Further Reading

Knowledge is built on the shoulders of our intellectual ancestors, and much of what I know comes from reading other people’s studies. However, this is not a dense academic tome, and thus to enhance readability, a strategic decision was made to limit the references presented to a handful of key sources, including in particular those readily available on the internet or through the library system.

Prologue

  • “Cognitive Bias Codex.” Categorization by Buster Benson. Design by John Manoogian III. Available from Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Cognitive_Bias_Codex_-_180%2B_biases,_designed_by_John_Manoogian_III_(jm3).png.
  • de Waal, Frans B. M. “Anthropomorphism and Anthropodenial: Consistency in Our Thinking about Humans and Other Animals.” Philosophical Topics 27 (1999): 255–280.
  • DuPont, Robert L., Dorothy P. Rice, Leonard S. Miller, Sarah S. Shiraki, Clayton R. Rowland, and Henrick J. Harwood. “Economic Costs of Anxiety Disorders.” Anxiety 2 (1996): 167–172.
  • Lépine, Jean-Pierre. “The Epidemiology of Anxiety Disorders: Prevalence and Societal Costs.” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 14 (2002): 4–8.
  • Natterson-Horowitz, Barbara, and Kathryn Bowers. Zoobiquity: The Astonishing Connection between Human and Animal Health. New York: Vintage, 2013.
  • Pimm, Stuart L., Clinton N. Jenkins, Robin Abell, Thomas M. Brooks, John L. Gittleman, Lucas N. Joppa, Peter H. Raven, Callum M. Roberts, and Joseph O. Sexton. “The Biodiversity of Species and Their Rates of Extinction, Distribution, and Protection.” Science 344 (2014): 1246752.
  • Shubin, Neil. Your Inner Fish: A Journey into the 3.5-Billion-Year History of the Human Body. New York: Vintage, 2008.

1. A Sophisticated Neurochemical Cocktail

  • Balavoine, Guillaume, and André Adoutte. “The Segmented Urbilateria: A Testable Scenario.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 43 (2003): 137–147.
  • Bercovitch, Fred B., Marc D. Hauser, and James H. Jones. “The Endocrine Stress Response and Alarm Vocalizations in Rhesus Macaques.” Animal Behaviour 49 (1995): 1703–1706.
  • Blumstein, Daniel T., Janet Buckner, Sajan Shah, Shane Patel, Michael E. Alfaro, and Barbara Natterson-Horowitz. “The Evolution of Capture Myopathy in Hooved Mammals: A Model for Human Stress Cardiomyopathy?” Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health 2015 (2015): 195–203.
  • Blumstein, Daniel T., Benjamin Geffroy, Diogo S. M. Samia, and Eduardo Bessa, eds. Ecotourism’s Promise and Peril: A Biological Evaluation. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2017.
  • Blumstein, Daniel T., Marilyn L. Patton, and Wendy Saltzman. “Faecal Glucocorticoid Metabolites and Alarm Calling in Free-Living Yellow-Bellied Marmots.” Biology Letters 2 (2006): 29–32.
  • Goymann, Wolfgang, and John C. Wingfield. “Allostatic Load, Social Status and Stress Hormones: The Costs of Social Status Matter.” Animal Behaviour 67 (2004): 591–602.
  • McNaughton, Neil, and Philip J. Corr. “A Two-Dimensional Neuropsychology of Defense: Fear / Anxiety and Defensive Distance.” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 28 (2004): 285–305.
  • Mobbs, Dean, and Jeansok J. Kim. “Neuroethological Studies of Fear, Anxiety, and Risky Decision-Making in Rodents and Humans.” Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 5 (2015): 8–15.
  • Mobbs, Dean, Predrag Petrovic, Jennifer L. Marchant, Demis Hassabis, Nikolaus Weiskopf, Ben Seymour, Raymond J. Dolan, and Christopher D. Frith. “When Fear Is Near: Threat Imminence Elicits Prefrontal-Periaqueductal Gray Shifts in Humans.” Science 317 (2007): 1079–1083.
  • Natterson-Horowitz, Barbara, and Kathryn Bowers. Zoobiquity: The Astonishing Connection between Human and Animal Health. New York: Vintage, 2013.
  • Nesse, Randolph M., and Elizabeth A. Young. “Evolutionary Origins and Functions of the Stress Response.” In Encyclopedia of Stress, 3 vols., ed. George Fink, 2: 79–84. San Diego: Academic Press, 2000.
  • Nesse, R. M., S. Bhatnagar, and B. Ellis. “Evolutionary Origins and Functions of the Stress Response System.” In Stress: Concepts, Cognition, Emotion, and Behavior, ed. George Fink, 95–101. Handbook of Stress, vol. 1. London: Academic Press, 2016.
  • Nilsson, Stefan. “Comparative Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System.” Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical 165 (2011): 3–9.
  • Sheriff, Michael J., Charles J. Krebs, and Rudy Boonstra. “The Ghosts of Predators Past: Population Cycles and the Role of Maternal Programming under Fluctuating Predation Risk.” Ecology 91 (2010): 2983–2994.
  • ________. “The Sensitive Hare: Sublethal Effects of Predator Stress on Reproduction in Snowshoe Hares.” Journal of Animal Ecology 78 (2009): 1249–1258.
  • Wingfield, John C., Donna L. Maney, Creagh W. Breuner, Jerry D. Jacobs, Sharon Lynn, Marilyn Ramenofsky, and Ralph D. Richardson. “Ecological Bases of Hormone-Behavior Interactions: The ‘Emergency Life History Stage.’ ” American Zoologist 38 (1998): 191–206.

