The Evolution of Nuclear Strategy

Bibliography

This book draws on numerous declassified documents from the following sources:
Digital National Security Archive
National Security Archive—George Washington University
NATO Archives online
US Central Intelligence Agency, CREST
US Declassified Documents online, Gale
US Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States series
US National Archives
Woodrow Wilson Center, Washington, DC
We have also included material taken from the transcripts of a number of interviews with key figures associated with US nuclear policy during the Cold War. They featured in a 1989 PBS series entitled ‘War and Peace in the Nuclear Age’. The transcripts can be obtained online at the WGBH Open Vault website for this programme.
In addition, a selection of other primary sources can be found below:

Australia

Report of the Canberra Commission on the Elimination of Nuclear Weapons (Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade: August 1996).

France

Barre, Prime Minister Raymond. ‘Speech on defence policy’, Survival (September/October 1977).
Hollande, François. Speech by the President of the French Republic on the Nuclear Deterrent, Presidency of the French Republic, Press Service, February 19, 2015.

IAEA

IAEA Board of Governors, Report by the Director General, “Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement of the Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya” (February 2004).

International Court of Justice

International Court of Justice, Legality of the threat or use of nuclear weapons , 8 July 1996.

Israel

Transcript of Press Conference with Prime Minister Begin, IDF Chief of Staff Eitan, IAF Commander Ivri and Director of Military Intelligence Saguy, June 9, 1981.

Japan

Emperor Hirohito of Japan, “Imperial Surrender Broadcast,” Radio broadcast, August 15, 1945.

NATO

London Declaration on a Transformed North Atlantic Alliance , NATO Press Communiqué s-1 (90) 36, 6 July 1990.
NATO Bucharest Summit Declaration, Issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Bucharest on 3 April 2008, Press Release (2008) 049.
NATO Comprehensive Concept of Arms Control and Disarmament , Adopted by Heads of State and Government at the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels, 30 May 1989.
NATO Deterrence and Defence Posture Review, May 2012.
Pedlow, Gregory W. NATO Strategy Documents 1949–1969 .

Russian Federation

Putin, Vladimir. Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly, March 1, 2018.

Switzerland

Stussi, Jurg. ‘Historical Outline on the Question of Swiss Nuclear Armament’, December 31, 1995 (Federal Administration, Bern).

United Kingdom

Defence; Outline of Future Policy, Cmnd 124 (London, HMSO, April 1957).
Report on Defence, Britain’s Contribution to Peace and Security. Cmnd 363 (London: HMSO, 1958).

United States

Address by General Maxwell D. Taylor entitled ‘Military Objectives of the Army, 1960 to 1962’ at the Secretaries’ Conference, Quantico, Virginia (21 June 1958).
Air Staff, Strategic Implications of the Atomic Bomb on Warfare (3 February 1947).
Congressional Budget Office, Projected Costs of U.S. nuclear forces, 2015–2024, January 2015.
Documents on Disarmament 1967 (Washington, DC: US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 1967).
Dyson, F.; Gomer, R.; Weinberg, S. and Wright, S.C., ‘Tactical Nuclear Weapons in Southeast Asia,’ Study S-266, Jason Division, DAHC 15-67C-0011, Washington, DC, March 1967.
Hearing to Receive Testimony on United States Strategic Command in review of the Defense Authorization request for Fiscal Year 2019 and the Future Years Defense program, Committee on Armed Services, US Senate, Washington, DC, March 20, 2018.
Interview with Alvin Weinberg, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oral History project, March 31, 2003.
Kaplan, Lawrence S.; Landa, Ronald D. and Drea, Edward J. History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense, Volume V, The McNamara Ascendancy 1961–1965 (Office of the Secretary of Defense: Washington, DC 2006)
Long-Term Worldwide Effects of Multiple Nuclear Weapons Detonations (Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1975).
The National Security Strategy of the United States of America , September 2002.
Nitze, Paul. Speech before the World Affairs Council of Philadelphia, 20 February 1985.
Obama, Barack. ‘Remarks in Chicago: “A New Beginning”’, October 2, 2007.
Obama, Barack. Statement by the President. Hradcany Square, Prague, Czech Republic, April 5, 2009.
Oral History Interview of Albert Wohlstetter conducted by Maurice Matloff, Final Transcript, August 19, 1986, Office of the Secretary of Defense Historical Office.
Ponturo, John. ‘Analytical Support for the Joint Chiefs of Staff: The WSEG Experience, 1948–1976’, IDA Study S-507, July 1979.
President Bush Outlines Iraqi Threat Remarks by the President on Iraq, Cincinnati Museum Center, Ohio, October 7, 2002.
Press Release—FACT SHEET: Obama’s New Plan to Confront 21st Century Threats, July 16, 2008.
Remarks by President Obama at the Brandenburg Gate—Berlin, Germany, Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, June 19, 2013.
Remarks by Secretary Carter on the Budget at the Economic Club of Washington, DC, February 2, 2016.
Remarks of President John F. Kennedy at the Rudolph Wilde Platz, Berlin, June 26, 1963.
Remarks of Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara before the Economic Club of New York, Waldorf Asotria Hotel, November 18, 1963.
Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy, in the Senate, August 14, 1958.
Report of Secretary of Defense, James Schlesinger to the Congress on the FY 1975 Defense Budget and FY 1975–79 Defense Program (4 March 1974).
Report of the President’s Advisory Commission on Universal Military Training, A Programme for National Security, known as The Compton Report (Washington, DC; USGPO, 1947).
Report of the President’s Commission on Strategic Forces (Washington, DC: April 1987).
Rowen, Henry. ‘Formulating strategic doctrine’, Appendices to the Report of the Commission on the Organization of Government for the Conduct of Foreign Policy, Vol. IV, Appendix K (Washington, DC: GPO, 1975).
Secretary of Defense Harold Brown, Department of Defense Annual Report Fiscal Year 1979 (Washington, DC: 2 February 1978).
Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger, Annual Defense Report FY 1976 (5 February 1975).
Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis, House Appropriations Subcommittee on Defense, Written Statement for the Record, April 25, 2018.
Secretary of Defense, Robert S. McNamara, Statement on the Defense Budget for Fiscal Years 1964–1968, Defense Program and 1964 Defense Budget (27 January 1963).
Security Resources Panel of the Scientific Advisory Committee, Deterrence and Survival in the Nuclear Age, Washington, DC: November 1957 (declassified January 1973).
Senate Armed Services Committee, Hearings on Military Implications of the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems and the Interim Agreement on Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (Washington, DC: USGPO, 1972).
Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (Washington, DC, USGPO, 1972).
Smyth, H. D. A General Account of the Development of Methods of Using Atomic Energy for Military Purposes under the Auspices of the United States Government 1940–1945 (Washington, DC, USGPO, August 1945).
‘Spaatz Report’, The Implications of the Atom Bomb for the Size, Composition, Organization and Role of the Future Air Force (23 October 1945).
Statement of James N. Mattis before the Senate Armed Services Committee, 27 January 2015.
Testimony of Secretary of State Acheson, Hearings of the Senate Foreign Relations and Armed Services Committees, Assignment of Ground Forces of the United States in the European Area (February 1951).
‘The evolution of foreign policy’, Department of State Bulletin, XXX (25 January 1954).
Transcript before the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate to Conduct a Confirmation Hearing on the Expected Nomination of Mr. James N. Mattis to be Secretary of Defense. Washington, DC.
Transcript Donald Trump’s Foreign Policy Speech, New York Times, April 27, 2016.
United States Commission on National Security/21st Century. New World Coming: American Security in the 21st Century (Washington, DC, 1999).
United States Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Ballistic Missile Defense Technologies, OTA-ISC-254 (Washington, DC: USGPO, September 1985).
United States Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, The Effects of Nuclear War (Washington, DC: USGPO, 1979).
US Department of Defense, ‘Nuclear Posture Review’, February 2018.
US Department of Defense, National Strategy To Combat Weapons Of Mass Destruction , December 2002.
US Department of State, Bureau of Arms Control, Verification and Compliance, ‘Factsheet—INF Treaty: At a Glance’, December 8, 2017.
White House, ‘Making our military strong again’, January 20, 2017.
Wohlstetter, Albert J.; Hoffman, F. S.; Lutz, R. J. and Rowen, H. S. Selection and Use of Strategic Air Bases, RAND R-266, 1 April 1954 (declassified 1962).

Unpublished

Clearwater, John. Johnson, McNamara and the birth of SALT and ABM Treaty, 1963–1969 (Dissertation.com, 1999).
Klotz, Frank. The US President and the Control of Strategic Nuclear Weapons, unpublished DPhil. Thesis (Oxford, 1980).

