From 1948 to 1967, American Jewish leaders met regularly and harmoniously with leaders of both the U.S. Catholic Conference of Bishops (representing about 40 million Catholics) and the National Council of Churches (representing another 40 million Christians). The liberal Protestant churches, including among others Presbyterians, Episcopalians and United Methodists, were the first to include studies on anti-Semitism in their religious textbooks during the 1940s and 1950s. They advocated separation of church and state and encouraged political justice for minority groups—positions shared by most Jews in America.

In the 1960s, while working for three years at the White House, I observed how President Johnson moved civil rights legislation through Congress to help end discrimination toward blacks. I noted that Jews were the strongest supporters of these bills. Later when I wrote books dealing with the plight of blacks, Indians and undocumented Mexican workers, I learned that liberal Jews gave the greatest support for my books. This was only natural as the overwhelming thrust of Jewish thought in America for several decades had been liberal.

This being true, when and why did American Jews and Israeli Jews seek an alliance with ultra-conservative evangelical-fundamentalists such as Jerry Falwell? Since it is not a mutually shared relation that brings the evangelical-fundamentalists and the Jews together, what does? The TV evangelists repeatedly tell us that a Jewish state provides them a place where they will meet Jesus and enjoy eternal bliss. But knowing that Jerry Falwell, Jimmy Swag-gart, Pat Robertson and most major TV evangelists believe every Jew will be either killed or converted to Christ, why should Jews seek to collaborate with them? Why would Jews set aside deeply held theological and humanitarian beliefs to establish an alliance with right-wing fundamentalists?

Rabbi Marc R. Tanenbaum, a well-known Jewish liaison with American Christians, said Israel and U.S. Jewish supporters of Israel sought the new alliance because they had been "abandoned" by liberal Christians, and in particular by the National Council of

Churches (NCC). Tanenbaum summarized the change in this way:

"Since the 1967 war, the Jewish community has felt abandoned by Protestants, by groups clustered around the National Council of Churches, which, because of sympathy with third-world causes, gave an impression of support for the PLO. There was a vacuum in public support to Israel that began to be filled by the fundamentalist and evangelical Christians/'

However, NCC leaders deny Tanenbaum's charge that the Council "abandoned" the American Jewish community and Israel. I talked with one well-known NCC leader, Dr. Tracey E. Jones, Jr., who has maintained a long and close association with Rabbi Tanenbaum. "The NCC in its actual policies and positions remained decidedly pro-Israel," said Dr. Jones, former general secretary of the United Methodist Church's Board of Global Ministries and chairman of the NCC's Middle East Panel. However, there were changes taking place, as the Reverend L. Humphrey Walz of Janesville, Wisconsin, a Presbyterian minister and long active with the council, explained:

"A number of the globally alert Protestant leaders had become involved with the plight of homeless Palestinians and included them in their pleas for support for the destitute all over the world. Their views were consonant with those of the Geneva-based World Council of Churches, representing more than 300 churches of the Protestant, Anglican, Orthodox and Old Catholic traditions from over 100 countries.

"The NCC meanwhile was attempting to formulate statements that showed an awareness of Palestinian suffering. All of the NCC leaders were careful to make such statements as fair and as conciliatory as possible toward all parties to the conflict. NCC leaders continued to strive for a stand on Middle East issues that was in the best interest of all, including Israel, but the American Zionist establishment blasts any such even-handedness as insufficiently supportive and therefore antagonistic," Dr. Walz said.

Additionally, I interviewed Dr. Frank Maria of Warner, New Hampshire, whose lifelong work has been in human relations and communications and who originated the proposal of "Common Denominator Diplomacy," with precepts that led to America's Peace Corps and People-to-People programs. Serving on the govern-

ing board of the National Council of Churches, he championed what he termed God's Peace Plan—based upon the ethics and spiritual insights of the three monotheistic religions of the area.

What of the charge, I asked Dr. Maria, made by Rabbi Tanen-baum that the NCC had abandoned pro-Israel supporters?

"Previous to the 1967 war, Rabbi Tanenbaum could boast, The NCC never makes a statement without my approval,' " Dr. Maria said. "I would not want to say that the NCC governing board was a rubber stamp for Israel, but it was responsive to the pressures and concerns of the American Jewish community and less relevant in its responses to the plight of Christians and Muslims in the Middle East.

'The NCC did not 'abandon' Rabbi Tanenbaum and other supporters of Israel. But rather Israel and its supporters in this country decided they could get other help—from the evangelical-fundamentalists—and they deemed this more valuable."

But why, I wondered, would Israel consider evangelical-fundamentalists such as Falwell more valuable than Dr. Tracey Jones and others within the NCC?

"Everything changed with the 1967 war," Dr. Maria, whose parents were born in Syria, said. "Americans in general got a different perspective of Israel. Until 1967, they saw Israel as 'little David' arrayed against overpowering Arab Goliaths. Then suddenly the Israelis attacked their neighbors. They struck the Egyptian air force by surprise, destroying it on the ground in a Pearl Harbor-type attack. Israelis marched into the Sinai, seized the West Bank, Arab Jerusalem, the Gaza strip and the Golan Heights.

"Every day during the 1967 war, I saw on television the Israelis killing Egyptians as if they were ants. And I saw Israelis on the Golan Heights killing Syrians who looked like my late father and brother," Dr. Maria continued. "I watched Israeli soldiers with bayonets push Palestinian women and children across the Allenby bridge into Jordan. I saw my own mother and sister in those women. Yet, I knew that as Arabs were being oppressed or killed by the Israelis, many Americans, Christians and Jews, sat by their TVs applauding.

"I was born in this country, and I had all of my life tried to live as a good American. Since 1942, I had worked with organizations involved in humanitarian, educational and political activities to help

effect a pro-American, pro-peace policy in the Middle East, which I term America's priority world challenge. But knowing that Americans were applauding the killing of Christians and Muslims because they perceived all Arabs as 'bad'—this became my darkest moment. My inspiration to work within the Christian churches came from this moment of deep despair."

Dr. Maria called other American Christian leaders to a 1967 Boston conference and they petitioned President Johnson to order Israel's withdrawal from the West Bank, Arab Jerusalem, Gaza and the Golan Heights.

'That did not happen. But at least we began to make some Americans realize there were injustices which our government was supporting. At one point," Maria said "when an Israeli leader asked President Johnson to recognize the territories seized in 1967 from Arabs as part of Israel, the President replied, 'You are asking me to recognize your borders. You have never defined the borders of Israel.' "

The "borders of Israel" is the subject that has engaged the United Nations more than any other single issue. It was the U.N. that recommended creating Israel as a Jewish Palestine along with an Arab Palestine, and defined Israel's borders in 1948. Since then, Israel has consistently changed those borders—printing its own maps and including the lands which some of its leaders, such as Menachem Begin, said God gave to the Jews. No other nation in the world has recognized or accepted the borders that Israel gives itself.

World leaders contend "we must abide by 242"—referring to a resolution passed in the United Nations. A British representative to the United Nations, Lord Caradon, put together the resolution numbered 242 to which world leaders have consistently referred as the best basis for peace in the Middle East.

In a 1982 visit to London, I met with the distinguished, personable Lord Caradon, who first went to Jerusalem in the late 1920s, to serve as the most junior cadet in the British Mandatory Government of Palestine. Over cups of tea, he told me about those early days:

"In the week of my arrival I witnessed the Wailing Wall riots of 1929. Subsequently I served in Palestine during the Arab

rebellion of the late 1930s in days of violent demonstrations. I was in Nablus nearly ten years and in Amman for three years. I once walked alone from Sidon to Damascus, going over the top of Mount Hermon. And I was very kindly received by all the villagers. It was nice to walk in the area. And I knew every village north of Jerusalem. I used to set out every Monday morning with an agricultural inspector and away we'd go. You could stop in any village you liked, they were glad to have you."

Lord Caradon reviewed the intervening years of the holocaust in Germany, and explained how the Western world, feeling sympathy for European Jews, carved out of Palestine a homeland for the victims of Nazism. 'The Arabs have been made to pay for Hitler's crimes," he said. He thinks the Israelis and Arabs might have lived in peace had there been justice in those years for the Palestinians. "They became more destitute after the 1967 war." The United Nations charter as well as other international laws, including those known as the Geneva Accords, all state that no nation can legally retain territories seized militarily.

Building on these international laws, Caradon formulated a resolution (242) that said every nation in the Middle East, including Israel, had a right to exist in peace within secure boundaries, and second, that Israel should return to Arab control all the territories captured by Israel in the 1967 war. Hugh Caradon dramatically told how, once the issue came to a vote, he saw the hand of the Soviet representative Vasilily Vasil-yerich Kuznetsov being raised in favor of the resolution, as well as the hand of the American U.N. representative, Arthur Goldberg, voting in its behalf. Thus in November 1967 the U.N. Security Council passed Resolution 242—and did so unanimously.

"It has now been almost two decades since the resolution was passed," commented Lord Caradon. "And Israel has not enjoyed a day of peace."

And why was this?

"The United States has not demanded or even encouraged Israel to withdraw from its illegally held territories. Rather the United States has supplied Israel total financial and moral support for its continued defiance of the U.N. requirements of returning the territories."

Lord Caradon then concluded: "Resolution 242 is important because it speaks of the essential necessity of Israeli withdrawal from Arab lands. If you can get withdrawal by the Israeli military forces, everything else can happen."

In a lengthy analysis paper prepared for Israel and American Jewish leaders, evangelical lay leader Douglas Krieger of Denver, Colorado, points out that as a consequence of its 1967 war of aggression, Israel faced two choices: to seek peace by withdrawing from "territory acquired by war", to use the language of the U.N. Charter and Resolutions 242 and 338. Or to continue reliance upon ever greater military strength.

"If the Israelis took the second choice and continued their militaristic aggrandizement—which Krieger, as a dispensationalist urged them to do—then the Israelis and American Jews would face the danger of an outbreak of anti-Semitism.

Because of Israel's military seizure of Arab lands, "a rise of anti-Semitism could possibly surge in the West." This could be prevented, however, Krieger said, through its alliance with the New Christian Right. He reminded Israeli and American Jewish leaders that evangelical-fundamentalists, like the Orthodox Jews, had a fascination with the land promised Abraham and his seed. And that Israel could use the evangelical-fundamentalists to project through their vast radio and television networks an image of Israel that Americans would like, accept and support.

Moreover, Krieger said, the Religious Right could sell the Americans on the idea that God wanted a militant, militarized Israel. And that the more militant Israel became, the more supportive and ecstatic in its support the U.S. Religious Right would become.

In 1967 the National Council of Churches called for the end of Israeli occupation of Arab lands. This was carried forward especially by the peace churches in the Council—including the Quakers, Mennonites and Church of the Brethren as well as the Presbyterians and the Methodists, who over the years had become increasingly emphatic in urging study of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict.

The NCC opened offices in Washington, D. C, and occasionally their members talked with senators and representatives on Middle

East issues or testified before congressional committees on conditions of the Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank. And mainline Christian church publications have in a few instances printed articles that give their readers both sides of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

After the Antiochian church presented a resolution on "Violations of Human Rights and International Law by Israel" that called for a "cut-off of U.S. aid," the National Council of Churches sent a delegation to the West Bank to study the reported violations. On the basis of numerous interviews with people from every walk of life, the NCC then issued a statement in 1980 criticizing Israeli occupation policies and supporting a separate Palestinian state in Gaza and the West Bank. The World Council of Churches at its 1983 meeting in Vancouver passed a similar resolution. Meanwhile the National Catholic Conference of Bishops as early as 1974 had passed resolutions urging greater attention to Palestinian rights and the creation of a Palestinian state.

But overall, Israel's continued illegal occupation of Arab territories received scant attention from the vast majority of liberal Christian Americans. They tended to remain pro-Israel on Middle East issues. However, while Israel's retention of Arab territories did not noticeably change the perception of the state held by most liberal Christians, a hint of possible change was enough to disturb many Zionists. "Not surprisingly," noted Leon Hader in the Jerusalem Post, "they (the mainline Christian leaders) perceived Israel as a 'racist' and 'imperalist' state."

Even if this were true—and NCC leaders insist that it was not— the Israeli and American Jewish leaders had decided that if they lost the support of the NCC entirely, they would suffer no great loss.

And this was true for three reasons: First, the Israeli and American Jewish leaders were reasonably certain the mainline church leaders would not represent a strong voice against their occupation of Arab lands, which in fact, they did not. The Zionists could feel sure that even if individual liberal Protestant and Catholic leaders deplored the suffering of Palestinians and might on a rare occasion mention it, the issue for them was of no greater importance than a host of other issues, such as South African apartheid, the arms race or violation of human rights in Central America.

Meanwhile NCC and other liberal church leaders maintain the closest of friendships with Jewish supporters of Israel. In most U.S. cities, they serve with American Jewish leaders on city councils, as well as on hospital, university and community welfare boards. And when U.S. Christian ministers and Jewish rabbis meet to promote understanding among Christians and Jews in America, they almost invariably ignore the plight of Christians and Muslim Arabs in lands occupied by Israeli Jews.

Jewish Zionist leaders preferred to switch alliances from liberal to conservative Christians for a second reason: they would gain in fervent support. The NCC represents about 40 million Christians. The evangelical-fundamentalist churches represent an equal number. But if one of the 40 million liberal Christians affiliated with the NCC spoke out against the Israeli seizure of Arab lands, this one voice would hardy matter. It would be insignificant compared with the 40 million evangelical-fundamentalists who fervently believe God Himself wants Israel to have any and all of the Arab lands it can capture.

Israel and American Jewish leaders recognized that there is nothing in mainline Christianity that corresponds to the militant zealotry of the fundamentalists. For them Israel is an intrinsically religious concern, tied up with their own salvation. Of all foreign policy issues, they place the highest priority on Israel. For this reason, they tend to give total, unquestioning support to the Zionist state.

Then there's a third reason why pro-Israel supporters turned to a strict or what is called muscular Christianity: many leaders in both groups believe in more arms, bigger armies, more bombs and achieving goals through military power.

As Israel, beginning in 1967, locked itself into a muscular embrace with the Christian Right, and did so pragmatically, it moved many leading U.S. Jewish Zionists to do the same. Nathan Perlmut-ter of the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith provides us with the most clearcut explanation of why U.S. Jews began embracing fundamentalists. First, he explains he feels himself a somewhat typical American Jew in that he weighs every issue in life by one measure: "Is it good for the Jews? This question satisfied, I proceed to the secondary issues."

In the case of Jerry Falwell, liberal Jews should support him because he supports Israel. That, for Perlmutter, is the primary issue. Liberal Jews may not agree with Falwell's domestic policies on more nuclear weapon bombs, abortion or prayer in schools. But, contends Perlmutter, there are secondary issues. In his book, The Real Anti-Semitism in America, Perlmutter writes:

"Jews can live with all the domestic priorities of the Christian Right on which liberal Jews differ so radically because none of these concerns is as important as Israel."

