FRAGMENT 4

 

As squatting became a central practice of the radical scene gathering speed in early 1970s Frankfurt, it did so on a terrain whose space had already been imagined anew, gutted, and repurposed – though for markedly different motivations than those driving the squatting actions and critique of the “housing factory” pushed by the autonomen (German autonomists). During the Second World War, Frankfurt’s medieval city center had been thoroughly devastated, the predictable consequence of nearly 16,000 tons’ worth of RAF explosives dumped from on high. This offered a bleakly rare opportunity to fulfill that perennial architectural and urbanist fantasy of the clean slate, and indeed, Frankfurt became one of the few cities in Germany to get a distinctly modernist postwar reconstruction treatment. The ’60s would see a further remapping of the city, by means of the more diffuse and rapacious force of housing speculation and amplified by the city’s reemergence as a locus of German financial power, thanks in part to the Central Bank’s relocation of its headquarters there in 1957. New circuits of money, naked land speculation, and hunger for office space began to markedly corner the real-estate market, most notably in the city’s traditionally bourgeois West End, one of the districts that escaped the war relatively unscathed – and hence was now available for a secondary demolition at the hands of the banks. The result was that, “[e]ntire blocks became hopelessly overcrowded, while some properties were intentionally left vacant. It was practically impossible for students to rent collective apartments in the neighborhood. It was during this period, from 1970 to 1974, that the Frankfurt squatters’ movement developed.” That movement should itself be set in a wider framework,

Specifically, an axial road structure that provided new car routes along the arms of the compass, and, echoing this, new Zeilenbau housing, i.e. north–south-oriented “row-house” apartments that received facing sun at either rise or set and which had already been prominently constructed in Frankfurt in the late ’20s to early ’30s, such as Ernst May’s Siedlung Westhausen.

Geronimo, Fire and Flames: A History of the German Autonomist Movement, trans. Gabriel Kuhn (Oakland: PM Press, 2012), p. 54.

The question of the public was and is absolutely vital for German filmmaker and writer Alexander Kluge. For him, the public sphere is “what one might call the

one that exceeds the physical occupations and even the explicitly militant rhetoric, as it was unfolding amongst a discordant, seething public discourse about both the city and what constitutes the idea of the public itself. It’s visible, for instance, in the acidly mocking nicknames that Frankfurters were spitting back at their own city, and not in some gentle ribbing of the loved: Bankfurt, and, maybe more cutting, Krankfurt (a pun that might be translated as “sick city”). A city sick with money, feeding on itself in development’s name.

It was on this combative terrain that Kluge and Edgar Reitz would make In Danger and Distress The Middleway Spells Certain Death, with specific focus on the Frankfurt Hauserkampf (housing battle) of February 1974, zeroing in on the violent eviction of one of those squats prior to the demolition of the building itself, as if to scrub the ground clear of any trace of social possibility. The film is a slippery, fundamentally dialogic hybrid that combines documentary footage of militant resistance and public outrage with the ambulatory wandering of Inge Maier (a prostitute who steals the wallets and cars of her clients), interviews and meetings debating the transformation of Frankfurt’s housing market, preparations for the city’s annual carnival, and a loopy espionage plot that turns on an East German communist spy who insists that “espionage belongs to the people.” What makes the film remarkable, though, is how it never cleanly delineates these threads but instead tangles them, joining the factual with the whimsical, financial speculation with flights of speculative fancy. Most potently, the film intersperses the characters throughout quotidian situations actually happening during the film’s shooting: the spy attends real

factory of politics – its site of production. When this site of production – the space in which politics is first made possible at all and communicable – is caught in a scissors-grip between private appropriation (which is no longer public in the authentic sense) and the self-eliminating classical public-sphere (its mechanisms of subtraction and exclusion); when this public sphere threatens to disappear, its loss would be as grave today as the loss of the common land was for the farmer in the Middle Ages.” Alexander Kluge, “On Film and the Public Sphere,” New German Critique, No. 24/25 (Autumn 1981 - Winter 1982), p. 213.

