Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
aesthetics,
9–10,
176–77n11; politics and,
7,
9,
34,
76,
79–80,
83,
96,
114–15,
161agrarian movements,
31,
117Allegories of Reading (de Man),
60–61
Allen, Ernest, Jr.,
196n6Anand, Mulk Raj,
14,
23–24,
157; deauthorizing moments in,
7–8; ideological viewpoint,
33,
34; internationalism,
33–34,
180–81n8,
181nn13,
15; irony in,
7–8; as modernist,
29; overlooked in scholarship,
24,
32–33,
180–81n8,
181n15; on writing historical fiction,
39;
Works: Apology for Heroism: A Brief Autobiography of Ideas,
33;
Author to Critic,
32–33; Conversations in Bloomsbury,
27–28; Two Leaves and a Bud,
31,
32;
Untouchable (Anand),
32,
35,
182nn23,
25.
See also CoolieAndi (“The Fairy Tale of Mohanpur”),
116–20anticolonial historiography,
37,
44,
49anticolonial writing,
4,
24,
33Apology for Heroism: A Brief Autobiography of Ideas (Anand),
33
“Articles on India and China” (Marx),
18–19authors, working-class origins,
9,
176n10autocritique/self-criticism,
20,
25,
60,
92–93,
106,
151; Marx on,
8–9,
22,
100,
101
Barrack-Room Ballads (Kipling),
27
black, as political color,
48black British cultural studies,
24–25,
50Boiteko (voluntary cooperative labor),
127,
145
bourgeoisie, rise of world literature and,
15–16Britain,
24; black British cultural studies,
24–25,
50; black struggles in,
51,
52,
74; industrial revolution,
49,
79; Marx’s focus on,
108; Notting Hill riots,
51,
52; politically charged worker categories,
48; three-class system debunked,
17–18; trade unionist socialism,
2,
25,
28–29,
52
Campaign Against Racial Discrimination (CARD),
73–74capitalism, defective modes,
110–11Ceylon Citizenship Act (No. 18),
63Chicana protest poetry,
99Chicana women factory workers,
96–99child-protagonist,
1–2,
24Children (Pledging of Labor) Act,
29“Chintanaya nidahas nam” (Thinking freedom) (Vitana),
91–93class: as abstract,
170; as anti-essentialist category,
49; caste system compared with,
35–36; collective identity and,
94; counterintuitive making/ unmaking of,
38; Eurocentric, masculinist analytics of,
49; intranational differences,
96; limited meanings of,
8; Marx’s rethinking of,
17–18; provisionally of,
10–11; structural and structuring aspects of,
10,
16,
33,
116,
166,
198n18class struggle,
3,
5,
7,
11; anticolonial nationalism vs.,
24,
29; two-sided version,
17collective identity,
33,
143collectivity,
60,
64,
124,
141,
143,
160,
191n20; modes of,
18–19,
111,
121; women’s,
25,
116colonial counterdiscourse,
30colonialism: late/1930s,
2,
24; race subject of,
145–46Committee for Democracy and Justice in Sri Lanka,
91The Communist Manifesto (Marx and Engels),
15–17,
44,
69
Communist Party India (CPI),
101Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (CPI-ML),
117Communities of Resistance: Writings on Black Struggles for Socialism (Sivanandan),
47,
50,
53,
54,
55,
61
Conversations in Bloomsbury (Anand),
27–28
Coolie (Anand),
1–4,
14,
23–24,
27–46; authorial figure in,
38–39,
40; boardroom discussion scene,
38,
42–43; center of book,
38–40; child kidnapping theme,
2,
34,
36,
38–40,
41; class and caste in,
35–36; classifications of,
30; consensus-breaking episodes,
28–29; as corrective to
Kim,
24,
27,
32,
37,
43; failed strike episode,
2,
34,
36,
41; failings,
34–36; fatalism, attributed to Indian working class,
2,
24,
35,
37; interruptions in,
29,
40–41; Jimmie Thomas character,
3,
175n5; as literary representation of the subaltern,
30; Munoo overhears Congress,
38–39; plot,
24; rhetorical conduct of,
30; short time scene,
41–42; silences in,
38,
40–41,
45,
46; trade union plot elements,
34–35.