Perlmutter recognizes that evangelical-fundamentalists interpret Scripture as saying all Jews eventually must accept Jesus Christ or be killed in the Battle of Armageddon. But, meanwhile, he says, "we need all the friends we have to support Israel ... If the Messiah comes, on that day we'll consider our options. Meanwhile, let's praise the Lord and pass the ammunition."

Increasingly, other Jewish leaders have taken this same approach. Irving Kristol, a leading spokesman for New York's Jewish intellectual community, urges American Jews to form a closer alliance with Jerry Falwell and other right-wing conservatives. Liberalism, writes Kristol in a widely-publicized July 1984 Commentary essay, "is very much on the defensive," and Jews should move away from it. "We are constrained to take our allies where and how we find them."

American Jews, he believes, have one overriding priority: Israel. Since Falwell and the Moral Majority support Israel, American Jews should in turn overwhelmingly support the neo-conservatives. For Kristol, a Zionist state becomes the ultimate moral absolute, the foundation of all other moral principles. He writes:

"If one had informed American Jews 15 years ago that there was to be a powerful revival of Protestant fundamentalism as a political as well as religious force, they would surely have been alarmed, since they would have assumed that any such revival might tend to be anti-Semitic and anti-Israel. But the Moral Majority is neither."

Rather, Kristol, professor of social thought at New York University's Graduate School of Business Administration, sees the Moral Majority as "strongly pro-Israel." To be sure, he adds, occasionally a fundamentalist preacher will say that God does not hear the

prayers of a Jew. But "after all, why should Jews care about the theology of a fundamentalist preacher when they do not for a moment believe that he speaks with any authority on the question of God's attentiveness to human prayer? And what do such theological abstractions matter as against the mundane fact that the same preacher is vigorously pro-Israel?"

Kristol urges Jews to ask themselves the question: How significant would it be for American Jews if the Moral Majority were anti-Israel? "The answer is easy and inescapable: it would be of major significance. Indeed, it would generally be regarded by Jews as a very alarming matter."

True, Kristol writes, the Moral Majority is committed to a set of social issues—school prayer, anti-abortion, the relation of church and state in general—that tend to evoke a hostile reaction among most (though not all) American Jews. To balance the pros and cons of the matter, Kristol says that "the social issues of the Moral Majority are meeting with practically no success, whereas anti-Israel sentiment has been distinctly on the rise, and the support of the Moral Majority could, in the near future, turn out to be decisive for the very existence of the Jewish state. This is the way the Israeli government has struck its own balance vis-a-vis the Moral Majority, and it is hard to see why American Jews should come up with a different bottom line."

As regards international law, "no single ethnic or religious group in the United States has produced such a disproportionate number of scholars in the field of international law as have Jews." But, says Kristol, Jews should not remain loyal to those "grandiose principles" since Israel from time to time must break international laws and decide for itself what is legal and moral, based on one yardstick: what is good for the Jews.

"When Israel bombed and destroyed the Iraqi nuclear reactor most American Jews realized that this was a sensible thing to do and that there was nothing 'illegal' or 'immoral' about the act," writes Kristol.

In a world "rife with conflict and savagery," Kristol urges American Jews to be more embracing of the Moral Majority's social issues. American Jews "really do need to revise their thinking about some, at least, of these controversial social issues, even from the

point of view of expediency. Moreover, it is becoming ever more clear that it is time they did so in any case, Moral Majority or no Moral Majority.

"Ever since the holocaust and the emergence of the state of Israel, American Jews have been reaching toward a more explicit and meaningful Jewish identity and have been moving away from the universalist secular humanism that was so prominent a feature of their prewar thinking."

As relatively new immigrants, "Jews found liberal opinion and liberal politicians more congenial in their attitudes, more sensitive to Jewish concerns/' But, asks Kristol, "is there any point in Jews hanging on, dogmatically and hypocritically, to their opinions of yesteryear when it is a new era we are confronting?"

The new era will, in Kristol's opinion, be more conservative, and Jews can provide some of that leadership. The liberal concensus and the liberal coalition "that have dominated American politics since the inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt are disintegrating— at least so far as Jews are concerned." Can anyone doubt, Kristol asks, that under a liberal Democratic president "our next ambassador to the UN will be more like Andrew Young than Jeane Kirkpatrick?"

The liberal coalition is withdrawing from Jewish interests, Kristol writes, pointing to "the increasing and tragic polarization between blacks and Jews" and the changes within the trade unions. The current head of the AFL-CIO, Lane Kirkland, is a liberal and has worked with Jews, but "one can already see the ground shifting beneath his feet. It is, so far as American Jews are concerned, an ominous shift," Kristol warns.

So-called "Jewish unions" are disappearing. "The Amalgamated Clothing Workers, the International Ladies Garment Workers, the American Federation of Teachers still have Jewish leaders with close ties to the Jewish community. But their membership is already overwhelmingly black, Hispanic and Oriental, and future leaders will have no reason to be especially concerned with Jewish issues."

Organized labor, Kristol says, is moving away from the non-political tradition of Samuel Gompers and is developing closer ties with the Democratic party. "As this happens, the unions themselves naturally take on the ideological coloration of their political allies.

If one wants to get a sense of what this can mean, one has simply to look at the 'educational materials' prepared by the National Education Association—once a professional association, now more a union—and observe how 'fair' it is to the PLO, how cooly skeptical it is of Israel's virtues."

The media also fail to be always pro-Israel. "In Britain, France, Germany, Italy, the media are even more highly critical of Israel, compassionate toward the PLO."

Kristol sees these changes in trade unions and the media as drifts toward liberalism, but he adds "liberalism's leftward drift is going no place while conservative and neoconservative politics are gaining momentum. Thus, American Jews should join the ultra-right." Everyone is headed in that direction, the movement is "against the liberal economic and political order and the liberal ideal of self-government." In this "real world" Jews are better off to back the ultra-conservatives. After all, Kristol concludes, it is better to back winners, not losers.

Alexander M. Schindler, a Reform rabbi and president of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations, believes American Jews "do ourselves irreparable harm when we permit our Jewishness to consist almost entirely of a vicarious participation in the life of Israel." Yet, he adds, "Most Jewish leaders are willing to forgive anything as long as they hear a good word about Israel."

Jacques Torczyner, an executive of the American sector of the World Zionist Organization, went further, stating it was natural for Zionists to embrace the New Christian Right. "We (the Jews) have, first of all, to come to the conclusion that the right-wing reactionaries are the natural allies of Zionism, not the liberals."

Alleck Resnick, president of the Zionist Organization of America, made clear he also supports the Jewish-fundamentalist alliance. "We welcome, accept and greet such Christian support for Israel without involving ourselves in their domestic agenda," Resnick told ZOA's June 1984 Presidential Leadership Conference in Jerusalem. Another speaker, Israel's Evangelical Liaison Harry Hurwitz, who works out of the Prime Minister's office, stressed that Israel welcomes right-wing evangelical support. He declared: "Christian fundamentalists are by and large supporters of Israel and we are not selective when it comes to mobilizing support."

Recognizing the importance of its alliance with the Christian !fundamentalists, the Rabbinical Council appointed Rabbi Abner jWeiss as its liaison to the New Christian Right and sponsored a Houston gathering of nearly 100 Orthodox Jews and evangelical-fundamentalists.

American Jewish leaders supporting an alliance with the New 'Christian Right include Rabbi Seymour Siegel of the Jewish I Theological Seminary (Conservative), Rabbi Joshua Haberman of | the Washington Hebrew Congregation (Reform), Rabbi Jacob Bron-ner, Executive Director of the Belz Hasidic Community, Dr. Harold • Jacobs, President of the National Council of Young Israel (Or-i thodox), and Rabbi David Panitz of the Anti-Defamation League I of B'nai B nth.

In summation, the words of Jewish and Christian Right leaders | tell us that they formed an alliance because they both want and strive for many of the same goals. Leaders in both camps favor | unlimited military buildup of nuclear weapons and other armaments in both countries. Israel reportedly has as many as 20 nuclear weapons, and evangelical-fundamentalists with whom I talked said they wished the Israelis had more. Both Israeli Right and Christian Right leaders are nationalistic, militaristic, each with a dogma that demands the highest priority in their lives—a dogma centered around Israel and a cult of land.

Israel's evolution into a colonial and military power as well as its alliance with ultra-right Christians leaves many American liberal Jews feeling ambivalent and uncomfortable. 'The overwhelming thrust of Jewish thought and writing in America these past several decades has been liberal, notably more so than in the population at large/' Irving Howe and Bernard Rosenberg noted in The New Conservatives. Yet the U.S. Jewish liberals, the authors add, are now confused and Israel is at the heart of their confusion.

'The paradox that must be recognized is that insofar as Israel functions—must function—as a state dealing with other states, its impact upon American Jews is—perhaps must be—conservative."

A few American Jews have decried the growing trend of American Jewish leaders to place the cult of Israel above all else. Roberta Strauss Feuerlicht, born in Brooklyn of Orthodox Jewish parents, warns that American Jews have turned to worship a false

god of Zionism, and in doing so they have relegated "much of the money and all of the power of the American Jews" to a small oligarchy of Jewish men.

In a superbly researched book, The Fate of the Jews, Feuerlicht points out that the first great contribution of Judaism was moral law, that the glory of the Judaism was not in its kings but in its prophets. Tourists, she reminds us, flock to the ancient fortress of Masada, site of a mass suicide by Jews to avoid capture, and Israeli servicemen are brought there to vow that Masada will never fall again.

But God ordered Jews not to die but to live, and she quotes God's injunction, 'T have set before thee life and death . . . therefore choose life." Yet, she adds, Israelis, by putting their faith in armies and weapons and by honoring generals rather than prophets, are choosing not life—but death.

And she warns, those who make a cult of Israel are pushing us all in that direction.

What Israel Gains from the Alliance

Money

Israel's three political goals in the United States might be summarized as follows: it wants money, it wants a U.S. Congress to rubber-stamp its political goals, and it wants exclusive, and total control over Jerusalem. The New Christian Right helps Israel in all three of these goals.

First, let us consider money. How much do we give? And is our money in the form of grants or loans, with interest paid, or is it an outright gift?

On the 1985 Falwell tour, I discussed U.S. aid to Israel with an Israeli, Hebrew University Professor Israel Shahak, chairman of the Israeli League for Human and Civil Rights. A survivor of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp and a critic of Israel's expansionist policies, Dr. Shahak came to the Plaza hotel where the Falwell group was staying, and he and I talked over cups of coffee in the hotel's lobby-restaurant. After preliminary greetings, Dr. Shahak turned his attention to U.S. aid to Israel, saying that in 1985 the American taxpayers sent $5 billion to Israel.

'This means that you Americans send the equivalent of $1,700 to each Israeli man, woman and child, or, to put it another way, you send nearly $8,000 annually to each Israeli family of five. You give us about $14 million a day, 365 days a year, with no strings attached. You do not expect us to pay interest on this money, nor do you ask that we repay the capital. You make your billions an outright gift.

"Some of us in Israel as well as a few American friends, Jews and Christians, question whether the huge amount of aid is helping Israel in the long run. I feel that giving billions of dollars to Israel is the same as giving more narcotics to an addict. America

does nothing to encourage us to take charge of our own lives, our own destinies.

'The nature of Zionism has always been to seek a protector, a provider. In the beginning, the political Zionists looked to England and it provided. Now the Zionists look to and depend entirely on the United States. And they have formed this alliance with the New-Christian Right, which endorses any military or criminal action Israel takes," Shahak said. He concluded by saying that even if a few Israelis and Americans realize the unlimited flow of billions of U.S. dollars actually cripples and harms Israel, "the alliance of the Israeli Right with the Christian Right will insist that you Americans continue to send an ever-increasing amount of aid."

Shortly after talking with the Israeli professor, I, along with others on the Falwell tour boarded a plane bound for New York. I sat next to Marvin, in his late 60s, and retired as a top executive of a Kansas flour milling company. We discussed America's alarming deficit, our imbalance of trade and our inability to feed and educate our people, and eventually we turned to our aid to Israel. I mentioned my talk with Professor Shahak and his having said that Americans annually send about five billion dollars to Israel.

And what, I asked, if Israel says it needs 10 billion dollars?

"We will send it," Marvin said.

And if Israel wants 15 billion?

"It would need it, or Israel would not ask," he said.

"And we will send it. God would want us to do so. No question about that."

Back home in Washington, D.C., I met with Paul Findley, former ranking Republican on the House Foreign Affairs subcommittee. He served as a U.S. representative from the same Illinois district that in 1846 sent Abraham Lincoln to Congress, and was in the nation's capital promoting his book, They Dare to Speak Out, dealing with Congress and the Israeli lobby. Over lunch, I told the distinguished, silver-haired, 64-year-old Findley what Marvin and other fundamentalists had told me: that the U.S. would and should give any amount of money that Israel wants.

Was it also Findley's opinion, I asked, that the American people would vote ever-increasing billions to Israel?

"The American people themselves do not have a chance to vote

on the issue where billions of dollars earmarked as foreign aid will go. The Senate and the House of Representatives do that," Findley reminded me. "And in the case of aid packages to Israel, the Congress without exception votes overwhelmingly to send the amount of money that Israel says it needs.

"Congress may and does question aid it sends to any other country or aid for school lunches, pregnant mothers or to bolster our Social Security programs. But Congress always votes for aid to Israel. Israel, with only four million people, is by far the chief beneficiary of our aid program—it gets about one-third of all U.S. foreign aid."

Had Findley ever seen an Israeli aid request voted down in his 22 years on Capital Hill?

"No, it's never happened," he said. "In this regard, the Israeli lobby writes its own ticket. It wins all its requests for money. With the exception of only two or three bills dealing with U.S. sale of arms to Arab countries, the Israeli lobby says what it wants, and Congress votes to give it. It has, you might say, generally dictated our Middle East policies."

Since the pro-Israel lobby has traditionally worked with American Democrats and gotten what it wanted in Congress, what did Israel gain, I asked, in forming an alliance with the New Christian Right?

"The Israeli lobby is shrewd enough to keep its old, traditional liberal Democratic friends, while at the same time it makes new friends among the conservative and ultra-conservative Republicans, whose constituents in many instances are followers of Jerry Falwell and other New Christian Right leaders. With both the liberal Democrats and conservatives in their pockets, the Israeli lobby will be able to swing unanimous or near unanimous votes for the Middle East policies it wants."

On the 1983 tour with Falwell, I recalled to Findley, the Lynchburg preacher told a Jerusalem press conference the day would come in America when "no candidate unfriendly to Israel can be elected to any U.S. office." Did Findley believe that?

"That's very much the case today with the U.S. Congress," he said. "And it is not a question of being 'unfriendly.' The lobby does not want a legislator to say there are two sides to the Arab-Israeli

conflict. Rather, it says any candidate must be one hundred percent on Israel's side or you will be defeated." Asked if he could give examples, he replied:

"Chuck Percy and I are good examples."

And why, specifically, had he—Findley—lost his Congressional seat?

