Page numbers for sources have been included when applicable.
PREFACE TO THE UPDATED EDITION
i. Nobel Prize citation, “The Nobel Prize in Physics 2014: Prize Announcement,” online at http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2014/announcement.html.
i. Oscar Raymundo, “Nobel Prize Winning Entrepreneur Shuji Nakamura on his Lightbulb Moment,” Inc., October 10, 2014, online at http://www.inc.com/oscar-raymundo/entrepreneur-shuji-nakamura-reveals-his-path-to-a-nobel-prize-.html.
ii. “‘I Was So Happy. And I Was So Surprised!’ Shuji Nakamura, 2014, Nobel Prize in Physics,” YouTube video, 3:53, from an interview with Shuji Nakamura by Adam Smith, Chief Scientific Officer at Nobel Media, posted by “Nobel Prize,” October 7, 2014, online at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iFBpivrE4k8.
ii. Figures on LED replacement markets supplied by Strategies Unlimited.
iii. On the future of LEDs see, inter alia: Christoph Hammerschmidt, “Digitization, LEDification Pave Path to Smart Lighting,” EE Times–Asia, March 7, 2013, online at http://www.eetasia.com/ART_8800682394_480700_NT_2a93ad1c.HTM.
iii. On Philips Hue, see www.meethue.com/.
INTRODUCTION
9. For information on reverse salients, see Thomas P. Hughes, American Genesis: A Century of Invention and Technological Enthusiasm (New York: Penguin Books, 1989), pp. 71–74.
10. Figures on overall benefits come from the US Department of Energy, Illuminating the Challenges: Innovations in Solid State Lighting (March 2004), a report based on a workshop held in November 2003. Available online at http://www.netl.doe.gov/ssl/PDFs/SSL_FinWorkSummary.pdf.
10. The US Department of Energy is currently tracking about 135 planned or proposed coal-fired power generation plants. See Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, 109th Cong., February 9, 2006.
10. Herbert Kroemer's lemma on new technology, as quoted in an interview with John Vardelas of the IEEE History Center on February 12, 2003, is as follows: “The principal applications of any sufficiently new and innovative technology have always been and will continue to be applications created by that new technology.”
11. Haitz's law was first made public in The Case for a National Research Program on Semiconductor Lighting, a paper delivered at the Optoelectronics Industry Development Association in Washington, DC, on October 6, 1999. In its original form, the law posited a 30 percent increase in light output per decade. See Roland Haitz, Fred Kish, Jeff Tsao, and Jeff Nelson, The Case for a National Research Program on Semiconductor Lighting, online at http://lighting.sandia.gov/lightingdocs/hpsnl_long.pdf.
13. Isaac Newton actually wrote “ye shoulders of giants” in a letter to Robert Hooke, February 15, 1676.
13. Mighty Atom, known as Tetsuwan Atom in Japan, aka Astro Boy.
14. Interview with Gerald Stringfellow, June 2, 1999.
14. Interview with Fernando Ponce, May 19, 1999.
14. Glenn Zorpette, “Blue Chip,” Scientific American, August 2000.
15. Svante Linqvist, Late Night Live, ABC Radio National, December 5, 2005.
16. Report on gallium nitride, Hank Rodeen and Robert Steele, GaN-Based Electronic Products, Applications, and Markets, Strategies Unlimited, 2005.
16. Lester Eastman and Umesh Mishra, “Toughest Transistor Yet,” IEEE Spectrum 39, no. 5, May 2002, pp. 28–33.
16. Interview with Umesh Mishra: October 20, 2005.
17. Nakamura quote from the foreword to Shuji Nakamura and Gerhard Fasol, Blue Laser Diode: GaN Based Light Emitters and Lasers (Berlin: Springer, 1997).
19. Shuji Nakamura, Ikari no Bureikusuru [Breakthrough with Anger] (Tokyo: Shueisha, 2001).
CHAPTER 1
This chapter, along with chapters 3 and 5, is largely based on Shuji Nakamura's autobiographical Ikari no Bureikusuru [Breakthrough with Anger] (Tokyo: Shueisha, 2001), referred to hereafter as BWA, and on my interviews with Shuji Nakamura: September 16, 1994; May 16, 1995; June 17, 1999; May 10, 2004; and October 20–21, 2005.
