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Note: Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations
—A—
Abolition of slavery, 243–249
Abortion, 130–135
Advertisements, 233
African Americans, 244–249, 273
Alsop, Mary, 161, 172, 284–286, 298
Ambition, 24
Ambulance system, 271–272
American Anti-Slavery Society, 245–246
American Dental Association, 207
American flag, 241
American Journal of Pharmacy, 267
The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 155, 205
American Medical Association, 215, 254–255
American Surgery: An Illustrated History (Rutkow), 311
Amputations, 81, 168, 183–184, 201, 268
Amussat, Jean Zuléma, 117
Anatomical specimens, 86–87, 211, 279. See also Mütter Museum
Anderson, Dr., 61
Anesthesia. See also Ether anesthesia
chloroform, 204–205
lack of, 31
medical community’s early opposition to, 189–194, 204–207
nitrous oxide, 177–179
The Annalist, 189
Appendicitis, 31
Army Medical Museum, 300
Aryan race, 247
Aseptic technique, 103–104, 168–169, 206, 276. See also Cleanliness and hygiene
Atkinson, William Henry, 206–207
Autobiography of Samuel D. Gross (Gross), 311
—B—
Bache, Aglae, 79
Bache, Charles Meigs, 79
Bache, Franklin, 79–80, 161, 166, 167
Barnum, P. T., 198
Barton, William, 76
Beazley, Robert Sanford, 274–275
Beddoes, Dr., 114
Bigelow, Henry J., 183–184, 206
Birth control, 129
Bloodletting, 165
Boardinghouses, 123
Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 31–32, 184
Boston Society for Medical Improvement, 257
Bragg, Braxton, 273
Breast tumors, 220–221
Brinton, John H., 272, 273, 300–301
Bristol-Myers Squibb, 268
The British and Foreign Medical Review, 167–168
Brown, John, 270
Bunker, Chang and Eng, 303
Burke, William, 113–114
Burns, 19, 139–145, 149–155, 167–168, 202
Burns, Dr., 144
—C—
Cadaver dissection, 15
Calhoun, John C., 172
Carey, Lea & Blanchard, 26
Carter, Robert “King,” 38
Carter, Robert Wormelely, 11, 37–44, 248, 286–287
Cataract surgery, 81
Celsus, Aulus Cornelius, 237
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 312
Charge to the Graduates of Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia (Mütter), 6, 24, 48, 56, 68, 84, 108, 128, 138, 158, 182, 196, 226, 234, 242
Charity, 128
Chauncey, Henry, 131–135
Childbed fever, 255–261
Child labor, 125–126
Children
burn victims, 154
orphans, 14
Paris hospitals for, 14
Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 216, 269
Chloroform, 204–205
The Cholera Gazette, 26
Cleanliness and hygiene
and germ theory of disease, 98, 254, 256–257, 260–261
Goodell’s practices, 276
Leasure’s Civil War practices, 273–274
medical community’s lack of consensus on, 104, 168–169
Meigs’s views, 103–104
Mütter’s practices, 95, 103, 237, 260
surgical mortality due to lack of, 206
Clinical instruction, 94–99, 199–204, 265
Clothing, 139–140
Clubfoot, 201
Coleman, Robert T., 272
College of Physicians, 283–284, 285, 287, 298–299
Collins Line, 227
Committee on Surgery of the American Medical Association, 206
Confederacy, 272–273
Conservative vs. radical surgery, 219–221
Cook, Dr., 144
Courage, 234
Crimean War, 275
Currier, Nathaniel, Drunkard’s Progress, 121
Cutaneous horn (Madame Dimanche), 7, 9, 22, 301, 312
—D—
Davy, Humphrey, 178
Death
under anesthesia, 189, 204, 206
common causes of in Philadelphia (1800s), 25–26, 253–254
of patients during surgery, 17, 202, 204, 206
of women during childbirth, 129
Deformed patients. See “Monsters”
Dentistry, 177–178
Dickey, Nathaniel, 62–65
Dimanche, Madame, 7, 9, 22, 301, 312
Discretion, 196
Dissection, 275
Douglass, Frederick, 245
Drugs and medicine, 31, 50, 267–268
Drunkard’s Progress (Currier), 121
Dunglison, Richard J., 266
Dunglison, Robley, 77, 78, 266