"I called for an even-handed approach to the Middle East problem. But the pro-Israel lobby interpreted my saying there were two sides to the Arab-Israeli conflict as criticism of Israel. This lobby wants to stamp out all criticism of Israel in Congress, in the press and in academia. And they are willing to stifle free speech to do it. To them, criticizing Israel or even mentioning the word Palestinian is tantamount to anti-Semitism.

"Thirty-one Jewish political action committes or PACs gave $104,325 to my politically little-known opponent. At this time, that was the only race in which combined giving by such PACs had exceeded $100,000. I think I can safely say that if Israel's lobby had left me alone, I would have won reelection."

And what had Charles Percy, former Senate Foreign Relations Committee chairman, done to incur the wrath of the Israeli lobby?

"He voted yes on the 1981 sale of the airborne warning and control system aircraft—the AWACS—to Saudi Arabia. And that vote probably cinched his demise—even though he had been supportive of all aid bills to Israel. The network of Jewish PACs voted $1.82 million to 1984 Senate candidates and 44 percent of that went to opponents of five senators—among them Percy—who voted for the AWACS sale.

"The Jewish PACs gave $329,825 for one purpose: to defeat Senator Percy. In addition, Michael R. Goland, a California real estate investor with ties to one of the Jewish PACs, spent $1.1 million in an 'independent' television, direct-mail and billboard campaign against Senator Percy."

It was generally known, I suggested, that the Israeli Zionists wanted Percy out. But how, specifically, had they benefited from their alliance with the New Christian Right?

"They benefited especially in this instance.

"The Israeli lobby worked with Falwell's associate Richard A. Viguerie, one of the founders of the Moral Majority. And Viguerie

, came out with a statement that he wanted to see Chuck Percy j defeated." Thus, concluded Findley, "the ultra-conservatives ! Viguerie and Falwell threw all their support back of a liberal Democrat, Paul Simon, who being 100 percent pro-Israel, was the : candidate favored by the Israeli lobby."

The Israeli lobby used the New Christian Right not only to help defeat candidates, but also to change the hearts and minds of legislators who were not Zionist. Jesse Helms represents a good example.

Until 1985, Senator Helms—one of Jerry Falwell's closest allies on all domestic issues, and it is said, a big financial supporter of Falwells's church—was known as one of the most vocal critics of the special relationship that exists between the U.S. and Israel. And especially of the large amounts of U.S. dollars that taxpayers send to Israel. Helms had always voted against foreign aid on principle and had a consistent record of blocking and attacking other initiatives important to Jews. His voting record was such that Israelis and friends of Israel termed him one of the most anti-Zionist if not the most anti-Zionist of all legislators.

The American-Israeli Jewish writer Sol Stern in an August 28, 1984, Village Voice article, gave this analysis: "Helms is the most reactionary senator of the past three decades and a fellow traveler of what some journalists have called the 'Fascist International.' He has publicly embraced Roberto D'Aubuisson, godfather of the El Salvador death squads and a charter member of the 'International' . . . Not surprisingly, Helms has the worst record of anyone in the Senate on aid to Israel. It's not even close. Some vote-counters at Jewish organizations record him as having vigorously opposed the last 26 bills favorable to Israel."

Helms also was outspoken about Israel's invasion of Lebanon, which resulted in the killing and wounding of more than 100,000 Lebanese and Palestinians. In a Washington Post interview, as a means of protest, he proposed the following remedy:

"Shut down relations (with Israel). Now, I know that will send a shudder to the (Israeli) lobby that's so powerful in this day. But shut off relations."

Then, rather suddenly, Helms made a 180-degree turn. He was on the Senate floor, and instead of criticizing Israel he was prais-

ing Israel. He was telling colleagues he had an invitation to visit the Jewish state and that he planned to go. Moreover, Helms signed his name to a letter addressed to President Reagan, in which he portrayed Israel as America's best ally in the Middle East and urged the President to help Israel retain the illegally occupied Arab territories of the West Bank, Gaza, the Golan Heights and Arab East Jerusalem.

What happened? For an opinion of the Helms' switch, I talked with Allan Kellum, editor ofMidEast Observer, that reports on U.S. Congressional legislation as it relates to the Middle East. Could Kellum explain why the North Carolina senator had overnight become an avid Zionist? Was it Falwell who had changed the heart and mind of Senator Helms?

"They are good friends," Kellum, a former school teacher in the Middle East, began. "Both are ultra-conservatives. Both oppose abortion, a nuclear freeze, the Equal Rights Amendment and teaching an evolutionary development of the species. They also agree that all other creeds are inferior to theirs. And that unless one is born again in Christ, one does not have a religion that will take him or her to heaven.

"For years, Helms and Falwell were in total agreement on all major issues—except one. And that was Israel. In the 1970s and 1980s, Falwell moved more and more into the Zionist camp. He favored giving Israel any amount of money Israel wanted. And Helms was vehemently opposed to our doing so."

Had the Israeli lobby used its good friend Falwell to influence Helms?

"It probably did. Helms was re-elected even when he was against aid to Israel. But the Israelis may have used Falwell to tell Helms: 'Look, you saw what happened to Senator Percy. We defeated him. And if you do not change, you will not get elected the next time you run/ But as for those taking the actual credit for making Helms do the flip-flop, a conservative Israeli lobbying group, called Americans for a Safe Israel, did that," Kellum said.

I had heard of the main pro-Israeli lobby group—called American-Israel Public Affairs Committee or AIPAC. I knew it was in charge of dispensing the big money raised through PACs. But what was the main purpose of Americans for a Safe Israel?

'The purpose is to do to others, who are not pro-Zionists, what was done to Helms: to convince any conservative who has not been pro-Israel that in order to be elected or reelected he or she must support Israel—100 percent. AIPAC and the conservative Israeli lobby deal with different issues. AIPAC deals with aid and arms sales, while Americans for a Safe Israel has a neo-conservative agenda: it aims to convince Americans that Israel has an exclusive right to all of Jerusalem and all of Palestine."

In addition to aiding the Israeli lobby in Congress, the New Christian Right aids the Zionists in gaining greater access to the White House, Kellum said.

"I'm not saying that AIPAC's Thomas Dine or other Jewish leaders need Jerry Falwell to open doors for them in order to talk with the President. They don't. The friends of Israel have always found the doors open to every President beginning with Truman. But over the past years, as Israel and then the U.S. Jewish community and then the U.S. presidency turned more conservative, the Israelis realized it was expedient to become close to persons who were close to the president.

"And who has been closer to our last several presidents than Billy Graham? When President Reagan was shot, he asked first of all to see Billy Graham. Reagan chose two dispensationalist ministers, James Robison and W. A. Criswell, to give the opening and closing prayers at the Republican convention in Dallas. And he chose his California dispensationalist minister Donn Moomaw to give the benediction at his 1985 inauguration. Reagan felt comfortable with the dispensationalists. And if a Christian minister was not with the New Christian Right, Reagan did not see or talk with him.

"Now the evangelical-fundamentalist leaders have enormous political power," Kellum concluded. "The New Christian Right is the rising star of the Republican party. And Israel is reaping political benefits within the White House from its alliance with it."

What Israel Gains from the Alliance

More Land

One evening on the 1985 Falwell tour, an Israeli guide named Moses asked us to gather in a hotel auditorium. He wanted to explain Israel's wars of 1948, 1967, 1973 and 1982. He drew a map and we sat listening to dates and places. Soon after he began his personal odyssey in the ongoing conflict with Palestinians, Marvin, the retired Kansas executive, who was seated near me rose and without a word of explanation left the room.

The next morning, I sat next to Marvin on our tour bus. I asked if he had left the guide's talk because he was tired. No, he said. He did not need facts about Israel's wars. He knew in his heart "the miracle of the Jews winning every war they've fought against the Arabs. So I already know whose side I'm on—I'm on Israel's side."

Marvin and many others in the New Christian Right, I noted, relish being allied with a winner. They identify with Old Testament warriors who with swift swords and no mercy slew all their enemies. Marvin liked the biblical texts that quoted a God opting for extreme violence as divine policy. He once quoted to me Psalm 110 that speaks of Yahweh crushing the heads and filling the earth with the corpses of the non-believers, and Psalm 137 that expresses the wish for vengeance by taking little Babylonian children and dashing them against the rocks.

'This is the way the Israelis should treat the Arabs," Marvin said.

While Marvin was fascinated and could quote chapters and verses from biblical history, he was not knowledgeable about today's Israeli-Arab conflict. And he was not interested in learning because he already knew all that he felt God wanted him to know. "Americans ought to learn from the Israelis how to fight wars," Marvin said.

Then did Marvin believe it was because of superior training that the Israelis had won so many of their wars against Palestinians and other Arabs?

"No, not really," he said. "It's because of God. Every war the Jewish soldiers fight is a battle directed by God Himself."

Marvin and most others on the Falwell-sponsored tours agreed that the Israelis should continually and by whatever means necessary make use of their military strength to expand the boundaries of Israel. The Jews, said Marvin, "are the only people in the world with divine rights to a land."

I recalled to Marvin a conversation I had in 1983 with Brad, the 35-year-old financial consultant. He had said we Christians were delaying the arrival of Christ by not helping the Jews take land from Palestinians. Did Marvin agree?

Yes, he said. Brad was right. "The Jews must own all of the land promised them by God before Christ can return. But it won't be long before the total redemption."

Redemption? I asked. I had grown up hearing this term and in the traditional Christian theological usage, I knew it applied to our deliverance from sin and our restoration to a communion with God—especially through Christ's sacrifice and divine forgiveness. Wasn't this, I asked Marvin, his definition of redemption?

"You are talking about a spiritual redemption," he said. "But before that can happen, God must deal with His nation, Israel. As now used in Israel, the term 'redemption' applies to Jewish National Fund acquisition of Gentile property in Greater Israel or 'Eretz Israel'—whether by legitimate purchase, forced sale, or outright expropriation."

His interpretation seemed far removed from what I had learned as a child. But Marvin held fast to the notion that his definition of "redemption"—meaning acquiring Arab lands—was the primary one.

In Washington, D.C., I learned that Christians, many of them in high government posts, pray around the clock to bring about the day that Palestinians will no longer be on their native land: it will belong exclusively to the Jews. I learned that Christians go to a half-million-dollar mansion in Washington, D.C., and that they direct their prayers not for all peoples everywhere, and not for peace

on earth, and not for the poor, hungry, homeless or dispossessed. Rather, they pray for land—land now owned by Palestinians, which they want taken from them and placed into the hands of Israeli Jews.

Mrs. Bobi Hromas, wife of Dr. Leslie A. Hromas, a top official with a West Coast defense contractor, bought the mansion. She did so for one purpose: to provide a setting for Christians to pray for the "redemption" of land. Mrs. Hromas, who maintains other homes in suburban Los Angeles as well as Jerusalem, calls her organization the American Christian Trust. I first heard about her organization from Charles Fischbein, of Washington, D.C., who spent eleven years in Jewish communal work and was an executive director of the Jewish National Fund. One day Fischbein, who is in his 40s, agreed to a tape-recorded interview.

"In October of 1982, after three years as the executive director of the Jewish National Fund Middle Atlantic Region, Gideon Shamron, the Israeli Embassy's liaison with American Christians, called me. He wanted me to meet Bobi Hromas, founder and director of the American Christian Trust, which had just purchased an expensive residence in Northwest Washington," Fischbein began.

"I went to the residence and met Mrs. Hromas, who explained that the Trust was an umbrella agency for many of the major evangelical Christian movements, and that it acted as a conduit to send money directly to Israel.

"The Trust enjoys 501 (c)(3) status and receives funds from private individuals, estates and large evangelical-fundamentalists organizations. As part of my liaison work with her, I visited in the Hromas home in Rolling Hills, California. She also uses an office in Torrance and works with a group called En Agape (With Love) and receives funds from Hollywood celebrities, as well as from wealthy Texans, such as the Clint Murchisons, former owners of the Dallas Cowboys, and the Cowboys' football coach, Tom Landry, who does TV Bible commericals.

"The Trust in turn gives this money to Israel, expressly for Jewish settlements in the West Bank. The money is transmitted directly to the Embassy of Israel in Washington or carried to Israel by Mrs. Hromas, or it is transmitted through the Heritage International Bank in Bethesda, Maryland, which was founded by Donald

Wolpe, former president of the Zionist Organization of America and is the first and only bank in the United States that has branch banking in Israel.

"Mrs. Hromas told me the Trust planned to raise a hundred million dollars to purchase land for Jewish settlements in the West Bank, the present target area being in the Palestinian town of Hebron. She also said that tens of millions already have been given to the government of Israel, as well as for individual settlements in Hebron. This I was told would help fulfill biblical prophecy.

"Mrs. Hromas was very open about her connections with the major evangelical-fundamentalist preachers including Jerry Falwell, Pat Robertson, Jimmy Swaggart and others. She was also open about her connections with such long-time Reagan friends as Walter Annenberg, Edwin Meese, former Secretary of the Interior James Watt and Herb Ellingwood, a close Reagan friend and advisor for several decades.

"Shortly after my first meetings with Mrs. Hromas, she came to me saying that President Reagan and Herb Ellingwood wanted to plant a grove of trees in memory of Scott, son of the Edwin Meeses, who was killed in an automobile accident. Ellingwood wanted the trees planted in Hebron and Ed Meese agreed. I told Mrs. Hromas that because of the Jewish National Fund's tax-exempt status, we, that is, the Jewish National Fund, could not take money and channel it to the West Bank. She said she would go ahead and arrange through the Christian Embassy in Jerusalem to have trees planted in Hebron. And that she also would give the Jewish National Fund $5,000 to plant a grove of trees in Scott's name in Jerusalem."

Because of her many contributions to Israel, Israeli and American Zionists decided to honor Mrs. Hromas. "And they put me in charge of staging a dinner for her. She was one of the few— if not the only Gentile—to be so honored. And during the dinner, Herb Ellingwood presented Mrs. Hromas with a Bible signed by President Reagan."

In his visits to the American Christian Trust residence, had Fischbein, I asked, seen the chapel where Christians pray that Israelis take more Arab lands?

Yes, he said, Bobi Hromas had shown it to him. It was on the ground floor. "The residence is located at 39th and Reno Road,

directly across from the Israeli embassy."

And did she deliberately choose a site facing the Israeli embassy? If so, for what purpose?

"Yes, she chose the location deliberately in order to be as close as possible to the embassy, and in turn, to the land where she directs her prayers—the land of Israel. She added the chapel after she bought the house. She designed it so if you are sitting there, praying for Israel, you can occasionally look out a large picture glass window to the Israeli embassy. The chapel has its own private door. And Mrs. Hromas invites members of Congress, the Senate, Joint Chiefs of Staff and even the President himself to partake in 24-hour-a-day prayer sessions for Israel. I was told that the Secret Service had requested that special glass be installed in the windows to protect the visitors inside the chapel," Fischbein said.

