ILLUSTRATIONS

The Chinese Palace at Oranienbaum by Antonio Rinaldi © Konstik, Dreamstime.com.

Gatchina Palace by Antonio Rinaldi, © Pavel Savchenkov, Dreamstime.com.

Ceiling above the Staircase, The Agate Pavilion, photo by Ruth Cousineau.

The Agate Pavilion by Charles Cameron, Tsarskoe Selo, photo by Ruth Cousineau.

Coffered Ceiling, Great Hall, Agate Pavilion, photo by Ruth Cousineau.

View from the Cameron Gallery, photo by Ruth Cousineau.

The Cameron Gallery by Charles Cameron, Tsarskoe Selo, photo by Ruth Cousineau.

Catherine II’s Wheel Chair, The Agate Pavilion, photo by Ruth Cousineau.

Pavlovsk Palace by Charles Cameron, © Viacheslav Dyachkov, Dreamstime.com.

Temple of Friendship, Pavlovsk by Charles Cameron © Konstik, Dreamstime.com.

The Chesme Church by Yury Velten © Anton Samsonov, Dreamstime.com.

Colonnade of Alexander Palace by Giacomo Quarenghi, © Dmitriy Raykin, Dreamstime.com.

The Marble Palace, St. Petersburg by Antonio Rinaldi © Konstantin Semenov, Dreamstime.com.

The Raphael Loggia, State Hermitage Museum, © Nimblewit, Dreamstime.com.

The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, © Tatjana Keisa, Dreamstime.com.

Portrait of a Young Man with a Glove, Frans Hals (1582/3–1666), c. 1640 (oil on canvas), Hermitage, St. Petersburg, Russia, Bridgeman Images.

Perseus liberating Andromeda, Peter Paul Rubens (1577–1640), c. 1620 (oil on canvas), Hermitage, St. Petersburg, Russia, Bridgeman Images.

Return of the Prodigal Son, Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn (1606–69), c. 1668-69 (oil on canvas), Hermitage, St. Petersburg, Russia, Bridgeman Images.

The Flight into Egypt, Titian (Tiziano Vecellio) (c. 1488–1576), 1500s (oil on canvas), Hermitage, St. Petersburg, Russia, Bridgeman Images.

Boy with a Dog, Bartolome Esteban Murillo (1618–82), c. 1650, Hermitage, St. Petersburg, Russia, Bridgeman Images.

Judith (oil on panel), Giorgione, (Giorgio da Castelfranco) (1476/8–1510), Hermitage, St. Petersburg, Russia, Bridgeman Images.

Philadelphia and Elisabeth Wharton, 1640, Sir Anthony van Dyck (1599–1641), Hermitage, St. Petersburg, Russia, Bridgeman Images.

Saint George and the Dragon, Raphael, Marchigian (1483–1520), c. 1506 oil on panel, 11¼ × 87/16 in., Andrew W. Mellon Collection, from the Crozat collection, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

Portrait of a Member of the Haarlem Civic Guard, Frans Hals (c. 1582/1583–1666), 1636/1638 oil on canvas, 337/8 × 273/16 in., Andrew W. Mellon Collection, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

The Finding of Moses, Paolo Veronese (1528–88), probably 1570/1575, oil on canvas, 2213/16 × 17½ in., Andrew W. Mellon Collection, from the collection of Louis Michel van Loo, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

The House of Cards, Jean Siméon Chardin (1699–1779), probably 1737, oil on canvas, 323/8 × 26 in., Andrew W. Mellon Collection, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

Philip, Lord Wharton, Anthony van Dyck (1599–1641), 1632, oil on canvas, 523/8 × 41¾ in., Andrew W. Mellon Collection, from the Walpole collection, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

Pope Innocent X, Circle of Diego Velázquez, c. 1650, oil on canvas, 193/8 × 16¼ in., Andrew W. Mellon Collection, from the Walpole collection, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

The Birth of Venus, Nicolas Poussin, 1635 or 1636, oil on canvas 38 ¼ × 42 ½ in., from the Crozat collection, Philadelphia Museum of Art: The George W. Elkins Collection, 1932.

Portrait of Count Heinrich von Brühl (1700–1763), Georg Friedrich Schmidt, German, 1762, Etching and engraving, Philadelphia Museum of Art: The Muriel and Philip Berman Gift.

Portrait of Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford, Jakob Houbraken, Dutch, 18th century, Engraving Philadelphia Museum of Art: The Muriel and Philip Berman Gift.

Presumed Portrait of the Duc de Choiseul and Two Companions (Choiseul on left with his mistress Madame de Brionne and the Abbé Barthélemy), Jacques Wilbaut, French, c. 1775, Oil on canvas, 35 × 435/8 in., The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles.