Interview with Nobuo Ogawa, May 16, 1995.
34. Description of Shikoku extracted from Japan: An Illustrated Encyclopedia (Tokyo: Kodansha, 1993).
CHAPTER 2
45. For Clarke's third law, see Arthur C. Clarke, Profiles of the Future: An Inquiry into the Limits of the Possible (New York: Harper & Row, 1961).
45. Interview with John Kaeding, October 20, 2005.
45. Interview with Warren Weeks, October 4, 2005.
46. Interview with Asif Khan, October 5, 2005.
45. Herb Maruska served as my guide for the technical explanations in this chapter.
For general background on LEDs and their history, see inter alia: Ken Werner, “Higher Visibility for LEDs,” IEEE Spectrum 31, no. 7, July 1994, pp. 30–39; George Craford, Nick Holonyak, and Frederick A. Kish, “In Pursuit of the Ultimate Lamp,” Scientific American, February 2001; Arpad Bergh, George Craford, Anil Duggal, and Roland Haitz, “Promise and Challenge of Solid-State Lighting,” Physics Today (December 2001).
On Nick Holonyak, see the oral history interview conducted by Frederick Nebeker of the IEEE History Center, June 22, 1993; see also Tekla Perry, “Red Hot,” IEEE Spectrum 40, no. 6, June 2003, pp. 26–29.
52. Interview with Nick Holonyak, April 5, 1994.
54. Interviews with George Craford, August 18, 1994, and May 14, 2004.
57. Oral history interview with Herbert Kroemer conducted by John Vardelas of the IEEE History Center on February 12, 2003.
CHAPTER 3
BWA and interviews with Shuji Nakamura, plus supplemental information on Nakamura from profiles such as Glenn Zorpette, “Blue Chip,” Scientific American, August 2000.
71. Shuji Nakamura and Gerhard Fasol, Blue Laser Diode: GaN Based Light Emitters and Lasers (Berlin: Springer, 1997).
72. My attempt to describe how an MOCVD system works is based on a series of conversations, face-to-face, and via phone and e-mail with three experts: Herb Maruska, Bob Karlicek, and Warren Weeks.
76. Interview with Herb Maruska, November 9, 2005.
Interviews with Bob Karlicek, March 30, 2005, and May 10, 2005.
Interview with Warren Weeks, October 4, 2005.
78. Interview with Ramu Ramaswamy, November 30, 2005.
CHAPTER 4
The core reference for much of this chapter is Herbert Maruska, A Brief History of GaN Blue Light-Emitting Diodes, online at www.sslighting.net/lightimes/features/maruska_blue_led_history.pdf.
I was fortunate enough not only to interview Dr. Maruska, but also to follow up on the interview with questions over a period of months, all of which he was kind enough to respond to in great detail. Herb maintains a library containing copies of almost every paper published on the nitrides, items from which he very generously shared with me on many occasions.
A good introduction to the subject is the review article by F. A. Ponce and D. P. Bour, “Nitride-based Semiconductors for Blue and Green Light-Emitting Devices,” Nature 386, no. 6623 (March 27, 1997): 351–59.
85. For a discussion on the blue light emitting materials see, inter alia, Robert Gunshor and Arto Nurmikko, “Blue-Laser CD Technology,” Scientific American, July 1996.
86. Interview with Herbert Kroemer, October 21, 2005.
87. Interview with Jacques Pankove, October 29, 1994.
91. Edward Miller, “The Early History of Gallium Nitride Research” (undated memoir), online at www.compoundsemi.com/documents/articles/cldoc/5022.html.
Letter to Herb Marsuka, unpublished, November 19, 1971.
95. Interview with Isamu Akasaki, May 25, 1995.
Quotes from the transcripts of speeches, Isamu Akasaki, “Development of Gallium Nitride Blue Light Emitting Devices—Insight, Challenge, and Success,” and Hiroshi Amano, “Passion and Struggle in the Development of Gallium Nitride Blue Light Emitting Devices,” delivered at the Takeda Award Forum, Tokyo, November 2002, online at www.takeda-foundation.jp/en/award/takeda/2002.
Jeff Hecht, “Processes to Produce Blue LEDs Improve,” source unknown but possibly Lasers & Applications, February 1992.
CHAPTER 5
BWA and interviews with Shuji Nakamura.