I knew the area. Reno Road traffic was heavy. Would not street noises interfere with one's prayers?

"No," he said. "The chapel is all soundproof. You don't hear a thing."

I wanted to visit, but I did not know how to arrange it. Fischbein, having become disillusioned with the Zionists' political goals, had broken ranks with them and would, for that reason, no longer be welcomed at the American Christian Trust.

Quite unexpectedly, however, I became a guest there. It happened like this: While on the 1985 Falwell tour, I dropped by the Christian Embassy in Jerusalem and visited with a personable young American employee named David. I liked him and invited him and his wife to lunch. We then drove in their car to Bethlehem. We enjoyed a pleasant lunch and drove back to Jerusalem. Knowing that I was returning in two days to Washington, he asked if I would hand carry a letter for him back to D.C.. The letter was to Mrs. Hromas at the American Christian Trust.

Back in Washington, I mailed the letter to Mrs. Hromas, then in California. Soon thereafter I received an invitation to a "high tea" at the residence of the Trust.

I attended, mingling with about 50 guests. I chatted with Richard and Mirian Hellman of Washington, D.C., who represent the Christian Embassy in Jerusalem; Rabbi and Mrs. Alex Pollack-he of Congregation Adas Israel; Carolyn Sundseth, associate direc-

tor, the White House office of Public Liaison, and her husband, Victor Sundseth, representative of an evangelical fundamentalist mission in Maui, Hawaii; and Herb Ellingwood, who has said he often talked over the End of Time with Ronald Reagan when Reagan was governor. After Reagan became president, he named Ellingwood to head the Merit Protection Board.

At the high tea, I watched many guests shake Ellingwood's hand and congratulate him on placing fundamentalist Christians in high government posts. As I stood beside Ellingwood, both of us sipping tea, I listened to one guest after another speak to him in almost coded sentences: "I am aware of what you are doing . . . Praise the Lord!"

I also had an opportunity to chat awhile with Bobi Hromas, a strikingly attractive woman in her 50s, who stands about five feet, three inches and weighs about 115 pounds. She was dressed conservatively yet elegantly in a simple suit with a silk blouse. Her auburn hair was combed in a neat, short page-boy style. I was struck not only by her attractiveness, but also by her warmth and out-going personality. I learned she credits her great love for Israel to her mother, Dr. ftuline E. Farham of Dallas, a woman in her 70s, who travels the world as an Assemblies of God minister.

Some days later, Mrs. Edna Chupik, housekeeper for the Trust, a large, pleasant woman and a native Texan, called to ask me to take a "prayer vigil." I accepted. After I arrived at the residence, Mrs. Chupik played a 45-minute tape with the recorded voice of Mrs. Hromas explaining the necessity of getting land now in the hands of Palestinians into the hands of Jews, for otherwise—until the land is redeemed—we are delaying the Second Coming of Christ.

Mrs. Hromas' talk, taped in her California home, was an outpouring of anguished desire to be heard by God. "What is a watch?" she asked. "It is a petitioning of God. You are telling him, Tou can do something about this. And no one else can.' It is not sitting and meditating. That's not what it is. It is to give the Lord no rest, until He answers these prayers. That's praying. You will not be denied. He calls on us to take action, to do whatever has to be done. He calls on us for a commitment to do something about it. This makes you a global Christian, for the King of the earth . . .When

you become a petitioner no negotiation with the enemy is possible . . ."

Not well organized, her talk was delivered with obvious deep and sincere emotion. At tape's end, I then walked alone to the chapel. I found a room with a coffee table and seven large beige velvet upholstered chairs. On the coffee table I found a copy of The Living Bible (in large print), the Chronological Bible and the Holy Bible (King James Version). I also saw a notebook containing the names of our government officials, beginning with President Reagan, as well as a list of the officials in Israel, including the names of all members of the Israeli parliament.

I looked out the large picture window to the busy Reno Road traffic. Fischbein was right, I was not disturbed by noise. From my vantage point, I could see not only the Israeli embassy, but also in the distance the Jordanian embassy. Interestingly, they have similar architecture, both being four stories high and constructed of similar beige-colored stones.

Since I was there to pray, I composed a number of prayers. And since each prayer watch last three hours, I took the time to write my prayers in my notebook. They do not bear repeating, but they were prayers not only for the leaders of America and Israel but for all peoples—so vulnerable to having their lives blotted out in a nuclear Armageddon, which could so easily be triggered over the confiscation of Palestinian lands.

After three hours, Edna Chupik descended the steps to remind me my watch was up, "unless you want to stay longer." I got my coat, and she accompanied me outside to Reno Road, where she helped me flag a taxi. En route home, I pondered anew the mission of Bobi Hromas: to get money to Israel to purchase Palestinian lands (or supply money to Jewish settlers who take the land at gun point).

As always, attempting to understand the belief system of the dispensationalists, I felt sad. Instead of "redeeming" land halfway around the world, I wondered why a Christian could not help and comfort those who are oppressed—as did Christ—all within the radius of a few miles. I could not think of a single instance in which Christ urged his followers to "redeem" land. His kingdom, he said, was within.

Nevertheless, dispensationalists see it otherwise: they give

money to Israelis to help them take land from Palestinians by whatever means available. Land fraud is one of these.

A huge land scandal was made public August 6, 1985, when police arrested three Israeli men suspected of forging documents related to illegal purchases of thousands of acres of Arab lands in the West Bank. The men, well-known personalities with extensive military and government connections, were accused of being paid over two million U.S. dollars to take land by fraudulent means from Palestinians. It is possible that a portion of that money came from right-wing Christians who are convinced their highest Christian hopes lie in the Jews taking possession of all Palestinian land.

An Israeli Justice Ministry official said as much as $100 million may have changed hands for thousands of acres of Arab-owned property that was taken through forgery, deceit, intimidation and, occasionally, force.

Two members of the Israeli parliament, Yossi Sarid and Dudi Zucker in a letter to the Minister of Police said "there are suspicions of fraud in colossal proportions," and they added the fraudulent land deals took place "under the auspices of government institutions."

Threats by three arrested Israelis to reveal the names of top officials sent shock waves through the right-wing Likud bloc, which had initiated the bogus land-buying scheme. One Israeli who headed the Israeli Land Administration resigned, while others promptly either disassociated themselves from the scandal or tried to soften its effect on the public.

On August 19, 1985, Likud leader and Foreign Minister Yitzhak Shamir warned Israelis not to take the matter too seriously. "Do not touch the issue of land redemption," he said. "Sometimes tricks and schemes are needed and unconventional means used to purchase and redeem land. It is intolerable that the investigation of isolated cases of land purchases should turn into a general witchhunt on all land purchases (in occupied Palestine), with the aim of preventing the Zionist mission."

The mission of political, militant Zionism has been to take all the land of the Palestinians.

In 1918, the Palestinians represented about 90 percent of the population and they owned about 98 percent of the land, the Jews

having only two percent of the land.

In 1947, the Palestinians owned about 93.96 of the land and the Jews only 6.04 percent. In that year the U.N. voted to partition Palestine—allocating one half of Palestine to the Jews and the other half for Palestinians. In a statement to the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine, Moshe Shertok, at that time head of the political Department of the Jewish Agency, said, 'Today, we possess just over six percent of the land area of Palestine."

In its 1967 war, Israel seized large segments of Arab land and has since refused to abide by international law stating land seized by military conquest may not legally be held. By early 1986 Israel had its soldiers in more than one-half of the portion of Palestine promised by the U.N. resolution to the Arabs. Only about 20 percent of Mandate Palestine was still in the hands of the indigenous Palestinians.

Christian zealots such as Marvin and Bobi Hromas were convinced—and I believe sincerely—that they should help Israel dispossess the Palestinians of what little they had left. As Marvin had put it, the Jews had "historic rights" to the land.

H. G. Wells, English writer and popular historian, said in this connection, "If it is proper to 'reconstitute' a Jewish state which has not existed for 2,000 years, why not go back another thousand years, and reconstitute the Canaanite state?" The Canaanites, unlike the Jews, continued to be there all through history.

As far as "historic rights go," if the world is to be run exclusively according to rules set or declared by those who say they possess such rights, Moors who were in Spain for 700 years could declare they have "historic rights" to the land and ask the Spaniards to get out. And the Indians who were in America for thousands of years before it was "discovered" by white Europeans could say to non-Indians living in America today: we have "historic rights" so you get out. There has to be a point of departure, a time when we live not as Jewish settlers in occupied Palestine—by force of Uzi machine guns—but rather by community, state and international laws.

Where Israel is concerned, the 1947 U.N. resolution represents the point of departure to which might be added the agreements made under U.N. auspices concerning the armistice borders of 1929.

All world leaders have upheld the validity of the U.N. resolution that called for Palestine to provide land for both Jewish immigrants and native Palestinians. In addition, many of the world's foremost Jewish leaders, including Bruno Kreisky, former prime minister of Austria, and Philip M. Klutznick of Chicago, president emeritus of the World Jewish Congress, deny that Jews have the right to retain territories taken in conquest after Israel became a state. They point out that in a secular sense, for Jews to claim they have a "historic right" to land beyond its U.N. created borders means a regression back to the days of "manifest destiny"—a 19th-century policy of imperialist expansion. Today, they stress, we are attempting to live in a 20th-century atmosphere of anti-colonialism and respect for human rights.

Several million American Christians however believe man-made laws do not apply, and they are intent on the Jews' confiscating, and thereby "redeeming" all the land of Palestine. If this brings on World War III, and a nuclear Armageddon, they will think they have done God's will.

What Israel Gains from the Alliance 1

Christian Grassroots Support

Evangelical-fundamentalist lay leader Krieger, in an analysis paper prepared for Israeli and American Jewish leaders, lists 250 pro-Israel evangelical organizations "of varying size and depth in America."

"Most have developed during the past five years"—that is, in the 1980s—, Kreiger reports, adding that the groups specialize in events such as "Solidarity Rallies for Israel" or "Israel Awareness Gatherings" in Protestant churches. "Still others are into touring, publication ministries, prophetical conferences, theological support, etc. A few groups venture into direct political support in various lobbying efforts by direct letter writing campaigns and/or media-oriented events which have a strong pro-Israel expression associated with them."

Zionists, working in alliance with evangelical-fundamentalists, created—to name only a very few of the 250 support groups—these organizations:

— The National Christian Leadership Conference for Israel (NCLCI). Franklin H. Littell, a Christian Zionist and a professor at Temple University in Pennsylvania, was named president. Dr. Littell, a Methodist, who is perhaps the most vocal of all Christian supporters of Israel, told me in a personal interview that "to be Christian is to be Jewish," and that it was the duty of a Christian to put support of the "land of Israel" above all else. He bases his love for Israel not on the dispensationalists' belief system, but rather on what he perceives to be a Christian necessity to atone for the suffering of Jews in the Nazi holocaust.

To rally support for Israel's armed attack on Lebanon, the National Christian Leadership Conference for Israel in 1982 ran a full-

page Washington Post and New York Times advertisement entitled, "Christians in Solidarity with Israel." The Christians stated:

"Our solidarity with the Jewish people and the State of Israel is part of a commitment to peace and justice for all people in the Middle East. We believe it is the basic right and duty of every government to ensure the safety and security of its citizens." The ad did not mention concern for those of Christian or Muslim faiths who live in the Middle East. The Christians signing the ad said they fully supported the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, and they further indicated those who opposed Israel's policies were anti-Semitic.

Issac C. Rottenberg, a Jew who converted to Dutch Reformed Protestantism, served as executive director of this organization, which is closely linked to the International Christian Embassy in Jerusalem and includes among its staunchest supporters such dispensationalist ministers as W. A.Criswell, Jim Bakker and Pat Robertson.

— The National Christian Congress (NCC), which was spawned by the above mentioned organization, NCLCI, was formed prior to the U.S. House of Representatives' vote on the sale of radar system aircraft (AWACS) to Saudi Arabia.

Professor Littell, who said the NCC was formed to unite Christians from a diversity of denominations and organizations in their common concern for the safety of the Jewish homeland, further stated that the proposed sale of aircraft to Saudi Arabia represented "the most crucial time on the calendar for Israel's survival." The NCC dutifully voiced its strong objection to the proposed AWACS sale.

At the initial NCC meeting, which attracted about 100 participants including not only fundamentalists but also representatives of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops and the National Council of Churches, New York Republican Representative Jack Kemp called the establishment of Israel in 1948 "a fulfillment of biblical prophecy." He said he thought of himself as "a serious Bible student" and added that the role of the United States is "to preserve opportunities (in Israel) for biblical prophecies to come true."

— Christians United For American Security. This organization seems to have been created for one purpose: to produce names as sponsors for full-page ads opposing defensive weaponry for Saudi

Arabia. Dozens of Christian Zionists signed the ad, including Jerry Falwell and a Roman Catholic nun who is president of Manhattan-ville College.

— TAV Evangelical Ministries, named for the last letter of the Hebrew alphabet. In 1982, during the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, the Zionists used TAV to arrange several West Coast conferences of evangelical-fundamentalists with Jewish leaders. And in November of that year TAV sponsored a "Solidarity Sabbath" at the Washington Hebrew Congregation. This synagogue's senior rabbi, Joshua O. Haberman, acted as host. A number of rabbis attended, as did the chairman of the board of the Zionist Organization of America and a representative of the Israeli lobby, the American Israeli Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), which might have picked up the tab for bringing about 1,500 fundamentalists and Jewish leaders to the nation's capital in order that they might formally—and with Washington Post newspaper coverage—endorse Israel's invasion of Lebanon.

Dr. John Walvoord, president of the Dallas Theological Seminary, told me he was one of the speakers at this affair. He said, "I talked to the gathering about God's promise to the nation of Israel—and they loved it."

— The American Coalition for Traditional Values (ACTV). Spearheaded by San Diego preacher and popular writer Tim LeHaye, an avowed pro-Israel dispensationalist, ACTV is the grassroots political organizing arm of the Religious Right. The group's purpose, according to its propaganda brochure, is to politically manipulate 45 million fundamentalists through "an aggressive voter registration drive and election day get-out-the-vote campaign" and to get fundamentalists into government service "through our talent bank." Leaders in this organization include Falwell, Swaggart, Jim Bakker and Pat Robertson.

— The Christian Voice, based in California, with a lobbying office in Washington, D.C., claims 190,000 members, including 37,000 ministers. It has an estimated yearly budget of $1.5 million. Its political action arm, Christian Voice Moral Government Fund, formed an avowedly partisan campaign operation entitled "Christians for Reagan."

Krieger names as "leading lights" among strongly pro-Israel

evangelical-fundamentalists Ed McAteer of the Religious Round Table, which sponsors an annual Prayer Breakfast for Israel; Ben Armstrong, executive director of the National Religious Broadcasters; Adrian Rogers, senior pastor of Bellevue Baptist Church in Memphis and former president of the Southern Baptist Convention; and W. A. Criswell, senior minister of the First Baptist Church of Dallas.

