Notes

Please note that page numbers are not accurate for the e-book edition.

Introduction: The Young and the Digital

ix “‘I didn’t do as much’”: Rupert Murdoch, “Speech by Rupert Murdoch to the American Society of Newspaper Editors” (lecture, Marriott Hotel, Washington, DC, April 13, 2005), www.newscorp.com/news/news_247.html.

ix “‘We may never become’”: Ibid.

x “‘It is a monumental’”: Ibid.

x “Abandoning the News”: Merrill Brown, “What’s the Future of the News Business? This Report to Carnegie Corporation of New York Offers Some Provocative Ideas,” Carnegie Reporter 3, no. 2 (Spring 2005).

xi “In 2005 the fastest growing Web sites”: Nielsen//NetRatings, “Nielsen//NetRatings Reports the Fastest Growing Web Sites Year-over-Year Among Top Internet Properties: Apple, Google and Amazon Take the Lead,” news release, December 20, 2005.

xi “Between November 2004”: Ibid.

xi “During the same period”: Ibid.

xi “For the period of”: Andrew Lipsman, More than Half of MySpace Visitors Are Now Age 35 or Older, as the Site’s Demographic Composition Continues to Shift (Reston, VA: comScore Media Metrix, October 5, 2006), www.comscore.com/press/release.asp?press=1019.

xii “‘Since we were telling’”: Alex Williams, “Do You MySpace?” New York Times, August 28, 2005, ST1.

xii “‘People are starting to understand’”: Antony Bruno, “MySpace Is the (Online) Place,” Billboard, July 2, 2005.

xii “‘The Internet is exciting again’”: John Battelle, “Building a Better Boom,” New York Times, November 18, 2005.

xviii “‘TV watching comes at the expense’”: Robert Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), 237.

xix “‘Increasingly, her citizens are encouraged’”: Ray Oldenburg, The Great Good Place: Cafes, Coffee Shops, Bookstores, Bars, Hair Salons, and Other Hangouts at the Heart of a Community (New York: Paragon House, 1989), xvi.

xx “Just as separation in”: Marshall Van Alstyne and Erik Brynjolfsson, “Electronic Communities: Global Village or Cyberbalkans?” (working paper, Sloan School, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, March 1997), 3, http://web.mit.edu/marshall/www/papers/CyberBalkans.pdf.

xx “In 2000 the number of households”: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Home Computers and Internet Use in the United States: August 2000, prepared by the Department of Commerce in cooperation with the Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census,Washington, DC, 2001.

1: Digital Migration

1 “‘The enduring American love affairs’”: Otto Friedrich, “The Computer,” Time, January 4, 1983.

1 “Between 1980 and 1990 multi-television set”: Nielsen, Television Audience: 1993, Nielsen Media Research, 2.

2 “During that same period”: Ibid., 2, 9.

2 “In 1980 few Americans”: Ibid., 2.

2 “For the first time in”: Donald F. Roberts and Ulla G. Foehr, Kids and Media in America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003).

2 “Since the 1990s American homes”: See Jorge Reina Schement, “Wiring the Castle: Demography, Technology, and the Transformation of the American Home” (lecture, MIT Communications Forum: Media in Transition, Cambridge, MA, March 2006).

2 “In 1985, when the”: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Home Computers and Internet Use in the United States.

2 “By comparison, 98 percent”: Nielsen, Television Audience: 1993, 2.

3 “In 2003, according to the U.S. Census Bureau”: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Computer and Internet Use in the United States: 2003, prepared by the Department of Commerce in cooperation with the Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC, 2005.

3 “The diffusion of the Internet”: Ibid., 3.

3 “In 2003, 76 percent of homes”: Ibid., 2.

3 “Also, homes with school-age children”: Ibid., 3.

5 “‘Starting junior high seems to be’”: Amanda Lenhart, Mary Madden, and Paul Hitlin, Teens and Technology (Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project, July 27, 2005): 2.

5 “In 2005 about 60 percent”: Ibid.

6 “‘IM satisfies two major’”: Bonka Boneva et al., “Teenage Communication in the Instant Messaging Era,” in Computers, Phones, and the Internet: Domesticating Information Technology, eds. Robert E. Kraut, Malcolm Brynin, and Sara Kiesler (Cambridge, UK: Oxford University Press, 2006), 241.

6 Discussion of the initial reporting from the Carnegie Mellon HomeNet field trial is reported by Robert Kraut et al., “The HomeNet Field Trial of Residential Internet Services,” Communications of the ACM 39, no. 12 (December 1996): 55–63.

7 “‘Teenagers’ enthusiasm motivated other family’”: Ibid., 57.

7 “‘became the technical support gurus’”: David Frohlich and Robert Kraut, “The Social Context of Home Computing,” in Inside the Smart Home, ed. Richard Harper (New York: Springer, 2003), 155.

8 “‘The availability of a broadband connection’”: John B. Horrigan and Lee Rainie, The Broadband Difference (Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project, June 23, 2002): 14.

8 “Between March 2005 and March 2006”: John B. Horrigan, Home Broadband Adoption 2006 (Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project, May 28, 2006): i.

8 “During that same period”: Ibid., 3.

8 “‘Nothing else in the twentieth century’”: Putnam, Bowling Alone, 221.

8 “‘we spent almost all six’”: Ibid., 222–23.

9 “Many of the earliest studies”: See, for example, Robert Kraut et al., “Examining the Effects of Internet Use on Television Viewing: Details Make a Difference,” in Computers, Phones, and the Internet; Nielsen//NetRatings, “TV Viewing in Internet Households,” A Report by Nielsen Media Research, May 1999.

9 “‘Internet homes are lighter TV viewers’”: Nielsen//NetRatings, “TV Viewing in Internet Households.” A Report by Nielsen Media Research (New York: Nielsen Media Research, May 1999).

10 “That year Pew reported that”: Horrigan and Rainie, Broadband Difference, 24.

10 “Three things distinguished broadband users”: Ibid., 10–14.

10 “‘The increased daily usage translates’”: Ibid., 13.

10 “That same 2002 study”: Ibid., 12.

10 “The difference in media streaming”: Ibid.

10 “‘decrease in television viewing’” Ibid., 24.

10 “By 2004 more than half”: Amanda Lenhart and Mary Madden, Teen Content Creators and Consumers (Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project, November 2, 2005): 1.

11 “Pew has a name”: Amanda Lenhart, John Horrigan, and Deborah Fallows, Content Creators Online (Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project, February 29, 2004): 8.