105. Francis Crick, What Mad Pursuit: A Personal View of Scientific Discovery (New York: Basic Books, 1988).
Shuji Nakamura, Yasuhiro Harada, and Masayuki Seno, “Novel Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition System for GaN Growth,” Applied Physics Letters 58, no. 18 (May 1991).
120. Glenn Zorpette, “True Blue,” Scientific American, September 1997.
John Markoff, “A Race to Catch a Japanese Star on Blue Lasers,” New York Times, October 27, 1997.
Bob Johnstone, “Out of the Blue,” Forbes Global, September 6, 1999.
CHAPTER 6
Jo Ann McDonald, the esteemed editor of LIGHTimes and Compound Semi News, is sure that she wrote the original article in English on Nakamura's work in Electronic Engineering Times, but neither she nor I have been able track the details down.
132. For silicon carbide, see inter alia, “History and Current Status of Silicon Carbide Research” at the Purdue University Web site, www.ecn.purdue.edu/WBG/Introduction/exmatec.html.
132. Nakamura recounts his ignorance of stock options in BWA.
133. Background information about the Hunter brothers, Cree, the company's formation, and its early days comes largely from the following sources: Chris Chinnock, “Blue Laser, Bright Future,” Byte, August 1995; “Engineering College Spawns Spin-off Successes,” Engineering News, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University, October 9, 2000; Irwin Speizer, “In the Right Light,” Business North Carolina, May 2003; Scott Warfield and Leo John, “Cree's $3 Billion Fight,” Triangle Business Journal, June 20, 2003; Spencer Ante, “Blood Feud,” Business Week, August 11, 2003.
Bob Johnstone, “Japan Enters US Triangle,” Far Eastern Economic Review, May 31, 1990.
The figures on Cree's production and market share come from a letter Neal Hunter wrote to Wired magazine in June 1995 in response to an article I had written, “True Boo-roo,” in the magazine's March edition on Shuji Nakamura's breakthrough and its implications. Hunter always felt that his company was not getting the credit it deserved in the press, and in not mentioning Cree in my article I had unintentionally stepped on his sore toe. “Bob Johnstone took a mental vacation when he wrote the somewhat fictional piece…in your March issue,” Hunter fumed. However, he did end his rant by conceding that “the article has a few valid points, namely that Nichia made a significant development in blue LED brightness and that the future for the LED industry is tremendous.”
“Cree Earmarks $300 Million for Expansion,” LEDs Magazine, August 2004.
On LED Lighting Fixtures, see Leo John, “Cree Founder Lights Up New Firm,” Triangle Business Journal, October 24, 2005; LED Lighting Fixtures press releases, online at www.ledlightingfixtures.com/press.htm.
CHAPTER 7
“Dialight Reports Zero Failures in High-power LED Traffic Lights,” LEDs Magazine, October 11, 2005, online at http://ledsmagazine.com/articles/news/2/10/6/1.
149. Lynne Sagalyn, Times Square Roulette: Remaking the City Icon (Boston: MIT Press, 2002).
150. On autonomous vehicles, CMU, and the DARPA Grand Challenge, see, for example, John Markoff, “Robotic Vehicles Race, but Innovation Wins,” New York Times, September 14, 2005.
156. Ken Shulman, “The Color of Money,” Metropolis, May 2001.
Abigail Mieko Vargus, “Clayton Christensen and George Mueller Discuss the Innovator's Dilemma,” MIT Engineering Systems Division News Archives, March 2003.
156. For an analysis of the implications of the Color Kinetics IP stakeout, see Tim Whitaker, “Patent Protagonists Head to Court,” LEDs Magazine, April 2005.
Steven Cherry, “LEDs into Gold,” IEEE Spectrum 42, no. 2, May 12, 2005.
161. Dietrich Neumann, Architecture of the Night: The Illuminated Building (Munich; New York: Prestel, 2002).
Andrew Blum, “A World of Light and Glass,” Business Week, March 28, 2006.
“Roadside LED Matrix Responds to Traffic Flow,” LEDs Magazine, May 2005.
