Founding era, 71; and, 2-5; Madison and, 63-64; ongoing legal and political struggle, 241-45;
Private Property Rights Protection Act, 161; security of, 4
public health: blight takings and, 146-49, 156, 303n42; condemnations and, 86, 130; economic development takings and, 315n144; foreclosures and, 90
public hearings, 209
public purpose, 55-56, 312n122; blight takings, 84-90; conclusion, 111;
economic development takings and, 74-84; holdout problems, 90-99;
overview, 73-74; public use and living Constitution, 99-100
public use: Berman v. Parker and, 58-61, 238; conclusion, 72; constraints, 229;
Cooley and, 54-55; District of Columbia emancipation debate, 51-54; Founding era, 36-43, 72; future of, 237-45; Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff and, 5861, 238; Institute for Justice and, 26-27, 30; interpreting, 7; judicial deference and, 55-57; judicial enforcement, 4;
Kelo v. City of New London and, 238;
public use (cont.)
Kennedy and, 116; Lewis and, 54-55;
living Constitution and, 99-111; mill acts and, 40-41; minorities and, 110; narrow view, 6; in nineteenth century, 43-55; originalism and, 61-72; original meaning and, 131-32; overview, 35-36; precedents, 8; public purpose and, 5556, 99-100; state court interpretations, 44-47, 46, 56; substantive due process precedents and, 123-26; Thomas on, 132-33; U.S. Supreme Court and, 6, 49-51, 57, 239-40
Public Use Clauses, 5, 43; addressing, 57; applications, 35, 133; awareness of, 66; blight condemnations and, 117, 13233, 203; compensation requirement, 2; constraints, 70, 104, 229, 232;
emancipation and, 52; eminent domain and, 71; enforcing, 2-3, 119-20, 131, 239, 297n94; interpretations, 8-9, 56, 58, 130, 180, 230, 241; judicial deference, 124, 199; living Constitution and, 99; meaning, 37, 65; protections, 101-2, 106, 228, 245; scrutiny under, 211; state clauses, 182-92; states recognizing, 49; testing, 63; transfers and, 115; view, 134; violations, 227, 240
public utilities, 6, 36, 40, 45, 95-97, 225-27 public welfare, 147
quick-take condemnations, 181-82, 184-85
racism, 218
Radin, Margaret, 212
Rappaport, Michael, 62
rational-basis test, 115
rational ignorance, 165-66
Ratner, Bruce, 85, 187-89, 196-97 reasonable person, 65-68
Reconstruction era, 45, 47
redevelopment, 309n87, 313n125; City of
Las Vegas Downtown Redevelopment Agency v. Pappas, 85, 282n61; Cottonwood Christian Center v.
Cypress Redevelopment Agency, 328n105; New London Development Corporation and, 15-17; 99 Cents Only Stores v. Lancaster Redevelopment Agency, 114, 194; Pfizer, Inc. and,
15-17; urban redevelopment takings, 283n82
referendums: state reforms by, 157-60; success of citizen-initiated, 174-75
Rehnquist, William, 34, 116 representation-reinforcement theory, 99-102, 289n166
Republican Party, 15, 64, 107, 138, 167, 173
Rhode Island Economic Development
Corp. v. the Parking Co., 184-85, 328-29n114
Rhode Island Supreme Court, 181, 184-85 rights: civil rights movement, 242;
Commission on Civil Rights, 282n61; gays and lesbians, 107, 179; gun rights movement, 242; women’s rights movement, 242. See also Bill of Rights; property rights
risk: condemnations, 222; of corruption, 95; of harm, 306n51
Roberts, John, 116, 136, 299n7
Robertson, John, 52
Rowland, John, 15, 19, 234, 237
Rubenfeld, Jed, 71
Ryan, James, 76-77
Sadler v. Langham, 264n60
safety, 304n42; control, 279n25; endangering, 90; personal, 42;
procedural safeguards, 209-12; threats to, 130, 146-49, 156
Saint Index survey, 138, 165-66; alternative explanations for, 168-72; on knowledge of state reforms, 167, 168, 251-52; miracle of aggregation and, 170-71; questions, 251-52, 319n12
Sales, Nathan, 40
Sandefur, Timothy, 150
Sanders, Bernard, 137
Sawyer, Scott, 21
Scalia, Antonin, 34, 65; call for overruling, 238
secondary rent-seeking costs, 75, 81 Second Circuit Court of Appeals, 197-98
Second Treatise of Civil Government
(Locke), 39
secret assembly, 94-96, 220
Seidman, Guy, 65, 67-68
Serkin, Christopher, 206
Seventh Amendment, 273n194
Shelton, Hilary, 138
sincere dissenters, 91-93
slavery, 51-54
slums, 149-51, 303n42, 308n71, 309n90
Smedley v. Erwin, 265n69
Smith, Adam, 1
Smith, Robert, 188
social liability, 146, 304n42, 305n46, 310n94