13 “TV is controlled by adults”: Don Tapscott, Growing Up Digital: The Rise of the Net Generation (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997): 25.

13 “In 1998, just as the network computer”: Ibid, 25–31.

13 “So much has changed”: Ben Grossman, “Jeff Zucker: After Landing Leno, Now What?” Broadcasting & Cable, December 14, 2008, http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/160735-Jeff_Zucker_After_Landing_Leno_Now_What_.php?rssid=20100&q=jeff+zucker.

13 “We are at a critical point”: Ibid.

13 All of the data on virtual worlds and kids discussed here is reported by LeeAnn Prescott, “Virtual Worlds Ranking—Runescape #1,” April 30, 2007, http://weblogs.hitwise.com/leeann-prescott/2007/04/virtual_worlds_ranking_runesca.html.

15 “First of all, they report”: All of the findings discussed here are reported by Victoria Rideout, Elizabeth Vandewater, and Ellen Wartella, Zero to Six: Electronic Media in the Lives of Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers (Menlo Park, CA: The Kaiser Family Foundation, fall 2003).

15 “‘Those who use a computer’”: Ibid., 5.

15 “‘a series of studies to learn’”: The Roper Organization, America’s Watching: Public Attitudes toward Television (New York: Television Information Office, 1995): i.

15 “‘Positive feelings about television’”: Ibid., i.

16 “‘The three words,’ Roper declared”: Ibid., 1.

16 “Significantly, 65 percent”: Paul Taylor, Cary Funk, and April Clark, Luxury or Necessity? Things We Can’t Live Without: The List Has Grown in the Past Decade (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, December 14, 2006): 4.

2: Social Media 101

20 “is offered by a commercial entity”: Deleting Online Predators Act of 2006, HR 5319, 109th Cong., 2nd sess. (July 26, 2006): H 5883–5889, www.ala.org/ala/aboutala/offices/wo/woissues/techinttele/dopa/HouseDOPADebate.pdf.

20 “‘Social networking sites, best known’”: Declan McCullagh, “Chat Rooms Could Face Expulsion,” July 27, 2006, http://news.cnet.com/2100-1028_3-6099414.html.

20 “‘have become a haven’”: Ibid.

20 “‘When children leave the home’”: Declan McCullagh, “Lawmakers Take Aim at Social-Networking Sites,” May 11, 2006, http://news.cnet.com/Congress-targets-social-network-sites/2100–1028_3–6071040.html.

20 “By 2004 a decisive majority”: Lenhart, Madden, and Hitlin, Teens and Technology, 1.

20 “According to the Pew Internet & American Life Project”: Amanda Lenhart and Mary Madden, Social Networking Websites and Teens: An Overview (Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project, 2007): 1.

21 “affirms the importance of”: www.ala.org/ala/aboutala/offices/oif/ifissues/onlinesocialnetworks.pdf.

22 “MySpace may have been the brand”: Lipsman, More than Half of MySpace Visitors Are Now Age 35 or Older.

22 “One in seven youth are exposed”: Janis Wolak, Kimberly Mitchell, and David Finkelhor, Online Victimization of Youth: Five Years Later (Alexandria, VA: National Center for Missing & Exploited Children, 2006).

23 “‘Even more startling’”: Deleting Online Predators Act of 2006.

23 “‘hunting predators is both the coolest’”: Vanessa Grigoriadis, “‘To Catch a Predator’: The New American Witch Hunt for Dangerous Pedophiles,” Rolling Stone, July 30, 2007.

23 “A 2007 report by the Pew Internet & American Life Project”: Lenhart and Madden, Social Networking Websites and Teens.

24 “‘new media forms have altered’”: The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Living and Learning with New Media: Summary of Findings from the Digital Youth Project, Report on Digital Media and Learning, November 2008, 2.

24 “‘Given the popularity and reach’”: Beth Evans, “Your Space or MySpace?” netConnect, October 15, 2006, 8–12.

25 “A 2005 study of teens”: Lenhart, Madden, and Hitlin, Teens and Technology, 14.

30 “‘In our schools, every classroom’”: President William Jefferson Clinton, “State of the Union Address” (U.S. Capitol, Washington, DC, January 23, 1996), http://clinton2.nara.gov/WH/New/other/sotu.html.

30 “‘every classroom and every library’”: Ibid.

30 “‘in essence, information ‘have nots’”: U.S. Department of Commerce, Falling through the Net: A Survey of the ‘Have Nots’ in Rural and Urban America (Washington, DC: National Telecommunications and Information Administration, July 1995), www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/fallingthru.html.

31 “‘the romance with the machine’”: Amy Harmon, “Internet’s Value in U.S. Schools Still in Question,” New York Times, October 25, 1997.

31 “The U.S. Department of Education”: Anne Kleiner and Laurie Lewis, Internet Access in U.S. Public Schools and Classrooms: 1994–2002 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, October 2003): 4.

31 “whereas 89 percent of college-educated Latinos”: The figures regarding Latino online behaviors can be found in Susannah Fox and Gretchen Livingstone, Latinos Online (Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project, March 14, 2007).

32 “For instance, in a 2005 survey”: Lenhart, Madden, and Hitlin, Teens and Technology, 1.

32 “Statistical analysis of computer”: Matthew DeBell and Chris Chapman, Computer and Internet Use by Students in 2003: Statistical Analysis Report (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, September 2006).

33 “When Pew conducted its”: Lenhart and Madden, Social Networking Websites and Teens, 3.

34 “‘Older girls [15–17] in particular’”: Ibid., 2.

36 “A 2007 report by”: Amanda Lenhart, Cyberbullying and Online Teens (Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project, June 27, 2007): 1.

36 “‘41% of today’s teens’”: Amanda Lenhart, Teens, Privacy & Online Social Networks (Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project, April 18, 2007): 7.

38 “‘there is a misconception’”: Andrew Lipsman, More than Half of MySpace Visitors Are Now Age 35 or Older, as the Site’s Demographic Composition Continues to Shift.

38 “The percentage of people using Facebook”: Ibid.

39 “‘Why are you holding out on’”: Association of Texas Professional Educators, “Use Caution in a Place Like MySpace,” www.atpe.org/protection/employmentrights/mySpaceDangers.asp.

40 “‘avoid adding students to your ‘friend’”: Ibid.

40 “‘could prompt allegations of misconduct’”: Ibid.

43 “A study published in”: Elisheva F. Gross, “Adolescent Internet Use: What We Expect, What Teens Report,” Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 25 (2004): 633–49.