Like Rogers, Criswell is a former president of the Southern Baptist Convention. They are two of the leading right-wing leaders of the convention committed to purging liberals, neo-orthodox and other non-evangelicals, non-dispensationalists from Southern Baptist institutions and agencies. Criswell, like Falwell, is totally committed to a militarily strong Israel. He has maintained close ties with Israeli right-wing leaders, and especially with former Prime Minister Begin.

Jer USA lem

Mixing Politics and Religion

To whom does Jerusalem belong? Is it only a piece of real estate, the pawn of those with the biggest army and weapons? Or, as the United Nations declared, when it carved a homeland out of Palestine for the Jews, is it to be a city for three faiths—Christians, Muslims and Jews, with the framework for its government decided by the big powers under international law?

The Israelis demand exclusive ownership of the city holy to about a billion Christians, almost a billion Muslims and about 14 million Jews. To make their claim, that they legitimately own the City of Three Faiths, the Israelis—a majority of whom do not believe in God—say that God wanted the Hebrews and/or Jews to have Jerusalem in perpetuity. To mount a public relations campaign with this message, the Israelis turned to Mike Evans, a Jewish American who was not generally known to the American public or for that matter even to many of the evangelical-fundamentalist-charismatic branch of Christianity, to which he had converted.

I first learned about Mike Evans' Israeli promotional campaign when I saw a Fort Worth Star-Telegram ad promoting a "live, via satellite from Jerusalem" performance with "Mike Evans, Jewish evangelist." I was at this time visiting in Fort Worth with my mother Mrs. H. H. (Ruth) Halsell and sister Margaret Parker. I showed them the ad and we decided to attend.

With Margaret driving, we left Mother's home on October 20, 1984 and drove past the impressive Bass Brothers skyscrapers, toward Meadowbrook. Leaving the turnpike, we entered pecan-shaded Oakland and continuing for another ten miles, we arrived at a large, modern structure without windows called Bethel Temple.

As we entered the church, we were greeted by an usher who handed us a program:

Jer USA lem, D.C. an Historic Event,

October 20, 1984. Live via Satellite from Jerusalem, Israel, David's Capital.

We proceeded down an aisle, while members of the congregation were standing and singing—many with arms raised over their heads, which they moved in a rhythm backward and forward. We took our places in the second row from the front and listened to a few opening words from the church pastor, John M. Wilkerson. In his mid-50s and of medium height, with dark reddish hair, he wore a well-tailored suit and aviator type glasses.

We looked beyond the pastor to a large screen, and to two men, both wearing business suits and holding pliers in their hands. We all riveted our eyes on them rather than on Brother Wilkerson, who continued talking, at one point saying, "I hope I'm not boring you." The men with pliers took a cursory look at the TV screen and walked offstage. Then they reentered with a roll of wire as large as a bushel basket and pretended to attach this wire to the screen.

'They have been working on the set all day," said Pastor Wilkerson, in a statement that strained credulity. The workmen seemed as much a part of the props as the screen itself, obviously placed on stage to give some faint credence to the ad promoting a program "direct via satellite from Jerusalem." While our curiosity and confusion grew, a woman in the audience raised her voice and asked Pastor Wilkerson a simple question:

"Please tell us, what is this all about? Who is Mike Evans?"

Taking his cue, Pastor Wilkerson launched into a long story in which he told us that those who wanted to get to the "Biggies" should stick with "good ol' Mike." By way of example Wilkerson told this story:

"I got an invitation to the Republican convention and I didn't want to go alone, so I called Mike Evans and said, 'Could I go with you?' And Mike says, 'Well of course.' When we went there and got to a door, there was the football star Rosey Grier who is just gigantic, you know. He knows good oF Mike, and he says, Tou just follow me.' So we follow Rosey—his back is about four feet wide, and he's pushing his way through that crowd—and he leads us right up to where the Biggies are, and there we are standing by

George Bush!

"We are right up there with the Biggies! And suddenly someone is introducing Mike Evans and saying this is the Reverend Mike Evans. Evans waves to the crowd, and then suddenly someone is introducing me! This is the Reverend John Wilkerson and I am waving to the crowd—just as if I were somebody, just as if I were one of those politicians, one of the Biggies."

Pastor Wilkerson had made his point: Mike Evans is Somebody and important persons such as George Bush know him. People will make a path for him in the circles that count. "He is moving in Republican circles and getting people to vote—for our kind of people, Reagan and Bush," Pastor Wilkerson said. "He believes in an America that supports Israel. Because he believes in strength, he believes in an America that supports our only safe, reliable ally in the Middle East—the only democracy over there, Israel!"

Then Pastor Wilkerson went on to explain that "Mike Evans is of the Jewish faith. And he converted to Christianity to help his people, but this doesn't mean he goes to Israel and tries to convert Jews. Oh, nothing of that sort of thing. But he wants to show Israel and the Jews we love them, that we stand by them, and to impress upon them by our presence—and our gifts—our great love. No one in all the world has suffered as much as the Jews. And God tells us that He is going to bless those who bless the Jews."

After we had all sat waiting about an hour, Wilkerson said, "Obviously the big screen is not going to work," whereupon the two walk-on actors rolled out a 22-inch screen TV set and those in the side pews moved to center, and we soon were viewing Mike Evans—not live via satellite but engaging enough, and holding a Bible in his right hand, which to punctuate his points, he effectively thrust toward his listeners.

Mustachioed, with jet black hair slicked down and parted on a slant, and attired in a sapphire blue suit, Evans exuded charismatic charm and unbounded natural energy. He began talking in an almost endless stream:

"I am standing on the Mount of Olives, overlooking the City of Jerusalem, David's capital," he announced. I noted that on the screen Al Aqsa Mosque dominated the background—as it has dominated the historic city of Jerusalem for 700 years.

For an hour Evans frequently repeated himself, saying God wanted Americans to move their embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem because "Jerusalem is David's Capital and Satan is attempting to prevent the Jews from having the right to choose their capital.

"It will cost the lives of your own sons and fathers if you do not recognize Jerusalem as Jewish property. God will bless those who bless Israel and curse those who curse Israel."

We saw a supporting cast of TV evangelists—Pat Robertson, Jerry Falwell, Jimmy Swaggart, as well as singer Pat Boone, author Hal Lindsey, and columnist Jack Anderson. Additionally, we saw film clips of Evans in Jewish skullcap talking to the chief rabbi of Israel—both nodding in agreement that "Jerusalem belongs exclusively to the Jews."

Throughout the program Mike Evans repeatedly asked listeners to "Write out your check and do it now. Write it for 'Jerusalem D.C If you think you can give only $25, make it $50. And if you think you can give only $50, make it $100. And if you can give only $100, make it $1,000!"

Mother, Margaret and I looked in front of us and we glanced in back of us and to the left and to the right, and in every direction we saw men and women writing checks. Before dismissing the congregation, Pastor Wilkerson asked everyone in the audience to sign a petition to move the U.S. embassy to Jerusalem. As far as we could ascertain, most everyone did.

On another day, I took a 15-minute drive from Fort Worth to the suburban town of Bedford, Texas, which Evans says is his home. I talked with the mayor, who said he had never seen Evans. I visited the Chamber of Commerce and was told they did not know Evans and he was not in their listing of Bedford churches or ministries. I talked with several long-time residents and none had ever seen Evans. While one might expect a Christian minister who lists Bedford as his address to have a church, home or office there, Evans has none of these. He uses it merely for a P.O. box number.

I then secured a tape cassette of an hour-long television special Evans made in 1983 called "Israel, America's Key to Survival." In this film, Evans uses the word "crucial" to describe the role played by Israel in the political fate of the United States. Despite the fact

that the film has a conspicuous political thrust, Evans and his Zionist sponsors, by labeling it as "religious programming," have secured free broadcast time on local television stations in at least 25 states, in addition to the Christian Broadcast Network cable system.

In this film, Evans makes a number of sensationalized political assertions about the importance of Israel to the United States, contending that if Israel were to relinquish territories that it illegally occupied, God Himself would destroy both Israel and the United States. Evans concludes his film with an appeal for Christians to come to the support of "America's best friend in that part of the world" by signing a "Proclamation of Blessing for Israel."

Between October 1984 and April 1985, Evans' one-hour television special, "Jerusalem, D.C." aired on 250 television stations. Later it was revised, making use of professional actors and aired again during the summer of 1985, with the apparent intent of softening American taxpayers for Israel's gargantuan aid request to the U.S. Congress as well as to gather support for the Zionist goal to persuade the U.S. to move its embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.

Since I learned nothing about Evans in my visit to Bedford, I wrote to his P.O. box address, and in return his computer responded with a series of letters, addressing me variously as "Beloved," "Partner," and "Lover of Israel." Evans' messages arrive in a variety of sizes and shapes including through-the-mail telegrams marked "personal and confidential." In one letter Evans writes:

"When I was four, a precious saint of the Lord knocked on our door. My mother had seven children, and even though she came from an Orthodox Jewish background, when this Christian lady asked her if she could take the children to Vacation Bible School, my mother gladly said Tes,' thinking it wouldn't do us any harm. Little did she know that Mrs. Zignoni would love us, share Scripture with us, plant the seeds that would eventually bring me into the Kingdom of God.

"What a joy it was to fly back to Springfield, Massachusetts, almost fifteen years after being in the ministry, having traveled two and one-half million miles, to hug Mrs. Zignoni and thank her for her labor of love . . ."

Evans also writes that he was a "37-year-old evangelist" and

"Jewish person" whom God had "divinely called and anointed . . ." He signs his letters with his name, followed by "Under Divine Appointment."

In a small pamphlet called "Partners in Prophecy '85," which features a cover photo of Evans and wife, Carolyn, praying in front of a Jewish menorah, he writes:

"More than 2,000 people responded to the altar call, but the most amazing thing was that as we went into the counseling tent, the convicting power of the Holy Spirit fell into a mighty roar. The weeping and travailing was so strong that I had to wait for over one hour to even talk.

"As I stood in amazement, 200 homosexuals came to the front, crying and repenting and praying for deliverance." Mysteriously Evans does not give the details of when and where this event took place. We are left with a lot of questions, such as, how did he know his converts were all homosexuals? His own eyes, Evans tells us, were "as big as saucers" as he " beheld Father God destroying the works of the devil and setting the captives free."

In another message, Evans says: "I close with our Lord's last words in Revelation 22:20. 'Surely, I come quickly.' Let's stand up and be counted in our belief that Jerusalem is the rightful capital of Israel."

In one letter was a photo of a smiling Evans with General Ariel Sharon, the mastermind of Israel's 1982 invasion of Lebanon, who met with the evangelist in Jerusalem "to discuss the military situation in Israel, and to express his (Sharon's) appreciation for the prayers and love of Christians." Clearly, preachers such as Evans love power— cosmic power—and close connections with Israel give them a feeling of power and influence on an international level.

Evans also enclosed a photo of himself with Jerusalem Mayor Teddy Kollek and with then Prime Minister Shamir, as well as a photo of tall Mike Evans towering over President Reagan. In still another letter, Evans tells about a 1983 visit to the White House. "Little did I know that the President of the United States would invite me to the White House or that God would stand me up to challenge 58 generals and admirals with the truth of God in the middle of a White House meeting ... or little did I know a speech written by me calling America to stand by Israel would be put into

the Congressional Record."

A year later Evans is again in the White House: "In 1984 the President invited approximately 90 of the most influential evangelical leaders to the White House to meet with some of the top Jewish rabbis and Jewish leaders in the world.

"As I sat in the east wing of the White House next to my good friend Jimmy Swaggart, Robert McFarlane, National Security Advisor, told us that United States foreign policy could not be determined by the Bible and that Jerusalem was not Israel's capital. He further stated that the status of Jerusalem had to be determined by negotiation with the Arab world.

"I turned to Jimmy Swaggart and said, 'Jimmy are you going to do anything about that statement?' He said, 'Mike, God has anointed you in behalf of Israel and you should stand and speak.'

"I stood and told Mr. McFarlane that the Bible was non-negotiable and God would not bless America if we turned our back on His Holy Word. I further stated that evangelical Christians would under no condition turn their backs on the Jewish people or the Word of God.

"Everyone started applauding, including about 40 of the most powerful rabbis in America."

Then in January, 1985, Evans says, "President Reagan invited Jim Bakker, Jimmy Swaggart, Jerry Falwell, myself and a few others to meet with him in private. I will never forget what he told us. The President expressed the belief that America was on the verge of a spiritual awakening. And I believe it with all my heart. God is raising up people like you and me in intercessory prayer and love to prepare the world for the return of the King of Kings and Lord of Lords."

In Israel, Evans says he has met with Labor's Prime Minister Shimon Peres as well as the Likud leaders. "I have met virtually all of the major leaders in the nation of Israel including eleven meetings with former Prime Minister Begin and other top government officials ... I have been meeting with the Israeli Prime Minister and other top government officials on a regular basis." Evans adds he has a close association with Dr. Reuben Hecht of the prime minister's office, Dr. Benzion Netanyahu, president of the Jonathan Institute on world terrorism and Isser Harel, former

head of the Israeli intelligence and security.

Israelis told him about their plan to invade Lebanon "two days before it occurred," Evans says. "I prayed with (Prime Minister) Begin for 24 hours immediately prior to the 1982 invasion of Lebanon/' he writes.

In all of his letters, Evans reminds us that the Israelis see him as a special friend. During the time he was in Jerusalem filming "Jerusalem, D.C." Evans says an ultra-orthodox rabbi—Evans does not tell his name—laid his hands on his head and "prayed for me. Such a rabbi never lays his hands upon a Christian's head and prays or allows a Christian to lay their hands on his head and pray, but (for me) he prayed the prayer that only a Levite (priest) would pray in the Holy of Holies."

Because many Israeli leaders consider him close to them, they invited him to show "Jerusalem, D.C." on the government-owned television network. Before his appearance, Evans says, the Israelis had never permitted any Christian minister—not even friends like Billy Graham or Jerry Falwell—to appear on Israeli TV. There is an Israeli law forbidding a Christian to speak to a Jew or a gathering of Jews about Christ. But the Israelis knew Evans' message was political from the start. Evans explains his invitation to appear on Israeli TV:

"The Director General of Israeli Government Television Network was so impressed after watching 'Jerusalem, D.C that he invited me to fly to Israel and be on Israeli television as their guest and then show 'Jerusalem, D.C to the entire nation of Israel. It will be the first time in the history of the nation of Israel that a Christian has been on the government television network."

Evans then invited American Jews to watch his TV special, and he "rejoiced knowing that over 150,000 Jewish people in America alone saw this special, and we received over 14,500 calls from Jewish people." Evans wrote to all American synagogues, offering to send "absolutely free" a videocassette of "Jerusalem, D.C." Evans said many rabbis praised the film.

"My first thought at the conclusion of the videotape was Traise the Lord and pass the ammunition!' " wrote J. Rothmann, president of the Zionist Organization of America. "Your work is a hymn of praise and 'Jerusalem D.C is the very best ammunition. David's

capital is the capital of Israel and your outstanding video states the case clearly and precisely. I hope that 'Jerusalem D.C is seen and supported by millions."