Books

Abraham, Itty. The Making of the Indian Atomic Bomb: Science, Secrecy and the Postcolonial State (London: Zed Books, 1998).
Acheson, Dean. Present at the Creation (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1969).
Adams, Sherman. Firsthand Report (New York: Harper, 1961).
Albright, David. Peddling Peril: How the Secret Nuclear Trade Arms America’s Enemies (New York: Free press, 2010).
Allison, Graham T.; Carnesale, Albert and Nye, Joseph S. (eds.), Hawks, Doves and Owls: An Agenda for Avoiding Nuclear War (New York: W. W. Norton, 1985).
Alperovitz, Gar. Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam: the Use of the Atomic Bomb and the American Confrontation with Soviet Power (New York: Vintage, 1985).
Ambinder, Marc. The Brink: President Reagan and the Nuclear War Scare of 1983 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018).
Amster, Warren. A Theory for the Design of a Deterrent Air Weapon System (San Diego, CA: Convair Corporation, 1955).
An Evolving US Nuclear Posture: Second Report of the Steering Committee: Project on Eliminating Weapons of Mass Destruction (Washington, DC: The Henry L. Stimson Center, December 1995).
Arbatov, Georgi. The System: An Insider’s Life in Soviet Politics (New York: Random House, 1992).
Aron, Raymond. The Great Debate (New York, Doubleday 1965).
Aronson, Shlomo. The Politics and Strategy of Nuclear Weapons in the Middle East: Opacity, Theory and Reality, 1960–1991: An Israeli Perspective (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1992).
Ayson, Robert. Thomas Schelling and the Nuclear Age: Strategy as a Social Science (London: Frank Cass, 2004).
Bacevich, Andrew J. The Pentomic Era: The U.S. Army between Korea and Vietnam (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1986).
Bailey, Sydney. Prohibitions and Restraints in Warfare (London, Oxford University Press, 1972).
Baker, James . The Politics of Diplomacy (New York: G.P. Putnam, 1995).
Ball, Desmond . Can Nuclear War be Controlled? Adelphi Papers 169 (London: IISS, 1981).
Ball, Desmond. Déjà Vu: The Return to Counterforce in the Nixon Administration (California: Seminar on Arms Control and Foreign Policy, 1974).
Ball, Desmond. Developments in US Strategic Nuclear Policy under the Carter Administration (California: Seminar on Arms Control and Foreign Policy, 1980a).
Ball, Desmond. Politics and Force Levels: The Strategic Missile Program of the Kennedy Administration (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980b)
Baucom, Donald R. Origins of the Strategic Defense Initiative: Ballistic Missile Defense, 1944–1983 (Strategic Defense Initiative Organization, December 1989).
Baylis, John (ed.), British Defence Policy in a Changing World (London: Croom Helm, 1977).
Baylis, John and Garnett, John. Makers of Nuclear Strategy (London: Pinter, 1991).
Baylis, John and Segal, Gerald (eds.) Soviet Strategy (London: Croom Helm, 1981).
Beard, Edmund. Developing the ICBM: A Study in Bureaucratic Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976).
Beaufre, André. Deterrence and Strategy (London: Faber & Faber, 1965).
Bechhoefer, Bernard. Postwar Negotiations for Arms Control (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution 1961).
Bergman, Ronen. Rise and Kill First: The Secret History of Israel’s Targeted Assassinations (Random House, 2018).
Bertram, Christoph (ed.) New Conventional Weapons and East-West Security (Two Parts) (London: IISS, 1978a).
Bertram, Christoph (ed.), Beyond SALT II (London: IISS, 1978b).
Bessner, Daniel. Democracy in Exile; Hans Speier and the Rise of the Defense Intellectual (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2018).
Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali. “If I am Assassinated” (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House PVT Ltd, 1979).
Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali. The Myth of Independence (New York: Oxford University Press, 1969).
Biddle, Tami Davis. Rhetoric and Reality in Air Warfare: The Evolution of British and American Ideas about Strategic Bombing (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002).
Bird, Kai and Sherwin, Martin. American Prometheus: the Triumph and Tragedy of J Robert Oppenheimer (New York: Vintage Books, 2006).
Bishop of Salisbury, The Church and the Bomb: Nuclear Weapons and the Christian Conscience (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1982).
Blackaby, Frank; Goldblat, Jozef and Lodgaard, Sverre (eds.) No-First Use (London: Taylor & Francis for SIPRI, 1984).
Blackett, P. M. S. A tomic Weapons and East-West Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956).
Blackett, P. M. S. Studies of War: Nuclear and Conventional (London: Oliver & Boyd, 1962).
Blackett, P. M. S. The Military and Political Consequences of Atomic Energy (London, Turnstile Press, 1948).
Blair, Bruce. Strategic Command and Control: Redefining the Nuclear Threat (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1985).
Blair, Bruce. The Logic of Accidental Nuclear War (Washington, DC: Brookings, 1993).
Blank, Stephen J. (ed.) Russian Nuclear Weapons: Past, Present and Future (Strategic Studies Institute, November 2011).
Blechman, Barry (ed.) Unblocking the Road to Zero (Washington, DC, The Stimson Center, 2009).
Blight, James. The Shattered Crystal Ball: Fear and Learning in the Cuban Missile Crisis (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 1990).
Blumenson, Martin. The Patton Papers 1940–1945 (New York, NY: Da Capo Press, Inc., 1996).
Bluth, Christoph . Britain, Germany, and Western Nuclear Strategy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
Bobbitt, Philip. Democracy and Deterrence: The History and Future of Nuclear Strategy (London: Macmillan, 1988).
Bond, Brian. Liddell Hart: A Study of his Military Thought (London: Cassell, 1977).
Borden, William L. There Will Be No Time (New York: Macmillan, 1946).
Bottome, Edgar. The Balance of Terror: A Guide to the Arms Race (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971).
Boulding, Kenneth E. Conflict and Defense: A General Theory (New York: Harper & Row, 1963).
Bracken, Paul. The Command and Control of Nuclear Weapons (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983).
Bradley, Omar N. and Blair, Clay. A General’s Life: An Autobiography by General of the Army (New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 1983).
Braut-Hegghammer, Målfrid. Unclear Physics: Why Iraq and Libya Failed to Build Nuclear Weapons (Ithaca: Cornell University press, 2016).
Bright, Christopher J. Continental Defense in the Eisenhower Era: Nuclear Antiaircraft Arms and the Cold War (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).
Brodie, Bernard. A Layman’s Guide to Naval Strategy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1942).
Brodie, Bernard. Strategy in the Missile Age (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1959).
Brodie, Bernard . The Absolute Weapon (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1946).
Brodie, Bernard. War and Politics (London: Cassell, 1974).
Brodie, Bernard and Galloway, Eilene. The Atomic Bomb and the Armed Services Public Affairs Bulletin No. 55 (Washington, DC: Library of Congress Legislative Reference Service, May 1947).
Brown, Archie . The Gorbachev Factor (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997).
Brownlie, Ian. International Law and the Use of Force by States (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963).
Bruce-Biggs, Barry. Supergenius: The Megaworlds of Herman Kahn (North American Policy Press, 2000).
Brugioni, Dino A. Eyes in the Sky: Eisenhower, the CIA and Cold War Aerial Espionage (Annapolis, MD: Naval institute Press, 2010).
Bryant, Peter. Red Alert (Rockville, MD: Black Mask, 1958).
Buchan, Alastair (ed.) Problems of Modern Strategy (London: Chatto & Windus, 1970).
Buchan, Alastair. The Multilateral Force: A Historical Perspective (London: IISS, 1964).
Buchan, Alastair and Windsor, Philip . Arms and Stability in Europe (London: Chatto & Windus, 1963).
Buchan, Glenn. US Nuclear Strategy for the Post Cold-War Era (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1994).
Budiansky, Stephen . Blackett’s War: The Men Who Defeated Nazi U-Boats and Brought Science to the Art of Warfare (New York: Alfred Knopf, 2013).
Bulkeley, R.I.P. and Spinardi, Graham . Space Weapons: Deterrence or Delusion (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1986).
Bull, Hedley. The Control of the Arms Race (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1961).
Bundy, McGeorge. Danger and Survival (New York: Random House 1988).
Burdick, Eugene and Wheeler, Harvey . Fail-Safe (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1962).
Burns, Arthur Lee. Ethics and Deterrence: A Nuclear Balance Without Hostage Cities? (London: IISS, 1970).
Burns, Arthur Lee. The Rationale of Catalytic War (Princeton University Center of International Studies, April 1959).
Burt, Richard. New Weapons and Technologies: Debate and Directions (London: IISS, 1976).
Bush, George and Scowcroft, Brent. A World Transformed (New York. Knopf, 1998).
Bush, Vannevar. Modern Arms and Free Men (London, Heinemann, 1950).
Butler, General George Lee. Uncommon Cause: A Life at Odds with Convention, Volume II The Transformative Years (Denver, CO: Outskirts Press Inc., 2016).
Butler, Richard. Saddam Defiant: The Threat of Mass Destruction and the Crisis of Global Security (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 2000).
Butow, Robert J. C. Japan’s Decision to Surrender (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1954).
Caldwell, Lawrence . Soviet Attitudes to SALT (London: IISS, 1972).
Cameron, Gavin. Nuclear Terrorism: A Threat Assessment for the 21st Century (London: Macmillan, 1999).
Campbell, Christy. Target London: Under attack from the V-weapons during WWII (London: Little, Brown & Co, 2012).
Campbell, K.M. et al., Soviet Nuclear Fission. Control of the Nuclear Arsenal in a Disintegrating Soviet Union (Cambridge MA: Center for Science and International Affairs, 1991).
Capitanchik, David and Eichenberg, Richard. Defence and Public Opinion, Chatham House Paper No. 20 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul for RIIA, 1983).
Carter, Ash; Steinbruner, John and Zraket, Charles (eds.) Managing Nuclear Operations (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1987).
Carter, Ashton and Schwartz, David (eds.) Ballistic Missile Defense (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1984).
Chayes, Abram and Wiesner, Jerome (ed.) ABM: An Evaluation of the Decision to Deploy an Anti-Ballistic Missile System (New York: Harper & Row, 1969).
Cheema, Zafar Iqbal. Indian Nuclear Deterrence: Its Evolution, Development and Implications for South Asian Security (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).
Chengappa, Raj. Weapons of Peace: The Secret Story of India’s Quest to be a Nuclear Power (New Delhi, HarperCollins Publishers India, 2000).
Chinoy, Mike. Meltdown: The Inside Story of the North Korean Nuclear Crisis (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2008).
Chubin, Shahram. Iran’s Nuclear Ambitions (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2006).
Cigar, Norman. Saudi Arabia and Nuclear Weapons: How Do Countries Think About the Bomb? (London: Routledge, 2016).
Cirincione, Joseph with Wolfstahl, Jon and Rajkumar, Miriam. Deadly Arsenals: Tracking Weapons of Mass Destruction (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2002).
Clausewitz, Carl von. On War , trans. Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989).
Clodfelter, Mark. Beneficial Bombing: The Progressive Foundations of American Air Power 1917–1945 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2010).
Coale, Ansley J. The Problem of Reducing Vulnerability to Atomic Bombs (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1947).
Cochran, Thomas B.; Arkin, William M. and Hoenig, Milton M. US Nuclear Forces and Capabilities (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1984).
Coffey, J. I. Strategic Power and National Security (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1971).
Cohen, Avner. Israel and the Bomb (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999).
Cohen, Michael. When Proliferation Causes Peace: The Psychology of Nuclear Crises (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2017).
Cole, Paul and Taylor, William J. (eds.) The Nuclear Freeze Debate (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1983).
Collins, John M. American and Soviet Military Trends since the Cuban Missile Crisis (Washington, DC: The Center for Strategic and International Studies, Georgetown University, 1978).
Committee on International Security and Arms Control, National Academy of Sciences. The Future of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Policy (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1997).
Corum, James S. (ed) Rearming Germany (Leiden, NL: Brill, 2011).
Cosmos, Graham A. MACV: The Joint Command in the Years of Withdrawal, 1968–1973 (Center of Military History, United States Army, Washington, DC, 2006).
Craig, Campbell and Radchenko, Sergey . The Atomic Bomb and the Origins of the Cold War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008).
Cravens, Hamilton and Solovey, Mark (eds.), Cold War Social Science: Knowledge Production, Liberal Democracy, and Human Nature (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012).
Daalder, Ivo H. The Nature and Practice of Flexible Response (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993).
Daniel, Donald C. (ed.), International Perceptions of the Superpower Military Balance (New York: Praeger, 1978).
Daalder, Ivo. The SDI Challenge to Europe (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1987).
Delpech, Thérèse Iran and the Bomb: The Abdication of International Responsibility , translated by Ros Schwartz (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007).
Dennis M. Giangreco, Hell to Pay: Operation Downfall and the Invasion of Japan, 1945–1947 (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2009).
Dinerstein, Herbert S. War and the Soviet Union (New York: Praeger, 1959).
Divine, Robert A. Blowing on the Wind: The Nuclear Test Ban Debate 1954–60 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978).
Dockrill, Saki (ed.), From Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima: The Second World War in Asia and the Pacific, 1941–1945 (London: Macmillan, 1994).
Donovan, Robert J. Eisenhower: The Inside Story (New York: Harper, 1956).
Douglass Jr., Joseph D. and Hoeber, Amoretta M. Conventional War and Escalation: The Soviet View (New York: Crane Russak, 1981).
Douglass, Joseph and Hoeber, Amoretta . Soviet Strategy for Nuclear War (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1979).
Douhet, Giulio. The Command of the Air, as translated by Dino Ferrari (New York: Coward-McCann Inc., 1942).
Drell, Sidney; Farley, Philip and Holloway, David. The Reagan Strategic Defense Initiative: A Technical, Political and Arms Control Assessment (A Special Report of the Center for International Security and Arms Control: Stanford University, July 1984).
Driver, Christopher. The Disarmers (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1964).
Dror, Yehezkel. Crazy States: A Counter-conventional Strategic Problem (Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath, 1971).
Duchêne, Francois (ed.), Force in Modern Societies: Its Place in International Politics (London: IISS, 1973).
Duffy, Gloria (ed.) Intermediate Nuclear Forces in Europe (Palo Alto: Stanford University, 1982).
Durch, William (ed.) National Interests and the Military Uses of Space (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1984).
Durch, William. The Future of the ABM Treaty, Adelphi Paper 223 (IISS, Summer 1987).
Earle, Edward Mead. Makers of Modern Strategy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1943).
Eden, Lynn. Whole World on Fire: Organizations, Knowledge, & Nuclear Weapons Devastation (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003).
Eliot, George Fielding. Victory without War: 1958–61 (Annapolis, Maryland: US Naval Institute, 1958).
Ellsberg, Daniel. The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner (London: Bloomsbury, 2017).
Elman, Miriam Fendius (ed.) Paths to Peace: Is Democracy the Answer? (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997).
Enthoven, Alain and Smith, Wayne. How Much is Enough? Shaping the Defense Program, 1961–69 (New York: Harper & Row, 1971).
Etzold, Thomas H. and Gaddis, John Lewis. Containment: Documents on American Policy and Strategy 1945–50 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1978).
Evangelista, Matthew. Unarmed Forces: The Transnational Movement to end the Cold War (Ithaca; Cornell University Press, 1999).
Evron, Yair. Israel’s Nuclear Dilemma (London: Routledge, 1994).
Falkenrath, Richard A.; Newman, Robert D. and Thayer, Bradley. America’s Achilles Heel: Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Terrorism and Covert Attack (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998).
Farmelo, Graham. Churchill’s Bomb: A Hidden History of Science, War and Politics (London: Faber & Faber 2013).
Feaver, Paul Douglas. Guarding the Guardians: Civilian Control of Nuclear Weapons in the United States (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992).
Feis, Herbert. The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966).
Feld, B. T. et al . (eds.), Impact of New Technologies on the Arms Race (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1971).
Ferrell, Robert H. (ed.) The Diary of James C. Hagerty (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983).
Fetter, Steve. Verifying Nuclear Disarmament , Occasional Paper no. 290 (The Henry L. Stimson Center, October 1996).
Fischer, Benjamin B. A Cold War Conundrum: The 1983 Soviet War Scare (Washington, DC, Central Intelligence Agency, 1997).
Fitzgerald, Frances. Way Out There in the Blue: Reagan, Star Wars, and the End of the Cold War (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000).
Fitzpatrick, Mark. Asia’s Latent Nuclear Powers: Japan, South Korea and Taiwan (London: International Institute of Strategic Studies, 2016).
Foot, Rosemary. The Wrong War: American policy and the Dimensions of the Korean Conflict (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985).
Fox, William. Atomic Energy and International Relations (Mimeo: Yale Institute of International Affairs, June 1948).
Fox, William. The Superpowers: The United States, Britain and the Soviet Union and Their Responsibility for Peace (New York: Harcourt & Brace, 1944).
Franklin, H. Bruce. War Stars: The Superweapon and the American Imagination (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988).
Freedman, Lawrence. The Future of War: A History (London: Allen Lane, 2017).
Freedman, Lawrence. The Price of Peace: Living with the Nuclear Dilemma (London: Firethorne, 1986).
Freedman, Lawrence. US Intelligence and the Soviet Strategic Threat (London: Macmillan, 1977).
Freedman, Lawrence. Ukraine and the Art of Strategy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019).
Freedman, Lawrence and Karsh, Efraim . The Gulf Conflict: 1990–91 (London: Faber, 1993).
Fukuyama, Francis. The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press, 1992).
Futter, Andrew. Hacking the Bomb: Cyber Threats and Nuclear Weapons (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2018).
Gaddis, John Lewis; Gordon, Philip H.; May, Ernest R. and Rosenberg, Jonathan. Cold War Statesmen Confront the Bomb: Nuclear Diplomacy Since 1945 (Oxford: OUP, 1999).
Gallois, Pierre. The Balance of Terror: Strategy for the Nuclear Age, translated by Richard Howard (Boston; Houghton Mifflin, 1961).
Ganguly, Sumit and Hagerty, Devin. Fearful Symmetry: India-Pakistan Crises in the Shadow of Nuclear Weapons (Seattle, University of Washington Press, 2005).
Garfinkel, Adam. The Politic s of the Nuclear Freeze (Philadelphia: Foreign Policy Research Institute, 1984).
Garner, William. Soviet Threat Perceptions of NATO’s Eurostrategic Missiles, Atlantic Papers No. 52-53 (Paris: The Atlantic Institute for International Affairs, 1983).
Garrison, Dee. Bracing for Armageddon: Why Civil Defense Never Worked (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).
Garrity, Patrick J. and Maarenen, Steven A. (eds) Nuclear Weapons in the Changing. World: Perspectives from Europe, Asia and North America (New York: Plenum Press, 1992).
Garthoff, Raymond (ed.), Sino-Soviet Military Relations (New York: Praeger, 1966).