165. For US artist James Clar, see Donnie Snow, “Technology Is Art,” Agence-France Presse, February 27, 2006.
165. Michael Kimmelman, “To Be Enlightened, You Pull the Switch,” New York Times, October 1, 2004.
On the impact of ambient light, see, for example, the report on the Public Interest Energy Research Project titled Healthy Schools: Daylighting, Lighting, and Ventilation at the California Energy Commission Web site, www.energy.ca.gov; also, Luc van der Poel, “Ambient Experience: LEDs Soothe Hospital Patients,” LEDs Magazine, July 2005.
CHAPTER 8
171. For background on Carmanah Technologies, see Ken MacQueen, “A Brighter Future,” Macleans, December 1, 2003; Andrew Duffy, “The Serial Entrepreneur,” Victoria Times Colonist, June 23, 2004.
See also Moneer Azzam, “The Case for Solar-Powered LED Lighting,” LEDs Magazine, June 2005.
179. “Carmanah Awarded Contract for Solar-Powered LED Bus Stops,” LEDs Magazine, September 26, 2005.
“Carmanah Ranked #37 in Canada's Fastest Growing Companies,” Profit, June 5, 2006.
180. “Cyberlux Matches Attributes of LED Lighting to Market Needs,” LEDs Magazine, October 2005.
CHAPTER 9
On the genesis of Light Up the World, see Bonny Munday, “Giving Light, Spreading Hope,” Reader's Digest Canada, July 7, 2004; and “Light Up the World Taps LEDs for Villages Off-Grid,” Lighting.com, January 19, 2004, online at http://www.lighting.com/content.cfm?id=112&page=/.
For background on energy usage in the third world, see Andrew Simms, “It's Time to Plug into Renewable Power,” New Scientist, July 3, 2004.
CHAPTER 10
On the Khan group's breakthrough, see V. Adivarahan, A. Chitnis, J. P. Zhang, M. Shatalov, J. W. Wang, G. Simin, M. Asif Khan, R. Gaska, and M. S. Shur, “Ultraviolet Light Emitting Diodes at 340 nm Using Quaternary AlInGaN Multiple Quantum Wells, Applied Physics Letters 79, no. 25 (December 17, 2001): 4240–42.
202. On the DARPA SUVOS program, see Tim Whitaker, “SUVOS Pushes UV LEDs and Lasers to Shorter Wavelengths,” CompoundSemiconductor.net, May 2004.
CHAPTER 11
214. The “Slave” anecdote and much of the other material in this chapter comes from BWA.
Brendan Buhler, “The Information Age's Father: UCSB's Herbert Kroemer,” Daily Nexus, January 18, 2001.
Chiaki Kitada, “Blue about Japan,” J@pan Inc, July 2001, online at http://www.japaninc.com/article.php?articleID=53.
Glenn Zorpette, “Blue Chip,” Scientific American, August 2000.
CHAPTER 12
On the history of licensing technology in the semiconductor industry, see, for example, Committee on Japan, Office of Japan Affairs, Office of International Affairs, National Research Council, US-Japan Strategic Alliances in the Semiconductor Industry (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1992).
For a roundup of the initial patent battle, see “LED Patent Blues: The Dispute between Nichia and Toyoda Gosei,” CompoundSemiconductor.net, May 4, 1999.
On Nakamura versus Nichia, see inter alia Waichi Tada, “Nichia Enrages Shuji Nakamura,” Nikkei Business, May 28, 2001; Yoshiko Hara, “Researcher Sues Nichia over Blue LED Patent Rights,” Electronic Engineering Times, August 24, 2001; Irene Kunii, “An Inventor Takes On Japan Inc.,” Business Week, December 10, 2001; John Markoff, “A Rebel in Japan Is Hailed as an Innovator in US,” New York Times, September 18, 2002; Ken Belson, “Japan Court Says Company, Not Inventor, Controls Patent,” New York Times, September 20, 2002.
For the impact of the Nakamura case on other Japanese inventors, see Martyn Williams, “Toshiba Faces Claim from Flash Memory Inventor,” IDG News Service, March 3, 2004; Norimitsu Onishi, “A Jolt to Team Japan: Bonus Demands,” New York Times, May 1, 2005.
For Shuji on the Japanese education system, see, for example, Chiaki Kitada, “Blue about Japan,” J@pan Inc, July 2001; Denis Normile, “Shuji Nakamura Speaks Out,” Science 21, January 2005.