Evans wants a million Christians to sign a petition such as the one distributed in the Fort Worth church service I attended. Evans writes: "I need your help in enlisting one million people or more who will sign the International Petition to recognize Jerusalem as the Rightful Capital of Israel.

'This is a spiritual petition that I will personally deliver to our President, the Prime Minister of Israel and heads of states of other nations. I've asked the Lord to move upon the hearts of at least one million people to sign this historic petition. And I want YOU to sign this much-needed and historic Petition immediately and rush it back to me."

In 1984, Evans collected two volumes of signatures, hand carried the names to Israel, and presented them to Prime Minister Shamir, a hardened fighter and former terror-squad leader.

'Tears filled the prime minister's eyes and he said, 'Mike, these Christians really do love us, don't they?' " Evans writes.

"I said, 'Yes they do, Prime Minister, they really love you, they really care.' And then the Prime Minister said, These are real people, aren't they?' " Evans then continues his form letter, "Beloved, Israel is shocked that people like you and me would share such grace, love and compassion with them."

In yet another letter Evans says, "Our government is guilty of not vetoing an anti-Israel resolution in the United Nations Security Council which called all members to withdraw their embassies from that city on the grounds Jerusalem was not part of 'Arab territories occupied by Israel.' In consequence, 13 nations that had established embassies in Jerusalem as Israel's capital withdrew.

"The Bible says that God Almighty declared Jerusalem as Israel's capital in the time of King David, when He told Solomon to build the temple there; and that we are to pray for the peace of Jerusalem, that it might prosper. (Psalm 122:6)

"Nevertheless, America refuses to recognize Jerusalem. Our nation considers Jerusalem an occupied territory, but not Israel's capital. For over three decades, the United States has refused to recognize Israel's sovereignty over any part of the city, that is why

the American embassy is located in Tel Aviv!

"America is calling for the redivision of Jerusalem. Furthermore, the Ambassador of the American Embassy in Tel Aviv has no official role or status in Jerusalem. He can't even stamp a U.S. visa in Jerusalem! Why doesn't America recognize Jerusalem? Because we say that Jordan at one time controlled part of Jerusalem. That is true. But they controlled it illegally.

"Israel was promised that capital biblically; it was given those territories back historically by the British," Evans concludes.

It is true that Jordan prior to 1967, for a brief period, had control over Jerusalem, just as the British did before the Jordanians and the Turks before the British, and so on for the past 2,000 years.

The truth that Mike Evans overlooks, however, is that the Old City of Jerusalem is predominantly inhabited by Palestinian Christians and Palestinian Muslims today and that Palestinians and their forebears have lived and been the overwhelmingly vast majority of inhabitants for at least 2,000 years.

In 1980, Prime Minister Begin illegally annexed Arab Jerusalem, an action denounced by all world leaders. No major world government has recognized Israel's exclusive right to the City of Three Faiths, and no major government keeps its embassy in Jerusalem. If the United States made this move, it would be the first and only major world government to give legitimacy to Israel's exclusive claim to the City of Three Faiths. (Only one or two Central American countries, beholden to Israel for weapons, have opened embassies in Jerusalem since all embassies left in 1980 in protest to Begin's illegal annexation of the city.)

In 1947, when the United Nations Resolution recommended dividing Palestine into a Jewish country and a Palestinian country, neither side was to have Jerusalem. Indeed the U.N. partition resolution of November 29, 1947, expressly excluded Jerusalem from the settlement ("corpus separatum" was the language the U.N. used) and expressly stated that this "corpus separatum" would, when it was set up, be under international sovereignty. In short Jerusalem was to be neither a Jewish city nor a Christian or a Muslim Palestinian city, and for 39 years, from 1947 to 1986, world leaders insisted there be no change in this status until all parties to the conflict resolved the issue of the City of Three Faiths.

Epilogue

There is a scriptural text that states, "I have set before you life and death, blessing and cursing: therefore choose life, that both thou and thy seed may live." (Deuteronomy 30:19) I have thought about our choice of life or death over the past several years, listening to Jerry Falwell and other evangelists who come to us across the dial. Bible in hand and quoting from the Old Testament Book of Daniel and the New Testament Book of Revelation, they say God has foreordained that we must fight a nuclear war with Russia.

Convinced that a nuclear Armageddon is an inevitable event within the divine scheme of things, many evangelical dispensa-tionalists have committed themselves to a course for Israel that, by their own admission, will lead directly to a holocaust indescribably more savage and widespread than any vision of carnage that could have generated in Adolph Hitler's criminal mind.

I have found their sermons thought provoking and shocking in their urging us to prepare for the End of the World. They cause me to realize that we have come a long distance from our beginnings as human beings. Most of us hold as the highest mark of civilized life being good neighbors: treating others as we would like them to treat us. And beyond that, so many have lived with an even more noble goal: to leave this world a better place than they found it.

The dispensationalists' sermons make me realize anew that I and billions of human beings before me have been lucky. We have fyecn able to come into this world and, as our brightest hope, to look forward to a better tomorrow. Now for the first time in all of hist^ ■ , we have the ability to destroy all of cultural and human existence, eliminating not only all of those who are living today but all the future, all the tomorrows.

Sometimes I walk in a park and see the magic of a tree chang-

ing its wardrobe from winter to spring, or I listen to Mozart, read Shakespeare or see the miracle of a child's small hand so delicately and perfectly designed, and I think: how is it possible that we, with our own free will, are thinking seriously of choosing to destroy all of this miracle of life?

In his widely discussed book, The Fate of the Earth, Johathan Schell says it is important to make a clear distinction between the suffering and deaths of billions of persons, on the one hand, and the further almost ungraspable issue of the obliteration of the entire human future, on the other.

'The possibility that the living can stop the future generations from entering into life compels us to ask basic new questions about our existence, the most sweeping of which is what these unborn ones mean to us. No one has ever thought to ask this question before our time, because no generation before ours has ever held the life and death of the species in its hands . . . how are we to comprehend the life or death of the infinite number of possible people who do not yet exist at all?

"How are we, who are part of human life, to step back from life and see it whole, in order to assess the meaning of its disappearance?" Schell asks. "Death cuts off life; extinction cuts off birth. Death dispatches into the nothingness after life each person who has been born; extinction in one stroke locks up in the nothingness before life all the people who have not yet been born . . .

'The threat of the loss of birth . . . assails everything that people hold in common, for it is the ability of our species to produce new generations which assures the continuation of the world in which all our common enterprises occur and have their meaning."

In addition to reading Schell, I have followed the scientific findings of physicists, astronomers and others who warn that if either of the big powers should unleash nuclear weapons, dust from the explosions and resulting fires will pervade the entire planet earth. No one in any corner of the world, not in New Zealand or Tierra del Fuego, will escape the darkened masses of dust that will prevent the sun's rays from reaching earth, resulting in a nuclear winter that kills all plant and animal life.

In listening to Falwell preach and in reading Schell and Carl Sagan, I find they are looking at our possible extinction of all future

tomorrows from two different viewpoints. I have heard Falwell preach on a nuclear Armageddon, and I saw his face turn radiant at the thought.

I find a vast difference between the fundamentalism of my childhood and the fundamentalism of today. In my childhood, preachers often denounced movies, dancing, whisky and evolution. Brother Turner and even J. Frank Norris had only limited funds and they did not have television and there was no state of Israel— that is, no official site for an Armageddon. Most important, there was no atomic bomb. Today Falwell, Pat Robertson and other dispensationalists seemingly have unlimited financial resources. They have a battle site in Israel and a line of reasoning for a nuclear war—God wills it. And they preach, promote and actually sell Americans on the idea of building more bombs and then using them.

The preachers in my childhood, advancing their belief in the Virgin Birth of Christ and God's creation in six days of the universe, were dealing with events of the past. And thus they presented no menace to our existence. Like apocalyptic Marxists, Falwell and other fundamentalists today have embraced a cult of their scenario of our future. And since the dispensationalists say our future lies in war and annihilation, they pose a danger entirely different and more far-reaching than that of the earlier evangelicals and fundamentalists.

I have attempted to show that the Israeli-U.S. fundamentalist alliance is not a confluence of theological doctrine or spiritual beliefs. Rather it is a working partnership founded on factors that are more political and military than theological. This cannot be otherwise because the religious emphases that characterize the Jewish state are based on strains of Judaism that regard Christian proselytizing—a basic premise of fundamentalists—as a profound threat to the existence of Jews as a community.

Despite the fact that in a religious sense the Christian fundamentalists and the political leaders of Israel are worlds apart, they are currently on good terms. We need not, however, believe that they are best of friends even though each side goes out of its way to assure us that they are.

We know that because the partners in the alliance have different

long-term goals, their alliance and working arrangement must necessarily remain temporary. Nevertheless, despite being temporary, it can last long enough to cause a catastrophe of far-reaching consequences. If we do not recognize the danger they pose, the extremists will have time enough in their unsacred alliance to trigger a war that would not end until we have destroyed Planet Earth through self-fulfilling prophecy.

The United States and Russia, along with West Germany, England and France have made the Middle East the focal point in the arms race, reports the Middle East Council of Churches, which represents some 10 million Christians in the Middle East. The Council in its April-May 1984 Perspectives magazine, adds: "Fifty percent of all weapons produced in the world go to the Middle East, which now has the highest per capita expenditure for armaments in the entire world."

We have over-supplied Israel with money and weapons—making a country of about three million Jews a bigger military giant than either Germany, England or France—and more powerful than all the 21 Arab countries combined, with their 150 million people.

In addition to its vast arsenal of the latest conventional U.S. war weapons, Israel in 1986 and for perhaps two decades previously, was the only country in the Middle East to have nuclear weapons. "Since 1965, when Israel began obtaining the required materials and technology from the United States, Israel has built nuclear weapons, configured as missile warheads or as bombs to be dropped from jet aircraft," Stephen Green, author of Taking Sides, told me in an interview. He adds:

"In 1965, Israeli loyalists took over 752 pounds of uranium— almost enough to make 38 Hiroshima-sized atomic bombs—from the Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation in Apollo, Pennsylvania. Zalman Shapiro, a scientist who once headed the plant, was also a half-owner with the Israeli government of Isorad, an Israeli-based company that made nuclear equipment."

A CIA report released in 1968 confirmed Israel's nuclear capability and stated Tel Aviv was able to develop nuclear devices without publicity. The CIA report also estimated that Israel possessed between 12 and 20 nuclear bombs.

From 1980 to 1982, a California businessman illegally exported

to Israel 15 shipments of military timing devices called krytrons that can be used as triggers in nuclear weapons. News reports on May 16, 1985 said a Los Angeles federal grand jury indicted the businessman. The businessman, who mysteriously disappeared, allegedly made transfers from Milco International in California to the Tel Aviv-based Heli Trading Company.

From the beginning of its nuclear development, Israel has refused to join either the non-proliferation pact, or any of the international organizations designed to impose a modicum of safety and sanity on the international race towards genocidal weapons.

As supplier of Israel's war weapons, the United States in one way or another has become embroiled in all of Israel's wars—in 1956, 1967, 1973 and 1982.

In the 1973 Israel-Arab war, Nixon and Kissinger ordered a worldwide nuclear alert to the third stage of nuclear readiness, bringing us two steps away from Armageddon. Furthermore, in the early stages of that war, Israel threatened to use nuclear weapons, and in fact prepared to do so, in order to compel the U.S. to provide "a massive shipment of conventional weapons to Israel," reports a noted American Jew at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Professor Noam Chomsky. In The Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israel and the Palestinians, Chomsky writes:

'The threat was directed at the United States: The Israeli signals would make it clear to the decision-makers in the White House, the Pentagon and the State Department that any more delays might bring catastrophe to the Middle East ... It may also be surmised that Israeli nuclear-tipped missiles that can reach southern Russia are not really intended to deter the U.S.S.R. but rather to put U.S. planners on notice, once again, that pressures on Israel to accede to a political settlement may lead to a violent reaction . . . with a probability of global nuclear war."

Israel's "secret weapon" against the United States in particular and the West in general, writes Dr. Chomsky, is that, it may act as a "wild country, dangerous to its surroundings, not normal, quite capable of burning the oil fields or even starting a nuclear war."

Israeli use of veiled threats to unleash doomsday on the world has been recognized within Israel. Yaakov Sharett writes in the Israeli Davar (November 3, 1982) that the greatest danger facing

Israel today is the "collective version" of Samson's revenge against the Philistines—"Let me perish with the Philistines"—as he brought down the temple in ruins. And he quotes former Defense Minister Pinhas Lavon as saying, "We will go crazy" ("nishtagea") if crossed. Sharett also quotes Labor Party official David Hacohen, who after the Israeli 1967 attack on Egypt, warned, "We have nothing to lose so it is better that we go crazy; the world will know to what a level we have reached." This modern-day "Samson complex" is reinforced by the feeling that "the whole world is against us" because of its ineradicable anti-semitism, a paranoid vision that owes not a little to the belief system of Christian Zionists.

The extremists among the Israeli Jews are still not a majority, and the Christian extremists are still not a majority. However, I have attempted to show that the alliance between these right-wing, militaristic groups gives both a quantum leap in real, unsentimental power and might. Moreover, leaders in both groups are obsessed with their own belief system, their own ideology, their own certitude that they have both the right and the power to help orchestrate not only their own End of Times, but doomsday for the rest of the species.

In 1985, we Americans observed the 40th anniversary of our having dropped the first atomic bomb. For four decades now, Americans and all peoples of the world have lived under the nuclear shadow. Since Hiroshima, we have built more than enough nuclear weapons to destroy all humankind.

Yet we increasingly are urged to build more bombs and spend trillions of dollars in outer space "to keep the peace." Assuming that American nuclear weapons are peace-keepers, does it follow that the peace will be better kept if all the nations of the world become nuclear superpowers?

Somehow in all the sermons of Jerry Falwell and other TV evangelists, I miss their telling us about the Sermon on the Mount. And I miss their reminding us that Christ possessed a way that was not based on military strength. His way was not to obliterate property and people for the sake of a temporary political kingdom on earth. Rather, He came to advance and enhance life. He came with a message of peace. With peace He taught that we might have life—and have it abundantly.

