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Académie des Sciences 36, 50, 60, 120
Adams, John 147
Admiralty 45, 77, 82, 93, 114, 124–5, 133, 137, 184, 185, 188, 192, 197, 217
Admiralty Chart 188
Adventure (ship) 122, 128, 131, 134–5, 210
Africa
charting 202–7, 203, 204–5, 206
Airy, George 175–7
Aleutian Islands 137
Alexander (ship) 197
Alimari, Dorotheo 70, 70
American Philosophical Society 155
Analytical Engine 175–7
Andrews, Henry 113
Anne (Queen) 56, 73
Anson, George 82, 96, 128–9, 137, 216
Apian, Peter
Cosmographica (1524) 51
Introductio Geographica (1533) 51, 52
Apollodoro, Francesco, Galileo Galilei (c.1602–07) 48
Arbuthnot, John 76
Arctic 199, 202
Arnold, John 166, 171–2, 175
John Arnold and family (Davy, c.1783) 164
marine timekeepers by 116, 119, 121–2, 133, 150, 154, 155, 166, 167, 212
no. 23(c.1784) 167
no. 294 (c.1807) 216
Arnold, John Roger 171
no. 36 (1778) 165, 166
artificial horizon 94, 95, 216
Association (ship) 29
Astrolabe (ship) 151
Atlantic Ocean 19
Australia 19, 211, 217
charts 24, 25
coastal survey 150, 214
colonisation 145
shipwreck 30
Austrian Succession, war of the 82
Babbage, Charles 175–7, 176
Specimen of Logarithmic Tables (1831) 177
see also Difference Engine,
Analytical Engine
Backhuysen, Ludolf 16–17
backstaff 22, 23, 31, 93, 94, 95
Baffin, William 53
Baffin Bay 197
Baily, Francis 175
balance spring, helical 166
Banks, Joseph 129, 145, 150, 166, 171–2, 178, 197
Barbados 66, 99–101, 100–1, 102, 122, 144
Barracouta (brig) 202
Barrow, John 192, 197–8
Batavia (ship) 30
Bayly, William 131, 133
Beagle (ship) 206–7, 208–9, 208–17, 210–11
beam compass 173
Beaufort, Francis 214, 220
Bedlam 74–5, 76
Berthoud, Ferdinand 119–20, 151, 154, 164
horloge marine no.8 (1767) 117
Besson, Jacques 99
Best, William Philip 96
Bidstrup, Jesper 173–5
Billingsley, Case 70
bimetallic strip 88
Bird, John 116, 173
marine sextant (c.1758) 96, 97
transit instrument 110, 112
Bishop, Robert, lunar-distance form (1768) 123
Blackheath 42, 73
Bligh, William 145–7, 146–7, 150, 181
Board of Longitude 124, 126, 147, 157–8, 177–8, 192, 199
and the Bounty 145
and the construction of affordable timekeepers 108-9, 117, 119–22
and Cook’s voyages 133
disbanded 185, 197
and Henry Constantine Jennings 184
and John Arnold 166, 171
and John Bird 173
and Jupiter’s satellites 181
and longitude measurement, training in 124–5, 150
and magnetic variation 181–4
miscellaneous schemes presented to 185
and the Nautical Almanac 110, 112, 113
and Ramsden’s dividing engine 173
reworked (1818) 197
and Thomas Earnshaw 171–2
and Thomas Mudge 164–6
and timekeepers 108–9, 117, 119–22
see also Commissioners of Longitude
Bombay (Mumbai) 193
Bond, Henry 45, 53
Botany Bay 151
Bougainville, Louis-Antoine, Comte de 150–1
Bounty (ship) 145–7, 146–7
Bourne, William 12
Boussole (ship) 151
Bradley, James 93, 96, 98
Bradley, John 185
Brazil 129
breadfruit 145, 145, 150
Brest 188
Bridgetown, Barbados 100, 101
Brisbane, Thomas 156
Britain 31, 50, 65
chartered companies 16
Industrial Revolution 158, 162
manufacturing expertise 186
see also England
British Mariner’s Guide 108, 113, 129
Brocklesby Park 77
Brouncker, William 45
Bruce, Alexander, Earl of Kincardine 58, 60
Bruhl, Count 120
Brunel, Marc Isambard 174, 175
Buchan, David 197
Burden, Monsieur 32
Burke, Edmund 122
Busy Body 99
Campbell, John 96
Camus, Charles-Étienne 119, 120
Cape Blanco 28
Cape Colony 202
Cape of Good Hope 19, 25, 99, 133, 150, 193
Cape Guardafui 202
Cape Horn 30, 82, 83, 96, 131, 210–11, 216
Cape Newenham 140
Cape Noir 82