2. Beware of Looming Objects

  • Blumstein, Daniel T. “Moving to Suburbia: Ontogenetic and Evolutionary Consequences of Life on Predator-Free Islands.” Journal of Biogeography 29 (2002): 685–692.
  • ________. “The Multipredator Hypothesis and the Evolutionary Persistence of Antipredator Behavior.” Ethology 112 (2006): 209–217.
  • Blumstein, Daniel T., Janice C. Daniel, Andrea S. Griffin, and Christopher S. Evans. “Insular Tammar Wallabies (Macropus eugenii) Respond to Visual but Not Acoustic Cues from Predators.” Behavioral Ecology 11 (2000): 528–535.
  • Blumstein, Daniel T., Janice C. Daniel, and Brian P. Springett. “A Test of the Multi-Predator Hypothesis: Rapid Loss of Antipredator Behavior after 130 Years of Isolation.” Ethology 110 (2004): 919–934.
  • Burger, Joanna, Michael Gochefeld, and Bertram G. Murray Jr. “Role of a Predator’s Eye Size in Risk Perception by Basking Black Iguana, Ctenosaura similis.” Animal Behaviour 42 (1991): 471–476.
  • Chan, Alvin Aaden Yim-Hol, Paulina Giraldo-Perez, Sonja Smith, and Daniel T. Blumstein. “Anthropogenic Noise Affects Risk Assessment and Attention: The Distracted Prey Hypothesis.” Biology Letters 6 (2010): 458–461.
  • Chan, Alvin Aaden Yim-Hol, W. David Stahlman, Dennis Garlick, Cynthia D. Fast, Daniel T. Blumstein, and Aaron P. Blaisdell. “Increased Amplitude and Duration of Acoustic Stimuli Enhance Distraction.” Animal Behaviour 80 (2010): 1075–1079.
  • Cook, Michael, and Susan Mineka. “Selective Associations in the Observational Conditioning of Fear in Rhesus Monkeys.” Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes 16 (1990): 372–389.
  • Curio, Eberhard. “The Functional Organization of Anti-Predator Behaviour in the Pied Flycatcher: A Study of Avian Visual Perception.” Animal Behaviour 23 (1975): 1–115.
  • DeVault, Travis L., Bradley F. Blackwell, Thomas W. Seamans, Steven L. Lima, and Esteban Fernández-Juricic. “Effects of Vehicle Speed on Flight Initiation by Turkey Vultures: Implications for Bird-Vehicle Collisions.” PLoS One 9 (2014): e87944.
  • ________. “Speed Kills: Ineffective Avian Escape Responses to Oncoming Vehicles.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B 282 (2015): 20142188.
  • Griffin, Andrea S., Christopher S. Evans, and Daniel T. Blumstein. “Learning Specificity in Acquired Predator Recognition.” Animal Behaviour 62 (2001): 577–589.
  • ________. “Selective Learning in a Marsupial.” Ethology 108 (2002): 1103–1014.
  • Kawai, Nobuyuki, and Hongshen He. “Breaking Snake Camouflage: Humans Detect Snakes More Accurately Than Other Animals under Less Discernible Visual Conditions.” PLoS One 11 (2016): e0164342.
  • Lima, Steven L., Bradley F. Blackwell, Travis L. DeVault, and Esteban Fernández-Juricic. “Animal Reactions to Oncoming Vehicles: A Conceptual Review.” Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 90 (2015): 60–76.
  • Mobbs, Dean, Rongjun Yu, James B. Rowe, Hannah Eich, Oriel FeldmanHall, and Tim Dalgleish. “Neural Activity Associated with Monitoring the Oscillating Threat Value of a Tarantula.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 107 (2010): 20582–20586.
  • Rakison, David H., and Jaime Derringer. “Do Infants Possess an Evolved Spider-Detection Mechanism? Cognition 107, no. 1 (2008): 381–393.
  • Shibasaki, Masahiro, and Nobuyuki Kawai. “Rapid Detection of Snakes by Japanese Monkeys (Macaca fuscata): An Evolutionarily Predisposed Visual System.” Journal of Comparative Psychology 123 (2009): 131–135.
  • Van Le, Quan, Lynne A. Isbell, Jumpei Matsumoto, Minh Nguyen, Etsuro Hori, Rafael S. Maior, Carlos Tomaz, et al. “Pulvinar Neurons Reveal Neurobiological Evidence of Past Selection for Rapid Detection of Snakes.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 110 (2013): 19000–19005.
  • Yorzinski, Jessica L., Michael J. Penkunas, Michael L. Platt, and Richard G. Coss. “Dangerous Animals Capture and Maintain Attention in Humans.” Evolutionary Psychology 12 (2014): 534–548.

3. Noise Matters

  • Arnal, Luc H., Adeen Flinker, Andreas Kleinschmidt, Anne-Lise Giraud, and David Poeppel. “Human Screams Occupy a Privileged Niche in the Communication Soundscape.” Current Biology 25 (2015): 2051–2056.
  • Bledsoe, Ellen K., and Daniel T. Blumstein. “What Is the Sound of Fear? Behavioral Responses of White-Crowned Sparrows Zonotrichia leucophrys to Synthesized Nonlinear Acoustic Phenomena.” Current Zoology 60 (2014): 534–541.
  • Blumstein, Daniel T., Greg A. Bryant, and Peter Kaye. “The Sound of Arousal in Music Is Context-Dependent.” Biology Letters 8 (2012): 744–747.
  • Blumstein, Daniel T., Louise Cooley, Jamie Winternitz, and Janice C. Daniel. “Do Yellow-Bellied Marmots Respond to Predator Vocalizations?” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 62 (2008): 457–468.
  • Blumstein, Daniel T., Richard Davitian, and Peter D. Kaye. “Do Film Soundtracks Contain Nonlinear Analogues to Influence Emotion?” Biology Letters 6 (2010): 751–754.
  • Blumstein, Daniel T., and Charlotte Recapet. “The Sound of Arousal: The Addition of Novel Non-Linearities Increases Responsiveness in Marmot Alarm Calls.” Ethology 115 (2009): 1074–1081.
  • Blumstein, Daniel T., Dominique T. Richardson, Louise Cooley, Jamie Winternitz, and Janice C. Daniel. “The Structure, Meaning and Function of Yellow-Bellied Marmot Pup Screams.” Animal Behaviour 76 (2008): 1055–1064.
  • “Children, Youth, Families and Socioeconomic Status.” Fact Sheet, American Psychological Association, n.d.. https://www.apa.org/pi/ses/resources/publications/factsheet-cyf.pdf.
  • Coleman, Andrea, Dominique Richardson, Robin Schechter, and Daniel T. Blumstein. “Does Habituation to Humans Influence Predator Discrimination in Gunther’s Dik-Diks (Madoqua guentheri)?” Biology Letters 4 (2008): 250–252.
  • Darwin, Charles. The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals. London: John Murray, 1872.
  • Ekman, Paul. “Facial Expression and Emotion.” American Psychologist 48 (1993): 384–392.
  • Hettena, Alexandra M., Nicole Munoz, and Daniel T. Blumstein. “Prey Responses to Predator’s Sounds: A Review and Empirical Study.” Ethology 120 (2014): 427–452.
  • Johnson, Frances R., Elisabeth J. McNaughton, Courtney D. Shelley, and Daniel T. Blumstein. “Mechanisms of Heterospecific Recognition in Avian Mobbing Calls.” Australian Journal of Zoology 51 (2003): 577–585.
  • Lea, Amanda J., June P. Barrera, Lauren M. Tom, and Daniel T. Blumstein. “Heterospecific Eavesdropping in a Nonsocial Species.” Behavioral Ecology 19 (2008): 1041–1046.
  • McEwen, Bruce S. “Effects of Stress on the Developing Brain.” Cerebrum 2011 (2011): 14.
  • Slaughter, Emily I., Erin R. Berlin, Jonathan T. Bower, and Daniel T. Blumstein. “A Test of the Nonlinearity Hypothesis in Great-Tailed Grackles (Quiscalus mexicanus).” Ethology 119 (2013): 309–315.
  • Zanette, Liana Y., Aija F. White, Marek C. Allen, and Michael Clinchy. “Perceived Predation Risk Reduces the Number of Offspring Songbirds Produce Per Year.” Science 334 (2011): 1398–1401.