Abraham, 13, 53, 83, 97, 104, 135, 142,

152 Acts, 121 Al-Aqsa Mosque, 93-94, 100, 102, 103,

104, 106, 116, 188 Allen, Richard, 76 Allenby, General, 22 American Christian Trust, 170-171, 172,

173

See also, Hromas, Bobi. American Coalition for Traditional Values

(ACTV), 180 American Forum for Jewish-Christian Cooperation, 96 American-Israel Public Affairs Committee

(AIPAC), 48, 166, 167, 180 American Near East Refugee Aid

(ANERA), 56 Americans for a Safe Israel, 166-167 Amtrak, 50 Anderson, Jack, 188 Animal sacrifice, 90-91, 100, 114 Annenberg, Walter, 171 Anti-abortion measures, 147, 155, 156 Antichrist, 16, 22, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31,

32, 26, 27, 87 Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith,

154, 159

Anti-Semitism, 55, 132, 146, 147, 152,

155, 164, 200 Apocalypse, The, 23 Arab-Israeli war, 39

Arabs, 29, 55, 58, 64, 67, 73, 75, 81, 87, 92, 97, 107, 109, 110, 123, 125, 126, 127, 132, 141, 142, 149, 151, 168 massacre of, 97 Arens, Moshe, 60, 62, 74 Arkin, William M., 50 Armageddon, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11-17, 21-

25, 27-36, 39-50, 61, 86, 87, 155,

174, 177, 195, 197, 199 Armageddon Now! (Wilson), 7 Assemblies of God, 82, 118, 173 Ateret Cohanim Yeshiva, 100 Atheists, 58

Augustine, St., 30, 134 Auschwitz, 96 Aviner, Shlomo Chaim Hacochen, 103

Baal, priests of, 57 Babylonians, 94, 168 Baghdad, 75

Bakker, Jim, 12, 14, 42, 47, 180, 191 Balfour, Arthur, 139 Baptist Bible College, 63 Baptists, 44, 62, 63 Barak, 22

"Beast," 24, 31, 32 Beatitudes, Mount of the, 59 Beeri, Dan, 116

Begin, Menachem, 65, 73, 74, 75, 83, 84, 107, 118, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124,

133, 150, 181, 191, 192, 194 Beirut, 77

Ben-Ami, David, 96

Ben-Gurion, David, 84, 97, 131

Betar, 75

Bethel Temple, 185

Bethlehem, 56, 59, 62, 63, 64

Bethlehem University, 64

Beth Togarma (Armenia), 16

Bible, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 23, 24, 28, 36, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 47, 48, 51, 53, 62, 66, 72, 75, 82, 83, 87, 91, 97,

134, 135, 139, 174, 191, 193, 195 Bible Institute of Los Angeles, 15 Blacks, 3, 83, 146, 147

INDEX

Bloc of the Faithful Jewish (Gush Emuuim), 106, 107, 108, 109, 111, 112, 142

Blood Brothers (Chacour), 67

Boone, Pat, 42, 46, 48, 188

Bowman, Glen, 126-127

Brad, 81-87, 169

Braun, Shony, 96

Bredesen, Harald, 42-43, 46-47

British School of Archaeology (Jerusalem), 92-93

Brookes, James H., 7

Brother Turner, 1, 2, 4, 197

Brown, Bobby, 4, 84, 106-107

Bruzonsky, Mark, 140-141

Buddhists, 15, 57

Bush, George, 13, 187

Caesarea Philippi, 61

Camp David, 33, 107

Campus Crusade for Christ, 29

Canaanites, 21, 22, 92

Canfield, Joseph M., 7

Caradon, Lord, 150-152

Carmel, Mount, 57

Catholics, 134, 136, 146, 147, 153

Center of Judeo-Christian Studies, 101

Central America, 17

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 198

Chacour, Father Elias, 67

Charismatics, 82, 118, 119, 120

China, 34

Chinese, 53, 146

Chomsky, Noam, 199

Christ, 2, 8, 9, 13, 14, 25, 26, 27, 30, 31, 32, 34, 36-38, 41, 43, 49, 50, 53, 55-58, 61, 64, 65, 75, 81, 82, 86, 88,94, 101, 104, 105, 115, 121, 133, 146, 155, 169, 200

Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN), 11, 12, 41, 189

Christian Life, 42

Christianity, 1, 4, 7, 39, 58, 66, 72, 127 See also Christians, born again; Fundamentalists.

Christian Pilgrimage Commission, 125

Christian Voice, The, 180-181 Moral Government Fund of, 180

Christians, born again, 2, 7, 8, 9, 15, 41, 60, 66-67, 82, 86, 96, 114, 138, 191

Christians for Reagan, 180

Christians, in Middle East, 53-59, 62, 64-65, 66, 67, 149 See also Palestinians.

Christians United for American Security, 179-180

Christian Zionist Congress, 131

Christie Institute, 40

Church of the Brethren, 152

Church of the Nativity, 59

Church of the Nazarene, 56

City of God, The (Saint Augustine), 30

Chosen People. See Jews.

Church of England, 6

Church of the Annunciation, 57

City of Faith Hospital, 12

Civil rights, 72

Clifford, Clark, 50

Clvde, 21-27, 28, 36-39, 40

Cohen, Geula, 111

'Common Denominator Diplomacy," 149

Communism, 16, 43, 48, 72

Communists, 32, 44, 45, 60

Congress, aid to Israel voted by, 162-164

Conservation, 49

Cooper, Lord Anthony Ashley, 135, 136

Copeland, Kenneth, 13-14

Cossacks, 33

Cribb, C. C, 28

Criswell, Rev. W. A., 14, 167, 181

Cromwell, Oliver, 135

Crowley, Dale, Jr., 15

Crowley, Dale, Sr., 15

Cuomo, Joe, 41, 43

Dallas Theological Seminary, 15

Damascus, 22

Daniel, 36, 85, 195

Darbv, John Nelson, 6-7

David, King, 33, 53, 97, 105, 193

Day of Discovery, 14

Dayan, Moshe, 73, 126

Deborah, 22

Defense Department, 50

De Haan, M. R., 14

203

De Haan, Richard, 14

DeLoach, James, 9, 98-100, 101, 113, 114,

115 Democratic party, 158, 163 Demonic spirits, 24 Deuteronomy, 195 DeYoung, jimmy, 113 Dine, Thomas, 48, 167 Diplomat Hotel, 60 Disarmament, 1", 49, 75 Disciples of Christ, 41 Dispensation, 6, 7, 8, 17 Dispensationalism, 6, 14, 15, 86, 91 Dispensationalists, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 40,

42, 44. 46. 4", 48, 94, 99, 101, 127,

152, 167, T4-175, 178, 180, 195, 197 Dixon, Brother Greg, 62 "Dr. Jem Falwell Teaches Bible Prophecy,"

32-33 Dolphin, Lambert, 101-102 Dome of the Rock, 9, 90, 93, 100, 102,

104, 105, 106, 107, 111, 116. 142 Dome of the Tablets, 105 Drew University, Theological School, 56 Duke University Divinity School, 56

Earth (planet), 5, 6, 8, 10, 14, 15, 17, 38

Economic collapse, 41

Ecumenical Center (Tantur), 56

Egypt, 22, 33, 83, 118, 133, 141, 200

Egyptians, 53, 149

E1A1, 59, 117, 119, 121, 123

Eliazer, Ben, 108

Elijah, 57

Eliot, George, 139

Ellingwood, Herbert, 9, 43, 171, 173

Elon Moreh, 73

En Agape, 170

End of Time, 4, 37, 40, 42, 44, 8". 91.

173, 200 England, 198

See also Palestine. Episcopalians. 14" Esdraelon, Yallev of, (Jezreel), 21, 22, 28,

31, 34, 57 ' Ethiopia, 33, 44-45

See also Rush.

Etzion, Yehuda, 110. Ill Euphrates (River), 23, 24. 31, 83, 141 Europe (Western), 17, 29

See also England; France; Germany. European Economic Community (Common

Market). 24 Evangelical Home (Ramallah), 56 Evangelical Ministries, 28 Evangelists, TV, 6. 11, 12, 14, 16. 28, 87,

88, 147, 170, 192, 195, 200 Evans, Mike, 185, 186, 18"-194 "Evil empire," 48-49 Ezekiel, 5, 16, 20, 25, 27, 32, 33, 35, 44.

45, 49, 85, 86, 91

Falwell, Jerry, 6, 17, 28, 39, 40. 41, 4". 51

60, 71, 4", 171, 180, 192. 195. 196.

197, 200 and American politics, 163, 164, 165,

166, 16", 191 and Israel, 30-35, 58, 61-6". "2-"".

118-119. 12", 141, 149, 155, 181 on television, 12-13, 21, 81, 188 Falwell tours, 8, 9, 21, 36, 54. 5". 59, 88,

96, 117, 120-122, 161. 162. 168 Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israel,

and the Palestinians, The (Chomsk\ .

199 Fate of the Earth, The (Schell), 196 Fate of the Jews, The (Feurlicht), 160 Felgenhauever, Paul, 135 Feuerlicht, Roberta Strauss, 160 Fieldhouse, Richard W., 50 Findley, Paul, 162, 165 First Baptist Church (Dallas), 14 First Bible Baptist Church of Bethlehem.

63,64 First Christian Church (Illinois), 42 Fischbein, Charles, 170-1 "2. 174 France, 83, 121, 198 Franz, Gordon, 104-105 Freij, Elias, 64 Friedman, Robert I., 107, 108, 109, 111.

112, 113 Fundamentalism, Christian, 6. 94, 12 . 197 Fundamentalists, 8. 9, 10. 20. 40, 53, 66,

6". 81, 114, 118, 141. 145. 14". 148,

INDEX

149, 152, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159, 167, 170, 173, 178, 180, 197

Galilee, 67

Sea of, 59 Gaza, 52, 124, 127, 128, 149, 153 Genesis, Book of, 82-83, 142 Geneva Accords, 151 Gentiles, 15, 32/46, 75, 84, 132, 146, 169,

171 George, Lloyd, 139 "Geophysical Methods for Archaeological

Surveys in Israel" (Dolphin), 101 Germany, 76, 83, 116, 121, 133, 151, 198 Geyer, Georgie Anne, 67 Ghost ofHagar, The (Otis), 46 Giacumakis, George, 97-98, 132 God's will, 49, 61 Godwin, Ronald, 118 Gog, 5, 16, 29, 44, 45, 46, 50, 85, 86 Golan Heights, 121, 149 Goldberg, Arthur, 151 Goldfoot, Stanley, 96-97, 98, 99, 102 Gomer. See Yemen. Goodman, William, 71-77 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 10 Goren, Shlomo, 103, 104 Graham, Billy, 28, 42, 43, 167, 192 Green, Andy, 142 Green, Stephan, 198 Grier, Rosy, 186 Grizzard, Lewis, 81 Gush Emunim. See Bloc of the Faithful

Jewish.

Haddad, Major, 76

Halacha (religious law), 102, 103

Halsell, Harry H., 10

Halsell, Ruth, 185, 188

Hanson, Walt, 43

Harel, Isser, 191

Heaven, 25, 37, 38, 39

Hebrews. See Jews.

Hecht, Reuben, 191

Heineman, Benzion, 109

Hell, 23, 25, 37, 39

Hellman, Richard, 132

Hellman, Yehuda, 76

Helms, Jesse, 165-166

Heritage International Bank, 170-171

Herzl, Theodor, 131, 132, 133, 134, 140

Herzog, Chaim, 116

High Adventure (Otis), 43

Hindus, 146

Hiroshima, 50, 200

Hitler, Adolph, 195

Hobson, John, 114

Hoeven, Jan Willem van der, 98, 132, 133

Holocaust (Nazi), 83, 115-116, 132, 151,

178 Holy Land, 4, 8, 21, 28, 54, 56-59, 62, 81

82, 85, 97, 120, 121, 124-125, 127 Holy of Holies, 104, 192 Holy war, 94, 95, 106 Hromas, Bobi, 10, 170-174, 176

prayer sessions of, 171-172, 173-174 Humbard, Rex, 14 Husseini, Adnan, 103

If Love Were Oil, I'd Be About a Quart Low

(Grizzard), 81 Incredible Scofield and His Book, The (Can-field), 7 Indians (American), 53, 114, 146, 147, 176 Indonesians, 118 Institute for Holy Land Studies, 97, 104,

132 International Christian Embassy, 98, 119,

120, 131, 132, 171, 172 Iran, 24, 33

See also Persia. Iraq, 76, 141 Isaac, 135 Isaiah, 31, 61, 104 Ishmael, 97 Isorad, 198

Israel, borders of, 150-151 cult of, 43, 44, 66, 122, 159, 160 economy of, 77, 117 government of, 59, 102, 105, 106, 109,

112, 125 military in, 59, 60, 61, 62, 66, 75-77,

205

103, 107, 109, 121, 152, 159, 160, 169, 181, 197-198 tourism in, 117-128, 133, 160 U.S. aid to, 161-163, 165, 189 wars of, (1948) 168; (1956) 199; (1967) 52, 72, 148, 149, 151, 152, 168, 176, 199, 200; (1973) 168, 199; (1982) 168, 199 Israeli Ministry of Tourism, 124, 125, 126 Israelites, 22

Johnson, Lyndon B., 3, 147, 150

John the Divine, 23, 24, 29, 31, 32, 94. 104

Jones, Larry, 5, 40

Jones, Tracey E., Jr., 148

Jordan, 52, 149, 194

Jordan River, 52, 57, 75

baptism in, 123 Joshua, 22, 53, 66 Judaism, 39, 84, 146, 160, 197 Judges, 22

Jabotinsky, Vladimar Zeev, 74

Jacob, 97, 135

Japan, 82, 88

Japanese, 53, 76, 146

Jebusites, floor of, 105

Jennings, James E. 105-106

Jerry Falweli, An Unauthorized Profile (Price, Goodman), 72

Jerusalem, 8, 9, 11, 26, 27, 30, 31, 33, 38, 46, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 59, 60-65, 86-88, 89 (map), 92, 94, 96, 102, 104, 106, 118-120, 125, 133, 134, 140, 150, 185, 188, 190, 191, 193, 194

"Jerusalem, D.C." (Evans), 188, 189, 192, 193

Jerusalem Temple Foundation, 9, 96-97, 99, 101, 102

Jesus. See Christ.

Jewish Defense League (JDL), 112, 113

Jewish Haganah militia, 75

Jewish National Fund, 169, 171

Jewish Press, 9

Jewish Regional Council, 108

Jews, 15, 30, 31, 33, 38, 39, 40, 60, 81, 87, 96, 99, 101, 118, 131-138, 141, 165, 169, 178, 179, 185, 187, 192 American, 74, 146, 147, 153-161 as Chosen People, 3, 4, 82, 84, 114 Israeli, 9, 10, 13, 26, 28, 46, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 64, 67, 73, 74, 75, 115, 145, 161, 168, 176-177 militants, 103, 119 Orthodox, 152, 159 See also Israel; Zionists.

Jezreel. See Esdraelon, Valley of.

Jihad. See Holy war.