Garthoff, Raymond L. Soviet Military Doctrine (Illinois: The Free Press, 1953).
Garthoff, Raymond L. Soviet Strategy in the Nuclear Age (New York: Praeger, 1958).
Garthoff, Raymond. Policy Versus The Law: The Reinterpretation of the ABM Treaty (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1987).
Gat, Azar. Fascist and Liberal Visions of War: Fuller, Liddell Hart, Douhet, and Other Modernists (Oxford; Clarendon Press, 1998).
Gavin, Francis J. Nuclear Statecraft: History and Strategy in America’s Atomic Age (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2012).
Gentile, Gian. How Effective is Strategic Bombing?: Lessons Learned from World War II to Kosovo (New York: NYU Press, 2000).
George, Alexander and Smoke, Richard. Deterrence in American Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice (New York: Columbia University Press, 1974).
Gervasi, Tom. The Myth of Soviet Military Supremacy (New York: Harper & Row, 1986)
Ghamari-Tabrizi , Sharon. The Worlds of Herman Kahn: The Intuitive Science of Thermonuclear War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005).
Gilpin, Robert and Wright, Christopher (eds.), Scientists and National Policy Making (New York: Columbia University Press, 1964).
Gilpin, Robert. American Scientists and Nuclear Weapons Policy (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1962).
Ginor, Isabella and Remez, Gideon. Foxbats over Dimona: The Soviets’ Nuclear Gamble in the Six-Day War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007).
Giovannitti, Len and Freed, Fred. The Decision to Drop the Bomb (London: Methuen & Co., 1967).
Glasstone, Dr Samuel. The Effects of Nuclear Weapons (US Atomic Energy Commission, 1957).
Goldsen, Joseph M. (ed.) Outer Space in World Politics (London: Pall Mall Press, 1963).
Goncharov, Sergei N.; Lewis, John Wilson and Litai, Xue. Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao, and the Korean War (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993).
Goodwin, Geoffrey (ed.), Ethics and Nuclear Deterrence (London: Croom Helm, 1982).
Gorbachev, Mikhail. Perestroika (London: Collins, 1987).
Gordon, Michael R. and Trainor, General Bernard E. The Generals’ War (Boston: Little Brown & Co, 1995).
Gouré, Leon. War Survival in Soviet Strategy (University of Miami Press, 1976).
Gouré, Leon; Kohler, Foy and Harvey, Mose. The Role of Nuclear Forces in Current Soviet Strategy (Miami, Florida: Center for Advanced Studies, University of Miami, 1974).
Gowing, Margaret. Britain and Atomic Energy, 1939–1945 (London Macmillan, 1964).
Gowing, Margaret. Independence and Deterrence: Britain and Atomic Energy 1945–1952, vol. 1, Policy Making (London: Macmillan, 1974).
Graham, Bradley. Hit to Kill: The New Battle over Shielding America from Missile Attack (New York: Public Affairs, 2001).
Gray, Colin. Strategic Studies and Public Policy: The American Experience (Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1982).
Gray, Colin. The Future of Land-Based Missile Forces (London: IISS, 1978).
Gray, Colin. The Soviet-American Arms Race (Farnborough, Hants: Saxon House, 1976).
Green, Philip. Deadly Logic: The Theory of Nuclear Deterrence (Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Press, 1966).
Greenwood, Ted. Making the MIRV: A Study in Defense Decision-Making (Cambridge, Mass: Ballinger, 1975).
Grodzins, Morton and Rabinowitch, Eugene (eds.) The Atomic Age: Scientists in National and World Affairs (New York: Basic Books, 1963).
Groom, John. British Thinking About Nuclear Weapons (London: Frances Pinter, 1974).
Groves, Leslie R. Now It Can Be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project (New York: Harper, 1962).
Gusterson, Hugh. Nuclear Rites: A Weapons Laboratory at the End of the Cold War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).
Hadley, Arthur T. The Nation’s Safety and Arms Control (New York: Viking Press, 1961).
Haldeman, H.R. with DiMona, Joseph. The Ends of Power (New York: Times Books, 1978).
Halliday, Fred. The Making of the Second Cold War (London: Verso, 1983).
Halperin, Morton. Limited War in the Nuclear Age (New York: John Wiley, 1963).
Halperin, Morton. Nuclear Fallacy: Dispelling the Myth of Nuclear Strategy (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1987).
Halverson, Tom. The Last Great Nuclear Debate (London: Macmillan, 1995).
Ham, Paul. Hiroshima Nagasaki (New York: Doubleday, 2012).
Hansen, Keith. The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty: An Insider’s Perspective (Stanford: Stanford university Press, 2006).
Hargittai, Istvan. Judging Edward Teller (New York: Prometheus Books, 2010).
Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi (ed.) The End of the Pacific War: Reappraisals (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2007).
Haselkorn, Avigdor. The Continuing Storm: Iraq, Poisonous Weapons and Deterrence (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999).
Hathaway, Oona and Shapiro, Scott. The Internationalists and their Plan to Outlaw War (London: Allen Lane, 2017).
Heginbotham, Eric; Chase, Michael S.; Heim, Jacob L.; Lin, Bonny; Cozad, Mark R.; Morris, Lyle J.; Twomey, Christopher P.; Morgan, Forrest E.; Nixon, Michael; Garafola, Cristina L. and Berkowitz, Samuel K. China’s Evolving Nuclear Deterrent: Major Drivers and Issues for the United States , RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, 2017.
Heuser, Beatrice. NATO, Britain, France and the FRG: Nuclear Strategies and Forces for Europe (London: Macmillan, 1997).
Hewlett, Richard G. and Anderson, Oscar . The New World 1939/46: Vol, I of a history of the ASAEC (Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania University Press, 1962).
Hewlett, Richard G. and Duncan, Francis. Atomic Shield: A History of the Atomic Energy Commission, Vol. II, 1947–1952 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990).
Hilsman, Roger. The Cuban Missile Crisis: The Struggle over Polic y (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1996).
Hines, John G. Soviet Intentions , 1965–1985 : Vol. II , Soviet Post - Cold War Testimonial Evidence (McLean, VA: BDM Federal, 22 September 1995).
Hoffenaar, Jan and Kruger, Dieter (eds.) Blueprints for Battle: Planning for War in Central Europe, 1945–1968 (University Press of Kentucky, 2012).
Hoffenaar, Jan and Findlay, Christopher (eds.) Military Planning for European Theater Conflict During the Cold War: An Oral History Roundtable , Stockholm, 24–25 April 2006 Zurcher Beitrage Zur Sicherheitspolitik Nr. 79.
Hoffman, David E. The Dead Hand: The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and Its Dangerous Legacy (New York: Doubleday, 2009).
Holloway, David. Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1939–1956 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994).
Holloway, David. The Soviet Union and the Arms Race (London: Yale University Press, 1983).
Holman, Brett. The Next War in the Air: Britain’s Fear of the Bomber, 1908–1941 (London: Ashgate, 2014).
Holst, Johan and Nerlich, Uwe. Beyond Nuclear Deterrence (London: Macdonald & Janes, 1978).
Holst, Johan and Schneider, William (eds.), Why ABM? (New York: Pergamon Press, 1969).
Hoodbhoy, Pervez (ed.) Confronting the Bomb : Pakistani and Indian Scientists Speak Out (Oxford University Press, Karachi, Pakistan, 2013).
Hook, Sidney. The Fail-Safe Fallacy (New York, Stein & Day, 1963).
Horelick, Arnold and Rush, Myron . Strategic Power and Soviet Foreign Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966).
Howard, Michael (ed.), Restraints on War: Studies in the limitation of Armed Conflict (London: Oxford University Press, 1979).
Howorth, Jolyon and Chilton, Patricia (eds.) Defence and Dissent in Contemporary France (London: Croom Helm, 1984).
Hsieh, Alice Langley. Communist China’s Strategy in the Nuclear Age (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1962).
Hudson, Cheryl and Davies, Gareth (eds.) Ronald Reagan and the 1980s: Perceptions, Policies, Legacies (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008).
Huntington, Samuel P. The Common Defense: Strategic Programs in National Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961).
IISS The Implications of Military Technology in the 1970s (London: IISS, 1968).
Iklé, Fred. Can Nuclear Deterrence Last Out the Century? (Santa Monica, CA: Arms Control and Foreign Policy Seminar, January 1973).
Janis, Irving . Victims of Group-Think (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972).
Jastrow, Robert. How to Make Nuclear Weapons Obsolete (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1985).
Jayne, Edward Randolph. The ABM Debate; Strategic Defense and National Security (MIT Center for International Studies, June 1969).
Jenkins, Brian M. Will Terrorists Go Nuclear? (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1975).
Jervis, Robert. Perception and Misperception in International Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976).
Jervis, Robert. The Illogic of American Nuclear Strategy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984).
Jervis, Robert; Lebow, Richard Ned and Stein, Janice Gross Psychology and Deterrence (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1985).
Joint Staff Strategic Survey, Statement of the Effect of Atomic Weapons on National Security and Military Organization (12 January 1946).
Jones, Matthew. After Hiroshima: The United States, Race and Nuclear weapons in Asia, 1945–1965 (Cambridge; Cambridge University Press, 2010).
Jones, Matthew. The Official History of the UK Strategic Nuclear Deterrent, Volume I: From the V-Bomber Era to the Arrival of Polaris, 1945–1964 (Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2017a).
Jones, Matthew. The Official History of the UK Strategic Nuclear Deterrent, Volume II: The Labour Government and the Polaris Programme, 1964–1970 (Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2017b).
Jones, Nate ed., Able Archer 83: The Secret History of the NATO Exercise That Almost Triggered Nuclear War (New York: The New Press, 2016).
Kadt, Emanuel J. de. British Defence Policy and Nuclear War (London: Frank Cass, 1964).
Kahn, Herman. On Escalation: Metaphors and Scenarios (London: Pall Mall, 1965).
Kahn, Herman . On Thermonuclear War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960).
Kaplan, Edward. To Kill Nations: American Strategy in the Air-Atomic Age and the Rise of Mutually Assured Destruction (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2015).
Kaplan, Fred. Wizards of Armageddon (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1983).
Kaplan, Lawrence S. NATO before the Korean War, April 1949–June 1950 (Kent, OH: The Kent State University Press, 2013).
Kaplan, Morton A. (ed.), Strategic Thinking and Its Moral Implications (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973).
Kaplan, Morton A. The Strategy of Limited Retaliation , Policy Memorandum No. 19 (Center of International Studies: Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, April 1959).
Karp, Regina C. Security without Nuclear Weapons? Different Perspectives on Non-Nuclear Security (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992).
Karpin, Michael. The Bomb in the Basement: How Israel Went Nuclear and What That Means for the World (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006).
Kaufman, Richard. The War Profiteers (New York: Doubleday, 1972).
Kaufmann, William (ed.), Military Policy and National Security (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1956).
Kecskemeti, Paul. Strategic Surrender: The Politics of Victory and Defense (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1958).
Keeney, L. Douglas. 15 Minutes: General Curtis LeMay and the Countdown to Nuclear Annihilation (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2011).
Kelleher, Catherine McArdle and Reppy, Judith. Getting to Zero: the Path to Nuclear Disarmament (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011).
Kelleher, Catherine McArdle. Germany and the Politics of Nuclear Weapons (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975).
Kennan, George F. Russia, the Atom and The West (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1958).
Kennan, George F. Memoirs, 1925–1950 (Boston, Little Brown: 1967).
Kennedy, Senator Edward and Hatfield, Senator Mark. Freeze: How You Can Prevent Nuclear War (New York: Bantam Books, 1982).
Kent, Glenn A. A New Approach to Arms Control, R-3140-FF/RC (Santa Monica, CA: The RAND Corporation, June 1984).
Khrushchev, Nikita. Khrushchev Remembers, vol. 1 (London: André Deutsch, 1971).
Khrushchev, Nikita. Khrushshev Remembers, vol. 2, The Last Testament (London: André Deutsch, 1974).
Khrushchev, Sergei N. Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower (University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University 2000).
Kimball, Alice . A Peril and a Hope: The Scientists’ Movement in America, 1945–47 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965).
Kimball, Jeffrey. Nixon’s Vietnam War (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1998).
King-Hall, Stephen. Power Politics in the Nuclear Age: A Policy for Britain (London: Gollancz Ltd, 1962).
Kissinger, Henry (ed.), Problems of National Strategy (New York: Praeger, 1965).
Kissinger, Henry . 1961. Necessity for Choice (New York: Harper & Row).
Kissinger, Henry. Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy (New York: Harper, 1957).
Kissinger, Henry. The White House Years (Boston: Little Brown & Co., 1979).
Klare, M. T. and Thomas, D. C. (eds.) World Security: Challenges for a New Century (New York: St. Martin’s, 1994).
Knoll, Erwin and McFadden, Judith Nies (eds.) American Militarism 1970 (New York: The Viking Press, 1969).
Knorr, Klaus (ed.), NATO and American Security (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1959).
Knorr, Klaus. On the Uses of Military Power in the Nuclear Age (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966).
Knorr, Klaus and Read, Thornton. Limited Strategic War (Praeger, 1962).
Kolkowicz, Roman et al ., The Soviet Union and Arms Control: A Super-power Dilemma (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970).
Kort, Michael. The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb (New York Columbia: University Press, 2007).
Kramish, Arnold. Atomic Energy in the Soviet Union (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1960).
Krepon, Michael (ed) Nuclear Risk Reduction in South Asia (Palgrave Macmillan US, 2004).
Krepon, Michael; Wheeler, Travis and Mason, Shane (ed.) The Lure and Pitfalls of MIRVS: From the First to the Second Nuclear Age (Washington, DC: Stimson Center, 2016).
Krivosheev, Colonel-General G. F. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century Translated by Christine Barnard (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1997).
Laird, Melvin. A House Divided: America’s Security Gap (New York: Henry Regnery, 1962).
Lambeth, Benjamin S. Selective Nuclear Options in American and Soviet Strategic Policy (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 1976).
Lanouette, William . Genius in the Shadows: A Biography of Leo Szilard, the Man Behind the Bomb (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994).
Lapp, Ralph. The Weapons Culture (New York: W. W. Norton, 1968).
Lavoy, Peter R.; Sagan, Scott D. and Wirtz, James J. (eds.) Planning the Unthinkable: How New Powers Will Use Nuclear, Chemical and Biological Weapons (lthaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000).
Le Bon, Gustave. The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1896).
Lebow, Richard Ned. Nuclear Crisis Management: A Dangerous Illusion (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987).
Lee, Steven. Morality, Prudence and Nuclear Weapons (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
Leebaert, Derek (ed.) Soviet Military Thinking (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1981).
Leffler, M. and O. Westad (eds.) The Cambridge History of the Cold War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
Lettow, Paul. Ronald Reagan and His Quest to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (New York: Random House, 2005).
Levi, Michael. On Nuclear Terrorism (Harvard University Press, 2007).
Levine, Robert. The Strategic Nuclear Debate (Santa Monica, CA: The RAND Corporation, 1987).
Levy, Adrian and Scott-Clark, Catherine. Deception: Pakistan, the United States, and the Global Nuclear Weapons Conspiracy (London: Atlantic Books, 2007).
Lewis, Jeffrey. The 2020 Commission: Report on the North Korean Nuclear Attacks Against the United States (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2018).
Lewis, John and Xue, Litai. Imagined Enemies: China Prepares for Uncertain War (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006).
Lewis, John Wilson and Litai, Xue. China Builds the Bomb (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1988).
Libicki, Martin C. Cyberdeterrence and Cyberwar (RAND Corporation, 2009).
Liddell Hart, B. H. (ed.), The Soviet Army (London: Wiedenfeld & Nicolson 1956).
Liddell Hart, B. H. Deterrent or Defence (London: Stevens & Sons, 1960).
Liddell Hart, B. H. Strategy: The Indirect Approach (London: Faber & Faber, 1968).
Liddell Hart, B. H. The Revolution in Warfare (London, Faber & Faber; 1946).
Lilienthal, David E. The Journals of David E. Lilienthal, vol. II, The Atomic Energy Years 1945–50 (New York, Harper & Row, 1964).
Lindsay, James M. and O’Hanlon, Michael. Defending America: The Case for a Limited National Missile Defense (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2001)
Lippman, Walter. The Cold War (Boston: Little Brown, 1947).
Litwak, Robert. Rogue States and Us Foreign Policy (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2000).
Lodal, Jan. The Price of Dominance: The New Weapons of Mass Destruction and Their Challenge to American Leadership (New York: Council on Foreign Relation, 2001).
Long, Franklin; Hafner, Donald and Boutwell, Jeffrey (eds.) Weapons in Space (New York: W. W. Norton, 1986).
Lowe, George E. The Age of Deterrence (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1964).
Lowen, Rebecca S. Creating the Cold War University: The Transformation of Stanford (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).
Luce, R. Duncan and Raiffa, Howard. Games and Decisions; Introduction and Critical Survey (New York: Wiley, 1957).
MacIsaacs, David. Strategic Bombing in World War Two: The Story of the United States Strategic Bombing Survey (New York: Garland, 1976).
Maclean, Douglas (ed.) The Security Gamble: Deterrence Dilemmas in the Nuclear Age (Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Allanheld Publishers, 1984).
Maggelet, Michael H. and Oskins, James C. Broken Arrow—The Declassified History of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Accidents (New York: Bantam, 2008).
Malkasian, Carter. A History of Modern Wars of Attrition (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002).
Malloy, Sean L. Atomic Tragedy: Henry L. Stimson and the Decision to Use the Bomb Against Japan (New York: Cornell University Press, 2008).
Malone, David M.; Mohan, C. Raja and Raghavan, Srinath (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy (Oxford University Press, 2015).
Masters, Dexter and Way, Katherine (eds.), One World or None (New York: McGraw Hill, 1946).
Mastny, Vojtech and Byrne, Malcolm (eds.) A Cardboard Castle? An Inside History of the Warsaw Pact, 1955–1991 (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2005) .
Mastny, Vojtech; Holtsmark, Sven G. and Wenger, Andreas. War Plans and Alliances in the Cold War: Threat Perceptions in the East and West (Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2006).
McConnell, James. The Soviet Shift in Emphasis from Nuclear to Conventional, 2 volumes (Virginia: Center for Naval Analyses, June 1984).
McNamara, Robert S. Blundering into Disaster: Surviving the First Century of the Nuclear Age (New York: Pantheon Books, 1986).
McPhee, John. The Curve of Binding Energy: A Journey into the Awesome and Alarming World of Theodore B. Taylor (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1974).
Mearsheimer, John. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (New York: Norton, 2001).
Medvetz, Thomas. Think Tanks in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012).
Meilinger, Phillip S. (ed.) The Paths of Heaven: The Evolution of Airpower Theory ( Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama,: Air University Press, 1997).
Meyer, Stephen M. Soviet Theatre Nuclear Forces. Part I: Development of Doctrine and Objectives , Adelphi Paper 187 (London: IISS, 1984).