4. Smells Risky to Me

  • Apfelbach, Raimund C., Dixie Blanchard, Robert J. Blanchard, Richard A. Hayes, and Iain S. McGregor. “The Effects of Predator Odors in Mammalian Prey Species: A Review of Field and Laboratory Studies.” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 29, no. 8 (2005): 1123–1144.
  • Arshamian, Artin, Matthias Laska, Amy R. Gordon, Matilda Norberg, Christian Lahger, Danja K. Porada, Nadia Jelvez Serra, et al. “A Mammalian Blood Odor Component Serves as an Approach-Avoidance Cue across Phylum Border—from Flies to Humans.” Scientific Reports 7 (2017): 13635.
  • Berdoy, M., J. P. Webster, and D. W. Macdonald. “Fatal Attraction in Rats Infected with Toxoplasma gondii.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B 267 (2000): 1591–1594.
  • Blumstein, Daniel T., Lisa Barrow, and Markael Luterra. “Olfactory Predator Discrimination in Yellow-Bellied Marmots.” Ethology 114 (2008): 1135–1143.
  • Dewan, Adam, Rodrigo Pacifico, Ross Zhan, Dmitry Rinberg, and Thomas Bozza. “Non-Redundant Coding of Aversive Odours in the Main Olfactory Pathway.” Nature 497 (2013): 486–489.
  • Ferrari, Maud C. O., Brian D. Wisenden, and Douglas P. Chivers. “Chemical Ecology of Predator–Prey Interactions in Aquatic Ecosystems: A Review and Prospectus.” Canadian Journal of Zoology 88 (2010): 698–724.
  • Ferrero, David M., Jamie K. Lemon, Daniela Fluegge, Stan L. Pashkovski, Wayne J. Korzan, Sandeep R. Datta, Marc Spehr, Markus Fendt, and Stephen D. Liberles. “Detection and Avoidance of a Carnivore Odor by Prey.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 108 (2011): 11235–11240.
  • Fessler, Daniel, and Kevin Haley. “Guarding the Perimeter: The Outside-inside Dichotomy in Disgust and Bodily Experience.” Cognition and Emotion 20 (2006): 3–19.
  • Flegr, J. “Influence of Latent Toxoplasma Infection on Human Personality, Physiology and Morphology: Pros and Cons of the Toxoplasma-Human Model in Studying the Manipulation Hypothesis.” Journal of Experimental Biology 216 (2013): 127–133.
  • Johnson, Stefanie K., Markus A. Fitza, Daniel A. Lerner, Dana M. Calhoun, Marissa A. Beldon, Elsa T. Chan, and Pieter T. J. Johnson. “Risky Business: Linking Toxoplasma gondii Infection and Entrepreneurship Behaviours across Individuals and Countries.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B 285 (2018): 20180822.
  • Jones, Menna E., Raimund Apfelbach, Peter B. Banks, Elissa Z. Cameron, Chris R. Dickman, Anke Frank, Stuart McLean, et al. “A Nose for Death: Integrating Trophic and Informational Networks for Conservation and Management.” Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 4 (2016): 124.
  • Lazenby, Bill T., and Christopher R. Dickman. “Patterns of Detection and Capture Are Associated with Cohabiting Predators and Prey.” PLoS One 8 (2013): e59846.
  • McGann, John P. “Poor Human Olfaction Is a 19th-Century Myth.” Science 356 (2017): eaam7263.
  • Parsons, Michael H., Raimund Apfelbach, Peter B. Banks, Elissa Z. Cameron, Chris R. Dickman, Anke S. K. Frank, Menna E. Jones, et al. “Biologically Meaningful Scents: A Framework for Understanding Predator-Prey Research across Disciplines.” Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 93 (2018): 98–114.
  • Parsons, Michael H., and Daniel T. Blumstein. “Familiarity Breeds Contempt: Kangaroos Persistently Avoid Areas with Experimentally Deployed Dingo Scents.” PLoS One 5 (2010): e10403.
  • Parsons, Michael H., and Daniel T. Blumstein. “Feeling Vulnerable? Indirect Risk Cues Differently Influence How Two Marsupials Respond to Novel Dingo Urine.” Ethology 116 (2010): 972–980.
  • Swihart, Robert K., Mary Jane I. Mattina, and Joseph J. Pignatello. “Repellency of Predator Urine to Woodchucks and Meadow Voles.” National Wildlife Research Center Repellents Conference, Denver, August 1995. Proceedings of the Second DWRC Special Symposium, ed. J. Russell Mason, 271–284.Wisenden, Brian D. “Chemical Cues That Indicate Risk of Predation.” In Fish Pheromones and Related Cues, ed. Peter W. Sorenson and Brian D. Wisendon, 131–148: Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons, 2015.