237. Tim Whitaker, “Nakamura Awarded $189 Million for LED Patents,” CompoundSemiconductor.net, February 2, 2004.
238. Themis Editorial Department, Blue Light Emitting Diode: Invented by Nichia Corporation and Its Young Engineers (Tokyo: Themis, 2004).
Michael Hatcher, “Nichia Marches On, Nakamura Licks Wounds and Pays Lawyers,” CompoundSemiconductor.net, March 2005.
CHAPTER 13
“Nakamura Hints at Improved GaN Structures,” CompoundSemiconductor.net, September 22, 2005.
CHAPTER 14
262. Republic of Cascadia Web site is well worth a visit; online at http://www.zapatopi.net/cascadia/.
CHAPTER 15
271. For information on the Chinese Solid-State Program, see LEDs Magazine, February 2005. My information comes from a presentation made by the program's director, Wu Ling, at the Strategies in Light 2005 Conference presented by Strategies Unlimited, Burlingame, California, February 7–9, 2005.
“China's Burning Ambition,” Nature 435 (June 30, 2005): 1152–54.
273. Keith Bradsher and David Barboza, “Clouds from Chinese Coal Cast a Long Shadow,” New York Times, June 11, 2006.
Zhu Chengpei, “Dalien Develops Semiconductor Lighting Venture,” China Daily, March 19, 2004.
David Barboza, “China Builds Its Dreams and Some Fear a Bubble,” New York Times, October 18, 2005.
275. See, for example, “Environmental Protection among Top Six Tech Demand for Beijing Olympics,” on the Beijing 2008 Web site. LEDs come under the heading of Environmental Technologies.
CHAPTER 16
279. Figures on energy usage from “Power Struggle,” Economist, November 24, 2005.
For general information on fluorescents, see inter alia William Hamilton, “Incandescence, Yes. Fluorescence, We'll See,” New York Times, January 7, 2007; “Lighting Efficiency Information,” online at http://www.energy.ca.gov/efficiency/lighting.
CONCLUSION
297. Danit Lidor, “Times Square Ball to Get LED Makeover,” Forbes, December 30, 2005.
297. “Lexus Debuts 2008 LS 600h L: World's First Full Hybrid V8 Luxury Sedan,” AutoMotoPortal, April 13, 2006, online at http://www.automotoportal.com/article/Lexus_Debuts_2008_LS_600h_L_Worlds_First_Full_Hybrid_V8_Luxury_Sedan.
Information on Nichia target sales and employees from LEDs Magazine summary of article in Nihon Keizai Shimbun, April 5, 2005.
Yoshiko Hara, “Nichia Develops 100-lumens/W Efficiency White LED Chip,” Electronic Engineering Times, March 13, 2006.
Reena Jana, “A Lamp to Light the Way,” Business Week, May 19, 2006.
298. Bob Steele quote from Michael Hatcher, “Chip Makers and Lighting Specialists Get Switched On to New Possibilities,” CompoundSemiconductor.net, April 2006.
299. “Philips Presents Aurelle LED Candles,” LEDs Magazine, April 22, 2006.
300. “GE Takes Full Control of GELcore, Teams with Nichia,” LEDs Magazine, online at http://ledsmagazine.com/articles/features/3/10/5/1.
“The Rise of the Green Building,” Economist, December 4, 2004.
300. Robin Pogrebin, “7 World Trade Center and Hearst Building: New York's Test Cases for Environmentally Aware Office Towers,” New York Times, April 16, 2006.
“BuildingGreen Announces 2005 Top-10 Products,” buildingreen.com, December 2005.
Richard Florida, “Map: The World Is Spiky,” Atlantic Monthly, October 2005, pp. 48–49.
Matti Huuhtanen (AP), “Calif. Prof Awarded Millennium Tech Prize,” Mercury News, June 15, 2006.
AFTERWORD
303. Interview with Steve DenBaars, October 13, 2014.
304. “‘I Was So Happy. And I Was So Surprised!’ Shuji Nakamura, 2014, Nobel Prize in Physics,” YouTube video, 3:53, from an interview with Shuji Nakamura by Adam Smith, Chief Scientific Officer at Nobel Media, posted by “Nobel Prize,” October 7, 2014, online at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iFBpivrE4k8.