See also Anand, Mulk Raj
Coolie: The Story of Labor and Capital in India (Lall),
28,
43–46
Coomaraswamy, Radhika,
65Critique of Postcolonial Reason: Toward a History of the Vanishing Present (Spivak),
79,
112,
174–75n4,
199n27
“Critique of the Gotha Program” (Marx),
17cultural dominant/dominance,
10,
29cultural relativism,
34,
107
Dabindu Collective,
6,
25,
77,
81–82,
84–85,
87–95,
101,
121; anonymous epistolary novel (Hasuna),
94; collective subject,
85,
99,
191n20; early goals,
88–89; heterogeneity of narrative forms,
90–91,
93–95; JVP uprising,
88,
91; as NGO,
86,
88,
191n22; proscribed as antigovernment,
88; serialized form,
100; studies of,
89–90;
writings: “Apatada nidahasak natha” (For us, there is no freedom),
89; “Chintanaya nidahas nam” (Thinking freedom) (Vitana),
91–93; “From zone to plantation” (“Kalapayen vathukarayata”),
94–95; “Mai Dinaya”/May Day (Menike),
92–93; “Vagrant wishes/Padada pathum” (Perera),
90–91.
See also Sri Lanka
“Dehistoricizing History” (Scott),
65developmentalist, as character,
144,
148,
152developmentalist logic,
19,
22–23,
76,
88,
173n2,
182n19,
191n22,
193n40; Devi’s works and,
110–11,
113,
120; Head’s work and,
138–39,
142–44,
152–54,
156–58,
170; historicization of,
199n29Devi, Mahasweta,
6,
22–23,
25,
75,
77,
100–121; historical materialism in,
100,
102–3,
106,
111–12,
114–15; journalistic writing,
115–16; leftism critiqued,
102–3,
107,
116–18; repeated interruptions in,
100–101,
105,
116,
121; Spivak and,
101,
104,
108–14,
110,
117,
120,
121; structure in works of,
105; thesis on the philosophy of history,
115–16; unfinished texts,
101; voice-consciousness in,
108,
116;
Works: Agnigarbha,
117; “Douloti the Bountiful,”
117;
Dust on the Road,
105,
115–16; “The Fairy Tale of Mohanpur,”
25,
103,
116–20;
Imaginary Maps,
111;
Mother of 1084,
117; “Pterodactyl, Puran Sahay, and Pirtha,”
101,
104–5dialectic,
186n9; of the everyday,
54,
106,
139; as felt sensibility,
60,
62,
67,
68–69; of race and class,
48–49,
58–62; as revolutionary,
100dialectical revisionism,
56,
62,
106“Diasporas Old and New” (Spivak),
127difference without hierarchy,
109,
110A Different Hunger (Sivanandan),
73
dominant ideology/narratives,
4,
7,
10,
13,
18,
20,
33–34,
175n8; of Sri Lanka,
61,
91
East Bengal (Bangladesh),
101economic historiography,
31–32Elizabeth (
A Question of Power),
128–37Empire (Hardt and Negri),
11–12,
15,
23,
96,
110,
127,
174n3,
185n1,
194n43,
197–98n18,
201n4
Engels, Friedrich,
17,
18essentialism, feminist,
81ethico-political agendas,
6,
19–21,
26,
75,
77,
194n43; in
Dabindu works,
121; in Devi’s work,
99,
113,
121; in Head’s work,
132,
139; in Olsen’s work,
99,
121; oversimplification as strategy,
99ethics,
3–4; of historical materialism,
10–11,
14,
25,
76,
171; as intuitions,
20; love and,
22–23,
110–11,
113; responsibility-based,
20,
110–11,
118–19; return of as regression,
19; socialist,
5,
48–49,
108–11; supplementation and,
22,
113; task-oriented ethical work,
20,
21–22,
105,
113; of universality,
131,
136–37,
145–46,
170; working-class writing and,
9,
12,
19–23Ethnicity and Social Change (Social Scientists Association),
65,
66
everyday,
4,
5,
19,
71,
93,
148; back-and-forth movements of,
62,
70,
93; dialectic as,
54,
106,
139; ethical singularity and,
111–13extraverted economies,
79
fatalism, attributed to Indian working class,
2,
24,
35,
37feminism: 1930s overlooked,
80; 1970s U.S.,
86; NGOization of,
190n1,
191n22; practices of ethical responsibility,
118–19; recovery of lost subject,
81feminist critiques,
20,
49; of individualism,
5,
99,
101; rethinking of working-class literature,
82–87feminist proletarian texts,
25feminist working-class studies,
99FOIL (Forum of Indian Leftists),
35,
183n26“Forgotten Mornings” (Thomas),
54form: collaborative,
11–12,
16,
89,
93–95; as effect of reading,
36; ideology and,
56,
57–58; sociologies of,
5,
82,
138,
144; working-class literature as literary,
9–10; working-class literature as serial interrupted,
7–14,
16,
100,
124.