Cape Spartel 31
Caribbean 25, 28
Carlyle, Thomas 158
Carteret, Philip 147
Cassini, Giovanni 50
Cathcart, Charles 186
celatone 45–50
Centurion (ship) 77, 80–1, 82, 82, 83, 96, 128
Cervantes, Miguel de 36
Chandos, Duke of 73
Charles II 31, 53
Charlton Island 28
chart 14–15, 18–19, 19, 21–2, 24, 25, 28, 45, 46–7, 83, 128, 129, 131, 136–7, 142, 149, 151, 154, 204–5, 208–9, 214, 216–7, 218–9, 221
unreliable 25, 31, 137
charting 21, 137–44, 202–7
Chatham (yacht) 93, 150
Chavasse, William 179, 181
China 150, 181, 186–7
chinaware 17
Christian, Fletcher 145–7
chronometer 73, 156–7, 162–72, 186–7, 189, 192, 193, 197–8, 206–7, 214, 216, 221
see also specific makers
Cinque Ports (ship) 30
Clairaut, Alexis 96
Clark, William 155
Clement, Joseph 175
clock 39, 57–63, 58–62, 66, 70–3, 172
bimetallic strip 88
caged roller-bearing 86, 88
effects of motion at sea on 77
friction 77, 88
grasshopper escapement 77, 78, 88
gridiron pendulum 77, 88
Harrison’s 76, 77–89, 78, 82, 85, 87, 92
isochronism 77
pendulum 57–8, 63, 76, 77
remontoire 85–7, 88
temperature compensation 77, 88, 166
Thacker’s 72, 73–6
see also specific makers
coal 158
coffee-houses 69, 71, 73
Collins, Greenvile, Great Britain’s Coasting Pilot (1693) 24, 25
Colson Nathaniel, New Seaman’s Kalendar 31
Columbus, Christopher 28
Commission for the Discovery of Mr Harrison’s Watch 116
Commissioners of Longitude 39, 42, 45, 53, 65–6, 69–73, 77, 125, 178
and the 1765 Longitude Act 104
and the construction of affordable timekeepers 116–17, 119, 122
and Irwin’s marine chair 99, 104, 108, 114
and the Harrisons 82, 88, 92, 101–3, 114, 122
making longitude techniques available 104, 108, 114
and Nevil Maskelyne 101–2
and timekeepers 116–17, 119, 122
and Tobias Mayer 96, 99
see also Board of Longitude
Compagnie Française pour le Commerce des Indes Orientales (French East India Company) 17
compass (beam) 173
compass (magnetic) 22, 22, 94
amplitude compass (1780) 43, 45
azimuth compass (c.1793) 181–4, 182, 198
insulating compass (c.1818) 184, 184
compensation balance 166
Connaissance des Temps 98, 99, 108, 151, 154
Cook, James 119, 122, 128–33, 137–44, 147, 188, 197
Captain James Cook (Dance, 1775–76) 128
‘Chart of the Island of Otaheite [Tahiti]’ (1769) 129
Chart of New Zealand (1772) 142
Copley Medal 88
death 144, 145
first voyage 128–31
journal on Resolution 131
second voyage 122, 126, 128, 130, 131–3, 132–3, 137, 140–1, 142, 145, 166
third voyage 128, 128, 137–44, 138, 143, 145, 150
Couch, John 185, 185
Council of the Indies 25
Croaker, Henry 185
Croker, John Wilson 197
Crosley, John 150, 171
cross-staff 22, 51, 53, 93
Cruickshank, George, ‘Landing the Treasures ...’ 198–9, 199
currents 30, 31
Daily Courant (newspaper) 73
D’Alembert, Jean 96
Dalrymple, Alexander 154, 166
Dampier, William 25, 30, 82, 129
Dance, Nathaniel
Captain James Cook (1775–76) 128
Thomas Mudge (c.1772) 162
Dandridge, Bartholomew, John Hadley (early 1730s) 92
Darwin, Charles 210
Davy, Robert, John Arnold and family (c.1783) 164
dead reckoning 22, 25, 28, 31, 45, 82, 98, 131, 131, 147, 156, 157, 178, 192
Defoe, Daniel 69, 162
Robinson Crusoe (1719) 30
Demainbray, Stephen 121
Deptford (ship) 92
depth sounding 24, 25, 178
Desaguliers, John 73
Descubierta (ship) 154
D’Evreux de Fleurieu, Charles-Pierre 120
Dickens, Charles, Dombey and Sons (1848) 175
Difference Engine 175–7, 176
dip circle 138, 202, 202
Discovery (ship of Cook’s expeditions) 128, 140–1
Discovery (ship of Vancouver’s expeditions) 150
disease 202, 207
Ditton, Humphry 39–42, 45, 57–8, 73, 76