5. Be Very Aware

  • Bednekoff, Peter A., and Daniel T. Blumstein. “Peripheral Obstructions Influence Marmot Vigilance: Integrating Observational and Experimental Results.” Behavioral Ecology 20 (2009): 1111–1117.
  • Berger, Joel, Jon E. Swenson, and Inga-Lill Persson. “Recolonizing Carnivores and Naive Prey: Conservation Lessons from Pleistocene Extinctions.” Science 291 (2001): 1036–1039.
  • Blumstein, Daniel T. “Quantifying Predation Risk for Refuging Animals: A Case Study with Golden Marmots.” Ethology 104 (1998): 501–516.
  • Blumstein, Daniel T., and Janice C. Daniel. “Isolation from Mammalian Predators Differentially Affects Two Congeners.” Behavioral Ecology 13 (2002): 657–663.
  • Brown, Joel S. “Vigilance, Patch Use and Habitat Selection: Foraging under Predation Risk.” Evolutionary Ecology Research 1 (1999): 49–71.
  • Clearwater, Yvonne A., and Richard G. Coss. “Functional Esthetics to Enhance Well-Being in Isolated and Confined Settings.” In From Antarctica to Outer Space, ed. A. A. Harrison, Y. A. Clearwater, and C. P. McKay, 331–348. New York: Springer, 1991.
  • Coss, Richard G., and Eric P. Charles. “The Role of Evolutionary Hypotheses in Psychological Research: Instincts, Affordances, and Relic Sex Differences.” Ecological Psychology 16 (2004): 199–236.
  • Coss, Richard G., and Ronald O. Goldthwaite. “The Persistence of Old Designs for Perception.” Perspectives in Ethology 11 (1995): 83–148.
  • Coss, Richard G., and Michael Moore. “Precocious Knowledge of Trees as Antipredator Refuge in Preschool Children: An Examination of Aesthetics, Attributive Judgments, and Relic Sexual Dinichism.” Ecological Psychology 14 (2002): 181–222.
  • Dukas, Reuven, and Alan C. Kamil. “The Cost of Limited Attention in Blue Jays.” Behavioral Ecology 11 (2000): 502–506.
  • Ely, Craig R., David H. Ward, and Karen S. Bollinger. “Behavioral Correlates of Heart Rates of Free-Living Greater White-Fronted Geese.” Condor 101 (1999): 390–395.
  • Herodotus. The History of Herodotus. Translated by George Rawlinson. 3rd ed. New York: Scribner, 1875.
  • Lankston, Louise, Pearce Cusack, Chris Fremantle, and Chris Isles. “Visual Art in Hospitals: Case Studies and Review of the Evidence.” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 103 (2010): 490–499.
  • Leiner, Lisa, and Markus Fendt. “Behavioural Fear and Heart Rate Responses of Horses after Exposure to Novel Objects: Effects of Habituation.” Applied Animal Behaviour Science 131 (2011): 104–109.
  • Monclús, Raquel, Alexandra M. Anderson, and Daniel T. Blumstein. “Do Yellow-Bellied Marmots Perceive Enhanced Predation Risk When They Are Farther from Safety? An Experimental Study.” Ethology 121 (2015): 831–839.
  • Orians, Gordon H. Snakes, Sunrises, and Shakespeare: How Evolution Shapes Our Loves and Fears. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014.
  • Piper, Walter H. “Exposure to Predators and Access to Food in Wintering White-Throated Sparrows Zonotrichia albicollis.” Behaviour 112 (1990): 284–298.
  • Prins, H. H. T., and G. R. Iason. “Dangerous Lions and Nonchalant Buffalo.” Behaviour 108 (1989): 262–296.
  • Simons, Marlise. “Himalayas Offer Clue to Legend of Gold-Digging ‘Ants.’ ” New York Times, November 25, 1996, A5.

6. Economic Logic

  • Blumstein, Daniel T. “Developing an Evolutionary Ecology of Fear: How Life History and Natural History Traits Affect Disturbance Tolerance in Birds.” Animal Behaviour 71 (2006): 389–399.
  • ________. An Ecotourist’s Guide to Khunjerab National Park. Lahore: World Wide Fund for Nature-Pakistan, 1995.
  • ________. “Flush Early and Avoid the Rush: A General Rule of Antipredator Behavior?” Behavioral Ecology 21 (2010): 440–442.
  • Blumstein, Daniel T., Esteban Fernández-Juricic, Patrick A. Zollner, and Susan C. Garity. “Inter-Specific Variation in Avian Responses to Human Disturbance.” Journal of Applied Ecology 42 (2005): 943–953.
  • Blumstein, Daniel, Benjamin Geffroy, Diogo Samia, and Eduardo Bessa. “Ecotourism Could Be Making Animals Less Scared, and Easier to Eat.” The Conversation website, October 22, 2015. https://theconversation.com/ecotourism-could-be-making-animals-less-scared-and-easier-to-eat-49196.
  • Blumstein, Daniel T., Benjamin Geffroy, Diogo S. M. Samia, and Eduardo Bessa, eds. Ecotourism’s Promise and Peril: A Biological Evaluation. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2017.
  • Cooper, William E., and Daniel T. Blumstein, eds. Escaping from Predators: An Integrative View of Escape Decisions. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
  • Darwin, Charles. Journal of Researches into the Geology and Natural History of the Various Countries Visited by HMS Beagle, under the Command of Captain Fitzroy from 1832 to 1836. London: Colburn, 1840.
  • Geffroy, Benjamin, Diogo S. M. Samia, Eduardo Bessa, and Daniel T. Blumstein. “How Nature-Based Tourism Might Increase Prey Vulnerability to Predators.” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 30 (2015): 755–765.
  • Samia, Diogo S. M., Daniel T. Blumstein, Mario Díaz, Tomas Grim, Juan Diego Ibáñez-Álamo, Jukka Jokimäki, Kunter Tätte, et al. “Rural-Urban Differences in Escape Behavior of European Birds across a Latitudinal Gradient.” Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 5 (2017): 66.
  • Samia, Diogo S. M., Daniel T. Blumstein, Theodore Stankowich, and William E. Cooper Jr. “Fifty Years of Chasing Lizards: New Insights Advance Optimal Escape Theory.” Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 91 (2016): 349–366.
  • Samia, Diogo S. M., Shinichi Nakagawa, Fausto Nomura, Thiago F. Rangel, and Daniel T. Blumstein. “Increased Tolerance to Humans among Disturbed Wildlife.” Nature Communications 6 (2015): 8877.
  • Shaw, Mary, Richard Mitchell, and Danny Dorling. “Time for a Smoke? One Cigarette Reduces Your Life by 11 Minutes.” British Medical Journal 320 (2000): 53.
  • Ydenberg, Ron C., and Lawrence M. Dill. “The Economics of Fleeing from Predators.” Advances in the Study of Behavior 16 (1986): 229–249.