See also interrupted formFree Trade Zones (FTZ) (Sri Lanka),
86,
87–88; exempt from laws and regulations,
88freeborn Englishman figure,
11,
78–79free-trade-zone workers,
25“From zone to plantation” (“Kalapayen vathukarayata”),
94–95
GCEC (Greater Colombo Economic Commission),
87gendered: binary oppositions in working-class literature,
80–81genres,
77,
79–82; correspondence poetry,
97; literary radicalism,
116–17; mixed-genre texts,
26; period-genre category,
8; South African protest literature,
139–40; testimonial,
93; transnational,
4–5; working-class literature as canonical genre,
16,
20–21,
82–83,
175–76n8Ghostwriting (Spivak),
128
The Gift of a Cow (Premchand),
161
Gilbert (
When Rain Clouds Gather),
152–54The Global Impact of the Great Depression (Rothermund),
31–32,
44
globalization,
1–3,
107; abstraction and,
128; defined,
167,
173–74n2; feminist negotiations within,
86,
99; feminization of labor,
84–85,
90,
155,
164–65,
194n43; gender issues,
77–82,
86; imagery of,
174n2; as international division of labor,
3,
6; metropolitan immigrants,
124,
125–26; as structure of feeling,
170; as term,
181n12Gobindo (“The Fairy Tale of Mohanpur”),
116,
118–20
Hardt, Michael,
11–12,
15,
23,
110,
127,
174n3,
185n1,
194n43,
201n4Head, Bessie,
3–4,
6,
22–23,
26,
34,
122–63; agricultural reform model,
127; background,
122–23; biographical lensing of,
124–25,
196n4; critique of identity politics in,
26,
129–30,
134,
145,
147,
149,
158,
161–62; deauthorizing moments in,
7–8; ethics of universality,
131,
136–37,
145–46,
170; ironic moments in,
7–8; irrelevance, concept of,
140,
149,
158; letters,
123; as organic intellectual,
126; philosophy of socialist ethics,
125; as political philosopher,
126–27; selective memory,
160–61; as stateless person,
123,
125–26;
Works: “A Note on Rain Clouds,”
152;
The Collector of Treasures,
160;
Living on an Horizon,
124; “A Poem to Serowe,”
160;
Serowe, Village of the Rain Wind,
122,
126,
158–61; “Sorrow Food,”
149;
Tales of Tenderness and Power,
150; “Village People,”
151;
When Rain Clouds Gather,
151–57; A Woman Alone,
123,
132.