Miksche, F. O. The Failure of Atomic Strategy (New York: Praeger, 1958).
Millis, Walter (ed.) The Forrestal Diaries (London: Cassell & Co. 1952).
Mirowski, Philip. Machine Dreams: Economics Becomes a Cyborg Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
Morgenstern, Oskar. The Question of National Defense (New York: Random House, 1959).
Moss, Norman. Men Who Play God: The Story of the Hydrogen Bomb (London: Penguin, 1970).
Moulton, Major-General J.L. (ed.) Brassey’s 1972 (London: William Clowes, 1972).
Mueller, John. Atomic Obsession: Nuclear Alarmism: From Hiroshima to Al-Qaeda (Oxford: OUP, 2009).
Mueller, John. Retreat from Doomsday: The Obsolescence of Major War (New York: Basic Books, 1990).
Mueller , Karl P.; Castillo, Jasen J.; Morgan, Forrest E.; Pegahi, Negeen and Rosen, Brian. Striking First : Pre-emptive and Preventive Attack in U.S. National Security Policy (Rand Corporation Monograph, 2006).
Murfett, Malcom H. (ed) Cold War: Southeast Asia (Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Editions, 2012).
Murray, Thomas. Nuclear Policy for War and Peace (Ohio: World Publishing Co., 1960).
Murray, Williamson (ed.) Brassey’s Mershon American Defense Annual, 1995–96 (Washington, DC, Brassey’s, 1997).
Myrdal, Alva . The Game of Disarmament: How the United States and Russia Run the Arms Race (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1977).
National Planning Association, The ‘Nth Country’ Problem and Arms Control (New York: NPA, 1959).
Neumann, John von and Morgenstern, Oskar. Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1944).
Neustadt, Richard. Alliance Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970).
Newhouse, John. Cold Dawn: The Story of SALT (New York, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1973).
Newman, James R. The Rule of Folly (London, George Allen & Unwin, 1962).
Nichols, Thomas. No Use: Nuclear Weapons and U.S. National Security (Pittsburgh: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013).
Nicolson, Harold. Public Faces (London: Constable and Co. Ltd., 1932).
Nicolson, Nigel. (ed) Harold Nicolson: Diaries and Letters, 1930–1939 (London: Collins, 1966).
Nicolson, Nigel. (ed) Harold Nicolson: Diaries and Letters, 1945–1962 (London: Collins, 1967).
Nixon, Richard M. United States Foreign Policy for the 1970s: Building the Peace (25 February 1971).
Nixon, Richard. The Memoirs of Richard Nixon (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1978).
Noel-Baker, Philip . The Arms Race (London: John Calder, 1958).
Nolan, Janne. An Elusive Consensus (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1999).
Norris, Robert S. Racing for the Bomb: General Leslie R. Groves, The Manhattan Project’s Indispensable Man (South Royalton, VT: Steerforth Press, 2002).
Nuti, Leopoldo; Bozo, Frédéric; Rey, Marie-Pierre and Rother, Bernd (ed.) The Euromissile Crisis and the End of the Cold War (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2015).
Nye, Joseph. Nuclear Ethics (New York: The Free Press, 1986).
Nye, Jr., Joseph S.; Allison, Jr., Graham T. and Carnesale, Albert (eds.) Fateful Visions: Avoiding Nuclear Catastrophe (New York: Harper & Row, 1988).
Odom, William. The Collapse of the Soviet Military (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998).
Oren, Michael B. Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East (New York: Ballantine Books, 2003).
Orwell, Sonia and Angus, Ian (eds.), The Collected Essays; Journalism and Letters of George Orwell , vol. 4 (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1968).
Osgood, Robert Endicott. Limited War: The Challenge to American Strategy (The University of Chicago Press, 1957).
Osgood, Robert. NATO: The Entangling Alliance (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1962).
Overy, Richard. The Bombing War: Europe 1939–1945 (London: Allen Lane, 2013).
Patrikarakos, David. Nuclear Iran: The Birth of an Atomic State (London; Tauris, 2012).
Paul, T.V. Power versus Prudence: Why Nations Forgo Nuclear Weapons (Montreal, Ithaca & London: McGill-Queens’ University Press 2000).
Paul, T.V. The Tradition of Non-Use of Nuclear Weapons (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2009).
Paul, T. V.; Harknett, Richard J. and Wirtz, James J. (eds.) The Absolute Weapon Revisited: Nuclear Arms and the Emerging International Order (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998).
Payne, Keith B. Deterrence in the Second Nuclear Age (Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1996).
Perkovich, George. India’s Nuclear Bomb (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1999).
Perry, William J. Preventive Defense: A New Security Strategy for America (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1999).
Phillips, John Aristotle and David Michaelis, Mushroom: The Story of the A-Bomb Kid (New York William Morrow, 1978).
Pierre, Andrew. Nuclear Politics: The British Experience with an Independent Strategic Force, 1939–1970 (London: Oxford University Press, 1972).
Pollack, Kenneth. The Threatening Storm: The Case for Invading Iraq (New York: Random House, 2002).
Potter, William. The Politics of Nuclear Renunciation: The Cases of Belarus, Kazakhstan and the Ukraine (Washington, DC: The Henry L. Stimson Center, 1995).
Power, General Thomas with Arnhym, Albert A. Design for Survival (New York, NY: Coward-McCann, Inc., 1965).
Powell, Colin with Perisco, Joseph. My American Journey: An Autobiography (New York: Random House, 1995).
Powers, Thomas. Heisenberg’s War: The Secret History of The German Bomb (New York: De Capo Press, 2000).
Pranger, Robert J. and Labrie, Roger P. (eds.) Nuclear Strategy and National Security: Points of View (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 1977).
Pry, Peter Vincent. War Scare: Russia and America on the Nuclear Brink (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999).
Puleston, W. D. The Influence of Force in Foreign Relations (New York: Van Nostrand, 1955).
Quade, E. S. Analysis for Military Decisions (Chicago: RAND McNally, 1964).
Quester, George (ed.) The Nuclear Challenges in Russia and the New States of Eurasia (Armonk, NY: M.E.Sharpe, 1995).
Quester, George. Deterrence Before Hiroshima: The Influence of Airpower on Modern Strategy (New York: John Wiley, 1966).
Rapaport, Anatol. Strategy and Conscience (New York: Harper & Row, 1964).
Rapaport, Anatol. Fights, Games and Debates (Ann Arbor: Michigan University Press, 1960).
Rawson, Hugh and Miner, Margaret (eds.) The Oxford Dictionary of American Quotations (Oxford: OUP, 2006).
Reagan, Ronald. An American Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990).
Recouly, Raymond. My Conversations with the Marshal (New York: Appleton, 1929).
Reed, Thomas C. At the Abyss: An Insider’s History of the Cold War (New York: Ballantine Books, 2004).
Reel, Monte . A Brotherhood of Spies: The U-2 and the Cia’s Secret War (New York: Doubleday, 2018).
Rees, David. Korea: The Limited War (London: Macmillan 1964).
Rhodes, Richard. Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb (London: Simon and Schuster, 1995).
Rhodes, Richard. The Making of the Atomic Bomb (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986).
Rinne, R. L. (ed.) The History of NATO TNF Policy: The Role of Studies, Analysis and Exercises Conference Proceedings , Volume 3, Sandia Report SAND 91-8010/3, Sandia National Laboratories (1994).
Roberts, Brad. The Case for U.S. Nuclear Weapons in the 21st Century (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2015).
Robin, Ron. The Cold War They Made: The Strategic Legacy of Roberta and Albert Wohlstetter (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 2016).
Rodberg, Leonard and Shearer, Derek. The Pentagon Watchers (New York: Doubleday & Co., 1970).
Rohde, Joy. Armed with Expertise: The Militarization of American Social Research During the Cold War (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2013).
Rose, Kenneth D. One Nation Underground: The Fallout Shelter in American Culture (New York: New York University Press, 2001).
Rosenbaum, Ron. How the End Begins: The Road to a Nuclear World War III (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011).
Rosencrance, R. N. (ed) The Dispersion of Nuclear Weapons (New York, Columbia University Press, 1964).
Ross, Steven T. American War Plans, 1945–1950 (New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1988).
Rotberg, Robert I. and Rabb, Theodore K. (eds.) The Origins and Prevention of Major Wars (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
Rotblat, Joseph . Scientists in the Quest for Peace: A History of the Pugwash Conferences (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1972).
Rotblat, Joseph; Steinburger, Jack and Udgaonkar, Babalchandra. A Nuclear Weapon-Free World. Desirable? Feasible? (Boulder, Colo,: Westview, 1993).
Rubel, John. Reflections on Fame and Some Famous Men (New Mexico: 2009).
Rublee, Maria Rost. Nonproliferation Norms: Why States Choose Nuclear Restraint (Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 2009).
Rusk, Dean . As I Saw It (New York: Norton 1990).
Russell, Bertrand . Commonsense and Nuclear Warfare (London, Allen & Unwin, 1959).
Sabin, Philip. The Third World War Scare in Britain (London: Macmillan, 1986).
Safire, William. Safire’s New Political Dictionary (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008).
Sagan, Scott and Waltz, Kenneth . The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate (New York: Norton, 1995).
Sagan, Scott D. The Limits of Safety: Organizations, Accidents, and Nuclear Weapons (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).
Sarkesian, Sam (ed.) The Military-Industrial Complex: A Reassessment (Beverly Hills, Sage Publications: 1972).
Sauer , Tom. Nuclear Inertia : US Nuclear Weapons Policy After the Cold War (London: I. B. Tauris, 2005).
Scheer, Robert. With Enough Shovels: Reagan, Bush and Nuclear War (New York: Random House, 1982).
Schell, Jonathan. The Fate of the Earth (London: Cape, 1982).
Schell, Jonathan. The Gift of Time: The Case for Abolishing Nuclear Weapons (New York: Metropolitan Books: Henry Holt and Company, 1998).
Schell, Jonathan. The Seventh Decade: The New Shape of Nuclear Danger (New York: Henry Holt & Company, 2007).
Schelling, Thomas and Halperin, Morton. Strategy and Arms Control (New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1961).
Schelling, Thomas. Arms and Influence (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966).
Schelling, Thomas. Controlled Response and Strategic Warfare (London: IISS, June 1965).
Schelling, Thomas. The Strategy of Conflict (New York: Oxford University Press, 1960).
Schilling, Warner et al. , American Arms and a Changing Europe (New York: Columbia University Press, 1973).
Schilling, Warner; Hammond, Paul and Snyder, Glenn. Strategy, Politics and Defense Budgets (New York: Columbia University Press, 1962).
Schlesinger , J. R. Arms Interaction and Arms Control (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, September 1968).
Schlesinger , J. R. European Security and the Nuclear Threat since 1945 (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, April 1967).
Schmidt, Helmut. Defence or Retaliation (New York: Praeger, 1972).
Schoenbaum, Thomas J. Waging Peace and War: Dean Rusk in the Truman, Kennedy and Johnson Years (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988).
Schwerin, Alan (ed.) Bertrand Russell on Nuclear War, Peace, and Language: Critical and Historical Essays (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002).
Seaborg, Glenn. Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Test Ban (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981).
Sechser, Todd S. and Fuhrmann , Matthew . Nuclear Weapons and Coercive Diplomacy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016).
Segev, Tom. 1967: Israel, the War and the Year that Transformed the Middle East (London: Abacus, 2007).
Shenfield, Stephen. The Nuclear Predicament: Explorations in Soviet Ideology (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul for RIIA, 1987).
Shilon, Avi. Translated by Danielle Zilberberg and Yoram Sharett, Menachem Begin: A Life (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012).
Singer, J. David. Deterrence, Arms Control and Disarmament: Towards a Synthesis in National Security Policy (Ohio State University Press; 1962).
Singh, Jasjit (ed.) Nuclear India (New Delhi: Knowledge World, 1998).
Slater, Robert. Warrior Statesman: The Life of Moshe Dayan (London: Robson Books Ltd., 1992).
Slessor, Sir John. Strategy for the West (London: Cassell 1954).
Slocombe, Walter. The Political Implications of Strategic Parity (London: IISS, 1971).
Smith, Bruce L. R. The RAND Corporation; Case Study of a Nonprofit Advisory Corporation (Harvard, MA: Harvard University Press, 1966).
Smith, Perry McCoy. The Air Force Plans for Peace 1939–1945 (Baltimore: John Hopkins Press, 1970).
Sokolovsky, Marshal Vasily. Soviet Military Strategy (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1963).
Sokolski, Henry and Clawson, Patrick . Getting Ready for a Nuclear-Ready Iran (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 2005).
Sokolski , Henry D. Getting MAD : Nuclear Mutual Assured Destruction Its Origins and Practice (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 2004).
Solingen, Etel (ed.) Sanctions, Statecraft, and Nuclear Proliferation (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012).
Solingen, Etel. The Domestic Sources of Nuclear Postures: Influencing ‘Fence-Sitters’ in the Post-Cold War Era (San Diego: IGCC, University of California, 1994).
Solovey, Mark. Shaky Foundations: The Politics-Patronage-Social Science Nexus in Cold War America (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2013).
Sorensen, Theodore (ed.) “ Let the Word go Forth”: The Speeches, Statements and Writings of John F Kennedy (New York: Dell Publishing, 1988).
Soutou, Georges-Henri. L’alliance incertaine. Les rapports politico-stratégiques franco-allemands, 1954–1996 (Paris: Fayard, 1996).
Spiers, Edward. A History of Chemical and Biological Weapons (London: Reaktion Books, 2010).
Steel, Ronald. Walter Lippmann and the American Century (London: Bodley Head, 1980).
Steinberg, Gerald. Lost in Space: The Domestic Politics of the Strategic Defense Initiative (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1988).
Steinbruner, John D. The Cybernetic Theory of Decision: New Dimensions of Political Analysis (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974).
Steiner, Barry H. Bernard Brodie and the American Study of Nuclear strategy (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 1991).
Stevenson, Jonathan. Thinking Beyond the Unthinkable: Harnessing Doom form the Cold War to the Age of Terror (New York: Viking, 2008).
Stimson, Henry L. and Bundy, McGeorge. On Active Service in Peace and War (London: Hutchinson, 1948).
Stoddart, Kristan . Losing an Empire and Finding a Role: Britain, the USA, NATO and Nuclear Weapons, 1964–70 (Basingtoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012).
Stoff, Michael B.; Fanton, Jonathan F. and Williams, R. Hal. The Manhattan project: A Documentary Introduction to the Nuclear Age (New York: McGraw Hill, 1991).
Stone, Jeremy . Strategic Persuasion: Arms Limitations Through Dialogue (New York: Columbia University Press, 1967).
Strachey, John. On the Prevention of War (London: Macmillan, 1962).
Stromseth, Jane. The Origins of Flexible Response: NATO’s Debate over Strategy in the 1960s (London: Macmillan, 1988).
Synnott, Hilary. The Causes and Consequences of South Asia’s Nuclear Tests . Adelphi Paper 332 (Oxford: OUP for IISS, 1999).
Talbott, Strobe. Deadly Gambits (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984).
Tannenwald, Nina. The Nuclear Taboo: The United States and the Non-Use of Nuclear Weapons Since 1945 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008).
Tanter, Raymond. Rogue Regimes: Terrorism and Proliferation (New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 1999).
Tedder, Lord. Air Power in the War (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1947).
Teller, Edward w/Shoolery, Judith L. Memoirs: A Twentieth-century Journey in Science and Politics (Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing, 2001).
Tellis, Ashley; Denmark, Abraham M. and Tanner, Travis eds., Strategic Asia 2013–14: Asia in the Second Nuclear Age (Seattle: National Bureau of Asian Research, 2013).
Terriff, Terry . The Nixon Administration and the Making of U.S. Nuclear Strategy (Ithaca: Cornell Studies in Security Affairs, 1995).
Thompson, E. P. and Smith, Dan (eds.) Protest and Survive (London: Penguin, 1980).
Thompson, E.P. Zero Option (London: Merlin Press, 1982).
The Gravel Edition, Pentagon Papers, vol. I (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971).
Trauschweizer, Ingo . The Cold War U.S. Army: Building Deterrence for Limited War (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2008).
Truman, Harry S. Memoirs of Harry S. Truman: 1946–52, Years of Trial and Hope (New York, Doubleday, 1956).
Tucker, Robert W. The Just War: A Stud y in Contemporary American Doctrine (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1960).
Tucker, Robert. The Nuclear Debate (New York: Holmes & Meter, 1985).
Ullman, Richard H. Securing Europe (London: Adamantine Press, 1991).
Union of Concerned Scientists, The Fallacy of Star Wars (New York: Vintage Books, 1983).
Van Den Dungen, Peter (ed.) West European Pacifism and the Strategy for Peace (London: Macmillan, 1985).
Vigor, Peter H. Soviet Blitzkrieg Theory (London: The Macmillan Press Ltd., 1983).
Warner, Edward L. The Military in Contemporary Soviet Politics (New York: Praeger, 1977).
Weintrub, E. Roy. Toward a History of Game Theory (London: Duke University Press, 1992).
Welch, David. The Third Reich: Politics and Propaganda (London: Routledge, 1993).
Wells, H. G. The War in the Air (London: George Bell & Sons, 1908).
Wells, H. G. The World Set Free (London: Macmillan, 1914).
Westmoreland, General William C. A Soldier Reports (New York: Da Capo Press, Inc. 1989).
Whetten, Lawrence L. (ed.) The Future of Soviet Military Power (New York: Crane Russak, 1976).
Whiting, Allen S. China Crosses the Yalu: The Decision to Enter the Korean War (New York: Macmillan, 1960).
Wieseltier, Leon. Nuclear War, Nuclear Peace (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1983).
Williams, Phil. Crisis Management: Confrontation and Diplomacy in the Nuclear Age (London: Martin Robertson, 1976).
Willrich, Mason and Rhinelander, John B. SALT: The Moscow Agreements and Beyond (New York: The Free Press, 1974).
Willrich, Mason and Theodore B. Taylor, Nuclear Theft: Risks and Safeguards (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1974).
Wilson, Andrew. War Gaming (London: Pelican, 1970).
Wittner, Lawrence S. One World or None: A History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement through 1953 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993).
Wolfe, Thomas. Soviet Power and Europe 1945–70 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970).
Woodward, Bob. Fear: Trump in the White House (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018).
Yarmolinsky, Adam. The Military Establishment (New York: Harper & Row, 1971).
Yergin, Daniel. Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State (London: André Deutsch, 1976).
York, Herbert (ed.), Arms Control (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman & Co., 1973).
York, Herbert. The Advisors: Oppenheimer, Teller and the Superbomb (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1976).
Zadra, Robert. European Integration and Nuclear deterrence after the Cold War , Chaillot Paper 5 (Paris: Western European Union Institute for Security Studies, November 1992).
Zaloga, Steven J. The Kremlin’s Nuclear Sword: The Rise and Fall of Russia’s Strategic Nuclear Forces, 1945–2000 (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books, 2002).
Zarate, Robert and Sokolski, Henry (ed.), Nuclear Heuristics: Selected Writings of Albert and Roberta Wohlstetter (Carlisle, PA: US Army War College Strategic Studies Institute, 2009).
Zellen, Barry Scott. State of Doom: Bernard Brodie, the Bomb and the Birth of the Bipolar World (New York: Continuum, 2012).
Zubok, Vladislav and Pleshakov, Constantine. Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev (Cambridge, MA: Harvard university Press, 1996).
Zuckerman, Sir Solly. Scientists and War, The Impact of Science on Military and Civil Affairs (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1956).