304. Paul Gallagher, “Inventor of the Red LED Hits Out at Committee for ‘Overlooking’ His Seminal 1960s Work,” Independent, October 8, 2014, online at http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/nobel-prize-2014-inventor-of-the-red-led-hits-out-at-committee-for-overlooking-his-seminal-1960s-work-9782948.html.
304. Amina Khan, “UCSB Professor Who Helped Create Blue LED Shares Nobel Prize,” Los Angeles Times, October 7, 2014, online at http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-nobel-prize-physics-20141007-story.html#page=1.
305. Interview with Bob Steele, October 9, 2014.
305. Sonia Fernandez, “An Imperial Honor: UCSB Professor Shuji Nakamura to Receive Japan's Prestigious Order of Culture Award.” UC Santa Barbara Current, October 23, 2014, online at http://www.news.ucsb.edu/2014/014464/imperial-honor.
305. Interview with Shuji Nakamura, October 10, 2014.
306. For droop, see Richard Stevenson, “The LED's Dark Secret: Solid-State Lighting Won't Supplant the Lightbulb until It Can Overcome the Mysterious Malady Known as ‘Droop,’” IEEE Spectrum, August 1, 2009, online at http://spectrum.ieee.org/semiconductors/optoelectronics/the-leds-dark-secret.
306. Shuji Nakamura and Michael Krames, “History of Gallium-Nitride-Based Light Emitting Diodes for Illumination,” Proceedings of the IEEE 101, no. 10 (2013), online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6582668&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fiel7%2F5%2F4357935%2F06582668.pdf%3Farnumber%3D6582668.
307. Barbara Bronson Gray, “UC Santa Barbara Researchers Led by Shuji Nakamura Achieve Major Breakthrough in Laser Diode Development,” UC Santa Barbara Current, January 29, 2007.
307. Vinod Khosla, “Could a Nobel Prize-Winning Innovation Have Almost Been Overlooked by Silicon Valley?” Techcrunch, October 8, 2014, online at http://techcrunch.com/2014/10/08/could-a-nobel-prize-winning-innovation-have-almost-been-overlooked-by-silicon-valley/.
310. Interview with Mike Krames, October 13, 2014.
Robert Bain, “Seeing Red,” LuxReview 3, no. 1 (2014).
For background on GaN-on-GaN, see Mike Krames, “Light-Emitting Diodes: GaN-on-GaN Platform Removes Cost/Performance Tradeoffs in LED Lighting,” LaserFocusWorld, September 16, 2013, online at http://www.laserfocusworld.com/articles/print/volume-49/issue-09/features/light-emitting-diodes-gan-on-gan-platform-removes-cost-performance-tradeoffs-in-led-lighting.html; and Aurelien David and Mike Krames, “High Color-Rendering, Full-Visible-Spectrum LEDs,” LED Professional 45 (2014).
310. Maury Wright, “DoE CALIPER Report Identifies Shortcomings of LED MR16 Lamps,” LEDs Magazine, July 29, 2014, online at http://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2014/07/doe-caliper-report-identifies-shortcomings-of-led-mr16-lamps.html.
312. “New Research Proves Whiteness and Color Rendering Has a Strong Effect on LED Lamp Preference,” Soraa press release, September 17, 2014, online at http://www.soraa.com/news/soraa-new-research-proves-whiteness-matter-091714.
313. Richard Stevenson, “The World's Best Gallium Nitride,” IEEE Spectrum, June 30, 2010, online at http://spectrum.ieee.org/semiconductors/materials/the-worlds-best-gallium-nitride.
313. “Bulk GaN: Too Little, Too Late?” Compound Semiconductor, January 21, 2014, online at http://www.compoundsemiconductor.net/csc/indepth-details/19737048/Bulk-GaN:-too-little,-too-late.html.
314. Jordan Bishop, “BMW i8 with Laser Lights Arrives Early,” Auto Express, June 6, 2014, online at http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/bmw/i8/87320/bmw-i8-with-laser-lights-arrives-early.
314. “Looking Forward to Laser Projection, Sony press release [undated], online at http://www.sony.co.uk/pro/article/digital-cinema-lighting-cinema-screens.
314. Mark Hodgkinson, “CES 2014: Sony Announce Short Throw 4K Laser Projector,” AVforums, January 7, 2014, online at https://www.avforums.com/news/ces-2014-sony-announce-short-throw-4k-laser-projector.9754.