See also A Question of Power (Head)
historical materialism: autocritical ethics of,
25,
114–15; in Devi’s works,
100,
102–3,
106,
111–12,
114–15; ethics absent from,
19; ethics of,
10–11,
14,
25,
76,
112,
171; love as common name for an ethics of,
23historicism: critique of,
54,
57,
60,
64–65,
75,
116,
120; feminist views,
120; humanism and,
9,
76,
103–4,
127; as ideology of history,
18,
103; Marxism is not a historicism,
10,
18,
76,
102–3,
114; value-form,
108historicist histories,
54,
57,
61history: dehistoricizing,
62–66; dialectical revisionist,
56,
62,
106; nationalist,
25,
38,
52,
57,
61,
64,
79,
87,
182n23; revisionist,
54–55,
64,
70–71,
103–4,
106,
160,
197–98n18Hopkins, Gerard Manley,
72humanism,
20,
53,
64; critique of,
137,
140; historicism and,
9,
76,
103–4,
127; of Marx,
114,
127,
134,
150,
197n17; universality and,
26,
127,
136,
141,
144–45
“I Stand Here Ironing” (Olsen),
7,
84,
93“I Want You Women Up North to Know” (Olsen),
79,
95–99ideal constructions,
78–79identity politics,
3,
8; critique of,
26,
147–48,
149–50; critique of in Devi’s work,
25; critique of in Head’s work,
26,
129–30,
134,
145,
147,
149,
158,
161–62; critique of in Olsen’s work,
98–99; distance and proximity,
129; irrelevance and,
149ideological blind spots,
19,
101,
125,
154,
176n8,
181nn8,
12,
186n11; Anand’s work and,
24,
28–29,
32–33,
49; in Marxism,
101,
125; in modernism,
30; Sivanandan’s work and,
64–65ideologies: comparative,
5; form and,
56,
57–58Imaginary Maps (Devi),
111
immigration studies,
47–48improvisatory practices,
5,
12–13In Other Worlds (Spivak),
1
Indian Congress Party,
39industrial revolution,
8,
49,
79Institute of Race Relations (IRR),
73international, as unstable category,
16–17International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (IBRD),
173n2international cultural imaginary,
117international division of labor,
3,
6,
49,
189n8; feminization of,
84–85,
90,
120–21,
155,
164–65,
194n43; intellectuals and,
164–65; outsourcing,
165–66; racialization of,
52; women’s texts,
77.
See also laborInternational Women’s Day,
89International Workingmen’s Association,
79internationalism,
3; 1930s,
29; antinationalism and,
15; literary,
4–5,
14–15,
24,
80,
97,
132,
162,
198n20; as masculine province,
79; as normative,
14–15; partial form,
7; planetary,
113,
146,
151; proletarian,
11–12,
96; proletarian writing as practice of,
29; reading,
58–62; schizophrenia and,
130,
137,
143–44,
170; self-interest,
96,
97; as structure of feeling,
58,
60; as transference,
58interrupted form,
3,
4,
6,
18; in Devi’s works,
100–101,
105,
116,
121; in
A Question of Power,
26; working-class literature as,
7–14,
16,
100,
124.
See also forminterruptions,
7,
25,
100–101,
124; structural and structuring aspects of class,
10,
16,
33,
116,
166,
198n18; time and,
105–6
Kim (Kipling):
Coolie as corrective to,
24,
27,
32,
37,
43; “Great Game,”
24,
29
labor: cartographies of,
5,
6,
24,
26,
63,
66,
95,
98; feminization of,
84–85,
90,
155,
194n43; immaterial,
127–28; indentured,
28,
32,
57,
66,
190n17.
See also abstract labor;
child laborers;
international division of labor;
socialized laborLabor and Desire (Rabinowitz),
80–81
labor power,
126,
134,
160–61; as abstraction,
145,
170; commodification of,
146–47; part-subject of,
40,
114,
131,
138–39,
141–42,
144,
146–47,
162,
175n6,
185n42; race and,
146–47; of women,
159; work as,
134.
See also powerlabor theory of value,
128left cultural imperialism,
52Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE),
53,
54literary criticism, Marxist,
55–56literary rewriting,
53–55literature: as antihistoricist,
76; comparative,
4,
24,
160–63,
176n8; denationalized,
5,
15; depoliticization of,
5; Marxism of,
68–69; ruling definitions,
6,
85,
190n19; as supplement,
28,
36,
42,
46,
50,
66,
84; turn to by socialist writers,
49; working-class writing interrogates ruling definitions of,
6; writing race and class and,
52–55.