44 “And yet an image sent”: Chana Joffe-Walt, “‘Sexting’: A Disturbing New Teen Trend,” March 11, 2009, www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=101735230.

44 “A sexting incident in a Pennsylvania high school”: Mike Brunker, “‘Sexting’ Surprise: Teens Face Child Porn Charges,” January 15, 2009, www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28679588/.

44 “A 2005 study found”: Dale Kunkel et al., Sex On TV 4: A Kaiser Family Foundation Report (Menlo Park, CA: The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, November 2005).

45 “‘in order to cooperate with more people’”: Howard Rheingold, Smart Mobs: The Next Social Revolution (New York: Basic Books, 2002), xxi.

3: The Very Well Connected

48 “Some researchers refer to it as”: Mizuko Ito and Daisuke Okabe, “Technosocial Situations: Emergent Structuring of Mobile E-mail Use,” in Personal, Portable, Pedestrian: Mobile Phones in Japanese Life, eds. Ito, Okabe, and Misa Matsuda (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005), 257–73. The authors explain that mobile phones create “new kinds of bounded places that merge the infrastructures of geography and technology, as well as technosocial practices that merge technical standards and social norms.”

48 “This is called ‘presence-in-absence’”: M. Lombard and T. Ditton, “At the Heart of It All: The Concept of Presence,” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 3, no. 2 (September 1997). The authors write that presence-in-absence or presence “is the extent to which a medium is perceived as sociable, warm, sensitive, personal or intimate when it is used to interact with other people” but also means the sense of “being there” or being aware of another’s presence, or when mutual, “co-presence.”

49 “‘conversation is an important social process’”: Claude Fischer, America Calling: A Social History of the Telephone to 1940 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 231.

49 “‘elevators and rubber tires’”: Howard Rheingold, The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000), 330.

50 “According to a 2006 study”: Ulla G. Foehr, Media Multitasking Among Youth: Prevalence, Predictors, and Pairings (Menlo Park, CA: The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2006).

50 “As they observe their parents’”: Matt Richtel and Brad Stone, “For Toddlers, Toy of Choice is Tech Device,” New York Times, November 29, 2007.

50 “A growing number of health professionals”: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Overweight Among U.S. Children and Adolescents,” National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2002, www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/databriefs/overwght.pdf; S. Gortmaker et al., “Television Viewing as a Cause of Increasing Obesity among Children in the United States, 1986–1990,” Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 150 (April 1996): 356–62; Elizabeth A. Vandewater, Mi-suk Shim, and Allison G. Caplovitz, “Linking Obesity and Activity Level with Children’s Television and Video Game Use,” Journal of Adolescence 27, no. 1 (February 2004): 71–85.

52 “In 1933 researchers Malcolm Wiley”: Malcolm M. Wiley and Stuart A. Rice, Communication Agencies and Social Life (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1933).

52 “‘of those values that inhere’”: Ibid., 240.

52 The “far-flung relationships” reference comes from Ron Westrum, Technologies and Society: The Shaping of People and Things (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1991). The reference to “inauthentic intimacy” comes from Fischer, America Calling.

52 “New communication technologies also”: Joshua Meyrowitz, No Sense of Place: The Impact of Electronic Media on Social Behavior (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985).

53 “‘The idea of a community’”: Rheingold, Virtual Community, xv.

53 “‘In traditional kinds of communities’”: Ibid., 11.

54 “The telephone began as a novelty”: Fischer, America Calling, 23.

55 “‘The number of total contacts’”: Ibid., 258.

56 “‘seemingly obsessive need to connect’”: Betsy Israel, “The Overconnecteds,” New York Times, November 5, 2006.

56 “Seventy-five percent of American teens”: Lenhart, Madden, and Hitlin, Teens and Technology, 15.

56 “That same report found”: Ibid., 16.

57 “Among other things, teens use IM”: Bonka Boneva et al., “Teenage Communication in the Instant Messaging Era.”

57 “Teens and young twenty-somethings”: Consumers in the 18-to-24 Age Segment View Cell Phones as Multi-Functional Accessories; Crave Advanced Features and Personalization Options (Reston, VA: comScore Media Metrix, January 22, 2007), www.comscore.com/press/release.asp?press=1184.

57 “A 2005 report by NOP World Technology mKids”: Brand Noise, “NOP Study: Nearly Half of US Teens and Tweens Have Cell Phones,” March 10, 2005, http://brandnoise.typepad.com/brand_noise/2005/03/nop_study_nearl.html.

57 “What’s more, a 2005 report”: Lee Rainie and Scott Keeter, How Americans Use Their Cell Phones (Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project, April 3, 2006): 6.

57 “‘for a teenager to send’”: Margaret Web Pressler, “For Texting Teens, an OMG Moment When the Phone Bill Arrives,” Washington Post, May 20, 2007.

57 “The 2008 CTIA Semi-Annual Wireless Industry Survey”: “CTIA—The Wireless Association® Releases Latest Wireless Industry Survey Results,” September 10, 2008, www.ctia.org/media/press/body.cfm/prid/1772.

58 “[It] has the personality of”: Williams, “Do You MySpace?”

58 “Forget the mall”: Janet Kornblum, “Teens Hang Out at MySpace,” USA Today, January 8, 2006.

58 “the biggest mall-cum-nightclub-cum-7-Eleven”: Spencer Reiss, “His Space,” Wired, July 2006.

58 “‘a great variety of public places’”: Ray Oldenburg, The Great Good Place, 16.

59 “‘The benefits of participation’”: Ibid., 43.

59 “In his classic study”: Dick Hebdige, Subculture: The Meaning of Style (London: Methuen, 1979).

63 “Many of the first studies”: Robert Kraut et al., “Internet Paradox: A Social Technology That Reduced Social Involvement and Psychological Well-Being?” American Psychologist 53, no. 9 (1998): 1017–31.

63 “Some researchers found evidence”: I. Shklovski, R. E. Kraut, and L. Rainie, “The Internet and Social Participation: Contrasting Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analyses,” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 10, no. 1 (November 2004): http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol10/issue1/shklovski_kraut.html.

63 “‘one simply can not be engaged’”: Norman H. Nie, D. Sunshine Hillygus, and Lutz Erbing, “Internet Use, Interpersonal Relations and Sociability: Findings from a Detailed Time Diary Study,” in The Internet in Everyday Life, eds. Barry Wellman and Caroline Haythornthwaite (Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, 2003).

64 “‘brought neighbors together to socialize’”: Keith N. Hampton and Barry Wellman, “Netville On-line and Off-line: Observing and Surveying a Wired Suburb,” American Behavioral Scientist 43, no. 3 (November 1999): 492.