7. Once Bitten, Twice Shy

  • Blumstein, Daniel T. “Attention, Habituation, and Antipredator Behaviour: Implications for Urban Birds.” In Avian Urban Ecology, ed. Diego Gil and Henrik Blum, 41–53. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
  • ________. “Habituation and Sensitization: New Thoughts about Old Ideas.” Animal Behaviour 120 (2016): 255–262.
  • Chivers, Douglas P., Mark I. McCormick, Matthew D. Mitchell, Ryan A. Ramasamy, and Maud C. O. Ferrari. “Background Level of Risk Determines How Prey Categorize Predators and Non-Predators.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B 281 (2014): 20140355.
  • Cohen, Kristina L., Marc A. Seid, and Karen M. Warkentin. “How Embryos Escape from Danger: The Mechanism of Rapid, Plastic Hatching in Red-Eyed Treefrogs.” Journal of Experimental Biology 219 (2016): 1875–1883.
  • Fazio, Lisa K., Nadia M. Brashier, B. Keith Payne, and Elizabeth J. Marsh. “Knowledge Does Not Protect against Illusory Truth.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 144 (2015): 993–1002.
  • Ferrari, Maud C. O., François Messier, and Douglas P. Chivers. “Can Prey Exhibit Threat-Sensitive Generalization of Predator Recognition? Extending the Predator Recognition Continuum Hypothesis.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B 275 (2008): 1811–1816.
  • Griffin, Andrea S., and Christopher S. Evans. “Social Learning of Antipredator Behaviour in a Marsupial.” Animal Behaviour 66 (2003): 485–492.
  • Jeanty, Diane. “Rep. Duncan Hunter Now Fearmongering about Ebola as Well as Isis.” Huffington Post, October 16, 2014. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/10/16/duncan-hunter-isis-ebola_n_5997754.html.
  • Khalaf, Ossama, Siegfried Resch, Lucie Dixsaut, Victoire Gorden, Liliane Glauser, and Johannes Gräff. “Reactivation of Recall-Induced Neurons Contributes to Remote Fear Memory Attenuation.” Science 360 (2018): 1239–1242.
  • King, Lucy E., Iain Douglas-Hamilton, and Fritz Vollrath. “African Elephants Run from the Sound of Disturbed Bees.” Current Biology 17 (2007): R832–R833.
  • Perusini, Jennifer N., Edward M. Meyer, Virginia A. Long, Vinuta Rau, Nathaniel Nocera, Jacob Avershal, James Maksymetz, Igor Spigelman, and Michael S. Fanselow. “Induction and Expression of Fear Sensitization Caused by Acute Traumatic Stress.” Neuropsychopharmacology 41 (2016): 45–57.
  • “Prolonged Exposure for PTSD.” National Center for PTSD, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. https://www.ptsd.va.gov/understand_tx/prolonged_exposure.asp.
  • Rau, Vinuta, and Michael S. Fanselow. “Exposure to a Stressor Produces a Long Lasting Enhancement of Fear Learning in Rats: Original Research Report.” Stress 12 (2009): 125–133.
  • Sebastian, Simone. “Examining 1962’s ‘Laughter Epidemic.’ ” Chicago Tribune, July 29, 2003.
  • Steketee, Jeffery D., and Peter W. Kalivas. “Drug Wanting: Behavioral Sensitization and Relapse to Drug-Seeking Behavior.” Pharmacological Reviews 63 (2011): 348–365.
  • “World Urbanization Prospects, 2018 Revision.” Population Division, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, May 16, 2018. https://www.un.org/development/desa/publications/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html.