Articles

‘Fifty Years Hence’, Strand , December 1931.
‘Hungary: Salami Tactics’, Time Magazine , 14 April 1952.
‘Nuclear Coercion Skepticism and Russia’s Nuclear-Tinged threats’, Non-Proliferation Review , 24:3–4 (2017).
Abrash, Merritt. ‘Through Logic to Apocalypse: Science-Fiction Scenarios of Nuclear Deterrence Breakdown’, Science Fiction Studies , 13:2, Nuclear War and Science Fiction (July 1986).
Accidental War: Some Dangers in the 1960s, Mershon National Security Program Research Paper (June 1960).
Acheson, Ray. ‘Beyond the 2010 NPT Review Conference: What’s Next for Nuclear Disarmament?’ Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , 66:6 (2010).
Agrell, Wilhelm. ‘Behind the Submarine Crisis: Evolution of the Swedish Defence Doctrine and Soviet War Planning’, Cooperation and Conflict, XXI (1986).
Ahmed, Samina. ‘Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons Program: Turning Points and Nuclear Choices’, International Security , 23:4 (Spring 1999).
Ahonen, Pertti. ‘Franz-Josef Strauss and the German Nuclear Question’, The Journal of Strategic Studies , 18:2 (1995).
Ailleret, General D’Armée. ‘Directed defence’, Survival (February 1968), Translated from ‘Défense ‘dirigée’ ou défense ‘tous azimuts”, Revue de Défense Nationale (December 1967).
Albright, David and Gay, Corey. ‘Taiwan: Nuclear nightmare averted’, Bulletin of Atomic Scientists , 54:1 (1 January 1998).
Allen, Thomas and Polmar, Norman. ‘The Most Deadly Plan’, Proceedings Magazine 124:1 (January 1998).
Allison, Graham T. and Morris, Frederic A. ‘Exploring the determinants of military weapons’, Daedalus, CIV:3 (Summer 1975).
Allison, Graham. ‘A Response to Nuclear Terrorism Skeptics’, Brown Journal of World Affairs , XVI:1 (Fall/Winter 2009).
Allison, Graham. ‘When Will Osama test Obama?’, Chicago Tribune , December 1, 2008.
Alsop, Stewart. ‘Kennedy’s Grand Strategy’. Saturday Evening Post, 31 March 1962a.
Alsop, Stewart. ‘Our new strategy: the alternatives to total war’, The Saturday Evening Post 1 December 1962b.
Arbatov, Alexei. ‘Saving Nuclear Arms Control’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , 72:3 (2016).
Arbatov, Alexei. ‘Military doctrine’ in 1988 Yearbook (Moscow: IMEMO, 1988).
Arkin, William. ‘Calculated Ambiguity: Nuclear Weapons and the Gulf War’. Washington Quarterly 19.4 (Autumn 1996).
Art, Robert. ‘A US military strategy for the 1990s; reassurance without dominance’, Survival , 34:2 (Winter 1992–1993).
Asada, Sadao. ‘The Shock of the Atomic Bomb and Japan’s Decision to Surrender: A Reconsideration’, Pacific Historical Review , 67:4 (November 1998).
Augier, M.; March, J.G. and Marshall, A.W. ‘The flaring of intellectual outliers: an organizational interpretation of the generation of novelty in the Rand Corporation’, Organizational Science , 26:4 (July–August 2015).
Avey, Paul C. ‘Who’s Afraid of the Bomb? The Role of Nuclear Non-Use Norms in Confrontations between Nuclear and Non-Nuclear Opponents’, Security Studies , 24:4 (2015).
Ayako, Kusunoki. ‘The Satō Cabinet and the Making of Japan’s Non-Nuclear Policy’, The Journal of American-East Asian Relations , 15 (2008).
Babiarz, Renny. ‘The People’s Nuclear Weapon: Strategic Culture and the Development of China’s Nuclear Weapons’, Comparative Strategy , 34:5 (2015).
Baker, John. ‘Improving prospects for compliance with arms-control treaties’, Survival (September/October 1987).
Baldwin, Hanson. ‘Slow-down in the Pentagon’, Foreign Affairs (January 1965).
Ball, Desmond and Toth, Robert. ‘Revising the SIOP: Taking War-Fighting to Dangerous Extremes’, International Security, 14 (Spring 1990).
Bar-Joseph, Uri. ‘The hidden debate: The formation of nuclear doctrines in the Middle East’, Journal of Strategic Studies , 5:2 (1982).
Barrass, Gordon. ‘ Able Archer 83 : What Were the Soviets Thinking?’, Survival , 58:6 (2016).
Basrur, Rajesh M. ‘Nuclear Weapons and Indian Strategic Culture’, Journal of Peace Research , 38:2 (March 2001).
Baylis, John. ‘British Nuclear Doctrine: The “Moscow Criterion” and the Polaris Improvement Programme’, Contemporary British History, 19:1 (2005).
Beaufre, André. ‘The sharing of nuclear responsibilities: a problem in need of solution’, International Affairs, XXXI:3 (July 1965).
Benjamin, Lambeth. ‘Deterrence in the MIRV era’, World Politics (January 1972).
Bennett, Bruce W. ‘Uncertainties in the North Korean Nuclear Threat’, RAND, 2010.
Bermudez Jr., Joseph S. ‘North Korea’s Development of a Nuclear Weapons Strategy’, US-Korea Institute at SAIS, August 2015.
Bernstein, Barton J. ‘Understanding the Atomic Bomb and the Japanese Surrender: Missed Opportunities, Little Known Near Disasters, and Modern Memory’, Diplomatic History , 19:2 (Spring 1995).
Bernstein, Barton. ‘Eclipsed by Hiroshima and Nagasaki: Early Thinking about Tactical Nuclear Weapons’, International Security , 15:4 (Spring 1991).
Bernstein, Jeremy. ‘A memorandum that changed the world’, American Journal of Physics , 79:440 (2011).
Bessner, Daniel. ‘Organizing Complexity: The Hopeful Dreams and Harsh Realities of Interdisciplinary Collaboration at the RAND Corporation, 1947–1960.’ In “Cross-Disciplinary Research Ventures in Postwar Social Science,” edited by Philippe Fontaine. Special Issue. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 51:1 (2015) .
Bethe, Hans et al. , ‘ Space-based missile defense’, Scientific American (October 1984).
Betts, Richard K. ‘The New Threat of Weapons of Mass Destruction’. Foreign Affairs, 77:1 (January/February 1998).
Bialer, Seweryn and Afferica, Joan. ‘Reagan and Russia’, Foreign Affairs (Winter 1982/1983).
Billaud, Pierre and Journe, Venance. ‘The Real Story Behind the Making of the French Hydrogen Bomb’, Nonproliferation Review , 15:2 (2008).
Birnbaum, Karl E. ‘Sweden’s Nuclear Policy’, International Journal , 20:3 (Summer 1965).
Blackett, P.M.S. ‘Nuclear weapons and defence’, International Affairs, XXXIV:4 (October 1958).
Blair, Bruce; Feivson, Harold and von Hippel, Frank. ‘Taking Nuclear Weapons Off Hair-Trigger Alert’. Scientific American , November 1997.
Bluth, Christoph. ‘Hawks and doves on the threshold of disarmament: A historical footnote to the INF treaty’, The Journal of Slavic Military Studies , 11:1 (1998).
Boutwell, Jeffrey. ‘Politics and the peace movement in West Germany’, International Security (Spring 1983).
Bowen, Wyn and Moran, Matthew. ‘Iran’s Nuclear Programme: A Case Study in Hedging?’ Contemporary Security Policy , 35:1 (2014).
Bowie, Robert. ‘Strategy and the Atlantic alliance’ International Organization, XVII:3 (Summer 1963).
Bracken, Paul. ‘The Cyber Threat to Nuclear Stability’, Orbis , 60:2 (2016).
Bradley, Omar. ‘This Way Lies Peace’, Saturday Evening Post, 15 October 1949.
Brands, Hal and Palkki, David. ‘Saddam, Israel, and the bomb: nuclear alarmism justified’, International Security, 36:1 (2011).
Brands, Hal. ‘Saddam and Israel: What Do the New Iraqi Records Reveal?’, Diplomacy and Statecraft , 22:3 (2011).
Braut-Hegghammer, Målfrid. ‘Revisiting Osirak: Preventive Attack and Nuclear Proliferation Risk’, International Security , 36:1 (Summer 2011).
Brennan, D. G. ‘Review of Rapaport’s Strategy and Conscience’ , Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, XXI:12 (December 1965).
Brennan, Donald. ‘Symposium on the SALT agreements’, Survival , September/October 1972.
Brenner, Michael J. ‘Tactical nuclear strategy and European defence: a critical reappraisal’, International Affairs, LI:1 (January 1975).
Brodie, Bernard. ‘Strategy as a Science’, World Politics , 1:4 (July 1949).
Brodie, Bernard. ‘The McNamara phenomenon’, World Politics, XVII:4 (July 1965).
Brodie, Bernard. ‘Nuclear weapons: strategic or tactical?’, Foreign Affairs, XXXII:2 (January 1954).
Brodie, Bernard. ‘On the objectives of arms control’, International Security, I:1 (Summer 1976).
Brodie, Bernard. ‘Strategy hits a dead end’, Harpers, October 1955.
Brodie, Bernard. ‘The atom bomb as policy-maker’, Foreign Affairs, XXVII:1 (October 1948)
Brodie, Bernard. ‘The development of nuclear strategy’, International Security, II:4 (Spring 1978).
Brodie, Bernard. ‘Unlimited Weapons and Limited War’, The Reporter, 1 November 1954.
Brooks, Harvey. ‘The military innovation system and the qualitative arms race’, Daedalus, CIV:3 (Summer 1975).
Browner, Michael. ‘Controlled thermonuclear war’, New Republic , 30 July 1962.
Bruusgaard, Kristin Ven. ‘Russian Strategic Deterrence’, Survival , 58:4 (2016).
Brzezinski, Zbigniew; Jastrow, Robert and Kampelman, Max. ‘Defense in space is not “Star Wars”’, New York Times Magazine, 27 January 1985.
Budjeryn, Mariana. ‘The Power of the NPT: International Norms and Ukraine’s Nuclear Disarmament’, The Nonproliferation Review , 22:2 (2015).
Bukharin, Oleg. ‘Nuclear Safeguards and Security in the Former Soviet Union’, Survival (Winter 1994–1995).
Bukovsky, Vladimir. ‘The peace movement and the Soviet Union’, Commentary (May 1982).
Bull, Hedley. ‘Disarmament and the International System’, Australian Journal of Politics & History , 5:1 (May 1959).
Bull, Hedley. ‘International theory: the case for a classical approach’, World Politics (April 1966).
Bull, Hedley. ‘Strategic Studies and its Critics’, World Politics (July 1968).
Bundy, McGeorge. ‘The bishops and the Bomb’, The New York Review, 16 June 1983.
Bundy, McGeorge. ‘To cap the volcano’, Foreign Affairs, XLVIII: I (October 1969)
Bundy, McGeorge; Kennan, George F.; McNamara, Robert S. and Smith, Gerard. ‘Nuclear weapons and the Atlantic Alliance’, Foreign Affairs (Spring 1982).
Burgess, Stephen F. ‘South Africa’s Nuclear Weapons Policies’, The Nonproliferation Review , 13:3 (2006)
Burns, Arthur Lee. ‘Disarmament or the balance of terror’, World Politics, XII:1 (October 1959)
Burr, William (ed.) The United States, China, and the Bomb , National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 1.
Burr, William and Kimball, Jeffrey. ‘Nixon’s Secret Nuclear Alert: Vietnam War Diplomacy and the Joint Chiefs of Staff Readiness Test, October 1969’, Cold War History , 3:2 (2003).
Burr, William. ‘The Nixon Administration, the “Horror Strategy,” and the Search for Limited Nuclear Options, 1969–1972 Prelude to the Schlesinger Doctrine’, Journal of Cold War Studies , 7:3 (Summer 2005).
Burr, William. ‘Soviet Cold War Military Strategy: Using Declassified History’. Cold War International History Project Bulletin 4 (1994).
Burr, William ed ., The United States and South Korea’s Nuclear Weapons Program, 1974–1976, Part I, National Security Archive, 22 March 2017.
Burr, William. The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and the German Nuclear Question, Part 1, 1954–1964 (Washington, DC: National Security Archive, 2018).
Burt, Richard. ‘The SS-20 and the Euro-strategic balance’, World Today (February 1977).
Buzzard, Rear-Admiral Sir Anthony, ‘Massive retaliation and graduated deterrence’, World Politics, VIII:2 (January 1956).
Byman, Daniel; Pollack, Kenneth and Waxman, Matthew. ‘Coercing Saddam Hussein: Lessons from the Past’. Survival 40.3 (Fall 1998).
Calingeart, David. ‘Nuclear Weapons and the Korean War’, The Journal of Strategic Studies , 11:2 (1988).
Carrier, George. ‘Nuclear winter: the state of the science’, Issues in Science and Technology (Winter 1985).
Carter, Ashton B. and Perry, William J. ‘Back to the Brink’, Washington Post , October 20, 2002.
Chalmers, Malcolm. ‘Towards the UK’s Nuclear Century’, The RUSI Journal , 158:6 (2013).
Chang, Gordon. ‘JFK, China, and the Bomb’, Journal of American History (Spring 1988).
Cigar, Norman. ‘Iraq’s Strategic Mindset and the Gulf War: Blueprint for Defeat’. Journal of Strategic Studies 15:1 (March 1992).
Cillessen, Bret J. ‘Embracing the Bomb: Ethics, morality, and nuclear deterrence in the US air force, 1945–1955’, The Journal of Strategic Studies , 21:1 (1998).
Cirincione, Joseph. ‘Why the Right Lost the Missile Defense Debate’, Foreign Policy , 106 (Spring 1997).
Cohen, Avner and Burr, William, ‘Israel crosses the threshold’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , 62:3 (2006).
Cohen, Avner and Miller, Marvin. ‘Bringing Israel’s Bomb Out of the Basement: Has Nuclear Ambiguity Outlived Its Shelf Life?’ Foreign Affairs , 89:5 (September/October 2010).
Cohen, Avner. ‘Before the Beginning: The Early History of Israel’s Nuclear Project (1948–1954)’, Israel Studies , 3:1 (Spring 1998).
Cohen, Avner. ‘How Nuclear Was It? New Testimony on the 1973 Yom Kippur War’. Arms Control Wonk Blog, October 21, 2013.
Cohen, Avner. ‘The 1967 Six-Day War: New Israeli Perspective, 50 Years Later’, Wilson Center, June 3, 2017.
Cohen, S. T. ‘Enhanced radiation weapons: setting the record straight’, Strategic Review (Winter 1978).
Colby, Elbridge; Cohen, Avner; McCants, William; Morris, Bradley and Rosenau, William. ‘The Israeli “Nuclear Alert” of 1973: Deterrence and Signalling in Crisis’, DRM-2013-U-004480-Final, Center for Naval Analyses, April 2013.
Cole, Paul M. ‘Atomic bombast: Nuclear weapon decision-making in Sweden, 1946–72’, The Washington Quarterly , 20:2 (1997).
Cole, Paul M. ‘Sweden Without the Bomb: The Conduct of a Nuclear-Capable Nation Without Nuclear Weapons’, RAND, 1994.
‘Correspondence between Snyder and Sagan’, International Security , 11:3 (Winter 1986/1987).
Cowley, Lieutenant-General Sir John. ‘Future trends in warfare’, Journal of the Royal United Services Institute (February 1960).
Craig, Campbell and Radchenko, Sergey. ‘MAD, not Marx: Khrushchev and the nuclear revolution’, Journal of Strategic Studies , 41:1–2 (2018).
Crane, Conrad. ‘To avert impending disaster: American military plans to use atomic weapons during the Korean War’, The Journal of Strategic Studies , 23:2 (2000).
Crutzen, Paul J. and Birks, John W. ‘The atmosphere after a nuclear war: Twilight at noon’, Ambio 11/203 (1982).
Cunningham, Fiona S. and Fravel, M. Taylor. ‘Assuring Assured Retaliation: China’s Nuclear Posture and U.S.-China Strategic Stability’, International Security , 40:2 (Fall 2015).
Daalder, Ivo H.; Goldgeier, James M. and Lindsay, James M. ‘Deploying NMD: Not Whether, but How’. Survival, 42.1 (2000).
Dalsjö, Robert. ‘The hidden rationality of Sweden’s policy of neutrality during the Cold War’, Cold War History , 14:2 (2014).