64 “In fact, young, college-educated”: See Shaila Dewan, “Cities Compete in Hipness Battle to Attract Young,” New York Times, November 25, 2006.

65 “A 2007 report from”: Lenhart and Madden, Social Networking Websites and Teens, 2.

65 “Pew also found that”: Ibid., 2.

68 “Social-network sites, Ellison, Steinfield, and Lampe”: Nicole B. Ellison, Charles Steinfield, and Cliff Lampe, “The Benefits of Facebook ‘Friends’: Social Capital and College Students’ Use of Online Social Network Sites,” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 12 (2007): 1143–68.

68 “Highly engaged users are”: Ibid.

68 “Additionally, the ability to stay”: Ibid.

68 “Sociologist Mark Granovetter’s work shows”: Mark S. Granovetter, “The Strength of Weak Ties,” American Journal of Sociology 78, no. 6 (1973): 1360–80. Also, see Granovetter, “The Strength of Weak Ties: A Network Theory Revisited,” in Social Structure and Network Analysis, eds. P. V. Mardsen and N. Lin (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1982), 105–30.

70 “more time at each site”: Nielsen//NetRatings, “Teens Who Visit Both MySpace and Facebook Drive Time Spent at the Social Networking Sites, According to Nielsen//NetRatings,” September 20, 2007, www.nielsen-online.com/pr/pr_070920.pdf.

71 “What Chase described as”: Frank Vetere, Steve Howard, and Martin R. Gibbs, “Phatic Technologies: Sustaining Sociability through Ubiquitous Computing,” in Proceedings of ACM CHI 2005 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2005 (Workshop) (Portland, Oregon: April 2–7, 2005).

71 “‘to keep channels of communication open’”: Ibid.

72 “‘the facility to idly chat’”: Ibid.

72 “‘It was the reassurance’”: Ibid.

72 “‘laden with emotional significance’”: Ibid.

72 “‘maintain and strengthen existing relationships’”: Ibid.

72 “It is widely recognized”: James E. Katz and Mark Aakhus, eds., Perpetual Contact: Mobile Communication, Private Talk, Public Performance (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002).

4: Digital Gates

75 “‘Americans aren’t so good at talking’”: dana boyd, “Viewing American Class Divisions through Facebook and MySpace,” June 24, 2007, www.zephoria.org/thoughts/archives/2007/06/24/viewing_america.html.

76 “‘Facebook kids,’ the blogger writes”: Ibid.

76 “kids whose parents didn’t go to college”: Ibid.

78 “‘Hispanic students,’ she writes”: Eszter Hargittai, “Whose Space? Differences among Users and Non-Users of Social Network Sites,” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 13, no. 1 (2007), http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol13/issue1/hargittai.html.

78 “Children growing up in low”: Donald F. Roberts et al., Kids & Media & the New Millennium (Menlo Park, CA: The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 1999).

78 “‘The most pronounced finding’”: Hargittai, “Whose Space?”

82 “Bourdieu made a career”: Pierre Bourdieu, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984).

86 “For eight years, Setha Low”: Setha Low, Behind the Gates: Life, Security, and the Pursuit of Happiness in Fortress America (New York: Routledge, 2003).

86 “Analysis of a 1997 national survey”: Edward J. Blakely and Mary Gail Snyder, Fortress America: Gated Communities in the United States (Washington, DC: Brooking Institute, 1997).

86 “‘primarily about stability and a need’”: Low, Behind the Gates, 23.

86 “desire for safety, security, community”: Ibid., 9.

87 “‘the more purified the environment’”: Ibid., 143.

90 “In the span of two months”: Yuki Noguchi, “In Teens’ Web World, MySpace Is So Last Year,” Washington Post, October 29, 2006.

91 “Ten months after opening”: Nielsen//NetRatings, “Teens Who Visit Both MySpace and Facebook.”

91 “In December 2006 Facebook”: These statistics are reported by Facebook, www.facebook.com/home.php?#/press/info.php?timeline.

93 “In a 2007 report titled Latinos Online”: Susannah Fox and Gretchen Livingstone, Latinos Online (Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project, March 14, 2007).

95 “‘some forms of capital’”: Robert Putnam, Bowling Alone, 22.

95 “‘outward looking and encompasses’”: Ibid.

98 “‘We have come to expect’”: Bill Bishop, The Big Sort: Why the Clustering of Like-Minded America is Tearing Us Apart (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008), 213.

98 “‘Kids have grown up in’”: Ibid.

98 “‘the most outward-looking . . . generation’”: John Zogby, The Way We’ll Be: The Zogby Report on the Transformation of the American Dream (New York: Random House, 2008), 115.

100 “In one of the first ‘virtual-field studies’”: Paul W. Eastwick and Wendi L. Gardner, “Is It a Game? Evidence for Social Influence in the Virtual World,” Social Influence 4, no. 1 (January 2009): 18–32.

101 “the virtual world may not prove”: Ibid., 29.

5: We Play

103 “Compared to the year before”: Bill Carter, “The Absence of Television Viewers Has Network Executives Scratching Their Heads,” New York Times, October 22, 2003, c8.

103 “‘a nuclear strike, a smallpox outbreak’”: John Schwartz, “Leisure Pursuits of Today’s Young Man,” New York Times, March 29, 2004.

103 “‘Frankly what we’re seeing strains credulity’”: Carter, “The Absence of Television Viewers.”

104 “‘should have been seen’”: Schwartz, “Leisure Pursuits.”

104 “‘You never see these kind’”: Cynthia Littleton and Andrew Wallenstein, “Nielsen Study Helps Explain Demo Declines,” The Hollywood Reporter, November 26, 2003.

104 “Young people still watch television”: Trip Gabriel, “Decoding What ‘Screen-Agers’ Think About TV,” New York Times, November 25, 1996.

104 “‘The fact that more than’”: Desperately Seeking Men Aged 18–34? Find Them Online, Says comScore Media Metrix (Reston, VA: comScore Media Metrix, November 4, 2003), http://www.comscore.com/press/release.asp?press=361.

105 “In a 2007 report titled”: Mary Madden, Online Video (Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project, July 25, 2007): 9.

105 “Between 2004 and 2006 there was”: Nielsen Wireless and Interactive Services, “The State of the Console: Video Game Console Usage Fourth Quarter 2006,” 2007.

105 “‘U.S. computer and video game software’”: Entertainment Software Association, “Industry Facts,” www.theesa.com/facts/index.asp.

