Chapter 1
1. Beauchaine, T. P., “Vagal Tone, Development, and Gray’s Motivational Theory: Toward an Integrated Model of Autonomic Nervous System Functioning in Psychopathology,” Developmental Psychopathology 13, no. 2 (2001): 183–214; Beauchaine, T. P., Katkin, E. S., Strassberg, Z., and Snarr, J., “Disinhibitory Psychopathology in Male Adolescents: Discriminating Conduct Disorder from Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder through Concurrent Assessment of Multiple Autonomic States,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 110, no. 4 (2001): 610–624; Brown, R. P., and Gerbarg, P. L., “Sudarshan Kriya Yogic Breathing in the Treatment of Stress, Anxiety, and Depression: Part 1—Neurophysiologic Model,” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 11, no. 1 (2005): 189–201; Brown, R. P., Gerbarg, P. L., and Muskin, P. R., How to Use Herbs, Nutrients, and Yoga in Mental Health Care (New York: W. W. Norton, 2009); Porges, S. W., “The Polyvagal Theory: Phylogenetic Substrates of a Social Nervous System,” International Journal of Psychophysiology 42, no. 2 (2001): 123–146.
2. Hassett, A. L., Radvanski, D. C., Vaschillo, E. G., Vaschillo, B., Sigal, L. H., Karavidas, M. K., Buyske, S., and Lehrer, P. M., “A Pilot Study of the Efficacy of Heart Rate Variability (HRV) Biofeedback in Patients with Fibromyalgia,” Applied Psychophysiology Biofeedback 32, no. 1 (2007): 1–10.
3. Lehrer, P., Sasaki, Y., and Saito, Y., “Zazen and Cardiac Variability,” Psychosomatic Medicine 61, no. 6 (1999): 812–821.
4. Bernardi, L., Sleight, P., Bandinelli, G., Cencetti, S., Fattorini, L., Wdowczyc-Szulc, J., and Lagi, A., “Effect of Rosary Prayer and Yoga Mantras on Autonomic Cardiovascular Rhythms: A Comparative Study,” Health Module, British Medical Journal 323, no. 7327 (2001): 1446.
5. Elliot, S., and Edmonson, D., Coherent Breathing: The Definitive Method, Theory, and Practice (Allen, TX: Coherence Press, 2008).
Chapter 2
1. Brown, R. P., and Gerbarg, P. L., “Sudarshan Kriya Yogic Breathing, Part 1”; Brown, R. P., and Gerbarg, P. L., “Yoga Breathing, Meditation, and Longevity,” in Longevity, Regeneration, and Optimal Health (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1172), edited by C. Bushell, E. L. Olivo, and N. D. Theise (Boston, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009); Calabrese, P., Perrault, H., Dinh, T. P., Eberhard, A., and Benchetrit, G., “Cardiorespiratory Interactions during Resistive Load Breathing,” American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative, and Comparative Physiology 279, no. 6 (2000): R2208–R2213.
2. Porges, S. W., “The Polyvagal Theory: New Insights into Adaptive Reactions of the Autonomic Nervous System,” Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 76, no. 2 (2009): S86–S90; Porges, “The Polyvagal Theory: Phylogenetic Substrates.”
3. Yu, J., “Airway Mechanosensors,” Respiratory Physiology Neurobiology 148, no. 3 (2005): 217–243.
4. Philippot, P., Gaetane, C., and Blairy, S., “Respiratory Feedback in the Generation of Emotion,” Cognition and Emotion 16, no. 5 (2002): 605–607.
Chapter 3
1. Vasiliev, Vladimir, Let Every Breath . . . Secrets of the Russian Breath Masters (Richmond Hill, Ontario: Russian Martial Art, 2006).
Chapter 4
1. Brown, R. P., and Gerbarg, P. L., “Sudarshan Kriya Yogic Breathing, Part 1”; Brown, R. P., and Gerbarg, P. L., “Yoga Breathing, Meditation, and Longevity”; Kuntsevich, V., Bushell, W. C., and Theise, N. D., “Mechanisms of Yogic Practices in Health, Aging, and Disease,” Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine 77, no. 5 (2010): 559–569; Thayer, J. F., and Brosschot, J. F., “Psychosomatics and Psychopathology: Looking Up and Down from the Brain,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 30, no. 10 (2005):1050–1058.
2. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual DSM-IV, 1994.
3. Katzman, M., et al., “A Multicomponent Yoga-Based, Breath Intervention Program as Adjunctive Treatment in Patients Suffering from Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) with or without Comorbidities,” paper presented at the Anxiety Disorders Association of America conference, Albuquerque, NM, March 10–12, 2009. This paper has just been submitted for publication.