8. Listening to Signalers

  • Barrera, June P., Leon Chong, Kaitlin N. Judy, and Daniel T. Blumstein. “Reliability of Public Information: Predators Provide More Information about Risk Than Conspecifics.” Animal Behaviour 81 (2011): 779–787.
  • Benyus, Janine M. Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature. New York: Morrow, 1997.
  • Bercovitch, Fred B., Marc D. Hauser, and James H. Jones. “The Endocrine Stress Response and Alarm Vocalizations in Rhesus Macaques.” Animal Behaviour 49 (1995): 1703–1706.
  • Blumstein, Daniel T. “The Evolution, Function, and Meaning of Marmot Alarm Communication.” Advances in the Study of Behavior 37 (2007): 371–401.
  • Blumstein, Daniel T., Holly Fuong, and Elizabeth Palmer. “Social Security: Social Relationship Strength and Connectedness Influence How Marmots Respond to Alarm Calls.” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 71 (2017): 145.
  • Blumstein, Daniel T., and Olivier Munos. “Individual, Age and Sex-Specific Information Is Contained in Yellow-Bellied Marmot Alarm Calls.” Animal Behaviour 69 (2005): 353–361.
  • Blumstein, Daniel T., Marilyn L. Patton, and Wendy Saltzman. “Faecal Glucocorticoid Metabolites and Alarm Calling in Free-Living Yellow-Bellied Marmots.” Biology Letters 2 (2006): 29–32.
  • Blumstein, Daniel T., Jeff Steinmetz, Kenneth B. Armitage, and Janice C. Daniel. “Alarm Calling in Yellow-Bellied Marmots: II. The Importance of Direct Fitness.” Animal Behaviour 53 (1997): 173–184.
  • Blumstein, Daniel T., Laure Verneyre, and Janice C. Daniel. “Reliability and the Adaptive Utility of Discrimination among Alarm Callers.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: 271 (2004): 1851–1857.
  • Carrasco, Malle F., and Daniel T. Blumstein. “Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus) Respond to Yellow-Bellied Marmot (Marmota flaviventris) Alarm Calls.” Ethology 118 (2012): 243–250.
  • Cheney, Dorothy L., and Robert M. Seyfarth. How Monkeys See the World: Inside the Mind of Another Species. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.
  • Clay, Zanna, Carolynn L. Smith, and Daniel T. Blumstein. “Food-Associated Vocalizations in Mammals and Birds: What Do These Calls Really Mean?” Animal Behaviour 83 (2012): 323–330.
  • Ducheminsky, Nicholas, S. Peter Henzi, and Louise Barrett. “Responses of Vervet Monkeys in Large Troops to Terrestrial and Aerial Predator Alarm Calls.” Behavioral Ecology 25 (2014): 1474–1484.
  • Evans, Christopher S. “Referential Communication.” Perspectives in Ethology 12 (1997): 99–143.
  • Fuong, Holly, Adrianna Maldonado-Chaparro, and Daniel T. Blumstein. “Are Social Attributes Associated with Alarm Calling Propensity?” Behavioral Ecology 26 (2015): 587–592.
  • Goodale, Eben, Guy Beauchamp, and Graeme D. Ruxton. Mixed-Species Groups of Animals: Behavior, Community Structure, and Conservation. London: Academic Press, 2017.
  • Hingee, Mae, and Robert D. Magrath. “Flights of Fear: A Mechanical Wing Whistle Sounds the Alarm in a Flocking Bird.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B 276 (2009): 4173–4179.
  • Lea, Amanda J., June P. Barrera, Lauren M. Tom, and Daniel T. Blumstein. “Heterospecific Eavesdropping in a Nonsocial Species.” Behavioral Ecology 19 (2008): 1041–1046.
  • Magrath, Robert D., Tonya M. Haff, Jessica R. McLachlan, and Branislav Igic. “Wild Birds Learn to Eavesdrop on Heterospecific Alarm Calls.” Current Biology 25 (2015): 2047–2050.
  • Manser, Marta B. “The Acoustic Structure of Suricates’ Alarm Calls Varies with Predator Type and the Level of Response Urgency.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B 268 (2001): 2315–2324.
  • Pollard, Kimberly A., and Daniel T. Blumstein. “Social Group Size Predicts the Evolution of Individuality.” Current Biology 21 (2011): 413–417.
  • Preisser, Evan L., and John L. Orrock. “The Allometry of Fear: Interspecific Relationships between Body Size and Response to Predation Risk.” Ecosphere 3 (2012): 1–27.
  • Shelley, Erin L., and Daniel T. Blumstein. “The Evolution of Vocal Alarm Communication in Rodents.” Behavioral Ecology 16 (2004): 169–177.
  • Sherman, Paul W. “Nepotism and the Evolution of Alarm Calls.” Science 197 (1977): 1246–1253.
  • Shriner, Walter McKee. “Yellow-Bellied Marmot and Golden-Mantled Ground Squirrel Responses to Heterospecific Alarm Calls.” Animal Behaviour 55 (1998): 529–536.
  • Smith, Jennifer E., Raquel Monclús, Danielle Wantuck, Gregory L. Florant, and Daniel T. Blumstein. “Fecal Glucocorticoid Metabolites in Wild Yellow-Bellied Marmots: Experimental Validation, Individual Differences and Ecological Correlates.” General and Comparative Endocrinology 178 (2012): 417–426.

9. Cascading Effects

  • Atkins, Justine L., Ryan A. Long, Johan Pansu, Joshua H. Daskin, Arjun B. Potter, Marc E. Stalmans, Corina E. Tarnita, and Robert M. Pringle. “Cascading Impacts of Large-Carnivore Extirpation in an African Ecosystem.” Science 364 (2019): 173–177.
  • Darwin, Charles. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. London: John Murray, 1859.
  • Kauffman, Matthew J., Jedediah F. Brodie, and Erik S. Jules. “Are Wolves Saving Yellowstone’s Aspen? A Landscape-Level Test of a Behaviorally Mediated Trophic Cascade.” Ecology 91 (2010): 2742–2755.
  • Kohl, Michel T., Daniel R. Stahler, Matthew C. Metz, James D. Forester, Matthew J. Kauffman, Nathan Varley, P. J. White, Douglas W. Smith, and Daniel R. MacNulty. “Diel Predator Activity Drives a Dynamic Landscape of Fear.” Ecological Monographs 88 (2018): 638–652.
  • Lawrence, James, Katharina Schmid, and Miles Hewstone. 2019. “Ethnic Diversity, Ethnic Threat, and Social Cohesion: (Re)-Evaluating the Role of Perceived Out-Group Threat and Prejudice in the Relationship between Community Ethnic Diversity and Intra-Community Cohesion.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 45 (2019): 395–418.
  • Letnic, Mike, and Freya Koch. “Are Dingoes a Trophic Regulator in Arid Australia? A Comparison of Mammal Communities on Either Side of the Dingo Fence.” Austral Ecology 35 (2010): 167–175.
  • Moseby, Katherine E., Daniel T. Blumstein, and Mike Letnic. “Harnessing Natural Selection to Tackle the Problem of Prey Naïveté.” Evolutionary Applications 9 (2016): 334–343.
  • Moseby, Katherine E., Amber Cameron, and Helen A. Crisp. “Can Predator Avoidance Training Improve Reintroduction Outcomes for the Greater Bilby in Arid Australia?” Animal Behaviour 83 (2012): 1011–1021.
  • Moseby, K. E., G. W. Lollback, and C. E. Lynch. “Too Much of a Good Thing; Successful Reintroduction Leads to Overpopulation in a Threatened Mammal.” Biological Conservation 219 (2018): 78–88.
  • Putman, Robert D. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000.
  • Ripple, William J., and Robert L. Beschta. “Trophic Cascades in Yellowstone: The First 15 Years after Wolf Reintroduction.” Biological Conservation 145 (2012): 205–213.
  • Ripple, William J., James A. Estes, Oswald J. Schmitz, Vanessa Constant, Matthew J. Kaylor, Adam Lenz, Jennifer L. Motley, et al. “What Is a Trophic Cascade?” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 31 (2016): 842–849.
  • Sapolsky, Robert M. Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst. New York: Penguin, 2017.
  • Schmitz, Oswald J. “Behavior of Predators and Prey Links with Population Level Processes.” In Ecology of Predator-Prey Interactions, ed. Pedro Barbosa and Ignacio Castellanos, 256–278. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
  • Suraci, Justin P., Michael Clinchy, Lawrence M. Dill, Devin Roberts, and Liana Y. Zanette. “Fear of Large Carnivores Causes a Trophic Cascade.” Nature Communications 7 (2016): 10698.
  • Waser, Nickolas M., Mary V. Price, Daniel T. Blumstein, S. Reneé Arózqueta, Betsabé D. Castro Escobar, Richard Pickens, and Alessandra Pistoia. “Coyotes, Deer, and Wildflowers: Diverse Evidence Points to a Trophic Cascade.” Naturwissenschaften 101 (2014): 427–436.