105 “A study by Nielsen Entertainment”: Nielsen Entertainment, “Nielsen Entertainment Study Shows Video Gaming is Increasingly a Social Expe-rience,” news release, October 5, 2006, //www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/10-05-2006/0004446115&EDATE.

105 “‘as games continue to increase’”: Nielsen Entertainment, “Nielsen Entertainment Reports on Mobile and Video Game Entertainment in Today’s Evolving Consumption Landscape in Two Separate Studies to Publish Tomorrow,” news release, November 21, 2005.

107 “Ultimately, no matter if it is the promise”: Katie Salen and Eric Zimmerman, Rules of Play: Game Design Fundamentals (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003).

107 “In its third annual”: Nielsen Entertainment, “Nielsen Entertainment Study,” //www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/10-05-2006/0004446115&EDATE.

110 “Nine of the ten top-selling games”: Also, see The NPD Group, “Playing Video Games Viewed As Family/Group Activity and Stress Reducer,” December 12, 2007, www.npd.com/press/releases/press_071212.html.

110 “‘It’s a very interesting and frustrating thing’”: Seth Schiesel, “As Gaming Turns Social, Industry Shifts Strategies,” New York Times, February 28, 2008.

110 “‘And our Japanese colleagues’”: Ibid.

110 “‘feels like a brawny but’”: Seth Schiesel, “A Weekend Full of Quality Time with PlayStation 3,” New York Times, November 20, 2006.

110 “‘for many consumers, it’s still’”: Martin Fackler, “Hobbled by Disappointing Sales and a Loss at the Game Unit, Sony’s Profit Drops 5%,” New York Times, January 31, 2007.

111 “It is easy to forget”: Dmitri Williams, “A Brief Social History of Game Play,” in Playing Video Games: Motives, Responses, and Consequences, eds. Peter Vorderer and Jennings Bryant (New York: Routledge, 2006).

111 “‘the Wii is meant to’”: Seth Schiesel, “Getting Everybody Back in the Game,” New York Times, November 24, 2006.

111 “‘In an entirely counterintuitive’”: Schiesel, “As Gaming Turns Social.”

111 “‘realized that emphasizing the communal’”: Ibid.

113 “‘crafted places,’ he writes, ‘inside computers’”: Edward Castronova, Synthetic Worlds: The Business and Culture of Online Games (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 4.

113 “In a 2005 large-scale survey”: Nicholas Yee, “The Psychology of Massively Multi-User Online Role-Playing Games: Motivations, Emotional Investment, Relationships and Problematic Usage,” in Avatars at Work and Play: Collaboration and Interaction in Shared Virtual Environments, eds. Ralph Schroder and Ann-Sofie Axelsson (London: Springer, 2006), 193.

113 “respondents had spent at least”: Ibid.

113 “Eight percent of users”: Ibid.

114 “‘two games in one’”: For a good discussion of this phenomenon, see, for example, Nicolas Ducheneaut et al., “‘Alone Together?’ Exploring the Social Dynamics of Massively Multiplayer Online Games,” in Proceedings of ACM CHI 2006 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2006 (New York: ACM Press, 2006): 407–16. Also, see Ducheneaut et al., “Building an MMO with Mass Appeal: A Look at Gameplay in World of Warcraft,” Games and Culture 1, no. 4 (October 2006): 281–317.

114 “Kurt Squire, a games scholar”: Kurt Squire, “Open-Ended Video Games: A Model for Developing Learning for the Interactive Age,” in The Ecology of Games: Connecting Youth, Games, and Learning, ed. Katie Salen (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008).

115 “‘Story,’ the authors write”: Edward F. Schneider et al., “Death with a Story: How Story Impacts Emotional, Motivational, and Physiological Responses to First-Person Shooter Video Games,” Human Communication Research 30, no. 3 (July 2004): 361–75.

115 “Despite the ‘cult of the amateur’”: For a critique of user-generated media, see Andrew Keen, The Cult of the Amateur: How Today’s Internet Is Killing Our Culture (New York: Doubleday Business, 2007).

116 “‘I like that I can be somebody else’”: Yee, “The Psychology of Massively Multi-User Online Role-Playing Games,” 194.

116 “Researchers call this gender swapping”: Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997), 212–26.

116 “‘I became the biggest black guy’”: Ketzel Levine, “Alter Egos in a Virtual World,” Morning Edition, National Public Radio, July 31, 2007, www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=12263532.

117 “‘I wanted to know more about’”: Turkle, Life on the Screen, 216.

117 “‘As a man I was’”: Ibid.

117 “In most cases, critics point out”: For a discussion on the complexities of gender identity in the online world, see Jodi O’Brien, “Writing in the Body: Gender (Re) Production in Online Interaction,” in Communities in Cyberspace, eds. Peter Kollock and Marc A. Smith (New York: Routledge, 1999). Also, see Fair Play? Violence, Gender and Race in Video Games (Oakland, CA: Children Now, 2001) for one of the first content analyses of gender representation in video games.

119 “Yee and Bailenson conducted two experiments”: The discussion of Nicholas Yee and Jeremy Bailenson’s test of the “Proteus Effect” is drawn from Yee and Bailenson, “The Proteus Effect: The Effect of Transformed Self-Representation on Behavior,” Human Communication Research 33 (2007): 271–90.

120 “‘These two studies,’ Yee and Bailenson write”: Ibid.

121 “‘10% of [MMORPG] users felt’”: Yee, “The Psychology of Massively Multi-User Online Role-Playing Games,” 201.

121 “‘the process of becoming’”: John Seely Brown and Douglas Thomas, “You Play World of Warcraft? You’re Hired!” Wired, April 2006.

124 “In his study of relationships”: Yee, “The Psychology of Massively Multi-User Online Role-Playing Games,” 196.

126 “According to a 2007 study”: Dmitri Williams, Scott Caplan, and Li Xiong, “Can You Hear Me Now? The Impact of Voice in an Online Gaming Community,” Human Communication Research 33 (2007): 427–49.

126 “‘Voice,’ the authors maintain”: Ibid., 444.

128 “‘social trust is a valuable’”: Putnam, Bowling Alone, 135.

129 “‘wresting power from the few’”: Lev Grossman, “Time’s Person of the Year: You,” Time, December 13, 2006.

129 “The entertainment business has begun”: Bill Werde, “Philip Rosedale,” Billboard, January 6, 2007, 26.

130 “In a 2008 interview”: Dean Takahashi, “Q&A: Linden Lab CEO Mark Kingdon on Second Life’s Latest Evolution,” September 18, 2008, http://venturebeat.com/2008/09/18/qa-linden-lab-ceo-mark-kingdon-on-second-lifes-latest-evolution/.