Dao, James C. ‘Senate Panel Votes to Lift Ban on Small Nuclear Arms’, The New York Times , May 10, 2003.
Davis, Lynn Etheridge and Schilling, Warner. ‘All you ever wanted to know about MIRV and ICBM calculations but were not cleared to ask’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 17:2 (June 1973).
Davis, Zachary S. and Frankel, Benjamin (ed.) The Proliferation Puzzle: Why Nuclear Weapons Spread (and What Results), special issue of Security Studies , 2:3/4 (Spring/Summer 1993).
Digby, James. ‘Strategic Thought at RAND, 1948–1964: Their Ideas, Their Origins, Their Fates’, RAND Note, June 1990.
Dinerstein, Herbert S. ‘The Revolution in Soviet Strategic Thinking’, Foreign Affairs, XXXVI:2 (January 1958).
Dingman, Roger. ‘Atomic Diplomacy During the Korean War’, International Security , 13 (Winter 1988/1989).
Donnelly, C. N. ‘The Soviet Operational Manoeuvre Group: a new challenge for NATO’, International Defense Review XV:9 (1982).
Dörries, Matthias. ‘The Politics of Atmospheric Sciences: “Nuclear Winter” and Global Climate Change’, Osiris, 26 (2011).
Dukes, Hunter B. ‘The Binding of Abraham: Inverting the Akedah in Fail-Safe and WarGames’, Journal of Religion & Film , 19:1, 2015.
Dulles, John Foster. ‘A policy of boldness’, Life (19 May 1952).
Dulles, John Foster. ‘Challenge and response in US policy’, Foreign Affairs , XXXVI:1 (October 1957).
Dulles, John Foster. ‘Policy for security and peace’, Foreign Affairs, XXXII:3 (April 1954).
Dunn, John F. ‘The Ukrainian Nuclear Weapons Debate’, K-16, Soviet Studies Research Centre, March 1993.
Dupuy, T. N. ‘Can America fight a limited nuclear war?’, Orbis , V:1 (Spring 1961).
Dvorkin, Vladimir. ‘Risky Contradictions: Putin’s Stance on Strategic Arms and Missile Defense’, Carnegie Moscow Center, October 2, 2016.
Earle, Edward Mead. ‘The influence of air power upon history’, The Yale Review , XXXV:4 (June 1946).
Einhorn, Robert J. ‘Preventing a Nuclear-Armed Iran: Requirements for a Comprehensive Nuclear Agreement’, Brookings Arms Control and Non-Proliferation Series, Paper 10, March 2014.
Ekbladh, David. ‘Present at the Creation: Edward Mead Earle and the Depression Era Origins of Security Studies’, International Security , 36/3 (Winter 2011/2012).
Erickson, John. ‘The Soviet view of deterrence: a general survey’, Survival (November/December 1962).
Ermarth, Fritz. ‘Contrasts in American and Soviet strategic thought’, International Security, III:2 (Autumn 1978).
Evangelista, Matthew A. ‘Stalin’s Postwar Army Reappraised’, International Security , 7:3 (Winter 1982/1983).
Falk, Richard and Krieger, David. ‘A Dialogue on Nuclear Weapons’, Peace Review , 28:3 (2016).
Fergus, Martin C. ‘The massive retaliation doctrine: a study in United States military policy formation’, Public Policy, XVII (1968).
Finch, Michael P. M. ‘Edward Mead Earle and the Unfinished Makers of Modern Strategy’ , The Journal of Military History , 80:3 (July 2016).
Fischer, Benjamin B. ‘Anglo-American Intelligence and the Soviet War Scare: The Untold Story’, Intelligence and National Security , 27:1 (2011).
Fisher, Max. ‘Fearing US Withdrawal, Europe Considers Its Own Nuclear Deterrent’, The New York Times , March 6, 2017.
Fitzpatrick, Mark. ‘A Prudent Decision on Missile defence’, Survival , 51:6 (December 2009–January 2010).
Fitzpatrick, Mark. ‘Overcoming Pakistan’s Nuclear Dangers’, Adelphi Series , 53:443 (2013).
Flory, Peter C.W.; Payne, Keith; Podvig, Pavel and Arbatov, Alexei. ‘Nuclear Exchange: Does Washington Really Have (or Want) Nuclear Primacy?’ Foreign Affairs (September/October 2006).
Forsberg, Randall. ‘A bilateral nuclear-weapon freeze’, Scientific American 247:5 (November 1982).
Fortun, Michael A. and Schweber, Silvan S. ‘Scientists and the Legacy of World War II: The Case of Operations Research (OR)’, Social Studies of Science , 23/4 (November 1993).
Fravel, M. Taylor and Medeiros, Evan. ‘China’s Search for Assured Retaliation: The Evolution of Chinese Nuclear Strategy and Force Structure’, International Security , 35:2 (Fall 2010).
Freedman, Lawrence. ‘Eliminators and Marginalists’, Survival (1997).
Freedman, Lawrence. ‘The Meaning of Strategy’, Part I, Texas National Security Review , 1:1 (2017).
Freedman, Lawrence. ‘The Meaning of Strategy’, Part II, Texas National Security Review , 1:2 (2018).
Freedman, Lawrence. ‘Balancing acts’, Millennium, VII:2 (Autumn 1978).
Freedman, Lawrence. ‘I exist: therefore I deter?’, International Security (Summer 1988).
Fuller, Major-General J.F.S. ‘Good-bye to all these! Our armies, navies, air forces are finished’, Daily Mail , 8 August 1945.
Fuller, Major-General J.F.S. ‘The atomic bomb and warfare of the future’, Army Ordnance (January–February 1946).
Funabashi, Yoichi. ‘North Korea’s Nuclear Weapons, Japan’s Bind’, New York Time s, 13 September 2017.
Futter, Andrew. ‘Cyber Threats and Nuclear Weapons: New Questions for Command and Control, Security and Strategy’, RUSI Occasional Paper, July 2016.
Gaffney, Henry H. ‘Euromissiles as the Ultimate Evolution of Theater Nuclear Forces in Europe’, Journal of Cold War Studies , 16:1 (Winter 2014).
Galison, Peter and Bernstein, Barton. ‘In Any Light: Scientists and the Decision to Build the Superbomb, 1952–1954’, Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences , 19:2 (1989).
Gallois, Pierre. ‘The policy and strategy of air-nuclear weapons’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, XII:6 (June 1956).
Gallois, Pierre. ‘US strategy and the defense of Europe’, Orbis , VII:2 (Summer 1963).
Ganguly, Sumit. ‘India’s Pathway to Pokhran II: The Prospects and Sources of New Delhi’s Nuclear Weapons Program’, International Security , 23:4 (Spring, 1999).
Garrity, Patrick and Cambone, Steven. ‘The Future of US Nuclear Policy’. Survival (Winter 1994/1995).
Garthoff, Raymond. ‘Mutual deterrence and strategic arms limitation in Soviet policy’, International Security, III:1 (Summer 1978).
Garthoff, Raymond L. ‘When and Why Romania Distanced Itself from the Warsaw Pact’ in Cold War International History Project Bulletin , 5 (Spring 1995).
Gartzke, Erik and Kroenig, Matthew. ‘Social Scientific Analysis of Nuclear Weapons: Past Scholarly Successes, Contemporary Challenges, and Future Research Opportunities’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 61:9 (2017).
Gastilovich, Colonel-General A. ‘The Theory of Military Art Needs Review’, Military Thought , 1960.
Gibson, Bryan R. ‘The Long Road to Tehran: The Iran Nuclear Deal in Perspective’, Strategic Update 15:6 (December 2015).
Giles, Keir with Monaghan, Andrew, ‘European Missile Defense and Russia’, Strategic Studies Institute, July 2014.
Glantz, Mary E. ‘The origins and development of Soviet and Russian military doctrine’, The Journal of Slavic Military Studies , 7:3 (1994).
Glaser, Charles and Fetter, Steve. ‘National Missile Defense and the Future of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Policy’. International Security, 26:1 (Summer 2001).
Glaser, Charles. ‘Nuclear Policy without Adversary.’ International Security (Spring 1992).
Gobarev, Victor M. ‘Soviet Policy toward China: Developing Nuclear Weapons, 1949–1969’, The Journal of Slavic Military Studies , 12:4 (1999).
Goebbels, Joseph. “Die Frage der Vergeltung,” Das Reich, 23 July 1944.
Goldstein, Lyle J. ‘Return to Zhenbao Island: Who Started Shooting and Why it Matters’. The China Quarterly , 168 (2001).
Goldstein, Lyle J. ‘When China was a ‘rogue state’: the impact of China’s nuclear weapons program on US–China relations during the 1960s’, Journal of Contemporary China , 12:37 (2003a).
Goldstein, Lyle. ‘Do Nascent WMD Arsenals Deter? The Sino-Soviet Crisis of 1969’, Political Science Quarterly , 118:1 (2003b).
Golov, Avner. ‘Deterrence in the Gulf War’, The Nonproliferation Review , 20:3 (2013).
Gompert, David; Watman, Kenneth and Wilkening, Dean. ‘Nuclear first Use Revisited’, Survival, 37 (Autumn 1995).
Goodson, Donald L. R. ‘Catalytic Deterrence? Apartheid South Africa’s Nuclear Weapons Strategy’, Politikon , 39:2 (2012).
Gormley, Dennis. ‘Enriching Expectations: 11 September’s Lessons for Missile Defence’. Survival, 44:2 (Summer 2000).
Gray, Colin S. and Payne, Keith. ‘Victory is possible’, Foreign Policy , 39 (Summer 1980).
Gray, Colin. ‘An International “Norm” Against Nuclear Weapons? The British Case’, Comparative Strategy, 20:3 (2001).
Gray, Colin. ‘The strategic force triad: end of the road?’, Foreign Affairs, LVI (July 1978).
Greenwood, Ted and Nacht, Michael. ‘The new nuclear debate: sense or nonsense’, Foreign Affairs, LII:4 (July 1974).
Grunden, Walter E. ‘Hungnam and the Japanese atomic bomb: Recent historiography of a postwar Myth’, Intelligence and National Security , 13:2 (1998).
Hagerty, Devin T. ‘India’s Evolving Nuclear Posture’, The Nonproliferation Review , 21:3–4 (2014).
Halperin, Morton. ‘The “No Cities Doctrine”’, New Republic, 8 October 1962.
Halperin, Morton. ‘The decision to deploy the ABM’, World Politics, XXV (October 1972).
Halperin, Morton. ‘The Gaither Committee and the Policy Process’, World Politics, XIII:3 (April 1961).
Han, Tak Sung and Joo, Jeon Kyung. ‘Can North Korea Catch Two Rabbits at Once: Nuke and Economy? One Year of the Byungjin Line in North Korea and Its Future’, The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, 26:2 (June 2014).
Harel, Amos and Benn, Aluf. ‘No Longer a Secret: How Israel Destroyed Syria’s Nuclear Reactor’, Haaretz, March 23, 2018.
Harris, Verne; Hatang, Sello and Liberman, Peter. ‘Unveiling South Africa’s Nuclear Past’, Journal of Southern African Studies , 30:3 (September 2004).
Harrison, Hope M. “New Evidence on the Building of the Berlin Wall,” Introduction, annotation and translation of a conversation between East German leader Walter Ulbricht and Soviet leader Nikita S. Khrushchev, August 1, 1961, Cold War International History Project e-dossier No. 23, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (August 12, 2011).
Haskins, Caryl. ‘Atomic energy and American foreign policy’, Foreign Affairs , XXIV:4 (July 1946).
Healey, Denis. ‘The bomb that didn’t go off’, Encounter (July 1955).
Healey, Denis. ‘The Sputnik and western defence’, International Affairs, XXXIV:2 (April 1954).
Hennigan, W. J. ‘Donald Trump Is Playing a Dangerous Game of Nuclear Poker’, Time , February 1, 2018.
Herring, George C. and Immerman, Richard H. ‘Eisenhower, Dulles, and Dien Bien Phu: “The Day We Didn’t Go to War” Revisited’, The Journal of American History , 71:2 (1984).
Hersey, John. ‘Hiroshima’, New Yorker , 31 August 1946.
Heuser, Beatrice. ‘Warsaw pact military doctrines in the 1970s and 1980s: Findings in the East German archives’, Comparative Strategy , 12:4 (1993).
Higuchi, Toshihiro. ‘“Clean bombs”: Nuclear technology and nuclear strategy in the 1950s’, Journal of Strategic Studies , 29:1 (2006).
Hoag, Malcolm. ‘Rationalizing NATO strategy’, World Politics, XVII:1 (October 1964).
Hoag, Malcolm. ‘On Stability in Deterrent Races’, World Politics, XIII:4 (July 1961).
Hoffman, Bruce. ‘American and the New Terrorism: An Exchange’, Survival, 42. (Summer 2000).
Hoffman, David and Harris, John F. ‘Yeltsin Warning Stirs a Temporary Tempest’, Washington Post , April 10, 1999.
Hook, Glenn D. ‘The Nuclearization of Language: Nuclear Allergy as Political Metaphor,’ Journal of Peace Research 21:3 (1984).
Horsburgh, Nicola. ‘Change and innovation in Chinese nuclear weapons strategy’, China Information , 26:2 (July 2012).
Hounshell, David. ‘The Cold War, RAND, and the generation of knowledge, 1946–1962’. Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences , 27 (1997).
Hughes, G. Philip. ‘Cutting the Gordian knot: a theatre nuclear force for deterrence in Europe’, Orbis , XXII (Summer 1978).
Iklé, Fred Charles. ‘The Second Coming of the Nuclear Age.’ Foreign Affairs 75:1 (January–February 1996).
Iklé, Fred. ‘NATO’s “first nuclear use”: a deepening trap?’, Strategic Review (Winter 1980).
Iklé, Fred. ‘Nth countries and disarmament’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , XVI:10 (December 1960).
Interview with Henry A. Kissinger: ‘“We Were Never Close to Nuclear War’”, Washington Post , 11 August 1985.
Isby, D. and Johnson, T. ‘Post-Soviet Nuclear Forces and the Risk of Accidental or Unauthorised Limited Nuclear Strikes’. Strategic Review , 21:4 (Fall 1993).
Israeli, Ofer. ‘Israel’s Nuclear Amimut Policy and Its Consequences’, Israel Affairs , 21:4 (2015).
Jasper, Ursula. ‘The Ambivalent Neutral’, The Nonproliferation Review , 19:2 (2012).
Jervis, Robert. ‘Deterrence theory revisited’, World Politics, XXXI:2 (January 1979).
Jervis, Robert. ‘Hypotheses on misperception’, World Politics, XX (April 1968).
Joffe, Ellis. ‘“People’s War under Modern Conditions”: A Doctrine for Modern War’, The China Quarterly , 112 (December 1987).
Johnston, Alastair Iain. ‘Learning Versus Adaptation: Explaining Change in Chinese Arms Control Policy in the 1980s and 1990s’, The China Journal , 35 (January 1996).
Johnston, Andrew M. ‘Mr. Slessor Goes to Washington: The Influence of the British Global Strategy Paper on the Eisenhower New Look’, Diplomatic History , 22:3 (Summer 1998).
Jones, Matthew. ‘Up the Garden Path? Britain’s Nuclear History in the Far East, 1954–1962’, The International History Review , 25:2 (June 2003).
Jones, Matthew. ‘The Radford Bombshell: Anglo-Australian-US Relations, Nuclear Weapons and the Defence of South East Asia, 1954–57’, Journal of Strategic Studies , 27:4 (2004).
Jones, Matthew. ‘Targeting China U.S. Nuclear Planning and “Massive Retaliation” in East Asia, 1953–1955’, Journal of Cold War Studies , 10:4 (Fall 2008).
Jones, Matthew & Young, John W. ‘Polaris, East of Suez: British Plans for a Nuclear Force in the Indo-Pacific, 1964–1968’, Journal of Strategic Studies , 33:6 (2010).
Jones, W.M. and Schlesinger, J. R. ‘A Possible Soviet Deployment in Southeast Asia: A Hypothetical Study of the implications of Soviet MRBM Emplacements in the Region’, RAND, RM-4613-PR, October 1965.
Jonter, Thomas and Rosengren, Emma. ‘From nuclear weapons acquisition to nuclear disarmament—the Swedish case’, Medicine, Conflict and Survival , 30:sup1 (2014).
Joseph, Robert G. and Reichart, John F. ‘The Case for Nuclear Deterrence Today’, Orbis (Winter 1998).