4. Katzman, M., et al., “Breath-Body-Mind-Workshop as Adjunctive Treatment in Patients Suffering from Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) with or without Comorbidity,” paper presented at the American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, May 22–23, 2010.
5. Brown, R. P., Gerbarg, P. L., Vermani, M., and Katzman, M., “First and Second Trials of Breathing, Movement, and Meditation PTSD, Depression, and Anxiety Related to September 11th New York City World Trade Center Attacks,” lecture given at the annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, New Orleans, LA, May 22, 2010.
6. Brown et al., How to Use Herbs, Nutrients, and Yoga in Mental Health Care.
7. Gerbarg, P. L., Wallace, Gretchen S., and Brown, R. P., “Mass Disasters and Mind-Body Solutions for Mass Disasters: Evidence and Field Insights,” International Journal of Yoga Therapy 21 (2011): 97–109.
8. Ibid.
9. Gordon, J. S., Staples, J. K., Blyta, A., Bytyqi, M., and Wilson, A. T., “Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Postwar Kosovar Adolescents Using Mind-Body Skills Groups: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 69, no. 9 (2008): 1469–1476.
10. Gerbarg, Wallace, and Brown, “Mass Disasters.”
Chapter 5
1. Peng, Robert, Qigong Master: My Life and Secret Teachings (New York: Rainbow Tree Publishing, 2010).
2. Craig, A. D., “How Do You Feel—Now? The Anterior Insula and Human Awareness,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 10, no. 1 (2009): 59–70; Craig, A. D., “Interoception and Emotion,” in Handbook of Emotions, 3rd ed., edited by M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones, and L. F. Barrett (New York: Guilford, 2008), 272–288; Craig, A. D., “Interoception: The Sense of the Physiological Condition of the Body,” Current Opinion in Neurobiology 13, no. 4 (2003): 500–505; Critchley, H. D., “Neural Mechanisms of Autonomic, Affective, and Cognitive Integration,” Journal of Comparative Neurology 93, no. 1 (2005): 154–166.
Chapter 6
1. Carter, C. S., “Neuroendocrine Perspectives on Social Attachment and Love,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 23, no. 8 (1998): 779–818; Carter, C. S., Grippo, A. J., Pournajafi-Nazarloo, H., Ruscio, M. G., and Porges, S. W., “Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Sociability,” Progress in Brain Research 170 (2008): 331–336; Porges, S. W., “The Polyvagal Theory: Phylogenetic Substrates of a Social Nervous System,” International Journal of Psychophysiology 42, no. 2 (2001): 123–146.
2. Bucci, W., “Pathways of Emotional Communication,” Psychoanalytic Inquiry 20 (2001): 40–70.
3. Carter, S., “Neuroendocrine Perspectives.”
4. Fehmi, L. G., and McKnight, J. T., “Attention and Neurofeedback Synchrony Training: Clinical Results and Their Significance,” Journal of Neurotherapy 5, no. 1–2 (2001): 45–62.
5. Hummel, F., and Gerloff, C., “Larger Interregional Synchrony Is Associated with Greater Behavioral Success in a Complex Sensory Integration Task in Humans,” Cerebral Cortex 15, no. 5 (2005): 670–678.
6. Espinoza, Cholene, Through the Eye of the Storm (White River Juction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2006), and from e-mail correspondence.
7. Brown, R. P., and Gerbarg, P. L., “Sudarshan Kriya Yogic Breathing, Part 1”; “Sudarshan Kriya Yogic Breathing in the Treatment of Stress, Anxiety, and Depression: Part 2—Clinical Applications and Guidelines,” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 11, no. 4 (2005): 711–717.
8. Craig, “How Do You Feel—Now?”; Craig, “Interoception and Emotion”; Craig, “Interoception: The Sense of the Physiological Condition of the Body.”
9. Streeter, C. C., Whitfield, T. H., Owen, L., Rein, T., Karri, S. K., Yakhkind, A., Perlmutter, R., Prescot, A., Renshaw, P. F., Ciraulo, D. A., and Jensen, J. E., “Effects of Yoga versus Walking on Mood, Anxiety, and Brain GABA Levels: A Randomized Controlled MRS Study,” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 16, no. 11 (2010): 1145–1152.
1. Peters, C., Spahn, C., and Aschendorff, A., “Music Performance Anxiety. A Review of the Literature,” inaugural dissertation of the Faculty of Medicine presented at the University of Freiburg, Germany, 2009, www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/volltexte/6603/pdf/MPA.pdf.
2. Bernardi, L., Schneider, A., Pomidori, L., Paolucci, E., and Cogo, A., “Hypoxic Ventilatory Response in Successful Extreme Altitude Climbers,” European Respiratory Journal 27, no. 1 (2006): 165–171.
3. Peng, Robert, Qigong Master: My Life and Secret Teachings (New York: Rainbow Tree Publishing, 2010).