Dupuytren, Guillaume, 18, 21, 95, 230, 281
Dyottville Glass Works, 125
— E —
École Pratique d’Anatomie, 15
Edinburgh quizzing system, 89
Education. See Medical education
Effects of Chloroform and of Strong Chloric Ether as Narcotic Agents (Warren), 204–205
An Elementary Treatise on Midwifery, or Principles of Tokology and Embryology (Meigs), 18–19, 164
Elephantiasis, 202
Ely Building, 86
Embryology, 164
E. R. Squibb & Sons, 268
Ether anesthesia
first textbook mentioning, 189–190
medical community’s early opposition to, 189–194, 204–207
Mütter’s use and support of, 181, 185, 196–199, 207, 217–218
Squibb’s contributions, 267–268
Europe, trips to, 222–224, 268–269, 284–286. See also Paris
The Evening Bulletin, 123
Eyebrow surgery, 81
—F—
Factories, 125–126
Fairmount Dam, 235
Fairmount Water Works, 235
Farkas, Julius, 303
Fashion, 12–13, 36, 39, 40–41, 105, 213
Female Medical College of Pennsylvania, 216–217
Females. See Women
Females and Their Diseases, a Series of Letters to His Class (Meigs), 164, 295
Firefighting, 124
First Continental Congress, 235
Foard, Andrew Jackson, 272–273
Food, 105
Food and Drug Administration, 268
Forbes, William S., 275
France, Mütter’s last trip to, 284–286. See also Paris
Franklin, Benjamin, 79
—G—
Gage, Phineas, 274–275
Genetic basis for race, 247, 248
Gentleman, 68
Germ theory of disease, 98, 254, 256–257, 260–261
Gibson, William, 59–60
Gillies, Frances, 29–30
Gillies, James, 43
Gillies family, 26–27
Goddard, Charles, 40
Gonorrhea, 260
Goodell, William, 276
Grant, Ulysses S., 272
The Greater Journey (McCullough), 311
Gross, Samuel D., 191, 281, 284, 300, 311
Gynecology and obstetrics
ether anesthesia use, 192–193
leeching, 159–160
Liston’s hygienic surgical practices, 169
Meigs’s lectures, 69–70, 77–78, 102–103
Meigs’s practice, 69–71, 132–133
in Paris, 14
woman posed for treatment, 67
—H—
Hampden-Sydney College, 40–41
Harlow, John Martyn, 274–275
Harpers Ferry, 270
Harvard University, 173, 177–178, 261, 274–275
Helvétius, 238
Historical Medical Library, College of the Physicians of Philadelphia, 311
The History, Pathology, and Treatment of Puerperal Fever (Meigs), 258–259
Hodge, Hugh Lenox, 259
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Sr., 256–261
Hôpital de la Maternité, 14
Hôpital de la Pitié, 18
Hôpital des Enfants-Malades, 14
Hôpital des Enfants-Trouvés, 14
Hôpital du Midi, 13
Hôpital Lourcine, 13
Hôtel Dieu Guillaume Dupuytren, 18, 21, 159
Howard Hospital and Infirmary for Incurables, 216
Hygienic practices. See Cleanliness and hygiene
—I—
Imperforate anus, 117
Industrialization, 125–126
Industriousness, 84
Infected District, 123
Infectious diseases. See also specific diseases
germ theory, 98, 254, 256–257, 260–261
Holmes’s contributions, 256–261
medical community’s lack of consensus on, 31
Meigs’s beliefs, 104, 254–256, 258–259, 261
in Philadelphia, 25–26, 253–254
prevention of, 256–257
Innovation, 118
Integrity, 138
—J—
Jackson, Charles Thomas, 179
Jackson, Thomas Jonathan “Stonewall,” 272
Jefferson, Thomas, 78
Jefferson Medical College, 55, 200, 263
advertisements, 233
American flag of, 241
anatomical museum, 282–283
apolitical stance on slavery debate, 248
faculty, 76–82, 85, 104, 233, 300–301
grieving period for President Jackson, 172
hospital opening for year-round care, 199–200
Meigs’s resignation, 295–296
Mütter’s achievements at, 266
Mütter’s election to chair of surgery, 82
Mütter’s resignation, 276–277
ouster of McClellan, 75–77
recovery rooms, 96–97, 159–160
renovations (1846), 200
surgical lectures, 15–17, 61–65, 87–90, 91
teaching hospital proposal, 97–99
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine rivalry, 59–60