dividing engine 171, 173–5
Dodd, Robert, ‘The Mutineers turning Lt Bligh and part of the officers and crew adrift’ (1790) 147
Dollond 154, 187
Dolphin (ship) 129
Dorothea (ship) 197
double reflection
principle of 93–5, 96
instrument 93–5, 93
Drake, Francis 99
Dryden, John, Annus Mirabilis (1667) 19, 22
Du-Val, Pierre, Carte universelle du commerce (1686) 14–15
Dunthorne, Richard 110
Tables Requisite ... 109, 110–12, 147
Eagle (ship) 29
Earle, Augustus 210
‘Life on the ocean ...’ (c.1820–37) 194–5
Earnshaw, Thomas 150, 166–72, 175
escapement model (1804) 169, 171
no. 512 (c.1800) 168
no. 524 (c.1800) 168
Thomas Earnshaw (Schee, c. 1808) 166
Earth, as timekeeper 57
Earth’s magnetism 42–5
magnetic inclination 43–5, 73, 202
magnetic variation 43–5, 46–7, 73, 181–4
East India Company 16–17, 98–9, 156–7, 166, 184, 186, 192–3
Eckebrecht, Philipp 25
eclipses
Jupiter’s satellites 39, 45–51, 53, 92, 99
lunar 25–8, 45, 96, 112
solar 25–8, 45, 73, 112, 129
Edwards, Eliza 114
Edwards, John 113–14
Edwards, Mary 113–14
electric telegraph 221
Elliot, John 95
Elliott, John 126
Elton, John, backstaff with artificial horizon 94, 95
Emerson, William 125
Emery, Josiah 187
Endeavour (ship) 128, 129–30
England 16, 36
trade 16–17, 17, 19
Englefield, Sir Henry 198
English Channel 25, 31
equal altitudes 93
Equator 20–1, 112
escapement
Earnshaw’s 169, 171
grasshopper 77, 78, 88
spring-detent 166, 171
Euler, Leonhard 96, 103
Faraday, Michael 197
Fernando Po 207
Ferrner, Bengt 99
Ferro (El Hierro), Canary Islands 20
fever 202, 207
Fidler, Peter 155
Firebrand (ship) 28–9
FitzRoy, Robert 196, 208–9, 210–16, 211, 215
Flamsteed, John 21, 31, 50, 53–7, 70, 73, 77
flax 144
Flinders, Matthew 150, 156, 188, 202
Flinders, Samuel 150
‘fluid quadrant’ 77
Folkes, Martin 73
Forster, Georg 144
France 16, 36, 109, 126, 150–4
clock and watchmaking 63, 119–21, 151, 154, 166
coastline maps 50, 51
and the lunar-distance method 51
monarchy 60
navigation schools 31
trade 19
Franklin, Benjamin 25, 89
Franklin, John 197, 199, 200, 202
French, John 73
French Revolution 145, 173
friction, reduction of 77, 88
Funnell, William 30
Galapagos Islands 25
Galilei, Galileo 48
clocks 57
journal 49
observations of Jupiter and its satellites 45–50, 49
Gellibrand, Henry 28
Gentleman’s Magazine 105
George II 73, 96
George III 117, 121–2, 125, 129, 166
George, Prince of Denmark 56, 73
Gilbert, Joseph, ‘Part of the Southern Hemisphere...’ (c.1775) 137
Gilbert, William, De Magnete (1600) 43
Glendon, John 13
Godfrey, Thomas 93–5, 93
Graham, George 63, 77, 164, 173
astronomical regulator 110, 112
grasshopper escapement 77, 78, 88
gravity, inverse square law of 96
Great Lakes 202
Green, Charles 99–101, 129–31, 141
Greenland 53
Greenwich Hospital for Seamen 31, 197
Greenwich Meridian 20, 188, 221
Greenwich Observations 112
Greenwich time 109, 193, 212
gridiron pendulum 77, 88
Griper (ship) 199
Hack, William 19, 18–19
Hadley, George 93
Hadley, Henry 93
Hadley, John 92, 93–5
John Hadley (Dandridge, early 1730s) 92
Hadley quadrant/octant 92, 95, 98, 124, 139
Hague, The 60
Halley, Edmond 31, 43, 45, 56
and double reflection 93
Edmond Halley (Murray, c.1690) 44
and John Harrison 77
and Whiston’s rocket scheme 73
world chart showing magnetic variation (1702) 46–7
Hamilton, Archibald 94
Hampstead Heath 42
Hanmer, Thomas 73
Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 176
Harrison, James 77
Harrison, John 66, 77–92, 99, 101–3, 104, 125, 162, 164, 166, 173
John Harrison (King, c.1765–66) 89, 89
H1 (1735) 77, 78–9, 82, 82, 89
H2 (1737–39) 84–5, 88, 89