The film was intended, in their own words, to produce “proportions rather than statements; an object with which one can argue.” Quoted in Miriam Hansen, “Reinventing the Nickelodeon: Kluge and Early Cinema,” in Alexander Kluge: Raw Materials for the Imagination, ed. Tara Forrest (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2012), p. 404.

She writes lyrical reports that her contact derides: But you, you write poetry! It’s too general. But class struggle means facts, not generalities.

astronomy lectures and, in an indelible passage, Maier walks, suitcase in hand, through the chaos of the riot following the eviction.

A portion of the riot footage will get reused nine years later, in 1983, to form what has become one of my favorite films ever made, a tiny, precise, and furious two-and-a-half-minute short called Biermann-Film. It’s named for Wolf Biermann, the dissident and resolutely unincorporable folksinger, whose song “Großes Gebet der alten Kommunistin Oma Meume in Hamburg” (“The Great Prayer of Granny Meume, Old Communist in Hamburg”) provides the film’s only sound and dictates its running length, as the images begin in tandem with the song and end when it ends. Formally, the film is exceedingly simple: there is just the song, the riot, and the quiet amidst and after the struggle, as the street is swept clean by those whose job it is to do so, no matter whether the debris comes from a carnival or the daily movement of commerce or an exceptional revolt. It begins with the first line of the song, as riot cops file through our view and line up on the street, identical and interchangeable with their translucent shields and helmets and belted coats, there on a street already strewn with stones as bystanders watch, hands in pockets. The film then cuts to another view of that same junction, but from a distance, off to the side of where the road dips down into a tunnel we can’t see because of a ledge that blocks the way. Someone in a long coat, with a profound collar that could only belong in the ’70s, throws a stone at a police van and backs away, the camera following their movement to show another who throws a stone, and others looking out at the target, gauging its distance. And after a quick cut, to

Like when the spy takes a lift high up the outside of the building, looking down and out over the city being transformed by those projects of demolition and construction, surveying it as if a developer or cartographer. But the shot is intercut with others of her at street level, carrying out uncertain surveillance of a march against such projects. And the shots alternate, caught between these two positions, until, as though the only solution was to flee plausibility and depth alike, there is suddenly a stuffed toy bird that hovers over a rear projection of the city like it’s soaring amongst the skyscrapers, an angel of history with cartoon eyes that don’t blink in face of the monetized chaos below.

The album from which it was drawn, Chausseestraße 131 (from 1968), is itself stunning, an instance of maximal effect from minimal means. Barred from recording in the GDR, the whole record was made with a portable mic snuck in, and so the sounds of the city and his apartment constantly intersperse. Trams and street cars go past and honk, people speak outside, and inside, Biermann simply rages, there’s no other word for it.

God, oh God in Heaven, hear my prayers
To you I cry as I did in my childhood
My short life was long an abundance of poverty
Oh God, what great toil for a scrap of bread
[…]

For peace I cried into the great wars
And what have I achieved?

Soon I shall die

the van reversing in a moment that might be immediately succeeding or prior or minutes later, because we just can’t say, the van is back where it was but advancing now, swaying forward up the road. A water cannon mounted on its roof blasts away from us before a second one rotates around, its spray striking the camera directly in the lens and obscuring the image, big droplets gobbing on.

I’m fascinated by these drops. By the way I find myself recoiling, as though they’ve leapt through the screen and hit my face. Without any didactic explanation, the film poses a fundamental question that runs throughout cinema:

Because as the lens is hit, the camera suddenly materializes. It becomes something in space subject to being touched and soaked and ruined, and in this collision, this immediate manifestation of what sees, it makes us physically present to ourselves too. We’re at once caught in the mesh of the image and distanced from it, as the mechanism of recording is revealed as a physical apparatus and layer of framing and bracketing, severing any transparent absorption and yet transmitting its shock.