Joel, 31

Kach movement, 110, 113, 142 Kahane, Meir, 110, 112, 113

See also Kach movement. Karp, Yehudit, 109 Katz, Marcus, 9, 111 Kaufman, Asher S., 105 Kellum, Allan, 166-167 Kemp, Jack, 179 Khalif, Karim, 108 Khoury, Nairn, 63 King David Hotel, 97, 98 Kissinger, Henry, 199 Kook, Avrahm Yitzhak Hacohen, 102 Krieger, Douglas, 99, 100, 113, 152, 178,

180 Kristol, Irving, 155-158 Krytons, 199 Kuttab, Jonathan, 65-67

Labor party, 110, 121, 200

Lamm, Rabbi Maurice, 111

Land fraud (Israel), 175

Landry, Tom, 9, 170

Lang, Andrew, 5, 40

Last Supper, 61

Late Great Planet Earth, The (Lindsey), 4-

5, 15, 28, 29,43, 47, 95 Lebanon, 11, 16, 52, 60, 61, 76, 77, 85,

165, 178, 180, 192 Le Haye, Tim, 180 Levant, 137

Levinger, Rabbi Moshe, 107, 142 Lewis, Rev. David, 118 Liberalism, 155, 158

INDEX

Liberty Baptist College. See Liberty

University. Liberty Broadcasting Network, 13 Liberty Federation, 13

See also Moral Majority. Liberty University, 72 Libya, 5, 16, 33,'44

See also Put. Likud, 73, 76, 121, 175, 191 Lindsey, Hal, 4, 5, 6, 10, 15, 17, 28-30,

36, 39, 41, 47, 95, 188 Littell, Franklin H., 178, 179 Livni, Menachem, 107-108, 109 Loewenstein, Brother Joseph, 64-65 Los Angeles Times, 12, 33 Lucifer, 24

Luckhoff, Johann, 132 Luke, 56 Lynch, John, 71 Lynchburg College, 72 Lynchburg (Virginia), 63, 71, 72

McAteer, Ed, 181 McFarlane, Robert, 191 Magog, 5, 16, 29, 44, 46, 50, 85

See also Soviet Union. Maimonides, 102 Manila (Philippines), 13 Maria, Frank, 148-150 Marvin, 162, 168 Marxists, 197 Mary, 3, 57 Masada, 160 Matthew, 35 Mattus, Reuben, 9, 112 Meese, Edwin, 9, 171 Megiddo, 16, 21, 22, 24, 25, 29, 31 Meida, Yisrael, 97 Meir, Golda, 56, 58, 83, 84 Mennonites, 152 Menuhin, Moshe, 140, 145 Merit Protection Board, 173 Meshech (Moscow), 32, 85

See also Soviet Union. Messiah, 17, 29, 38, 39, 43, 45, 61, 62,

107, 134, 155 Mexicans, 3, 147

Middle East, 4, 28, 29, 30, 33, 34, 47, 53,

58, 148, 150, 151, 153, 164, 179, 187,

198 Middle East Council of Churches, 198 Millenarianism, 134 Mills, James, 5, 44, 45, 48-50 Mission to America, 101 Mohammed, 93 Mona, 51-54

Monroe, Charles E., 101, 113 Moody Bible Institute, 15 Moomaw, Donn, 42, 167 Moral Majority, 13, 51, 59, 62, 74, 76,

118, 119, 155, 156 Moriah, Mt., 95 Moses, 53, 90

"Muscular Christianity," 114, 115, 154 Muslim Noble Sanctuary (Haram al-Sharif),

90-91, 97, 98, 102, 105, 106, 115 Muslims, 8, 15, 40, 54, 55, 57, 58, 64, 90,

91, 93-94, 96, 99, 102, 103, 106, 114,

118, 132, 146, 149, 185 Muslim shrines, 90, 91-95, 106, 110, 113,

114, 116, 118 See also Al-Aqsa Mosque; Muslim Noble

Sanctuary. Muslim Supreme Council, 92, 101, 103

Nablus, 73, 151

Napoleon, 28

Nathanson, Natan, 108

National Association of Evangelicals, 48

National Christian Congress, 179

National Christian Leadership Conference

for Israel (NCLCI), 178-179 National Christian Network, 13 National Conference of Bishops (U.S.), 147,

153, 179 National Council of Churches of Christ,

124, 147, 148, 149, 152, 153, 154, 179 National Education Association, 158 National Press Club, 50 National Religious Broadcasters, 14, 15, 48 National Security Council, 47 Natural disasters, 41 Navajo, 3 Nazareth, 56, 57, 59, 62

207

Nazis, 26, 83, 97, 115, 116, 132 Neoconservative politics, 158, 163, 165, 167 Netanyahu, Benjamin, 138-139 Netanyahu, Benzoin, 191 New Christian Right, 8, 41, 67, 76, 152,

158, 159, 161, 162, 163, 165, 167,

168, 180 and Israeli Right, 158, 159, 162, 164 New Conservatives, The (Howe, Rosenberg),

159 New York Theological Seminary, 11 New York Times, 11, 12, 47, 76

and CBS poll, 10 Newsweek, 12 Nielsen survey, 11, 12 Nile River, 83, 141 Nixon, Richard, 76, 199 Non-proliferation pact, 199 Norris, J. Frank, 197

Nuclear Battlefields (Arkin, Fieldhouse), 50 Nuclear holocaust (war), 4, 10, 11, 14, 15,

17, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 33, 34, 39, 40,

41, 45, 47, 48, 61, 94, 100, 113, 177,

195, 197, 199 "Nuclear War and the Second Coming of

Jesus Christ" (Falwell), 35 Nuclear weapons, development of, 50, 147,

155, 159, 197, 198, 199, 200 facilities for, 50

Oil, 33

Old Testament, 54, 61, 91, 97, 105, 134,

135, 168 Old Time Gospel Hour, 12, 21, 32, 33

See also Falwell, Jerry. Orientals, 23, 29, 83, 145 Orwell, George, 141 Otis, George, 42-43, 45, 46 Ottoman Empire, 136 Owen, 8-9, 88, 90-92, 95

Palestine, 4, 54, 53, 54, 55, 65, 73, 75, 83, 84, 86, 96, 97, 124, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 140, 141, 142, 176, 177 British in, 97, 135-137, 162, 194 creation of state of, 153

partition of, 176, 185 Palestinian-Israeli conflict, 58, 152. 153,

168-169 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 85,

148, 158 Palestinians, 51-58, 62, 64, 65, 67, 75, 85.

90, 107, 109, 114, 124, 125, 126, 127,

136, 145, 146, 148, 149, 153, 165,

168, 169, 173, 175, 176, 194 Christian, situation of, 127-128 Palmerton, Lord, 136 Parker, Margaret, 185, 188 Peace, 15, 16, 26, 33 Peace Corps, 149 Pentagon, 9, 47, 73 Pentecostal. See Assemblies of God. Pentecostal Holiness Church, 12, 14 People-to-People, 149 Percy. Charles, 164-165 Peres, Shimon, 121, 191 Perlmutter, Nathan, 154-155 Persia, 16, 33

See also Iran. Persians, 53 Peter, 30, 61, 121 Petra, 31 Phalangists, 76

Philadelphia College of the Bible, 15 Phillips, Howard, 76 Pilgrims, 84 Poland, 83 Porat, Hanan, 142 Praise the Lord (PTL), 12, 47 Prayer Breakfast for Israel, 29, 181 Prayer in school, 147, 155, 156 Presbyterians, 147, 148, 152 Price, James, 71-77 Pro-Israel lobby, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167,

180 Prophecv, 7, 29, 32, 33, 36, 42, 43, 46, 47,

49,61,66,85, 114, 134, 139, 179, 198 Prophets, 36, 46, 48, 160 Protestants, 137, 147, 148, 153

early, 134-135, 137 Put, 16

See also Libya.

Quakers, 152

INDEX

Rabbinical Council, 1 59

Rabbis, militant, 103

Racism, 54, 141, 146, 153

Rapture, 8, 15, 34, 36, 37, 38, 46, 87

Reagan Inside Out (Slosser), 41, 43

Reagan, Nelle, 41

Reagan, Ronald, 5, 6, 10, 16, 40-50, 76, 166, 167, 171, 173, 187, 191 presidential policies, 49

Real Anti-Semitism in America, The (Perl-mutter), 155

Redemption, 169-170, 174, 177

Reformation, The, 134

Refraim, Valley of, 138

Refugee camp, 55 Sabra, 77 Shatilla, 77

Reisenhoover, Terry, 9, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 113, 114

Religious Right. See New Christian Right.

Religious Round Table, 181

Renaissance, The, 134

Republican party, 167, 187

National Convention of, 16, 186

Resolution 242, 150-152

Resolution 338, 152

Revelation, Book of, 23, 24, 25, 29, 30, 31, 35, 37, 44, 49, 190, 195

Revisionist movement, 75

Revivalist, 1

Roberts, Oral, 12

Robertson, Pat, 6, 11-12, 14, 16, 17, 41, 67, 88, 127, 147, 171, 180, 188, 197

Robertson, Willis, 11

Robison, James, 15, 167

Romans, 94

"Ronald Reagan and the Prophecy of Armageddon" (WBAI radio), 41

Rose, William, 42

Rosh (Russia), 32, 33 See also Soviet Union.

Rush (Ethiopia), 16, 33

Russia. See Soviet Union.

Russians, 10, 17, 29

Safirc, William, 47 Sagan, Carl, 196

St. George's Anglican Cathedral, 65 "Samson complex," 200 San Diego Magazine, 5, 44, 48 Satan, 31, 61, 188 See also Lucifer. Saudi Arabia, 141, 179-180

AW ACS to, 179 Sceer, Robert, 33-35, 47 Schell, Jonathan, 196 Schwartz, Yehuda, 9, 111 Scofield, Cyrus Ingerson, 6, 7-8, 14, 15,

85-86' Scofield Reference Bible (SRB), 7, 85-86,

88 Second coming of Christ, 12, 29, 32, 41,

42, 43, 45, 48, 50, 135, 136, 173 Selassie, Haile, 44, 45 Sermon on the Mount, 6, 122, 200 700 Club, 11 Shahak, Israel, 161 Shaka, Bassam, 108, 109 Shakespeare, Frank, 76 Shakra, Sheikh Muhammad, 103 Shamir, Yitzhak, 74, 84, 109, 175, 190,

193 Shamron, Gideon, 170 Sharir, Avraham, 120 Sharett, Yaakov, 199-200 Sharon, Ariel, 65, 74, 96, 190 Shin Bet, 109 Simon, Paul, 165 Sinai, 83, 149 Sisera, 22

Slosser, Bob, 41, 43 Smith, Rev. Bailey, 121-122, 123 Smith, Rev. Chuck, 102, 121, 122-123 Sobel, Yehoehus, 115-116 Social chaos, 41

Social Democratic Labor coalition, 73 "Solidarity Sabbath," 180 Solomon, King, 22, 53, 193 South Africa, 13, 33, 97, 98, 154 Southern Baptist Convention (SBC), 14, 15,

181 Southern Methodist University, 10 Southwestern University, 10 Soviet Union, 16, 20, 32, 33, 34, 35, 44,

209

45, 47, 48, 49, 55, 60, 85, 86, 195,

198, 199 relations with the U.S., 11 See also Cossacks, Magog, Rosh,

Russians. Stanford Research Institute (SRI), 101 Stern, Isaac, 140 Stern gang, 97 Stern, Sol, 165 Stone, I. F., 140

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, 75 Sudan, 141

Sutton, Hilton, 9, 101, 113, 121 Swaggart, Jimmy, 6, 12, 14, 16, 17, 40,

147, 171, 180, 181, 191 Syria, 52, 60, 141, 149

Tanenbaum, Rabbi Marc R., 147-148, 149

TAV Evangelical Ministries, 180

Tawil, Ibrahim, 108

Tehiya party, 97, 107, 110

Tekoa, 107

Tel Aviv, 21, 51, 81, 117, 119, 133, 188,

194 Temple Mount, 97, 99, 100 Terrorists, 9, 55, 60, 95, 96, 97, 100, 107,

109, 110, 111, IB, 115, 116, 124, 142 See also Bloc of the Faithful Jewish. Texas, 1-3, 10 There's a New World Coming (Lindsey), 4,

29 Thessalonians, First, 36

Second, 25 They Dare to Speak Out (Findley), 162 They Tore Out My Heart and Stomped That

Sucker Flat (Grizzard), 81 Thomas, Cal, 62, 76 Thomas Road Baptist Church, 72 Time, 12

Tour guides, Israeli, 125-126 Trade unions, 157-158 Tribulation, 26, 31, 35, 41, 46, 87 Truman, Harry S., 167 Tubal (Tubolsk), 32, 85 Turkey, 141 Turks,' 22, 194 Tutu, Bishop Desmond, 13

Union of American Hebrew Congregations,

158 United Methodists, 147, 148, 152 United Nations, 16, 67, 141, 150, 151,

176-177, 185, 194 Special Committee on Palestine, 176 United States, 16, 52, 57, 60, 62, 63, 65,

73, 74, 83, 98, 99, 113, 120, 133, 137,

141, 146, 151, 161, 166, 179, 190,

191, 194, 198, 199 military buildup of, 49, 50

Vessey, General John, 9 Via Maris, 22 Vietnam, 3, 72, 73 Viguerie, Richard, 76, 164 Virginia Beach, 11 "Voice of Hope," 127

Waldman, Rabbi Eliazer, 107, 109-110

Walvoord, John, 15, 17, 180

Walz, Rev. L. Humphrey, 148

Washington Post, 12, 50

Watt, James, 8, 49, 76, 171

Wead, Doug, 47

Weiss, Rabbi Avi, 111

Wells, H. G., 176

Welty, Gordon, 113-115

West Bank, 4, 51, 67, 73, 96, 106, 108,

109, 110, 112, 124, 127, 128, 133,

149, 153, 170, 171, 175 Western (Wailing) Wall, 90, 92, 108 Weyrich, Paul, 76 Wicker, Tom, 11

Wilkerson, John M., 186-187, 188 Wilson, Dwight, 7 Wilson, Woodrow, 139 Winrod, Gerald, 146 World Council of Churches, 148, 153 World Jewish Congress, 177 World War II, 76, 82, 88

See also Holocaust. World Zionist Organization, 75, 158 Wyrtzen, Jack, 63

INDEX

Yale University Law School, 11 Yankelovich poll, 10 Yemen, 16, 33, 83 Yosef, Tzuria, 116 Young, William, 136

Zechariah, 25, 26, 31, 37 Zion, 4, 6, 9, 13, 84, 87, 114, 134 Zionism, 131-134, 137-142, 158 160, 162, 175

as mysticism, 142

Zionist Organization of America, 171, 180, 192

Zionists, 6, 64, 65, 72, 74, 97, 99, 102, 104, 106, 112, 114, 131, 136, 137, 140, 141, 142, 145, 148, 153, 154, 155, 158, 162, 164, 166, 172, 175, 178, 189 Christian, 66, 67, 131, 132, 133, 134, 137, 139, 141, 142, 171, 180, 200

>r^

GRACl HALSE1 I

To research Prophecy and fblitia Halsell went on Hoi) Land tours sp< by Jerry Falwell and she attended th< I Christian Zionist Congress held Switzerland auditorium whei Her Theodore Herzl had called the fii

Zionist Congress. Th< opment, beginning in alliance between the si evangelists. Grace Halsell the Korean & Vietnai was a White House- sp dent Lyndon |ohnson hooks, amo, Sisters and J

Texas, she h