See also working-class literatureThe Literature of Labor (Klaus),
34
“Mai Dinaya”/May Day (Menike),
92–93Makhaya (
When Rain Clouds Gather),
151–57The Making of the Indian Working Class (Bahl),
37
Maria (
When Rain Clouds Gather),
154–55Marx, Karl,
1; abstraction, view of,
132–34; class, rethinking of,
17–18; concept metaphors,
130; on development,
27; ethics of,
18,
19; future anterior,
110,
121,
138,
170–71; humanist vs. antihumanist,
114,
127,
134,
150,
166,
197n17; on proletarian revolutions,
100,
124; rational social, concept of,
23,
133–34,
137,
167; on self-criticism,
8–9,
100,
101; spectral social, concept of,
127,
130,
133,
134; as theorist of literary internationalism,
14–15; totality, view of,
76; world literature, view of,
14–17;
Works: “Articles on India and China,”
18–19;
Capital,
1,
17–18,
27,
100,
108,
121,
133;
The Communist Manifesto,
15–17,
69; “Critique of the Gotha Program,”
17;
Early Writings: 150; “Eighteenth Brumaire,”
110Marxism,
4; abstraction in,
132–33; ethics absent from,
112,
114; Eurocentric,
18,
48–49,
134; ideological blind spots,
101,
125; Indian,
79,
117; literary criticism,
55–56; of literature,
68–69; not a historicism,
10,
18,
76,
102–3,
114; in
A Question of Power,
127,
130,
144–45; Sri Lankan,
65; women as agents of,
79Marxism and Literature (Williams),
10,
13,
76,
78
Marxism and the Philosophy of Language (Volosinov),
83
memory: reading and,
69–70Menike, K. G. Jayasundera,
93Menike, S. Udyalata,
92–93metropolitan migration,
124–26“Myths Without Conscience: Tamil and Sinhalese Nationalist Writings of the 1980s” (Coomaraswamy),
65
narrative: structuralist analysis,
37national proletariat,
11–12national working class,
3nationalist history/historiography,
25,
38,
52,
57,
61,
63,
66,
79,
87,
121,
182n23Naxalbari (village),
8,
117Negri, Antonio,
11–12,
15,
23,
96,
110,
127,
174n3,
185n1,
194n43,
197–98n18,
201n4neocolonial countries,
79Non-Aligned Movement (NAM),
173n2North-South divide,
97,
98
Occupy movements,
30,
166official discourse: constructedness of,
37–38Olsen, Tillie,
6,
7,
14,
75,
77,
81–82,
100–101,
121,
157; deliberate incompleteness in,
20–21; representational strategy,
83–84; socialist ethics,
98–99; voice-consciousness of characters,
83,
98;
Works: “I Stand Here Ironing,”
7,
84,
93; “I Want You Women Up North to Know,”
79,
95–99; “Tell Me a Riddle,”
84.