10. Minimizing Costs

  • Bouskila, Amos, and Daniel T. Blumstein. “Rules of Thumb for Predation Hazard Assessment: Predictions from a Dynamic Model.” American Naturalist 139 (1992): 161–176.
  • Callaway, Ewen. “Genghis Khan’s Genetic Legacy Has Competition.” Nature News, January 23, 2015. https://www.nature.com/news/genghis-khan-s-genetic-legacy-has-competition-1.16767.
  • Dawkins, Richard, and John Richard Krebs. “Arms Races between and within Species.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B 205 (1979): 489–511.
  • Finkelman, Fred D. “The Price We Pay.” Nature 484 (2012): 459.
  • Foster, K. R., and H. Kokko. “The Evolution of Superstitious and Superstition-Like Behaviour.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B 276 (2009): 31–37.
  • Francis, Pope. “Laudato Si: On Care for Our Common Home.” Encyclical Letter, May 24, 2015. http://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si.html.
  • Gardiner, Stephen M. A Perfect Moral Storm: The Ethical Tragedy of Climate Change. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • “Global Warming of 1.5°C: Summary for Policymakers.” IPCC Special Report, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva, 2018. https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/spm/.
  • “Greatest Number of Descendants.” Guinness Book of World Records, n.d. http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/67455-greatest-number-of-descendants.
  • Haselton, Martie G. “Error Management Theory.” In Encyclopedia of Social Psychology, 2 vols., ed. Roy F. Baumeister and Kathleen D. Vohs, 1: 311–312. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2007.
  • Haselton, Martie G., and Daniel Nettle. “The Paranoid Optimist: An Integrative Evolutionary Model of Cognitive Biases.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 10 (2006): 47–66.
  • Johnson, Dominic D. P. Overconfidence and War: The Havoc and Glory of Positive Illusions. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004.
  • Johnson, Dominic D. P., Daniel T. Blumstein, James H. Fowler, and Martie G. Haselton. “The Evolution of Error: Error Management, Cognitive Constraints, and Adaptive Decision-Making Biases.” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 28 (2013): 474–481.
  • Martincorena, Iñigo, Aswin S. N. Seshasayee, and Nicholas M. Luscombe. “Evidence of Non-Random Mutation Rates Suggests an Evolutionary Risk Management Strategy.” Nature 485 (2012): 95–98.
  • Milewski, Antoni V., Truman P. Young, and Derek Madden. “Thorns as Induced Defenses: Experimental Evidence.” Oecologia 86 (1991): 70–75.
  • “Mother’s Day: Five Incredible Records.” Guinness Book of World Records, March 14, 2015, “Most Prolific Mother.” http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2015/3/mother%E2%80%99s-day-five-incredible-record-breaking-mums-374460.
  • Nesse, Randolph M. “The Smoke Detector Principle.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 935 (2001): 75–85.
  • Neuhoff, John G. “Looming Sounds Are Perceived as Faster Than Receding Sounds.” Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications 1 (2016): 15.
  • Oberzaucher, Elisabeth, and Karl Grammer. “The Case of Moulay Ismael—Fact or Fancy?” PLoS One 9 (2014): e85292.
  • Oreskes, Naomi, and Erik M. Conway. Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming. New York: Bloomsbury, 2011.
  • Orrock, John L., Andy Sih, Maud C. O. Ferrari, Richard Karban, Evan L. Preisser, Michael J. Sheriff, and Jennifer S. Thaler. “Error Management in Plant Allocation to Herbivore Defense.” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 30 (2015): 441–445.
  • Pascal, Blaise. Pascal’s Pensées. Introduction by T. S. Eliot. Boston: E. P. Dutton, 1958.
  • Sagarin, Rafe. Learning from the Octopus: How Secrets from Nature Can Help Us Fight Terrorist Attacks, Natural Disasters, and Disease. New York: Basic Books, 2012.
  • Sagarin, Raphael. “Adapt or Die: What Charles Darwin Can Teach Tom Ridge about Homeland Security.” Foreign Policy, September / October 2009.
  • Sagarin, Raphael D., Candice S. Alcorta, Scott Atran, Daniel T. Blumstein, Gregory P. Dietl, Michael E. Hochberg, Dominic D. P. Johnson, et al. “Decentralize, Adapt and Cooperate.” Nature 465 (2010): 292–293.
  • Sagarin, Raphael D., and Terence Taylor. Natural Security: A Darwinian Approach to a Dangerous World. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008.
  • Trivers, Robert. The Folly of Fools: The Logic of Deceit and Self-Deception in Human Life. New York: Basic Books, 2011.
  • Wiley, R. Haven. “Errors, Exaggeration, and Deception in Animal Communication.” In Behavioral Mechanisms in Evolutionary Ecology, ed. Leslie A. Real, 157–189. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
  • Young, Truman P. “Herbivory Induces Increased Thorn Length in Acacia drepanolobium.” Oecologia 71 (1987): 436–438.
  • Young, Truman P., and Bell D. Okello. “Relaxation of an Induced Defense after Exclusion of Herbivores: Spines on Acacia drepanolobium.” Oecologia 115 (1998): 508–513.