But something equally crucial happens, even if it’s more elusive, registered less as an optic splat and more as what’s missing. The film cuts to a different image immediately after being hit by the water, to a smaller van that appears to be an ambulance, and breaks the flow of advancing time, as if the force of the water has caused the camera’s spools to slip and rewind or leap forward. And then once again, we’re back where we were when we were sprayed, or almost, because now we’re further away, taking cover by the buildings. The police van is down

Oh God, grant that Communism triumphs!

Can we be struck by an image?

Yes, it answers, yes, we can

[No words are heard during this entire time, only the sound of a Biermann’s guitar and his voice singing an open ooooooo.]

by the tunnel, blocked from view by that ledge in our way, although we know it’s there because of its obscene spray of water still angling upwards, wetting nothing in particular. With the distance it has moved, it seems as though some rigid chronometric march of time has kept pace, so that in the seconds filled by that other van, this timeline moved forward undisturbed. Yet the lens is clear. There are no drops on it, no trace of what had happened just moments before. Perhaps what goes unseen in this small span of time is that hand of the operator who wipes it dry, a human interference and aid needed to restore the imagined clarity of mechanical sight. Or perhaps the drenched camera has been swapped out for another one. The moments are missing, and we can’t say, other than to know that once we’ve rejoined that advancing time, the lens is bright and clear again, and we’re facing towards that spray that seems unable to hit us. Distance has been restored, and we’re just watchers. That’s the moment when we’re blindsided, literally, by another jet of water that screams from offscreen and blows past, seeming to catch the operator’s body and wrench it. The image jars and rotates to show the source: another van and its water cannon that has just rolled through, sneaking up to attack anyone, no matter if they are filming. And behind it marches those cops from the beginning, batons out, the way cleared for them.

But they pass straight by whoever is holding the camera. As if that person wasn’t worth the bother of chasing away or attacking, wasn’t there at all. It’s unsurprising because sometimes the surest way to remain unseen is to record what you are seeing, to hold a camera in front of your face. Because whatever can get soaked and keep filming,

And so it will remain clear in the footage that inspires another Biermann song, “Chile, Ballad of a Cameraman,” the footage of Leonardo Henrichsen, the photographer who films the very soldier who shoots and kills him during an attempted coup against Allende, the shot captured by the camera that does not stop rolling, not yet

The voice returns:

A quick prayer

whatever has sight that can be magically cleared of any liquid or interference like nothing happened, is something that promises to not touch back, to not intervene, to mind its own business, to barely be there in the first place, just a record, a ghost and its machine.

Towards the end of the film, as the song is hitting its climax, Biermann belts out, voice furious and shaking:

At this moment, the camera is looking up at the sky past a building, as though echoing the addressee of that prayer, the “God in heaven” to whom Biermann sings also the first line of the song. There are kids arrayed on top of the buildings, and the air is bright and clear, with fluffy and decidedly unmenacing crowds. One might read this alignment as an affirmation of faith, that all one needs – or can – do is pray and wait for someone in the sky to handle the undoing of capitalism or at least to strike down the cops from above. But that’s not what the film thinks, remotely, especially given that prior to this, we see that someone inside one of the surrounding buildings has got water of their own and is hosing the cops away, chasing them off.

Besides, that very same line was sung with equal fervor at another point in the film: right when the water splattered the lens, the last word falling dead on the instant of impact. That’s the counterpoint, the film’s grasp of the kind of messy contact and interference at work in the process of dismantling capitalism. Not the utopian dream or the prayer to the endlessly far, but the point at which any fantasy of remove or distance is ruined, and no one gets to be innocent or simply an observer, when even the camera itself can’t be excused for its complicity and can be touched, wetly, fine with the mist of the riot.

Oh God, grant that Communism triumphs!

Grant that my beloved Wolf does not end up
Behind barbed wire as his father did

Grant that Communism triumphs!