See also Yonnondio: From the Thirties (Olsen)
“On the Universality of Madness” (Rose),
144–45Outsourced Self (Hochschild),
168
PAC (Pan-Africanist Congress),
122Paulina (
When Rain Clouds Gather),
155The Political Unconscious (Jameson),
138
Politics of Modernism (Williams),
125
postcolonial state,
104–5postindividualist form,
20“precapitalist” space,
109Present History of West Bengal (Chatterjee),
117
Progressive Writers Association,
33–34proletarian: abstract meaning,
100; as male,
25proletarianization, partial,
18proletariat: historical task,
100; national,
11–12“The Prose of Counter Insurgency” (Guha),
37protest, transnational,
203n15“Pterodactyl, Puran Sahay, and Pirtha” (Devi),
22–23,
25,
101,
104–15; progress, ideology of,
104–5; rodent and rhododendron meditation,
107–10; value, question of,
108–10Puran Sahay (“Pterodactyl, Puran Shay, and Pirha”),
104–11,
113–15
A Question of Power (Head),
3–4,
6,
22–23,
25,
122–51,
156; belonging, concept of,
140,
141,
151,
163; blurring of boundaries in,
130,
135,
137,
158; Botswana setting,
148–49; “breakdown,” signification of,
129–31,
136,
143–44; center of novel,
129; closing scene,
160–63; dialectical approach,
127; dialectical dyads in,
127,
138; form of,
6; future anterior in,
110,
121,
138,
170–71; ghost story in,
127,
128–30; horizon, trope of,
129; interiority and exteriority in,
26,
129–31,
136–37,
142–45,
150–51,
154–55,
170; Marxist concerns in,
127,
130,
144–45; othering of self,
142,
152,
156,
158; paradoxical notions of universality and humanism,
127,
136,
141,
144; plot summary,
142–44; race, class, and intangible forms in,
128–37; self-estrangement in,
130,
134–35,
137–41,
143,
162,
170; as surrealist-realist,
3,
26,
129,
133,
140,
144,
146; text as split subject,
128–29; textual figure of Bessie Head,
146; voice-consciousness in,
141–42,
162
race: abstraction and,
131–32; changing terms of international division of labor,
131–32; labor power and,
146–47; racialization,
51,
52; racism as structural,
52,
100; subject of colonialism,
145–46Rajan (
When Memory Dies),
57,
59reading,
11,
14,
178n18; allegories of,
34,
60–61; back-and-forth movement,
62,
70; distant,
202–3n12; form as effect of,
36,
41; mode of,
68; narratological meaning,
67,
73; proletarian writing,
34–43; reading internationalism,
58–62; reading-as-translation,
69–70realism,
5,
9,
16,
52,
56,
176n10; gender and,
80–81,
83,
90,
93,
96,
115–16recognition, as assimilation,
94The Rediscovery of the Ordinary (Ndebele),
139–40
Refashioning Futures (Scott),
64
referential reading-moment,
60–61representation,
10,
169,
170; effacement and,
40,
61; figural,
137; literary,
130–33,
139; of subaltern,
30,
40,
181n8; systems of,
38resistance: in 1930s India,
44–45; coded as disorganization,
37; commodification of,
99; to development,
111; feminist models,
80; to formalization,
7resistant collectivities,
109Rethinking Working-Class History: Bengal, 1890–1940 (Chakrabarty),
37,
43,
79,
109,
167,
202n9
revisionist history,
54–55,
64,
70–71,
103–4,
106,
160,
197–98n18; dialectical,
56,
62,
106
Sahadevan (
When Memory Dies),
57Sanji (
When Memory Dies),
57,
59,
66Season of Migration to the North (Salih),
126
self-constitution as literature,
72self-interest,
20,
34–35,
48,
99; as collective interest,
12; internationalism and,
96,
97; love beyond reason and,
23; national worker vs. foreign worker,
48Sirima-Shastri Pact (1964),
63–64Sivanandan, Ambalavaner,
6,
23–25,
47–74; doubling in works of,
25,
48,
50,
55,
59–60,
67,
70; interview, 1990s,
50–51; as librarian,
73–74; move to England,
50–51; political journalism,
25,
49–50,
52–53; schools of readership,
50; structural connection between exploitation in Britain and Sri Lanka,
51–52; turn to literature,
49–50,
53–54,
67–73;
Works: “Casualties of Imperialism,”
51–52;
Communities of Resistance,
47,
50,
53,
54,
55,
61;
A Different Hunger,
73; “The Man Who Loved the Dialectic,”
54; “Marxism and Literature,”
53; “Sri Lanka: A Case Study,”
52–53,
54,
66,
67–68.