11. Our Inner Marmot

  • Blumstein, Daniel T. “Fourteen Lessons from Anti-Predator Behavior.” In Natural Security: A Darwinian Approach to a Dangerous World, ed. Raphael D. Sagarin and Terence Taylor, 147–158. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008.
  • Ehrlich, Paul R., and Daniel T. Blumstein. “The Great Mismatch.” BioScience 68 (2018): 844–846.
  • “Facts about Skiing / Snowboarding Safety.” National Ski Areas Association, Fact Sheet, October 1, 2012. https://www.nsaa.org/media/68045/NSAA-Facts-About-Skiing-Snowboarding-Safety-10-1-12.pdf.
  • Gardiner, Stephen M. A Perfect Moral Storm: The Ethical Tragedy of Climate Change. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • Ip, Greg. Foolproof: Why Safety Can Be Dangerous and How Danger Makes Us Safe. New York: Little, Brown, 2015.
  • Lin, Rong-Gong, II. “Californians Need to Be So Afraid of a Huge Earthquake That They Take Action, Scientists Say.” Los Angeles Times, May 27, 2017.
  • Matter, P., W. J. Ziegler, and P. Holzach. “Skiing Accidents in the Past 15 Years.” Journal of Sports Sciences 5 (1987): 319–326.
  • McMillan, Kelley. “Ski Helmet Use Isn’t Reducing Brain Injuries.” New York Times, December 31, 2013.
  • Mele, Christopher. “How to Get People to Evacuate? Try Fear.” New York Times, October 6, 2016.
  • Page, Charles E., Dale Atkins, Lee W. Shockley, and Michael Yaron. “Avalanche Deaths in the United States: A 45-Year Analysis.” Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 10 (1999): 146–151.
  • Sagarin, R., D. T. Blumstein, and G. P. Dietl. “Security, Evolution and.” In Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology, 4 vols., ed. R. M. Kliman, 4: 10–15. Oxford: Academic Press, 2016.
  • Verini, James. “Meth Mouth: Tom Siebel’s Brash Anti-Crystal Campaign.” Fast Company, May 1, 2009. https://www.fastcompany.com/1266054/meth-mouth-tom-siebels-brash-anti-crystal-campaign.
  • Vrolix, Klara. “Behavioral Adaptation, Risk Compensation, Risk Homeostasis and Moral Hazard in Traffic Safety: Literature Review.” Report RA-2006-95, Universiteit Hasselt, September 2006, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8070/d6cdc9dde91dbfee8f776d43a89e701e8313.pdf.

12. Wisely Living with Fear

  • Bernstein, Ethan S., and Stephen Turban. “The Impact of the ‘Open’ Workspace on Human Collaboration.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 373 (2018): 20170239.
  • Blumstein, Daniel T. Eating Our Way to Civility: A Dinner Party Guide. Los Angeles: Marmotophile Publishing, 2011.
  • Christie, Les. “ ‘Deadliest Catch’ Not So Deadly Anymore.” CNN Money, July 27, 2012. https://money.cnn.com/2012/07/27/pf/jobs/crab-fishing-dangerous-jobs/index.htm.
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  • De Martino, Benedetto, Colin F. Camerer, and Ralph Adolphs. “Amygdala Damage Eliminates Monetary Loss Aversion.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 107 (2010): 3788–3792.
  • Dimitroff, Stephanie J., Omid Kardan, Elizabeth A. Necka, Jean Decety, Marc G. Berman, and Greg J. Norman. “Physiological Dynamics of Stress Contagion.” Scientific Reports 7 (2017): 6168.
  • Ehrlich, Paul R., and Daniel T. Blumstein. “The Great Mismatch.” BioScience 68 (2018): 844–846.
  • Fischhoff, Baruch, and John Kadvany. Risk: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • Grubb, Michael A., Agnieszka Tymula, Sharon Gilaie-Dotan, Paul W. Glimcher, and Ifat Levy. “Neuroanatomy Accounts for Age-Related Changes in Risk Preferences.” Nature Communications 7 (2016): 13822.
  • “Homicide Report: A Story for Every Victim.” Los Angeles Times, continually updated. https://homicide.latimes.com/. Ishii, Akiko, Yasushi Kiyokawa, Yukari Takeuchi, and Yuji Mori. “Social Buffering Ameliorates Conditioned Fear Responses in Female Rats.” Hormones and Behavior 81 (2016): 53–58.
  • ProCon.org, “International Firearm Homicide Rates: 2010–2015.” ProCon.org, Santa Monica, CA, August 7, 2017. https://gun-control.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=006082.
  • ________. “US Gun Deaths by Year.” ProCon.org, Santa Monica, CA, August 29, 2018. https://gun-control.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=006094.
  • Turkle, Sherry. Reclaiming Conversation: The Power of Talk in a Digital Age. New York: Penguin, 2016.
  • van der Linden, Sander, Edward Maibach, John Cook, Anthony Leiserowitz, and Stephan Lewandowsky. “Inoculating against Misinformation.” Science 358 (Dec. 1, 2017): 1141–1142.
  • “Why Is the Pain of Losing Felt Twice as Powerfully Compared to Equivalent Gains? Loss Aversion, Explained.” The Decision Lab website, n.d., https://thedecisionlab.com/biases/loss-aversion/.