Kaiser, Karl. ‘From nuclear deterrence to graduated conflict control’, Survival , 32:6 (November/December 1990).
Kaiser, Karl; Leber, Georg; Mertes, Alois and Schulze, Franz-Joseph. ‘Nuclear weapons and the preservation of peace: a German response to no first use’, Foreign Affairs (Summer 1982).
Kampani, Gaurav . ‘ New Delhi’s Long Nuclear Journey: How Secrecy and Institutional Roadblocks Delayed India’s Weaponization’, International Security, 38:4 (Spring 2014).
Kanwal, Gurmeet ‘Lost Opportunities in Operation Parakram’, Indian Defence Review , December 13, 2011.
Kaplan, Fred M. ‘Enhanced radiation weapons’, Scientific American, 238:5 (May 1978a).
Kaplan, Fred M. ‘Soviet civil defense: some myths in the Western debate’, Survival, XXX:3 (May/June 1978b).
Kaplan, Morton. ‘The calculus of nuclear deterrence’, World Politics , XI:1 (October 1958).
Kaplan, Robert. ‘The Coming Anarchy’, The Atlantic Monthly (February 1992).
Kass, Ilana and Deane, Michael J. ‘The role of nuclear weapons in the modern theater battlefield: the current Soviet view’, Comparative Strategy, IV:3 (1984).
Kaufmann, Chaim. ‘Threat Inflation and the Failure of the Marketplace of Ideas: The Selling of the Iraq War’, International Security , 29:1 (Summer 2004).
Kaufmann, William. ‘The crisis in military affairs’, World Politics, X:4 (July 1958).
Keatley, Patrick. ‘The Brown Bomb’, The Guardian , March 11, 1965.
Keller, Bill. ‘South Africa Says It Built 6 Atom Bombs’, The New York Times , March 25, 1993.
Khetagurov, Colonel-General G. ‘A Front Offensive Operation Conducted Under the Conditions of the Initial period of a Nuclear/Missile war’, Military Thought , 1960.
King, James E. ‘Nuclear weapons and foreign policy. II—Limited annihilation’, The New Republic (15 July 1957).
King, James. ‘Airpower in the missile gap’, World Politics , XII:4 (July 1960).
King, James. ‘Limited War’, Army (August 1957).
King, James. ‘Strategic Surrender: The Senate Debate and the Book’, World Politics, XI (April 1959).
Kipp, Jacob W. ‘Russia’s Nonstrategic Nuclear Weapons’, Military Review (May–June 2001).
Kissinger, Henry A. ‘Military Policy and Defense of the “Grey Areas’”, Foreign Affairs (April 1955).
Kissinger, Henry A. ‘Limited war: conventional or nuclear? A reappraisal’, Daedalus, 89:4 (1960a).
Kissinger, Henry. ‘Arms control, inspection and surprise attack’, Foreign Affairs , XXXVIII:3 (April 1960b).
Kissinger, Henry. ‘NATO: the next thirty years’, Survival (November/December 1979).
Kramer, Mark. ‘The “Lessons” of the Cuban Missile Crisis for Warsaw Pact Nuclear Operations’, Cold War International History Project Bulletin, 5 (Spring 1995).
Krepon, Michael. ‘Pakistan’s Nuclear Strategy and Deterrence Stability’, Stimson Center, December 2012.
Kristensen, Hans M. and Handler, Joshua. ‘Changing Targets: Nuclear Doctrine from the Cold War to the Third World’, Greenpeace International (March 1995).
Kristensen, Hans M. and Handler, Joshua. ‘The USA and Counter-proliferation: A New and Dubious Role for US Nuclear Weapons’, Security Dialogue , 27:4 (1996).
Kristensen, Hans M. and Norris, Robert S. ‘Slowing Nuclear Weapon Reductions and Endless Nuclear Modernizations: A Challenge to the NPT’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , 70:4 (2014).
Kristensen, Hans M. and Norris, Robert S. ‘Indian nuclear forces, 2017’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , 73:4 (2017).
Kristensen, Hans M. and Norris, Robert S. ‘North Korean Nuclear Capabilities, 2018’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , 74:1 (2018a).
Kristensen, Hans M. and Norris, Robert S. ‘United States Nuclear Forces, 2018,’ Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , 74:2 (2018b).
Kühn, Ulrich. ‘Preventing Escalation in the Baltics: A NATO Playbook’, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, March 2018.
Kuttner, Robert. ‘Steve Bannon, Unrepentant’, The American Prospect , August 16, 2017.
Kuznick, Peter J. ‘Prophets of doom or voices of sanity? The evolving discourse of annihilation in the first decade and a half of the nuclear age’, Journal of Genocide Research , 9:3 (2007).
Ladwig III, Walter C. ‘A Cold Start for Hot Wars? The Indian Army’s New Limited War Doctrine’ , International Security , 32:3 (Winter, 2007/2008).
Lambeth, Benjamin. ‘Moscow’s Defense Intellectuals’, RAND, January 1990.
Lambeth, Benjamin. ‘Uncertainties for the Soviet war planner’, International Security (Winter 1982/1983).
Lantis, Jeffrey S.; Sauer, Tom; Wirtz, James J. and Lieber, Keir A. et al., ‘Correspondence: The Short Shadow of U.S. Primacy?’ International Security 31:3 (2006).
Laris, Michael. ‘In China, Yeltsin Lashes Out at Clinton: Criticisms of Chechen War Are Met With Blunt Reminder of Russian Nuclear Power’, Washington Post , December 10, 1999.
Lawrence, William. ‘How Hellish is the H-Bomb’, Look Magazine , 21 April 1953.
Layne, Christopher. ‘The Unipolar Illusion: Why New Great Powers Will Rise’, International Security, 17:4 (Spring 1993).
Legge, J. Michael. ‘Theater Nuclear Weapons and the NATO Strategy of Flexible Response’, RAND, R-2964FF, April 1983.
Leghorn, Colonel Richard S. ‘No need to bomb cities to win war’, US News & World Report, 28 January 1955.
Leitenberg, Milton. ‘The Hazards of Operations Involving Nuclear Weapons During the Cold War’, Journal of Cold War Studies , 20:3 (Summer 2018).
Lewis, George; Gronlund, Lisbeth and Wright, David. ‘National Missile Defense: An Indefensible System’. Foreign Policy , 117 (Winter 1999–2000).
Lewis, Jeffrey G. ‘Chinese Nuclear Posture and Force Modernization’, The Nonproliferation Review , 16:2 (2009).
Lewis, Jeffrey. ‘Chinese views of nuclear weapons’, Adelphi Series , 54:446 (2014).
Lewis, Jeffrey. ‘The Nuclear Trials of Ashton Carter’, Foreign Policy , February 5, 2015.
Lewis, John W. and Litai, Xue. ‘Making China’s nuclear war plan’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 68 (September/October 2012).
Lewis, Kevin N. ‘The Prompt and Delayed Effects of Nuclear War’, Scientific American (July 1979).
Liberman, Peter. ‘The Rise and Fall of the South African Bomb’. International Security 26:2 (2001).
Lieber, Keir A. and Press, Daryl G. ‘The End of MAD? The Nuclear Dimension of US Primacy’, International Security , 30:4 (Spring 2006a).
Lieber, Keir A. and Press, Daryl G. ‘The Rise of US Nuclear Primacy’, Foreign Affairs , 85:2 (March–April 2006b).
Lieber, Keir A. and Press, Daryl G. ‘The Nukes We Need: Preserving the American Deterrent’, Foreign Affairs , 88:6 (November/December 2009).
Lieber, Keir A. and Press, Daryl G. ‘The New Era of Counterforce: Technological Change and the Future of Nuclear Deterrence’, International Security , 41:4 (Spring 2017).
Linzer, Dafna and Cho, Joohee. ‘S. Korea Acknowledges Secret Nuclear Experiments: IAEA Announces Probe of Activities’, Washington Post , 3 September 2004.
Lippmann, Walter. ‘Why are we disarming ourselves?’, Redbrook Magazine, September 1946.
Litwak, Robert. ‘The New Calculus of Pre-emption,’ Survival , 4 (Winter 2002).
Liu, Lei. ‘“Dog-beating stick”: General Zhang Aiping’s contribution to the modernisation of China’s nuclear force and strategy since 1977’ , Cold War History (2018).
Lodal, Jan. ‘Assuring strategic stability: an alternative view’, Foreign Affairs, LIV (April 1976).
Lodal, Jan; Lieber, Keir A.; Press, Daryl G.; Acton, James; Kristensen, Hans M.; McKinzie, Matthew and Oelrich, Ivan. ‘Second Strike: Is the US Nuclear Arsenal Outmoded?’ Foreign Affairs , 89:2 (March/April 2010).
Logevall, Fredrik. ‘“We might give them a few.” Did the US offer to drop atom bombs at Dien Bien Phu?’ Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , 21 February 2016.
Long, Austin and Green, Brendan Rittenhouse. ‘Stalking the Secure Second Strike: Intelligence, Counterforce, and Nuclear Strategy’, Journal of Strategic Studies , 38:1–2 (2015).
Long, F. A. ‘Arms control from the perspective of the nineteen-seventies’, Daedalus, CIV:3 (Summer 1975).
Luik, Jüri and Jermalavičius, Tomas. ‘A plausible scenario of nuclear war in Europe, and how to deter it: A perspective from Estonia’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , 73:4 (2017).
Lutsch, Andreas. ‘The MRBM Problem, West Germany and Nuclear Proliferation during the Berlin Crisis’, Journal of Cold War Studies , Forthcoming.
Lyons, Gene. ‘The Growth of National Security Research’, The Journal of Politics, 25:3 (August 1963).
Mandelbaum, Michael and Talbott, Strobe. ‘Reykjavik and beyond’, Foreign Affairs (Winter 1986/1987).
Makovsky, David. ‘The Silent Strike: How Israel bombed a Syrian nuclear installation and kept it secret’. The New Yorker, 17 September 2012.
Mansourov, Alexandre Y. ‘The Origins, Evolution, and Current Politics of the North Korean Nuclear Program’, The Nonproliferation Review (Spring–Summer 1995).
Mansourov, Alexandre. ‘Kim Jong-un’s Nuclear Doctrine and Strategy: What Everyone Needs to Know’, NAPSNet Special Reports, December 16, 2014.
Maoz, Zeev. ‘The Mixed Blessing of Israel’s Nuclear Policy’, International Security , 28:2 (Fall 2003).
Martin, Laurence. ‘The market for strategic ideas in Britain’, American Political Science Review, LVI:1 (March 1962).
Mastny, Vojtech. “Planning for the Unplannable”, in Taking Lyon on the Ninth Day? The 1964 Warsaw Pact Plan for a Nuclear War in Europe and Related Documents, PHP Publications Series, Washington, DC/Zurich, May 2000.
Mathers, Jennifer G. ‘A fly in outer space’: Soviet ballistic missile defence during the Khrushchev period, Journal of Strategic Studies , 21:2 (1998).
Mathers, Jennifer G. ‘Déjà vu: Familiar trends in Russian strategic thought’, Contemporary Security Policy , 16:3 (1995).
Mathers, Jennifer G. ‘Nuclear Weapons in Russian Foreign Policy: Patterns in Presidential Discourse 2000–2010’, Europe-Asia Studies , 64:3 (2012).
May, Michael. ‘Some advantages of a counterforce deterrent’, Orbis , XIV (Summer 1970).
Mazarr, Michael. ‘Virtual Nuclear Arsenals’, Survival (Autumn 1995).
MccGwire, Michael. ‘Is there a Future for Nuclear Weapons?’, International Affairs , 70:2 (April 1994).
McNamara, Robert S. ‘The Military Role of Nuclear Weapons’, Foreign Affairs, 62:1 (October 1983).
McNamara, Robert S. ‘The dynamics of nuclear strategy’, Department of State Bulletin, LVII (9 October 1967).
Mearsheimer, John. ‘Back to the Future: Instability in Europe after the Cold War’, International Security, 15 (Summer 1990).
Mearsheimer, John. ‘The Case for a Ukrainian Nuclear Deterrent’, Foreign Affairs 72 (Summer 1993).
Mearsheimer, John. ‘Why the Soviets can’t win quickly in Central Europe’, International Security (Summer 1982).
Meitner, L. and Frisch, O. R. ‘ Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons: A New Type of Nuclear Reaction’, Nature. 143:3615 (1939).
Merom, Gil. ‘Israeli Perceptions of the Nuclear Threat’, Political Science Quarterly, 132:1 (2017).
Mery, General Guy. ‘French defence policy’, Survival (September/October 1976).
Meyer, Paul and Sauer, Tom. ‘The Nuclear Ban Treaty: A Sign of Global Impatience’, Survival , 60:2 (2018).
Miller, Steven E. “The Case against a Ukrainian Nuclear Deterrent,” Foreign Affairs, 72 (Summer 1993).
Mirowski, Philip. ‘Mid-Century Cyborg Agonistes: Economics Meets Operations Research’, Social Studies of Science, 29 (1999).
Montgomery, Field Marshal Bernard Law. ‘A look through a window at World War III’, The Journal of the Royal United Services Institute, XCIX:596 (November 1954).
Moon, John Ellis van Courtland. ‘Chemical Weapons and Deterrence: The World War II Experience’, International Security , 8:4 (Spring, 1984).
Moore, Richard. ‘A JIGSAW puzzle for operational researchers: British global war studies, 1954–1962’, Journal of Strategic Studies , 20:2 (1997).
Morgenstern, Oskar. ‘The Collaboration between Oskar Morgensetern and John von Neumann’, Journal of Economic Literature , 14:3 (September 1976).
Morland, Howard. ‘The H-Bomb Secret: How We Got It, and Why We’re Telling it’, The Progressive , 43:11 (November 1973).
Mousavian, Eyed Hossein. ‘Globalising Iran’s Fatwa Against Nuclear Weapons’, Survival , 55:2 (2013).
Mukherjee, Rohan and Sagar, Rahul. ‘Pragmatism in Indian Strategic Thought: Evidence from the Nuclear Weapons Debate of the 1960s’, India Review , 17:1 (2018).
Mullaney, Gerry and Buckley, Chris. ‘China Warns of Arms Race after US Deploys Missile Defense in South Korea’, New York Times , March 7, 2017.
Müller, Harald. ‘Flexible Responses’, The Nonproliferation Review , 18:1 (2011).
Murphy, Charles. ‘Defense and strategy’, Fortune (January 1953a).
Murphy, Charles. ‘The US as a bombing target’, Fortune (November 1953b).
Narang, Vipin. ‘India’s nuclear Strategy twenty years Later: From Reluctance to Maturation’, India Review , 17:1 (2018).
Narang, Vipin. ‘Posturing for Peace? Pakistan’s Nuclear Postures and South Asian Stability’, International Security , 34:3 (Winter 2009/2010).
Nathan, James. ‘The Heyday of the New Strategy: The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Confirmation of Coercive Diplomacy’, Diplomacy and Statecraft, 3:2 (1992).
National Conference of Catholic Bishops, ‘The challenge of peace: God’s promise and our response’, Origins (National Catholic Documentary Service), 13 (19 May 1983).
Nicholas, Col. Jack. ‘The element of surprise in modern warfare’, Air University Quarterly Review (Summer 1956).
Nitze, Paul. ‘Assuring strategic stability in an era of detente’, Foreign Affairs, LIV:2 (January 1976).
Nitze, Paul. ‘Atoms, strategy and policy’, Foreign Affairs, XXXIV:2 (January 1956).
Nitze, Paul. ‘Deterring our deterrent’, Foreign Policy No. 25 (Winter 1976–1977).
Noel-Baker, Philip. ‘Peace and the Arms Race’, Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1959.
Norstad, General Lauris. ‘NATO as the fourth atomic power’, Survival , 2:3 (1960).
Novak, Michael. ‘Moral clarity in the nuclear age’, National Review (1 April 1983).
Nuti, Leopoldo. ‘Le role de l’Italie dans les négociations trilatérales, 1957–1958’, Revue d’Histoire Diplomatique 104 (1990).
Nye, Jr., Joseph S. ‘From Bombs to Bytes: Can Our Nuclear History Inform our Cyber Future’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , 69:5 (2013).
Oppenheimer, Robert. ‘Atomic weapons and American policy’, Foreign Affairs, XXXI:4 (July 1953).