H3 (1740–59) 86–7, 88, 88–9, 92
H4 (1755–59) 89–92, 90–1, 101, 102–3, 108, 114–17, 114, 119–20, 121, 162, 164
H5 (1770) 120, 121–2, 121
medallion portrait (Tassie, c.1776) 122
precision long-case regulator (1726) 76, 77
Principles of Mr. Harrison’s Timekeeper (1767) 115, 119, 120–1
Harrison, John (grandson of John) 121
Harrison, John (ship’s purser) 129
Harrison, William 91, 92, 101–2, 121–2
Hawkesworth, John, An Account of the Voyages Undertaken ... in the Southern Hemisphere (1773) 145
health at sea 22
Heath, William, ‘March of Intellect ...’ (1829) 160–1
Hecla (ship) 199
Herschel, John 175, 220–1
Hipparchus of Nicaea 20
Hitchens, Malachy 113, 114
Hobbs, William 73
‘Horologe’ 73
Hodges, William
Cook’s Resolution in the Marquesas Islands (1774) 130
‘View of Maitavie Bay’ (1776) 134–5
View of Point Venus and Matavai Bay, Tahiti (1773) 132–3
Hodgson, James 73
Hogarth, William 89
A Rake’s Progress 74–5, 76
Holland 65
see also Netherlands
Holmes, Robert 60
Home, Robert, Jesse Ramsden (c.1791) 170, 173
Hooke, Robert 45, 53, 60, 93
horizon 22
Hornsby, Thomas 164
House of Commons Committee 39, 43
Houtman, Frederik de 30
Houtman Abrolhos 30
Howe, Lord 99
Howells and Pennington, no. 4 (c.1794) 163
Howells, William 166
Hudson’s Bay Company 16, 155
human error 28, 31
Hunter, John 150
Huygens, Christiaan 57, 58, 60–3, 60, 77
Hydrographic Office 188, 197
hydrographic surveying see surveying
Illustrated London News 192
India 17–19, 25
Indian Ocean 16, 24, 30, 202
Indonesia 19
Industrial Revolution 158, 162
Inman, James 150
innovation 158, 161, 162, 175
International Meridian Conference, Washington D.C. (1884) 221
Investigator (sloop) 150
Irwin, Christopher 66, 99–101
marine chair 66, 99, 101, 181
Isabella (ship) 197
isochronism 77
Jamaica 92
James II 19
James, Thomas 28
Java 30
Jefferson, Thomas 155
Jefferys, John 89, 117
Jennings, Henry Constantine 184–5
insulating compass (c.1818) 184, 184
mercury log glass (c.1817) 183, 184
Jervas, Charles, Isaac Newton (1717) 38
Jervis, John 145
Johnson, Samuel 158
Juan Fernandez archipelago 30
Jupiter’s satellites 73, 99–101, 109, 137
Chavasse’s observing platform (1813) 179, 181
eclipses 39, 45–51, 53, 92, 99
marine chair for the viewing of 66, 99, 101, 181
Parlour’s shoulder-mounted apparatus for observing (1824) 180, 181
Kamchatka 151–4
Kater, Henry 198
Kealakekua Bay, Hawaii 144
Keech, Joseph 113
Kempthorne, Rupert 13
Kendall, Larcum 116
K1 (1769) 116, 117–19, 121–2, 133, 139, 140–1, 145
K2 (1771) 119, 145–7, 145
K3 (1774) 119, 121, 141, 148, 150, 154, 154–5
King, John Lawrence, log of the Owen Glendower 212–13
King, James 137–40, 141–4
King, Philip Parker 210, 214
King, Thomas, John Harrison (c.1765–66) 89, 89
Lacaille, Nicolas Louis de 99, 108
Laccadive Islands (Lakshadweep) 25
Lalande, Jérôme 119, 120
Lapérouse, Jean-François de Galaup, Comte de 151, 152–3, 154
latitude 12, 73, 92, 93, 216
definition 20–1, 20
errors in the measurement of 31
latitude sailing 25, 30, 133
measurement 20–2, 20–1, 23, 25, 42–5, 109, 184
plotting geographical position by 20, 21
Le Dieu, Franciscus 61
Le Roy, Pierre 166
montre marine 118, 120
lead and line 24, 25
Lenoir, Étienne 173
Lesseps, Jean-Baptiste Barthélemy de 151–4
Leven (sloop) 202
Lewis, Meriwether 155
lignum vitae 77, 78–9, 85–7
Lisbon 60
trial of H1 to 77, 82
Livorno 50
Lochard, Lieutenant 23
log
log book 22, 23, 31, 82, 82, 157, 212–13
chip-log (ship-log) 22, 25, 31
mechanical 178, 178
Logan, James 93
London Magazine 99
long-distance travel 12, 16–19, 25, 96–101
longitude