See also When Memory Diessloganeering politics,
58,
60,
76–77,
95,
102,
118,
123,
131,
139–40,
147–49,
153So Many Freedoms (Cowasjee),
32–33
social, the: as all that is present and moving,
83,
168,
189n2; formal. relationship with,
36; global incommensurable with,
8,
14; Marx’s view,
6,
17,
134; as term,
166–67; two senses of,
134–35; in
When Memory Dies,
58–59Social Scientists Association,
65socialism: black,
48; nonrevolutionary,
92–93; as path to liberation,
53,
67,
68; as process of liberation,
53South Africa,
34,
122; apartheid,
22,
26,
34,
139–41,
153,
171; protest literature,
139–40,
148;
ubuntu,
140–41Spirits of Resistance and Capitalist Discipline (Ong),
167
Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty,
36,
75,
101,
104,
134,
157,
161; on cultural studies,
185n1; Devi and,
101,
104,
108–14,
110,
117,
120,
121; as Devi’s translator,
110,
111,
114; ethical singularity,
21–22,
75,
188–89n1; Marx, reading of,
110–11,
134,
146–47; pharmakonic, concept of,
108; on political movements,
21–22,
112; on working-class canon,
190n12;
Works: “Can the Subaltern Speak?”,
40,
110,
190n17;
Critique of Postcolonial Reason,
79,
112,
174–75n4,
199n27; “Diasporas Old and New,”
127;
Ghostwriting,
128;
Other Worlds,
120Sri Lanka,
6,
14,
24–25,
47–74; 1958 riots,
51,
52,
58; activist scholarship,
65–66; anticolonial working-class movements,
65,
88; Black July (July 1983),
52,
70; burning of Jaffna public library,
73–74; crisis imagery,
87; dehistoricizing history,
62–66; fifty years of freedom,
89; Free Trade Zones (FTZ) (Sri Lanka),
86,
87–88; free-trade-zone workers,
84–86,
87–88; independence from Britain,
63,
94; Indian immigrant labor in,
61–62; leftist political culture ignored,
51; multinational corporations,
90–91; postcolonial theory,
64; provincializing,
50–52; stateless workers,
48.
See also Dabindu collectiveStar Garments (Sri Lanka),
93stateless workers/refugees,
142; as antisubjects,
60; forced migration,
61–62,
63,
66; Head as,
123; immigrant and national,
48; Indian-origin Tamil laborers,
59,
61–64,
94,
187n18; noncitizens,
64,
66,
73,
94,
190n17; repatriation to India,
57,
63–64; Sri Lanka benefits by,
61–62; writers,
3,
123,
125–26.
See also immigrationStri nirmana (Women’s writing),
89
strikes, India,
2–3; in
Coolie,
34–35; TISCO (Tata Iron and Steel Company),
36–37subaltern: literary representation of,
30,
40; post-Independence,
59; romanticizing of,
106,
117,
118,
121; rumor and discourse,
41; women workers,
25Subaltern Studies collective,
37subject: bourgeois,
138; decentered,
8,
82,
135,
138–40,
152; feminist,
77; individual as,
60,
90; multinational corporation as,
90–91; nonsubject,
59,
80–81; part-subject,
40,
114,
131,
138–39,
141–42,
144,
146–47,
162,
175n6,
185n42; race and,
145–46; rational,
80–81; rejection of individual as,
80–81; text as split,
85,
128–29; theorized by Sivanandan,
48subject, collective,
21,
25,
99,
109,
115,
138,
158;
Dabindu collective,
85,
191n20; gendered,
118–19; social media and,
166supplementation,
13,
20–22,
99,
101,
104,
185n45; ethics and,
22,
113; literature as,
28,
36,
42,
46,
50,
66,
84; to Marx,
101,
104,
113–14; in
When Memory Dies,
66,
76; in
Yonnondio,
84
Tales of Tenderness and Power (Head),
150
Tasks and Masks (Nkosi),
125
“Tell Me a Riddle” (Olsen),
84Third World literature: said to be national allegory,
34TISCO (Tata Iron and Steel Company),
36–37Tom
(A Question of Power),
147–48trade unionist socialism,
18,
93,
165; British,
2,
25,
28–29,
52; in
Coolie,
2,
34,
36,
37–38,
41; in Devi’s works,
111,
116,