6: Hooked

133 “‘I am addicted to EQ’”: Yee, “The Psychology of Massively Multi-User Online Role-Playing Games,” 201.

134 “‘People feel a lot of shame’”: Pagan Kennedy, “Craft Addicts: Do Online Games Trigger a New Psychiatric Disorder?” Boston Globe, June 8, 2008, www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2008/06/08/craft_addicts/.

134 “In a 2007 editorial”: Jerald J. Block, MD, “Issues for DSM-V: Internet Addiction,” American Journal of Psychiatry 165 (March 2008): 306–7.

135 “‘About 86% of Internet addiction’”: Ibid., 306.

136 “Throughout the remainder of the 1990s”: For some of the early scholarly literature on Internet addiction, see Kimberly S. Young, “Psychology of Computer Use: XL. Addictive Use of the Internet: A Case That Breaks the Stereotype,” Psychological Reports 79 (1996): 899–902; Viktor Brenner, “Psychology of Computer Use: XLVII. Parameters of Internet Use, Abuse and Addiction: The First 90 Days of the Internet Usage Survey,” Psychological Reports 80 (1997): 879–82; Mark D. Griffiths, “Does Internet and Computer ‘Addiction’ Exist? Some Case Study Evidence,” CyberPsychology & Behavior 3, no. 2 (2000): 211–18; and Chien Chou, Linda Condron, and John C. Belland, “A Review of the Research on Internet Addiction,” Educational Psychology Review 17, no. 4 (December 2005): 363–88.

137 “‘I.A.D.,’ Goldberg explained”: David Wallis, The Talk of the Town, “Just Click No,” New Yorker, January 13, 1997, 28.

137 “‘To medicalize every behavior’”: Ibid.

137 “‘Dependence on a chemical substance’”: The American Psychiatric Association’s Psychiatric Glossary (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1984), 31.

138 “‘It also tells the memory’”: Eric J. Nestler Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, “Brain Reward Pathways,” http://transmitter.neuro.mssm.edu/NestlerLab/paths_b02.php.

139 “‘these gender differences may help’”: Fumiko Hoeft et al., “Gender Differences in the Mesocorticolimbic System during Computer Game-Play,” Journal of Psychiatric Research 42, no. 4 (March 2008): 253–58.

139 “We know from previous”: M. E. Ballard and J. R. West, “Mortal Kombat™: The Effects of Violent Videogame Play On Males’ Hostility and Cardiovascular Responding,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 26 (1996): 717–30; M. Flemming and D. Rickwood, “Effects of Violent Versus Nonviolent Video Games on Children’s Arousal, Aggressive Mood, and Positive Mood,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 31 (2001): 2047–71.

140 “In a 2007 policy report”: Mohamed K. Khan, “Report of the Council on Science and Public Health,” CSAPH Report 12-A-07.

140 “‘video game overuse is most common’”: Ibid., 4.

140 “‘The APA does not consider’”: Statement of the American Psychiatric Association on “Video Game Addiction” (Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association, June 21, 2007).

140 “‘Revising DSM,’ the APA concludes”: Ibid.

140 “‘arguments, lying, poor achievement, social isolation’”: Block, “Issues for DSM-V: Internet Addiction,” 306–7.

141 “‘a forum for partners, family, and friends’”: http://health.groups.yahoo.com/group/EverQuest-Widows/.

141 “‘We turn to each other’”: Ibid.

141 “‘Video games,’ Orzack explains”: Rob Wright, “Expert: 40 Percent of World of Warcraft Players Addicted,” Tom’s Games, August 8, 2006, http://us.tomsgames.com/us/2006/08/08/world_of_warcraft_players_addicted/.

141 “In one national survey”: Yee, “The Psychology of Massively Multi-User Online Role-Playing Games,” 196.

142 “In South Korea, a country where”: For information on the rapid diffusion of broadband in South Korea, see Subscribers of High-Speed Internet by Region (Seoul, Korea: Ministry of Information and Communication, 2007); and Heejin Lee, Robert M. O’Keefe, and Kyoung-Lim Yun, “The Growth of Broadband and Electronic Commerce in South Korea: Contributing Factors,” Information Society 19, no. 1 (2003): 81–93.

142 “In 1998 South Korea hosted”: T. Park, “Analysis Report: Factors Leading to Sharp Increase Internet Users in Korea,” Korean Network Information Center, 2000.

142 “The South Korean government estimates”: Y. H. Choi, “Advancement of IT and Seriousness of Youth Internet Addiction,” in 2007 International Symposium on the Counseling and Treatment of Youth Internet Addiction (Seoul, Korea: National Youth Commission, 2007): 20.

142 “‘briefly stopped to smoke’”: Caroline Gluck, “South Korea’s Gaming Addicts,” BBC News World Edition, November 22, 2002, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2499957.stm.

142 “In 2006, ten South Koreans”: Y.H. Choi, “Advancement of IT and Seriousness of Youth Internet Addiction.”

143 “‘youngsters who become obsessed’”: Gluck, “South Korea’s Gaming Addicts.”

143 “‘It is most important’”: Martin Fackler, “In Korea, a Boot Camp Cure for Web Obsession,” New York Times, November 18, 2007.

143 “Two researchers, Dal Yong Jin”: Dal Yong and Florence Chee, “Age of New Media Empires: A Critical Interpretation of the Korean Online Game Industry,” Games and Culture 3, no. 1 (January 2008): 38–58. See also Florence Chee, “Essays on Korean Online Game Communities” (master’s thesis, Simon Fraser University, Canada, 2005).

144 “‘the PC Bang is the site’”: Florence Chee, “The Games We Play Online and Offline: Making Wang-tta in Korea,” Popular Communication 4, no. 3 (2006): 225–39.

144 “‘A PC bang also has been known’”: Ibid.

144 “In one longitudinal study”: Ducheneaut et al., “Building an MMO with Mass Appeal.”

146 “In one national survey”: Yee, “The Psychology of Massively Multi-User Online Role-Playing Games,” 202.

146 “Fifty percent of those”: Ibid.