by dead reckoning 22, 25, 28, 82, 98, 131, 131, 178
definition 20–1, 20
determining at sea 21, 25–8, 32, 76, 96, 98, 133, 156, 212–13, 221
determining on land 21, 25
by Ditton and Whiston’s method 39–42, 45
early measurement attempts 25–8
errors in the measurement of 28
importance of 16–19
by Jupiter’s satellites 39, 45–51, 53, 66, 73, 92, 99–101, 99, 109, 137, 179–80, 181
by magnetic inclination 43–5, 73, 202
by magnetic variation 43–5, 46–7, 73, 181–4
octant, use for determining 92, 93–5, 94
plotting geographical position by 20, 21
problem of determining 12, 19, 21, 22, 32–3, 34, 36, 76
rewards for a solution to the problem of 36–9, 65, 69–70, 73, 76, 77, 82, 99, 101, 102–3, 104, 108, 114, 116, 121, 122, 164, 166, 173, 199
see also lunar-distance method of longitude measurement; timekeeping method of longitude measurement
Longitude Act 164 1714 (British) 33–4, 36–9, 37, 53, 65–6, 68, 69–73, 76, 82, 96, 102–4, 108, 114, 121–2, 197 1765 (British) 103, 104, 117, 122
lookout 22, 25
Louis XIV 50
Ludlam, William 116, 117, 166
lunar occultation 96
lunar distance
form to aid calculation 123
French trials 151
method of longitude measurement 39, 51–7, 66, 92–3, 95–101, 103–4, 117, 126, 150, 156–7, 178, 212–3
use on the Cook expeditions 129–31, 131, 133, 137–44
Lyons, Israel 110
Lyttelton, George 76
Macartney, Lord George 186–7
Madagascar Strait 19
Madeira 92
Madras (now Chennai) 193
magnetic inclination 43–5, 73, 202
magnetic variation 43–5, 46–7, 73, 181–4
Magnificent (ship) 188, 192
Malaspina, Alejandro 154–5
Maldives 25
Manila galleons 17
Maori 131
Mapson, John 110
Margaret, Lady Clive 114
Margetts, George, marine chronometer (c.1790) 203
marine timekeepers
affordable 157, 158, 162–4
value 145–7
see also chronometer; clock; watch
see also specific makers
Mars 28
Marshall, John, navigational workbook 193–6, 196
Martens, Conrad 210–11
The Beagle in Beagle Channel (c.1834) 206–7
‘Portrait Cove, Beagle Channel’ (c.1834) 210–11
Maskelyne, Nevil 98–102, 124
and the construction of affordable timekeepers 108–9, 116–17, 119
and Cook’s voyages 129, 131–3, 138
death 175, 197
and magnetic variation 181
and Mr Harrison’s Watch 116, 122
and the Nautical Almanac 109–14, 112–13, 192
Nevil Maskelyne (Russell, c.1776) 98
Nevil Maskelyne (van der Puyl, 1785) 111
and the observation of Jupiter’s satellites 101, 109, 181
observing suit 110, 112
and the Tables Requisite 109, 110–12, 147
and The British Mariner’s Guide (1763) 98–9, 98
and Thomas Earnshaw 171–2
and Thomas Mudge 164, 166
and timekeepers 108–9, 116–17, 119
mass production 172, 175
Massey, Edward 178
mechanical log 178
Matavai Bay, Tahiti 132–3, 134–5
Matthews, William 116
Maudslay, Henry 174, 175
Mauritius 150, 193, 202
Mayer, Tobias 66, 94, 95–9, 101–3, 104
Germaniae atque in ea Locorum Principaliorum Mappa Critica (1750) 95, 96
repeating circle 96, 96
mechanical log 178, 178
mechanization 162–77, 187
Medici family 50
mégamètre 151
meridian 14–15, 16, 20, 214, 221
Merlin (ship) 92
Mexico 19
Michaelis, Johann David 96
Mitchell, John 116
Mombasa 207
Montevideo 214
Moon
eclipses 25–8, 45, 96, 112
effect of the Sun on the motion of 56, 56, 96
Mayer’s map 96
transits 112
see also lunar-distance method of longitude measurement
moondial 25
Moore, John Hamilton 147, 196
Moore, Jonas 53
Moore, Joshua 113
Morin, Jean-Baptiste 51
mortars 41, 73
mortising machine 174, 175
Mouat, Thomas 166
Mozambique 202, 206
Mudge, Thomas 116, 120, 162, 164–6
‘Blue’ 164
‘Green’ (1777) 162, 164
Thomas Mudge (Dance, c.1772) 162
Mudge, Thomas junior 164, 166