Jefferson Medical College clinic, 94–99, 199–204, 265
—K—
The Kensington (ship), 11–12
Koch, Robert, 260
—L—
Labor (childbirth), 192–193
Lancet, 165
Larson, Erik, 313
Laughing gas, 177–179
Leasure, Daniel, 273–274
Lectures on the Operations of Surgery (Liston and Mütter), 168–170, 171
Leland, Charles Godfrey, 161
Les opérations plastiques, 20–21
Letheon, 183–184
Letterman, Jonathan, 271–272
Levis, Richard J., 1–3, 292–293
Lewis, Francis West, 268–269, 272
Lewis, John, 40
Lincoln, Abraham, 271
Lisfranc, Jacques, 18
Liston, Robert, 168–170, 171, 227
Llangollen School, 40
Lohman, Ann Trow, 130–131
London, 2, 218, 222–223, 235, 269
Long, Crawford W., 185
—M—
Madame Dimanche, 7, 9, 22, 301, 312
Madison, James, 78
Malaria, 253
Matchstick factories, 126
McClellan, George, 51–53, 59–60, 75–76, 93, 271, 312
McCullough, David, 311
The Medical and Surgical Reporter, 2–3, 291–292
Medical education. See also Jefferson Medical College; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
courses of study, 49
crises in, 58–59
Mütter on, 6
Mütter’s teaching style and ability, 57, 88–90, 94–99, 236–239
Medical Examiner, 189, 217–218
Medical News, 285
Medical societies, 215–216
Medicine
in early 1800s, 30–32
Mütter’s philosophies, 117–119
standardization, 215–216
Meigs, Charles Delucena, 71, 251
anesthesia opposition, 190–194
birth and childhood of, 162–164
death of, 297
disagreements with Mütter, 102–104
Eliza Sowers trial testimony, 132–133, 135
gynecology and obstetrics practice, 69–71, 132–133
infectious disease beliefs, 254–256, 258–259, 261
lectures, 69–70, 77–78, 102–103, 194, 224
leeching, 159
racist speech to abolitionists, 247
resignation from Jefferson Medical College, 295–296
retirement of, 295–297
southern background, 102
Squibb’s praise of, 166
Meigs, Charles Delucena, works
An Elementary Treatise on Midwifery, or Principles of Tokology and Embryology, 18–19, 164
Females and Their Diseases, a Series of Letters to His Class, 164, 295
The History, Pathology, and Treatment of Puerperal Fever, 258–259
Observations on Certain of the Diseases of Young Children, 255
Philadelphia Practice of Midwifery, 164
Meigs, Clara, 162
Meigs, Franklin Bache, 79
Meigs, Harry I, 247
Meigs, John F., 246–247
Meigs, John R., 296
Meigs, Josiah, 162
Meigs, Montgomery C., 296
Meigs, Return J., 162
Meigs, William Montgomery, 70
Menstrual cycle, 129–130
Miasma theory, 98
Microbes, 260
Microscopes, 117
Middletown, Conn., 298
The Mineral Springs of Western Virginia, with Remarks on Their Use and the Diseases to Which They Are Applicable (Burke), 113
Miscarriage, 165
Miscegenation, 247
Mitchell, John Kearsley, 78, 87, 97–98, 159, 199, 200, 260, 283
Monroe County, Virginia, Spa in, 45
“Monsters”
forms of, 19–20
Mütter’s surgeries on, 202–204
Parisian surgical treatments, 20–21
women, 139–145
Morgan, John, 49–50
Morton, William T. G., 173, 175, 179, 183, 184–185
Museum of Pathological Anatomy of the Medicine Faculty of the University of Paris, 230
Mutter, James (brother), 28
Mutter, John (father), 27–29, 39
Mutter, Lucinda (mother), 26–28, 37
Mütter, Mary Alsop (wife), 161, 172, 284–286, 298
Mütter, Thomas Dent, 109, 195, 225, 289
anesthesia support and use, 181, 185, 196–199, 207, 217–218
attraction to surgery, 17–18
birth and early childhood, 26–30
burial in Middletown, Conn., 298
childhood of, 36–44
clinical instruction, 94–99
critics of, 101–104
education, 6, 9, 10, 13, 18–22, 39–43
election to chair of surgery at Jefferson Medical College, 82
European medical community’s opinion of, 167–168
family background, 26–27
famous patients, 172
fashion style, 12–13, 36, 39, 40–41, 105, 213
hygienic practices, 95, 103, 237, 260
infectious disease beliefs, 260