Sotomayor, Sonia, 197-98
sound growth, 146, 303n42, 307n71
Souter, David, 116, 138, 205
South Carolina Supreme Court, 158 Southern Christian Leadership, 88, 137 Southwestern Illinois Development
Authority v. National City Environmental, 272n180 sports stadiums, 187, 227-28, 325n48 sprawl, 91, 98, 216, 288n153 stagnation, 85, 186-87, 309n184 state constitutions, 3
state courts: Kelo v. City of New London reaction, 9; public use interpretations, 44-47, 46, 56. See also specifi c state courts
state laws: eminent domain, 3; Fifth Amendment and, 6
state predation, 222
state reforms: African Americans and, 167; for blight condemnations, 14557; California Senate Bill 1206, 150; economic development takings and, 147; effective, 154-56; ineffective, 150-53; paucity of effective, 173-74; political backlash and, 142-60, 143-44; private-to-private condemnations, 142, 145-57, 247-50; public ignorance of, 166-72; by referendum, 157-60; Saint Index survey on, 167, 168; by state legislatures, 145
Steffen, John, 24
Stevens, John Paul: admitting error, 238; majority opinion in Kelo v. City of New London, 4, 8, 71, 103-4, 112-14, 118, 120, 123-26, 192, 240; retirement, 116, 125
Story, Joseph, 49-50, 68
Strahilevitz, Lior, 194
strategic holdouts, 91-92
Strauss, David, 102-5 straw man agents, 94
subsidies: holdout problems, 98; taxes, 89, 98
substantive due process precedents, 123-26, 133
Sumner, Charles, 53-54
Supreme Court, U.S., 1, 5; on Bill of
Rights, 240, 266-67n90; Connecticut
Supreme Court criticized by, 31; Constitution interpretation, 30, 67; New London Development Corporation and, 15, 32-34; public use and, 6, 49-51, 57, 239-40; takings doctrine, 176, 179, 229. See also Kelo v. City of New London; specifi c cases
takings: bad faith, 193; private roads, 41, 133, 227, 265n69; urban redevelopment, 283n82; U.S. Supreme Court doctrine, 176, 179, 229. See also blight takings; economic development takings; pretextual takings
Takings Clause, 50, 67, 70-71, 106, 183; compensation under, 61; Fifth Amendment, 4-5, 36-37, 42, 43, 51, 240; Fourteenth Amendment, 6, 62, 64; original intent and, 63-64; orthodoxy, 60; slavery and, 53
Taney, Roger, 52
taxes: burdens, 223; costs, 209; income, 222; liabilities, 90; property, 206, 224, 237, 285n110; regulation and, 229;
revenues, 29, 33, 75, 81, 122, 148, 151, 158-59, 216, 229; subsidies, 89, 98
Tea Party movement, 107
Texas Rangers, 228
Texas Supreme Court, 227-28
Thayerian idea, 108
Third Amendment, 273n194
Third Circuit Court of Appeals, 195
Thomas, Clarence, 34; on Bill of Rights, 62; dissent in Kelo v. City of New London, 3, 51, 101, 110, 131-34; Horton on, 132; on tearing down homes, 117; on term public use, 132-33
Tiedeman, Christopher, 55
Treatise on the Constitutional Limitations Which Rest upon the Legislative Powers of the States of the American Union, A (Cooley), 54-55, 68
Troubled Asset Relief Program, 168
underwater mortgages, 277n1
United States ex rel. TVA v. Welch, 57
United States v. Carolene Products, 100
United States v. Gettysburg Electric
Railway Co., 50-51
unreasonable searches and seizures,
117-19
urban redevelopment takings, 283n82
urban renewal, 86-88, 148
Vanhorne’s Lessee v. Dorrance, 37-39, 43, 267n93
victims: blight takings, 106, 127-28, 213, 217, 226; economic development takings, 80, 82-83, 100, 106, 127-28, 207, 211, 213, 217, 226, 230; eminent domain, 98, 101-2, 219; minorities, 82, 106, 289n166
Virginia Question 1, 158
Virginia Supreme Court, 155
Vitucci v. New York city of School Construction Authority, 278n25
voice limitations, 222-25
Von Winkle, Bill: evictions and, 20;
on finances, 26; in Fort Trumbull
neighborhood, 12; on Institute of
Justice, 25; on Palmer apology, 235; in
Parcel 4A, 27-29, 237; resistance, 22
Wall Street Journal, 21
War on Terror, 179
Washington Supreme Court, 153
Wasser, Gregg, 197
Waters, Maxine, 137
Wealth of Nations, The (Smith), 1
Wechsler, Herbert, 109
welfare of community, 148
West 41st Street Realty v. New York, 84-85
Westlaw data base, 260n157
Wight v. Davidson, 296n82
Wilkinson v. Leland, 267n93
women’s rights movement, 242
Woodbury, Levi, 50, 68
Yale Law Journal, 44, 56, 66
Young, Coleman, 76
Zarella, Peter, 29-31, 234
Zogby survey, 138, 301n26
zoning, 98-99