Murray, Thomas, Edmond Halley (c.1690) 44
Muscovy Company 16
Napoleonic Wars 188
Narborough, John 28
natural hazards 17
nautical almanac 104, 108
Nautical Almanac and Astronomical Ephemeris 104, 108–14, 108–9, 124, 131, 138, 145, 154–5, 157, 175, 188, 192, 197, 212, 214
Nautical Magazine 192–3
navies 19, 154
see also Royal Navy
navigation 12
by animals, birds and plants 22, 25
by coastal features 22
by man-made features 22
drive to improve navigational knowledge 31
mistakes 28
pilots (rutters) 22
Polynesian 131
practice of 22–5
workbook (Marshall) 193–6, 196
see also dead reckoning; Jupiter’s satellites; latitude; longitude; lunar distance; timekeeper method
Navy Board 150
Netherlands 16, 30
longitude research 36, 43
trade 17, 17, 19
see also Holland
New Holland (Australia) 150
New South Wales 150
New Spain (Mexico) 17
New Zealand 131, 141, 142
Newton, Isaac 31, 32, 39
and double reflection 93
and Flamsteed 56
inverse square law of gravity 96
Isaac Newton (Jervas, 1717) 38
and the measurement of longitude 42–3, 45, 56–7, 70–3
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica 56, 56, 96
and the three-body problem 56, 96
Niebuhr, Carsten 96–8
Nootka Sound 128, 140, 140–1
Crisis 150
Norfolk Island 145
North, Lord 122
North America 155
north magnetic pole 202
North Pole 20, 145, 197, 199
North Sea 25
North-West Passage 28, 53, 128, 150, 184, 197–9
Norton Sound 140
Nunavut, Canada 28
observing platform (Chavasse, 1813) 179, 181
occultations, lunar 96
octant 96, 147, 194, 212
development 92, 93–5, 94
Hadley quadrant/octant 92, 95, 98, 124, 139
scales 172–5
see also Godfrey, Thomas,
Hadley, John
oil 92
Oman, Sultan of 207
Oosterwijck, Severyn 58, 60
Orford (ship) 82
Owen, Richard 189, 206–7
Owen, William Fitzwilliam 202, 206–7
Owen Glendower, log of the 212–13
Pacific islands 214
Pacific Ocean 16, 19, 28, 30, 82, 119, 128–33, 137, 137, 150–1, 154
palm oil 205, 207
parallel rule 211, 211
Paramore (ship) 45
Paris Observatory 36, 50, 50, 51
Parlour, Samuel 180, 181
Parramatta Observatory 214
Parry, Edward 197, 199, 200
Patagonia 210
Patterson, Robert 155
pendulum 57–8, 63, 76, 77
Pennington, Robert 166
Pepys, Samuel 22, 31
Tangier Papers (1683) 19
Philadelphia 25
Philip II of Spain 36
Philip III of Spain 36
Philip, Arthur 145, 151
Philippines 17, 19
Philosophical Transactions (journal) 25, 129
Phipps, Constantine 145
Pitcairn Island 147
Place, Francis, The Octagon Room at the Royal Observatory (c.1676) 57
plants 22
Point Venus, Tahiti 132–3, 134–5
polar exploration 197–202
Pole Star 21, 22
Pond, John 113, 114, 192
Porpoise (ship) 150
Port Desire 28
Port Essington 217
Port Jackson 150
Port Royal, Jamaica 92
Portsmouth dockyard 174, 175
Portsmouth harbour 192
Portugal 16, 17–19, 31
trade 19
Post Man 73
Price’s candles 205, 207
Prime Meridian 221
see also Greenwich Meridian
Prince Henry (ship) 98
Princess Louisa (ship) 101
Principles of Mr. Harrison’s Timekeeper (Harrison, 1767) 115, 119, 120–1
privateers 17, 30, 128
British 19
French 25
Proctor, John 82, 82
Providence (ship) 150
Ptolemy 20
quadrant
astronomical 139
Hadley 92, 95, 98, 124, 139
see also octant
Racehorse (ship) 145
Ra’iatea 129
Ramsden, Jesse 147, 154, 187
dividing engines of 171, 173, 175
Jesse Ramsden (Home, c.1791) 170, 173
sextant 143
Regiomontaus, Ephemerides 25
remontoire 85–7, 88
Resolution (ship) 122, 126, 128, 130, 131, 132–3, 134–5, 137, 140–1
Cook’s journal 131
Rio de Janeiro 214
Robbins, Reuben 113
Robertson, John 196
Robinson, John 122
rockets 73, 76, 206
Ross, James Clark 199, 202