147 “Research scientists have long”: Robert J. Hancox, Barry J. Milne, and Richie Poulton, “Association of Television Viewing during Childhood with Poor Educational Achievement,” Archives of Pediatrics Adolescent Medicine 159, no. 7 (2005): 614–18; Patricia A. Williams et al., “The Impact of Leisure-Time Television on School Learning: A Research Synthesis,” American Educational Research Journal 19 (1982): 19–50. The literature on games and academic performance is more mixed. See Mary B. Harris and Randall Williams, “Video Games and School Performance,” Education 105, no. 3 (1985): 306–9; and Vivek Anand, “A Study of Time Management: The Correlation Between Video Game Usage and Academic Performance Markers,” CyberPsychology & Behavior 10, no. 4 (2007): 552–59.

147 “‘Time spent with media’”: “American Academy of Pediatrics: Media Education,” Pediatrics 104, no. 2 (August 1999): 3, 341–43.

148 “We also believe that”: Thomas Layton, “Games Cited in Recent Deaths,” GameSpot, August 28, 2003, www.gamespot.com/news/6074253.html.

149 “‘For some people,’ especially those”: Castronova, Synthetic Worlds, 65.

149 “for others, perhaps the fantasy world”: Ibid.

149 “making an understandable choice”: Ibid.

149 “‘He didn’t want much’”: Workbench: Programming and Publishing News and Comment, “Christina Cordell: ‘A Survivor of Everquest Addiction,’” http://workbench.cadenhead.org/everquest/cordell1.html.

149 “‘In a way,’ she writes”: Ibid.

150 “The players are acting”: Ibid.

151 “I feel sorry that people”: Ibid.

151 “Games researcher Nick Yee”: Ibid., 198.

151 “For at least two decades”: For a discussion of “tiny sex,” see Turkle, Life on the Screen, 89.

151 “‘is not only common’”: Ibid.

151 “In his survey, Yee”: Ibid.

151 “The 2006 Active Gamer Benchmark Study”: Nielsen Entertainment, “Nielsen Entertainment Study Shows Video Gaming is Increasingly a Social Experience,” news release, October 5, 2006, //www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/10-05-2006/0004446115&EDATE.

152 “Though the data varies”: For a discussion of women and games, see T. L. Taylor, Play Between Worlds: Exploring Online Game Culture (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006): 93–94.

152 “Overall it can be a cheaper”: Ibid., 194.

153 “‘First it [the computer] becomes’”: David Smith, “Addiction to Internet ‘Is an Illness,’” The Observer, March 23, 2008, www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2008/mar/23/news.internet?gusrc=rss&feed=technology.

154 “‘I still have a foot’”: Workbench, http://workbench.cadenhead.org/everquest/cordell1.html.

154 “‘I’m going back to school’”: Ibid.

7: Now!

157 “‘For the younger generation’”: Christine Rosen, “The Myth of Multitasking,” New Atlantis no. 20 (Spring 2008): 105–10.

157 “‘We now devour our pop culture’”: Nancy Miller, “Minifesto for a New Age,” Wired, March 2007.

158 “‘When we first approached’”: Steven Levy, The Perfect Thing: How the iPod Shuffles Commerce, Culture, and Coolness (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), 135.

160 “‘Americans viewed more than’”: YouTube Draws 5 Billion U.S. Online Video Views in July 2008 (Reston, VA: comScore Media Metrix, September 10, 2008), www.comscore.com/press/release.asp?press=2444.

160 “Since the widespread diffusion”: According to Nielsen Media Research, 29 percent of TV households in the United States owned a remote control. Less than ten years later, in 1994, more than 90 percent of TV households owned a remote control. Nielsen, Television Audience: 1993, 2.

162 “A 1972 study of southern California”: J. Lyle and H. R. Hoffman, “Children’s Use of Television and Other Media,” in E. A. Rubinstein, G. A. Comstock, and J. P. Murray, eds., Television and Social Behavior, vol. 4, Television in Day-to-Day Life: Patterns and Use (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office., 1972): 129–256.

162 “In his study of media use by youth”: Roberts and Foehr, Kids and Media in America, 42–48.

162 “Similarly, three-quarters of older children”: Ibid., 42–43.

162 “‘Compared with even a few years ago’”: Ibid., 42.

163 “Children and teenagers spend at least”: For a detailed assessment of media multitasking among young people, see Foehr, Media Multitasking Among American Youth.

163 “From their view of the world”: Harris Interactive and Teen Research Unlimited, “Born To Be Wired: The Role of New Media for a Digital Generation.”

165 “‘The great irony of multitasking’”: Walter Kirn, “The Autumn of the Multitaskers,” Atlantic, November 2007, www.theatlantic.com/doc/200711/multitasking.

166 “To determine what happens”: Paul E. Dux et al., “Isolation of a Central Bottleneck of Information Processing with Time-Resolved fMRI,” Neuron 52 (December 21, 2006): 1109–20.

166 “‘When humans attempt to perform’”: Ibid., 1109.

167 “‘We are under the impression’”: Steve Lohr, “Slow Down, Brave Multitasker, and Don’t Read This in Traffic,” New York Times, March 25, 2007.

168 “‘When we talk about multitasking’”: Rosen, “Myth of Multitasking.”

168 “we are motivated by a desire”: http://continuouspartialattention.jot.com/WikiHome.

168 “‘is an always-on, anywhere, anytime’”: Ibid.

169 “‘in a 24/7, always-on world’”: Ibid.

169 “‘when people do their work’”: Rosen, “Myth of Multitasking.”

8: “May I have your attention?”

171 “In a 2008 study of 2,089 mobile-phone users”: Harris Interactive, “A Generation Unplugged: Research Report,” September 12, 2008, 5.

172 “By 2007 a decisive majority”: Nielsen Mobile, “Kids on the Go: Mobile Usage by U.S. Teens and Tweens” (New York: The Nielsen Company, December 6, 2007).

173 “First, the open policies acknowledge”: Everett M. Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations (New York: Free Press, 1962).

173 “In a 2002 poll”: John Horrigan, Mobile Access to Data and Information (Washington, DC: The Pew Internet & American Life Project, March 2008): 1.

173 “Mobile phones (57 percent) ranked ahead”: Ibid., 1.

173 “‘are much more likely to say’”: Ibid., 6.

175 “‘They are used for everything’”: NBC News Forum, “Interview: New York City Schools Chancellor Joel Klein,” September 2, 2007, www.nydailynews.com/blogs/dailypolitics/docs/misc/09020730.loc.doc.

175 “‘Kids are text messaging in their pockets’”: Ibid.

176 “A 2008 study found that”: Harris Interactive, “A Generation Unplugged,” 11.

176 “‘To you this is a tool’”: Matt Richtel, “Schools Relax Cellphone Bans, Nodding to Trend,” New York Times, September 29, 2004.