118transnational corporations,
2–3TRC (Truth and Reconciliation Commission),
140–41Two Leaves and a Bud (Anand),
31,
32
2008 financial crisis,
29–30
United National Party (UNP) (Sri Lanka),
88United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR),
64universality,
53; ethics of,
131,
136–37,
145–46,
170; in Head’s work,
130; humanism and,
26,
127,
136,
141,
144–45; interiority and,
136–37; socialized labor and,
144–45; unlikely friendships,
26,
145–46Uses of Literacy (Hoggart),
167
Van Rensburg, Patrick,
127,
157Vitana, Deepika Thrima,
91–92voice-consciousness: in
Dabindu works,
95; in Devi’s works,
108,
116; in Olsen’s works,
83,
98; in
A Question of Power,
141–42,
162
Wallerstein, Immanuel,
174n2When Memory Dies (Sivanandan),
23–25,
47–74; center, lack of,
57,
61; counters dominant narrative,
61; dehistoricizing history,
62–67; dialectic of race and class,
58–62; didactic intrusions,
67–68; epigraphs,
72; final scene,
67–68; literary rewriting in,
53–55,
56,
66; narrative chronology,
58–59; narrative sequencing,
66–67; narrator as reader,
62; opening scene,
58–60,
62; political writings incorporated into,
53; postcolonial scholarship,
50; prefatory pages,
51; reading internationalism,
58–62; reading scenes in,
68–69,
72; reading-as-translation,
69–70; saga form,
56,
58,
188n27; telling history in,
55–58,
61; three sequential parts,
58
When Rain Clouds Gather (Head),
151–57
Williams, Raymond,
10,
76,
83–84,
125;
The Country and the City (Williams),
47,
52,
98,
176n8; on formations, not institutions,
13–14,
78; on literature as creative practice,
162; semiotics of the social,
166; “structures of feeling,”
3,
11,
12,
22,
58,
167–70; on subjectivity,
82Women, Men, and the International Division of Labor (Nash and Kelly),
120
women workers: Chicana factory workers,
96–99; free-trade-zone workers,
69,
84; as new proletariat,
79; as subalterns,
25; as subjects for history,
85women working-class writers: critique of subject,
81–82“Women’s Time” (Kristeva),
120Working Women of Southeast Asia (Heyzer),
127
working-class culture,
167working-class literature: absence of common language,
96–97; Anand’s considered nationalist writing,
32–34; collaborative form,
11–12,
16,
89,
93–95; comparative frame,
3–6,
11,
17; as counterglobalist movement,
33; critique of colonial counterdiscourse,
30; discursive unity,
5–6; ethics and,
19–23; feminist rethinking of,
82–87; as formation,
13–14; gendered binary oppositions,
80–81; improvisatory practices,
12–13; international alliances,
33–34; literariness of,
76; as literary form,
9–10; literature as supplement,
28,
36,
42,
46,
50,
66,
84; as male, metropolitan, and revolutionary,
9,
79,
80–81; metropolitan migrant as staple of,
125–26; as non-static,
77–78; overlooked,
34,
49,
171; potentiality of,
10–11; proletarian novel, U.S. 1930s,
28,
31–34,
175–76n8; provincialization of,
14; questions of canonicity,
16,
20–21,
82–83,
175–76n8; reading,
34–43; recuperation of,
29–30; rural-based,
125–27; as serial interrupted form,
7–14,
16,
100,
124; as social formation,
4,
29; speech interferences,
21,
83; Sri Lankan traditions,
86–87; as transnational genre,
4–5; as world literature,
6,
14–19.
See also literatureworld-systems theory,
2,
174n2writing, historical fiction vs. history,
39–40
Yonnondio: From the Thirties (Olsen),
20–21,
25,
189n11; autoreferential passages,
83; epigraph,
85; interruptions in,
75,
95; misconstrued as bildungsroman,
81; plot summary,
190n13; representational strategy,
83–84; speech interference in,
82–83,
86,
105; text as split subject,
85