Commander James Clark Ross (Wildman, 1834) 202
Ross, Captain John 184, 197, 199, 200
Rowe, Jacob 77
Royal Africa Company 16
Royal Commission 45
Royal Danish Expedition to Arabia 98
Royal Institution 197
Royal Mathematical School, Christ’s Hospital 31, 39, 193
Royal Naval Academy 193, 196
Royal Naval College, Portsmouth 192, 196–7
Royal Navy 95, 104, 129, 157, 178, 207, 217, 220
and the azimuth compass 184
and the Beagle voyages 210, 214
chronometer stock 192
First Fleet 145, 151
and Irwin’s marine chair 99
and magnetic variation 45
Masters of Navy ships 124–5
Scientific Branch 197
shipwrecks 30–1
and the slave trade 202
special expeditions 126
training 31, 150, 188, 193–7
see also Admiralty
Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope 197, 214
Royal Observatory, Greenwich 36, 50–1, 53, 56, 56, 70, 73, 99, 106, 188, 221
and John Arnold’s timepieces 166
chronometer testing 192
lunar observations 112
and the Nautical Almanac 108
Octagon Room 57, 57
and the production of affordable timekeepers 108–9, 116–17, 119
and Thomas Earnshaw’s timepieces 171
and Thomas Mudge’s timepieces 164
time ball 192–3, 192
under the jurisdiction of the Board of Longitude 197
Royal Society 25, 34, 36, 39, 45, 50, 53, 56, 60, 63, 65, 70, 73, 120
and the Astronomer Royal 112
and Cook’s voyages 129, 133
and the Difference Engine 175
and John Hadley 93–5
and John Harrison’s clocks 77, 88
Rupert’s Land 155
Russell, John, Nevil Maskelyne (c.1776) 98
Russia 126
St Agnes lighthouse 24, 25
St George (ship) 30
St Helena 98, 133, 193
St Julian, harbour of 28
St Pierre, Le Sieur de 51, 53
Samgoonoodha harbour 137
Sandwich Sound 140
Saron, Jean-Baptiste Gaspard Bochart de 173
scales, divided 172–5
Scarborough Castle 22
Schee, Martin Archer, Thomas Earnshaw (c.1808) 166
Schetky, John Christian, ‘Loss of the Magnificent, 25 March 1804’ (1839) 190–1
science 34, 220–1
Scilly, Isles of chart of 24, 25
shipwreck 28–9, 30–1, 42
scoring machine, 174, 175
Scriblerus, Martinus (satirical character) 76
sea otter 144, 144
Selkirk, Alexander 30
Seller, John, Practical Navigation (1672) 24, 31
Senhouse, Joseph 181
Seven Years War 99, 129, 150
sextant 133, 139, 141, 147, 150–1, 155, 188, 194, 213, 214, 216
by John Bird (c.1758) 96, 97
by Nathaniel Worthington (c.1840) 172
by Ramsden (c.1772) 143
by Worthington & Allen (c.1831) 215
of John Lort Stokes 211
scales 172–5
Ship Cove, Nootka Sound 128, 140, 140
shipwreck 28–31, 28–9, 32–3, 42, 82, 188
Shooter’s Hill 41, 73
Shovell, Cloudesley 28–9, 30–1, 32–3, 42
Sirius (ship) 145
Sisson, Jeremiah 99
Sisson, Jonathan 94
slave trade 145, 202, 207
Sloane, Hans 73
Smith, Caleb 76
Snellen, William, marine timekeeper 119, 121
Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce 158, 177–8
Solar System, scale of 98
South America 28, 83, 154
South Pole 20
South Sea Bubble 69
South Seas 145
Southern Continent 128, 137
Southern Ocean 137
Spain 16, 19, 25, 31, 36, 43, 65, 126, 128, 154–5
Manila galleons 17
navy 154
and the Nootka Sound Crisis 150
trade 19
Spanish East Indies (Philippines) 17
Spanish Succession, war of the 39–42
speed of ship, measurement 22, 178, 184
see also log
spices 17
Sprat, Thomas, History of the Royal-Society of London (1667) 59, 60
spring-detent escapement 166, 171
Squire, Jane 73
stars 53
clock stars 112
observations of 112
States of Holland 36
steam power 158, 162, 221
Stokes, John Lort 211–14, 214–15, 217
Stokes, Pringle 210
storms 17, 19, 28, 30, 82
Strait of Gibraltar 31
Strait Le Maire 131
Streatfeild, Thomas, deck scene (1820) 193
Stukeley, William 77