176 “I feel naked”: Julie Bosman, “Sweep at School Turns Up a Trove of Electronic Contraband,” New York Times, June 1, 2007.

176 “In their e-mail messages to the school”: Elissa Gootman, “Hardships of School Cellphone Ban Are Detailed in E-Mail Messages to Public Advocate,” New York Times, November 15, 2006.

176 “‘The chancellor will have’”: Elissa Gootman, “City Schools Cut Parents’ Lifeline (the Cellphone),” New York Times, April 27, 2006.

177 “Forty-two percent of the teens”: Harris Interactive, “A Generation Unplugged,” 12.

179 “In a 2007 study with Microsoft”: Shamsi T. Iqbal and Eric Horvitz, “Disruption and Recovery of Computing Tasks: Field Study, Analysis, and Directions,” in Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Workshop) (San Jose, CA: April 28–May 3, 2007).

179 “normal daily tasks that users perform”: Ibid.

180 “‘Even when users respond immediately’”: Ibid.

184 “Can you repeat the question, please?”: David Cole, “Laptops vs. Learning,” Washington Post, April 7, 2007.

185 “‘The wall of vertical screens’”: Jeffrey R. Young, “The Fight for Classroom Attention: Professor vs. Laptop,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, June 2, 2006.

186 “‘It’s a condition induced by modern life’”: Alorie Gilbert, “Newsmaker: Why Can’t You Pay Attention Anymore?” CNET News, March 28, 2005, http://news.cnet.com/Why-cant-you-pay-attention-anymore/2008–1022_3–5637632.html.

186 “is by definition the transmission”: Don Tapscott, Grown Up Digital: How the Net Generation Is Changing Your World (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008), 130.

186 “‘Sitting in front of a TV set’”: Ibid., 131.

186 “‘But unlike the entertainment world’”: Ibid.

188 “In a 1997 survey”: Kathy Scherer, “College Life On-line: Healthy and Unhealthy Internet Use,” Journal of College Student Development (November/December 1997).

189 “A Pew study reports”: Deborah Fallows, Browsing the Web for Fun (Washington, DC: The Pew Internet & American Life Project, February 2006), 2.

189 “‘if you don’t allow yourself’”: Gilbert, “Newsmaker.”

Conclusion: A Message from Barack

193 “‘Young people are on the Web’”: Jose Antonio Vargas, “Young Voters Find Voice on Facebook,” Washington Post, February 17, 2007.

193 “‘About how many people’”: www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_UZr3g-9yA.

194 “‘This is a remarkable’”: www.youtube.com/watch?v=i8tS0nwApFE.

194 “‘About three weeks back’”: www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_UZr3g-9yA.

194 “‘I don’t really understand it’”: Ibid.

194 “‘Technology is changing’”: Zachary A. Goldfarb, “Mobilized Online, Thousands Gather to Hear Obama,” Washington Post, February 3, 2007.

194 “When Obama visited George Mason”: Vargas, “Young Voters Find Voice.”

195 “‘discuss brands, companies, products, and services’”: Tapscott, Grown Up Digital, 89. For a more complete discussion of what Tapscott refers to as “N-Fluence networks,” see 192–201.

196 “‘wanted Mr. Obama’s social network’”: Brian Stelter, “The Facebooker Who Friended Obama,” New York Times, July 7, 2008.

196 “Sociologist Barry Wellman calls”: Barry Wellman, “Physical Place and CyberPlace: The Rise of Personalized Networking,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 25, no. 2 (2001): 227–52.

197 “‘Just like Kennedy brought in’”: Claire Cain Miller, “How Obama’s Internet Campaign Changed Politics,” New York Times, November 7, 2008.

197 “‘were it not for the Internet’”: Ibid.

198 “‘to lower the cost of building’”: David Carr, “How Obama Tapped into Social Networks’ Power,” New York Times, November 10, 2008.

199 “‘It was like a guy’”: Ibid.

199 “‘Other politicians I have met’”: Ibid.

199 “‘was the first politician’”: Ibid.

200 “‘Thanks for sharing . . . all these’”: www.flickr.com/photos/barackobamadotcom/3008255125/.

200 “‘amazing openness’”: Ibid.

200 “‘Sorry—but I wouldn’t’”: Ibid.

200 “‘Young voters,’ Hart explains”: Jann S. Wenner, “How Obama Won,” Rolling Stone, November 27, 2008.

201 “Statistics from TubeMogul.com”: Personal Democracy Forum: techPresident.com, “YouTube Stats,” http://techpresident.com/youtube/2008.

201 “TubeMogul estimated that the content”: Micah L. Sifry, “How Much Is YouTube Worth to Obama and McCain?” October 24, 2008, www.techpresident.com/blog/entry/32071/how_much_is_youtube_worth_to_obama_and_mccain.

201 “‘the finer point would be’”: Ibid.

201 “According to the Nation’s Ari Melber”: Ari Melber, “YouTubing the Election,” the Nation, November 4, 2008.

202 “‘a sort of metropolitan idea’”: www.onthemedia.org/transcripts/2007/11/02/07.

202 “‘the expansive commentary is fast’”: Virginia Heffernan, “God and Man on YouTube,” New York Times Magazine, November 4, 2007.

203 “‘participation in presidential elections’”: Robert Putnam, Bowling Alone, 32.

203 “‘In 1973 most Americans’”: Ibid., 44.

203 “‘most did not engage’”: Ibid., 44.

203 “‘Those activities that brought’”: Ibid., 45.

204 “Pew’s findings may surprise”: Scott Keeter, Juliana Horowitz, and Alec Tyson, Young Voters in the 2008 Election (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, November 12, 2008), http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1031/young-voters-in-the-2008-election.

205 “In 1987 the Roper Organization”: The Roper Organization, America’s Watching.

205 “In a December 2008”: Internet Overtakes Newspapers as News Outlet (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, December 23, 2008), http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1066/internet-overtakes-newspapers-as-news-source.

205 “‘Nearly six-in-ten Americans’”: Ibid.

206 “Tufts University’s Center for Information”: The Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning and Engagement, “Youth Voting,” www.civicyouth.org/?page_id=241.

206 “One thing that’s been incredibly clear”: Goldfarb, “Mobilized Online, Thousands Gather to Hear Obama.”

207 “‘elections have not been’”: Andy Oram, “Don’t Say the Internet Has Changed Elections,” November 4, 2008, http://broadcast.oreilly.com/2008/11/dont-say-the-internet-has-chan.html.

207 “‘If different generations have different tastes’”: Putnam, Bowling Alone, 34.