legacy of, 231, 236–239, 301–304
Lisfranc rivalry, 18
marriage to Mary Alsop, 161
medial practice establishment, 35–36, 44–46
memoir in The Medical and Surgical Reporter, 2–3
name change, 21
personal characteristics, 2, 41, 61, 94, 173, 213, 294–295
physical ailments, 1, 17, 40, 43–44, 45, 213–215, 222–223, 229, 236, 265–266, 285–287
physical appearance, 10, 12–13, 36, 167, 213, 236, 286
relationship with Pancoast, 99–101
resignation from Jefferson Medical College, 276–277
on slavery issue, 248–249
social status, 160–161
Squibb’s opinion of, 166–167
students of, 267–276
surgical caseload, 265
surgical talents, 1–2, 61–65, 214
teaching style and ability, 57, 88–90, 94–99, 236–239
will of, 284
Mütter, Thomas Dent, works
Charge to the Graduates of Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia, 6, 24, 48, 56, 68, 84, 108, 128, 138, 158, 182, 196, 226, 234, 242
Lectures on the Operations of Surgery, 168–170, 171
praise for, 231–232
On Recent Improvements in Surgery: An Introductory Lecture, 112–113, 115–119
The Salt Sulphur Springs, Monroe County, Va., 112–114
surgical textbook, 227, 228, 231–232
Mütter flap, 143, 150–154, 197–198
founding of, 281–284, 285, 287
opening of, 298–299
present day popularity, 301–304, 305
—N—
National Enquirer, 246
Native Americans, 162–164
New York City, 235
Nightingale, Florence, 275
Nitrous oxide, 177–179
The North American Medico-Chirurgical Review, 291
Northern Home for Friendless Children, 216
Nurses, 31
—O—
Observations on Certain of the Diseases of Young Children (Meigs), 255
Obstetrics. See Gynecology and obstetrics
On Bandaging and Other Operations of Minor Surgery (Sargent), 189–190
On Recent Improvements in Surgery: An Introductory Lecture (Mütter), 112–113, 115–119
Operating table, 96
Orfila, Mathieu, 230
Orphans and orphanages, 14, 216
—P—
dissection, 86
ether anesthesia use, 199
family, 266
on Mütter’s desire for personal influence, 160
on Mütter’s last days, 286
on Mütter’s lectures, 112
on Mütter’s legacy, 236
on Mütter’s surgical technique, 155, 202, 204
physical characteristics, 99–100, 167
relationship with Mütter, 101
reputation of, 80–82
Squibb’s opinion of, 166–167, 197–198
surgical skills, 100–101, 201, 214–215
tribute to Mütter, 293–295
Pancoast, William Henry, 266, 275, 303
Paris
beauty of, 229–230
hospitals in, 13–15
medical education in, 10, 13, 18–22, 228
Mütter’s first trip to, 9–15, 18–22
Mütter’s last trip to, 285–286
Mütter’s second trip to, 227–232
street life, 12
Pasteur, Louis, 260
Pathology, 100
Patients
death during surgery, 17, 202, 204, 206
of Jefferson Medical College teaching clinic, 93
Meigs’s treatment of, 69–71, 103
Mütter’s treatment of, 94–95, 96, 229
struggles with during surgical lectures, 16
Patriotism, 242
Pattison, Granville Sharp, 76
Pennsylvania, abolition of slavery, 243–244
Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery, 216
The Pennsylvania Freeman, 246
Pennsylvania Hall, 246
Pennsylvania Hospital and Almshouse, 25, 99, 190, 217
Pennsylvania Medical Society, 216–217
Pennsylvania School of Medicine. See University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Perseverance, 182
Philadelphia
in 1830s, 33
abolition movement, 245–246
alcoholism, 124–125
architecture, 38
disease and death in, 25–26, 253–254
factories, 125–126
fire department, 124
as medical epicenter, 60
police department, 123–124
prejudice and racism in, 244–245
slavery, 244
social class, 160–161
winter of 1841, 75
Philadelphia: A 300-Year History (Weigley), 311
Philadelphia County Medical Society, 215
Philadelphia General Hospital, 1
Philadelphia Municipal Hospital, 216
Philadelphia Practice of Midwifery (Meigs), 164