Sully, Henry 62, 63, 77
Sun 21, 22, 45, 93
eclipses 25–8, 45, 73, 112, 129
effect on the motion of the Moon 56, 56, 96
transit of Venus across 98, 128, 129
transits of the 112
surveying 50, 137–44, 150, 154–5, 192, 202–7, 211–21, 223
Swallow (ship) 129, 147
Swift, Jonathan 66, 76
Tables Requisite 109, 110–12, 147, 155
Tahiti 128–9, 129, 131, 132–3, 134–5, 151
breadfruit 145, 145, 146–7
Tartar (ship) 101
Tassie, James, medallion portrait of John Harrison (c.1776) 122
tea 17
telescope 45–50, 50, 73, 137, 138, 194
temperature compensation 77, 88, 166
terrella 42, 43
Thacker, Jeremy, The Longitudes Examin’d (1714) 72, 73–6
theodolite 215, 216
Thomson, John, New General Atlas (c.1830) 200
three-body problem 56, 96, 98
Ticknor, George 175
tides 31
Tierra del Fuego 30, 82, 208–9, 210
timber 144
time ball 192–3, 192
timekeeper see chronometer; clock; watch
timekeeper method of longitude measurement 39, 57–63, 58–62, 70–3, 93, 104, 114–25, 114–21, 126, 156–7, 178, 192–3
affordable timekeepers 108–9, 116–17, 119–22, 157–8, 162–72
French trials 151
John Harrison on 76, 77–89, 78, 82, 85, 87, 92, 102–3
method 212–13
Nautical Almanac for 108
Spanish trials 154–5
testing on Cook’s voyages 131, 133, 137–44, 145
Thacker on 72, 73–6
and the value of marine timekeepers 145–7
Vancouver’s testing of 150
Timor 147
Tompion, Thomas 57
Tories 42
trade 12, 16–19, 17, 28, 144, 186, 188, 221
trading companies 16–17, 19
see also specific companies
travel, long-distance 12, 16–19, 25, 96–101
Trent (ship) 197
triangulation 216
Trueman (sloop) 93
Tupaia 129
Tyburn 158
United States of America 155
Van de Velde, Willem, the Younger 26–7
Van der Puyl, Louis François Gérard, Nevil Maskelyne (1785) 111
Van Keulen, Johannes, The Great and Newly Enlarged Sea Atlas or Waterworld (1682) 24
Vancouver, George 150, 188
‘A Chart showing part of the Coast of N.W. America’ (1798) 149
Vancouver Island 128
Vanikoro reefs, New Caledonia 151
Venice 65
Venus, transit of 98, 128, 129
Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC) (Dutch East India Company) 17, 30, 36, 45, 60
Véron, Pierre-Antoine 150–1
Victoria River, Australia 214
Waddington, Robert 98, 99
Wales, William 110, 131, 133, 157
Walker, Ralph 181–4, 181
azimuth compass (c.1793) 181–4, 182
Wallis, Samuel 129
Ward, William 76
warfare 25
watch 39, 57–63, 58–62, 66, 89, 172
affordable 108–9
and Cook’s voyages 133
by John Arnold 116, 119, 121–2, 133, 150
by William Snellen 119, 121
see also specific makers
water power 158
Wauchope, Robert 192–3
weather 17, 19, 28, 30, 31, 42, 82, 216
Webber, John
‘Resolution and Discovery in Ship Cove, Nootka Sound’ (1778) 140–1
‘Sea Otter’ 144
‘Various articles at Nootka Sound’ (1776–80) 128
Werner, Johann 51
West Indies 99, 117, 144, 145
Westall, William, ‘Wreck Reef Bank’ (1803) 151
Weston, Thomas 31
whales 144, 198
Wheldon, John 66
Whigs 39, 42, 122
Whiston, William 39–43, 40, 45, 57–8, 73, 77
A New Method for Discovering Longitude (1714) 39–42
rocket scheme 73, 76
The Longitude Discovered (1738) 41
Whitby 22
Wickham, John Clements 211
Wildman, John R., Commander James Clark Ross (1834) 202
Williams, Zachariah 73
Windward Islands 25
Witchell, George 110
Wollaston, William Hyde 198
Wood, John 28
Worthington, Nathaniel parallel rule 211
sextant 172
Wreck Reef 150
‘Wreck Reef Bank’ (Westall, 1803) 151
Wren, Christopher 53
Wright, Robert, ‘Viaticum Nautarum (The Sailor’s Vade Mecum)’ (1726) 69
Young, Thomas 192, 197
Zacuto, Almanach Perpetuum 25
Zumbach de Koesfelt, Conrad 61, 63
Zumbach de Koesfelt, Lothar 61, 63