The imperial coronation crown commissioned by Catherine II, 1762 (mixed media), Jérémie Pauzié (1716–79) / Kremlin Museums, Moscow, Russia / Bridgeman Images.

Potpourri Vase with Classical Figures, Jean-Pierre Ador, 1768, multicolored gold, en plein and basse-taille enamel; photo courtesy of the Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, Maryland.

Coffee Pot from the Orlov Service, Imperial Porcelain Factory, Hillwood Estate, Museum, & Gardens; photo by Edward Owen.

Plate from the Wedgwood “Green Frog” Service, 1773–74 Earthenware (creamware), 9 in., Lent to Milwaukee Art Museum by the Chipstone Foundation; photo courtesy of the Chipstone Foundation.

Ice Cup from the Cameo Service, Sèvres Porcelain Manufactory, Paris, 1779, soft paste porcelain, decorated with overglaze enamels and gilding, Hillwood Estate, Museum, & Gardens; photo by Edward Owen.

Writing desk with small cabinet, by David Roentgen (1743–1807), Neuwied, 1785 (oak, amboyna, mahogany, bronze, and brass) / Hermitage, St. Petersburg, Russia / Bridgeman Images.

Pendant watch with Cipher of Catherine II, D. T. Mussard, Hillwood Estate, Museum, & Gardens; photo by Edward Owen.

Buch Chalice, Iver Windfeldt Buch, 1793, Hillwood Estate, Museum, & Gardens; photo by Edward Owen.

Empress Catherine II before the mirror, 1779 (oil on canvas), Vigilius Eriksen (1722–82) / State Russian Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia / Bridgeman Images.

Portrait of Peter III, Emperor of Russia, Johann Esaias Nilson, German, mid-18th century, Etching, Philadelphia Museum of Art: The Muriel and Philip Berman Gift.

Portrait of Paul I, Emperor of Russia Ignaz Sebastian Klauber, German, 1797, Etching and engraving, Philadelphia Museum of Art: The Muriel and Philip Berman Gift.

Portrait of Grand Duchesses Alexandra Pavlovna and Elena Pavlovna of Russia, 1796 (oil on canvas), Elisabeth Louise Vigee-Lebrun, (1755–1842) / State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia / Bridgeman Images.

Portrait of Catherine II, Pierre-Etienne Falconet, 1773, Hillwood Estate, Museum, & Gardens, photo by Edward Owen.

Portrait of Stanislas-Auguste, King of Poland, Ignaz Sebastian Klauber, German, 1754–1817, 1798 Etching and engraving, Philadelphia Museum of Art: The Muriel and Philip Berman Gift.

Portrait of Gregory Orlov, Hillwood Estate, Museum, & Gardens Archives & Special Collections.

Portrait of Prince Grigory Aleksandrovich Potemkin (1739–91), c. 1790, Johann Baptist Lampi (1751–1830) / Hermitage, St. Petersburg, Russia / Bridgeman Images.

Portrait of Alexander Lanskoy, Hillwood Estate, Museum, & Gardens Archives & Special Collections.

Perseus and Andromeda. Sardonyx and gold cameo. Rome, 1st century B.C. or 1st century A.D., acquired from the collection of Anton Raphael Mengs, 1780, photo courtesy of Ruth Cousineau.

Dionysius in the Chariot. Sardonyx, gold cameo. Alexandria. 1st century B.C., from the Louis Philippe d’Orleans collection, 1787, photo courtesy of Ruth Cousineau.

Gonzaga Cameo, sardonyx, silver, Alexandria, 3rd century B.C., gift to Alexander I from the Collection of Josephine Bogarne, 1814.

Seated Voltaire, Jean-Antoine Houdon, 1781, marble, H 54 in., photo by Ruth Cousineau.

Diana the Huntress, Jean-Antoine Houdon (1741–1828) 1780, marble, H 82.7 in. / Museu Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisbon, Portugal / Bridgeman Images.

Crouching Boy, c. 1530–34 (marble), Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475–1564) H 21¼ in. / Hermitage, St. Petersburg, Russia / Lyde Brown collection, Bridgeman Images.

Equestrian Monument of Peter the Great, Etienne-Maurice Falconet, 1766–82, bronze, Senate Square, St. Petersburg, photo by Ruth Cousineau.

Equestrian Monument of Peter the Great, Etienne-Maurice Falconet, 1766–82, bronze, Senate Square, St. Petersburg, photo by Ruth Cousineau.

Monument to Catherine the Great by Michael Mikeshin, 1873, © Konstantin Semenov, Dreamstime.com.