Philadelphia Society for the Employment and Instruction of the Poor, 216
Phossy jaw, 126
Physicians and surgeons
background of, 17–18
in early 1800s, 30–32
qualities of, 6, 16–17, 24, 48, 56, 68, 84, 108, 128, 138, 158, 182, 196, 226, 234, 242
Physick, Philip Syng, 82
Plastic surgery
in Europe, 218
Mütter’s support for, 218
origins of, 141
in Paris, 20–21
skin grafts, 141–145
Plastic suture, 81
Poisoning, 31
Police, 123–124
Porter, John B., 205
Postsurgical care, 95, 96–97, 205
Pregnancy and childbirth, 129–135, 192–193, 255–261
Prejudice, 244–245
Preston Retreat, 276
Presurgical care, 170
Price, Thomas K., 111
Professional organizations, 215–216
Puerperal fever, 255–261
Puerperal Fever, as a Private Pestilence (Holmes), 261
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906), 268
Quickening, 130
—R—
Radical vs. conservative surgery, 219–221
Randolph, Dr., 61
Randolph, Jacob, 82
Rape, 247
Reason, 56
Recovery, surgical, 96–97, 159–160, 198–199
Research, 303–304
Restell, Madame, 130–131
Revere, John, 76
Roundheads, 273–274
Roux, Philibert Joseph, 18
Russia, 11
Rutkow, Ira M., 311
Rutter, Dr., 257–259
—S—
The Salt Sulphur Springs, Monroe County, Va. (Mütter), 112–114
Sanitary practices. See Cleanliness and hygiene
Scarlet fever, 254
Schuylkill River, 235
Scott Memorial Library, Thomas Jefferson University, 311
Self-reliance, 158
Self-respect, 48
Shakers, 129
Sheep, as surgical demonstration subjects, 191, 192–194
Shiloh, Battle of, 273
Skulls, 303
Slatten, Richard W., 312
Slavery, 243–249
Smith, Henry H., 205–206
The South
Dunglison’s ties to, 78
Jefferson Medical College’s students from, 246, 249, 270
Meigs’s family roots in, 102, 132
Mütter’s ties to, 26–27, 37–38, 41, 248, 287
spas in, 45
Sowers, Eliza, 131–135
Specimens, medical, 86–87, 211, 279. See also Mütter Museum
Sprague, J. H., 166
Springs, healing power of, 112–114
Squibb, Edward Robinson, 165–167, 197–198, 267–268
Steel industry, 125
Success, 239
Sugar refineries, 125
Summit House Hospital, 275
Surgeons. See Physicians and surgeons
Surgery
aseptic technique, 103–104, 168–169, 206, 276
conservative vs. radical, 219–221
Mütter’s attraction to, 17–18
Mütter’s vision, 116–117
types performed by Mütter, 200–204, 214–215, 220
Surgical instruments, 96
Surgical lectures and demonstrations, 15–17, 61–65, 87–90, 91
A System of Operative Surgery: Based upon the Practice of Surgeons in the United States (Smith), 205–206
—T—
Taliacotius, Gaspar, 141
Teaching style, 57, 88–90, 94–99, 236–239
Tetanus, 31
Tivoli Theater, 53
Todd, L. Beecher, 292
Transatlantic travel, 9–12, 227
Triage, 272
Tumors, 16, 169–170, 201, 203, 220–221
Typhus, 253
University of Edinburgh, 204
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 47
history of, 49
Jefferson Medical College rivalry, 51–53, 59–60
Mütter’s graduation from, 9
reputation of, 49–51
standardization of medical training, 58–59
surgical lectures, 15
Urban League, 246–247
—V—
Vann, Jim, 163–164
Velpeau, Alfred-Armand-Louis-Marie, 18–19, 164
Virtue, 138
—W—
Wages, in matchstick factories, 126
Warren, John Collins, 118, 173, 179, 184, 204–205
Warren Anatomical Museum, Harvard Medical School, 274
Watson, John, 221
Weigley, Russell, 311
Wells, Horace, 177–179
Widow Sunday (Madame Dimanche), 7, 9, 22, 301, 312
Willing, Charles, 35
Willoughby, Henry W., 273
Wine, medicinal, 15–16
Women. See also Gynecology and obstetrics
abolitionists, 246
burn victims, 139–145, 149–155
clothing, 139–140
life stages, 137
Meigs’s attitudes toward, 69–71
pregnancy and childbirth, 129–135, 192–193, 255–261
Wood, Leonard, 270
Worden, Gretchen, 303
Working class, 125–126
—Y—
Yellow fever, 25–26, 31, 253, 270
—Z—
Zini, Girolamo, 303