Oppenheimer, Robert. ‘Atomic weapons’, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society , XC:1 (January 1946).
Osgood, Robert. ‘Nuclear arms: uses and limits’, New Republic, 10 September 1962.
Osgood, Robert. ‘Stabilizing the military environment’, American Political Science Review, LV:1 (March 1961).
Panke, Diana and Petersohn, Ulrich. ‘President Donald J. Trump: An agent of norm death?’, International Journal , 72:4 (2017).
Panke, Diana and Petersohn, Ulrich. ‘Norm challenges and norm death: The inexplicable?’, Cooperation and Conflict , 51:1 (2016).
Panofsky, Wolfgang. ‘The Mutual-Hostage Relationship Between America and Russia’, Foreign Affairs, LII:1 (October 1973).
Pardesi, Manjeet S. ‘China’s Nuclear Forces and Their Significance to India’, The Nonproliferation Review , 21:3–4 (2014).
Parkinson, Len. ‘Penkovskiy’s Legacy and Strategic Research’, Studies in Intelligence , 16 (Spring 1972).
Payne, Fred A. ‘The strategic nuclear balance: a new measure’, Survival, XX:3 (May/June 1977).
Perkovich, George. ‘Bhabha’s Quest for the Bomb’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , 56:3 (May 2000).
Pipes, Richard. ‘Why the Soviet Union thinks it could fight and win a nuclear war’, Commentary, 64:1 (July 1977).
Podvig, Pavel. ‘Did Star Wars Help End the Cold War? Soviet Response to the SDI Program’, Russian Nuclear Forces Project, Working paper, March 2013.
Pollack, Jonathan D. ‘Chinese attitudes towards nuclear weapons, 1964–9’, China Quarterly, 50 (1972).
Pollack, Jonathan D. ‘The logic of Chinese military strategy’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (January 1979).
Pollack, Jonathan D. Special issue: No Exit: North Korea, Nuclear Weapons and International Securit y, Adelphi Series, 50:418–419 (2010).
Posen, Barry R. ‘U.S. Security Policy in a Nuclear-Armed World, Or: What If Iraq Had Had Nuclear Weapons?’ Security Studies 6.3 (Spring 1997).
Postol, Ted. ‘Lessons of the Gulf War Experience’. International Security, 16.3 (Winter 1991/1992).
Potter, William; Miljanic, Djuro and Slaus, Ivo. ‘Tito’s Nuclear Legacy’ , The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , 56:2 (March/April 2000).
Powell, Ralph. ‘Great powers and atomic bombs are “paper tigers”’, China Quarterly, 23 (July/September 1965).
Powell, Ralph. ‘Maoist military doctrine’, Asian Survey (April 1968).
Preble, Christopher A. ‘Who Ever Believed in the ‘Missile Gap’?: John F. Kennedy and the Politics of National Security’, Presidential Studies Quarterly , 33:4 (December 2003).
Press, Daryl G.; Sagan, Scott D. and Valentino, Benjamin A. ‘Atomic Aversion: Experimental Evidence on Taboos, Traditions, and the Non-Use of Nuclear Weapons’, American Political Science Review 107:1 (February 2013).
Priest, Andrew. ‘The President, the “Theologians” and the Europeans: The Johnson Administration and NATO Nuclear Sharing’, The International History Review , 33:2 (2011).
Prozumenschikov, M. Y. ‘The Sino-Indian Conflict, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the Sino-Soviet Split, October 1962. New Evidence from the Russian Archives,’ Cold War International History Project Bulletin 8–9 (Winter 1996/1997).
Purkitt, Helen E.; Burgess, Stephen F. and Liberman, Peter. ‘Correspondence: South Africa’s Nuclear Decisions’, International Security , 27:1 (Summer 2002).
Quinlan, Michael. ‘The Future of United Kingdom nuclear weapons: shaping the debate’, International Affairs , 82:4 (2006).
Quinlan, Michael. ‘Preventing war’, The Tablet (July 1981).
Quinlan, Michael. ‘The future of nuclear weapons: policy for Western possessors’. International Affairs , 69.3 (1993).
Quinlivan, James T. and Oliker, Olga. ‘Nuclear Deterrence in Europe: Russian Approaches to a New Environment and Implications for the United States’, RAND, 2011.
Raas, Whitney and Long, Austin. ‘Osirak Redux? Assessing Israeli Capabilities to Destroy Iranian Nuclear Facilities’, International Security , 31:4 (April 2007).
Radchenko, Sergey. ‘Stumbling Towards Armageddon’, New York Times , 9 October 2018.
Rathjens, George. ‘The dynamics of the arms race’, Scientific American (April 1969).
Reback, Sanford. ‘Responding to Soviet non-compliance’, Arms Control (December 1986).
Redick, John R.; Julio C. Carasales and Paulo S. Wrobel, ‘Nuclear rapprochement: Argentina, Brazil and the Non-Proliferation Regime’, Washington Quarterly , 18:1 (1995).
Reif, Kingston. ‘Congress Boosts Missile Defence Spending’, Arms Control Association, May 2018.
Richardson, Colonel Robert. ‘Do we need unlimited forces for limited war’, Air Force (March 1959).
Ridenour, Louis. ‘A US physicist’s reply to Professor Blackett’, Scientific American (March 1949).
Risse-Kappen, Thomas. ‘Ideas do not Float Freely: Transnational Coalitions, Domestic Structures, and the End of the Cold War’, International Organization, 48:2 (Spring 1994).
Ritchie, Nick. ‘Trident Tribulations: Understanding the UK’s Trident Alternative Review’, Arms Control Today , 43:8 (October 2013).
Rose, Frank A. ‘Will the upcoming Missile Defense Review maintain the current course or plot a new direction?’ Brookings, June 11, 2018.
Rosenberg, David Alan. ‘American Atomic Strategy and the Hydrogen Bomb Decision’, Journal of American History , 66:1 (June 1979).
Rosenberg, David Alan. ‘The Origins of Overkill: Nuclear Weapons and American Strategy, 1945–1960’, International Security , 7:4 (Spring 1983).
Rosenberg, David Alan. ‘U.S. Nuclear Stockpile, 1945 to 1950’, Bulletin of Atomic Scientists (May 1982).
Ross, Dennis. ‘Rethinking Soviet strategic policy: inputs and implications’, The Journal of Strategic Studies, 1:2 (May 1975).
Rubinson, Paul. ‘The global effects of nuclear winter: science and antinuclear protest in the United States and the Soviet Union during the 1980s’, Cold War History , 14:1 (2014).
Rublee, Maria Rost. ‘Fantasy Counterfactual: A Nuclear- Armed Ukraine’, Survival, 57:2 (2015).
Rueter, Theodore and Kalil, Thomas. ‘Review: Nuclear Strategy and Nuclear Winter’, World Politics , 43:4 (July 1991).
Ruina, Jack and Margoilis, Howard. ‘SALT II: Notes on Shadow and Substance’, Technology Review , October 1979.
Ruiz Palmer, Diego A. ‘Between the Rhine and the Elbe: France and the conventional defense of Central Europe’, Comparative Strategy , 6:4 (1987).
Rydell, Randy. ‘A Strategic Plan for Nuclear Disarmament: Engineering a Perfect Political Storm’, Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament , 1:1 (2018).
Ryan, Amy and Keeley, Gary. ‘Sputnik and US Intelligence: The Warning Record’, Studies in Intelligence , 61:3 (September 2017).
Sabouri, Mohammad Hossein. ‘Iran’s Nuclear Fatwa: Analysis of a Debate’, Journal of Military Ethics , 15:3 (2016).
Sagan, Carl. ‘Would nuclear war be the end of the world?’, Parade , 30 October 1983a.
Sagan, Carl. ‘Nuclear war and climatic catastrophe’, Foreign Affairs (Winter 1983b).
Sagan, Scott D. ‘The Commitment Trap: Why the United States Should Not Use Nuclear Threats to Deter Biological and Chemical Weapons Attacks’. International Security, 24.4 (Spring 2000).
Sagan, Scott D. ‘SIOP-62: The Nuclear War Plan Briefing to President Kennedy’, International Security, 12:1 (Summer 1987).
Sagan, Scott D. and Waltz, Kenneth N. ‘Political Scientists and Historians in Search of the Bomb’, Journal of Strategic Studies , 36:1 (2013).
Sagan, Scott. ‘Two Renaissances in Nuclear Security Studies’, H-Diplo/ISSF Forum on “What We Talk About When We Talk About Nuclear Weapons,” June 14, 2014.
Sagan, Scott. ‘1914 revisited: allies, offense and instability’, International Security, 11:2 (Fall 1986).
Sagan, Scott D. ‘PASCC Final Report: Deterring Rogue Regimes: Rethinking Deterrence Theory and Practice’, Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, July 8 2013.
Sagan, Scott D. and Suri, Jeremy. ‘The Madman Nuclear Alert: Secrecy, Signalling, and Safety in October 1969’, International Security , 27:4 (Spring, 2003).
Samore, Gary. ‘Making A Difference: Creating and Implementing the Prague Agenda’, Harvard Belfer Center, June 1, 2013.
Samuel F. Wells Jr, ‘Sounding the Tocsin: NSC-68 and the Soviet Threat’, International Security, IV:2 (Fall 1979).
Samuels, Gertrude. ‘Where Einstein Surveys the Cosmos’, New York Times , 19 November 1950.
Sankaran, Jaganath. ‘Pakistan’s Battlefield Nuclear Policy: A Risky Solution to an Exaggerated Threat’, International Security , 39:3 (Winter 2014/2015).
Santese, Angela. ‘Ronald Reagan, the Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign and the Nuclear Scare of the 1980s’, The International History Review , 39:3 (2017).
Santoro, David. ‘Building the Next Nuclear Community’, The Nonproliferation Review , 25:3–4 (2018).
Sauer, Tom and Pretorius, Joelien. ‘Nuclear Weapons and the Humanitarian Approach’, Global Change, Peace & Security , 26:3 (2014).
Sauer, Tom and Van Der Zwaan, Bob. ‘US Tactical Nuclear Weapons in Europe after NATO’s Lisbon Summit: Why Their Withdrawal is Desirable and Feasible’, Discussion Paper 2011-05, International Security Program Discussion Paper Series, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, May 2011.
Savranskaya, Svetlana and Thomas Blanton, The Reykjavik File: Previously Secret Documents from US and Soviet Archives on the 1986 Reagan-Gorbachev summit, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book, October 2006.
Savaranskaya, Svetlana. ‘Tactical Nuclear Weapons in Cuba: New Evidence’, Cold War International History Project Bulletin, 14/15, Winter 2003-Spring 2004.
Schear, James. ‘Arms control treaty compliance: buildup to a breakdown’, International Security (Fall 1985).
Schelling, Thomas. ‘Meteors, Mischief, and War’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 16 (1960).
Schelling, Thomas. ‘Who Will Have the Bomb?’, International Security , 1:1 (Summer 1976).
Schelling, Thomas. ‘What went wrong with arms control?’, Foreign Affairs (Winter 1985/1986).
Schilling, Warner R. ‘The H-Bomb decision: how to decide without actually choosing’, Political Science Quarterly LXXVI (March 1961).
Schlesinger, J. R. ‘Quantitative analysis and national security’, World Politics, XV (1963).
Schneider, Mark. ‘The Nuclear Forces and Doctrine of the Russian Federation’, Comparative Strategy , 27:5 (2008).
Schneiter, George. ‘Implications of the strategic defense initiative for the ABM Treaty’, Survival (Fall 1984).
Schulte, Paul. ‘Is NATO’s Nuclear Deterrence Policy a Relic of the Cold War?’, Policy Outlook, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, November 17, 2010.
Scobell, Andrew and Sanford, John M. ‘North Korea’s Military Threat: Pyongyang’s Conventional Forces, Weapons of Mass Destruction, and Ballistic Missiles’, Strategic Studies Institute, April 2007.
Scott, Len. ‘Intelligence and the Risk of Nuclear War: Able Archer-83 Revisited’, Intelligence and National Security , 26:6 (2011).
Scoville Jr., Herbert. ‘Flexible madness’, Foreign Policy, 14 (Spring 1974).
Seitz, Russell. ‘In from the cold: “nuclear winter” melts down’, The National Interest (Fall 1986).
Sengupta, Somini and Gladstone, Rick. ‘United States and Allies Protest UN Talks to Ban Nuclear Weapons’, The New York Times , March 27, 2017.
Serhan, Yasmeen. ‘When the World Lucked Out of a Nuclear War’, The Atlantic , October 31, 2017.
Shapley, Deborah. ‘A Lesson from the Glassboro Summit’, Washington Post , October 9, 1986.
Shen, Zhihua and Xia, Yafeng. ‘Between Aid and Restriction: Changing Soviet Policies toward China’s Nuclear Weapons Program: 1954–1960’, NPIHP Working Paper #2, May 2012.
Shenfield, Stephen. ‘The Soviet undertaking not to use nuclear weapons first and its significance’, Detente (October 1984).
Sherr, Alan. ‘Sound legal reasoning or policy expedient: the new interpretation of the ABM Treaty’, International Security (Winter 1986/1987).
Sherwin, C. W. ‘Securing peace through military technology’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (May 1956).
Shipler, David. ‘Soviet tested a neutron weapon, Brezhnev tells group of senators’, New York Times, 18 November 1978.
Shultz, George P.; Perry, William J.; Kissinger, Henry A. and Nunn, Sam. ‘A World Free of Nuclear Weapons’, The Wall Street Journal , January 4, 2007.
Shultz, George P.; Perry, William J.; Kissinger, Henry A. and Nunn, Sam. ‘How to Protect Our Nuclear Deterrent’, The Wall Street Journal , January 20, 2010.
Shultz, George P.; Perry, William J.; Kissinger, Henry A. and Nunn, Sam. ‘Toward a Nuclear-Free World’, The Wall Street Journal , January 15, 2008.
Shultz, George P.; Perry, William J.; Kissinger, Henry A. and Nunn, Sam., ‘Next Steps in Reducing Nuclear Risks’, The Wall Street Journal, March 6, 2013.
Singer, P. W. and Shachtman, Noah. ‘The wrong war: The Insistence on Applying Cold War Metaphors to Cybersecurity Is Misplaced and Counterproductive’, Brookings, August 15, 2011.
Sisk, Richard. ‘Mattis’ About-Face: He Now Supports ICBMS as Part of Nuclear Triad’, Military.com , February 7, 2018.
Slessor, Sir John. ‘Air power and world strategy’, Foreign Affairs, XXXI:1 (October 1954).
Slessor, Sir John. ‘The place of the bomber in British strategy’, International Affairs, XXIX:3 (July 1953).
Smetana, Michael. ‘A Nuclear Posture Review for the Third Nuclear Age’, The Washington Quarterly , 41:3 (Fall 2018).
Smirnov, Yuri and Zubok, Vladislav. ‘Nuclear Weapons after Stalin’s Death: Moscow Enters the H-Bomb Age’ Woodrow Wilson Center, Cold War International History Project, Issue #4, Fall 1994.
Smith, David O. ‘The Management of Pakistan’s Nuclear Arsenal’ , The Nonproliferation Review , 21:3–4 (2014).
Smith, Martin A. ‘“In a Box in the Corner”? NATO’s Theatre Nuclear Weapons, 1989–1999’, The Journal of Strategic Studies , 25:1 (March 2002).
Snow, C.P. ‘The moral Un-Neutrality of Science’, American Association for the Advancement of Science (1960).
Snyder, Glenn. ‘“Prisoner’s Dilemma” and “Chicken” models in international politics’, International Studies Quarterly, XV:1 (March 1971).
Snyder, Susi and van de Zeijden, Wilbert. ‘Withdrawal Issues: What NATO countries say about the future of tactical nuclear weapons in Europe’, IKV Pax Christi, March 2011.
Sokov, Nikolai. ‘The Origins and Prospects for Russian Nuclear Doctrine’, The Nonproliferation Review , 14:2 (2007).
Sokov, Nikolai. ‘Why Russia Calls a Limited Nuclear Strike “De-escalation”’, Bulletin of Atomic Scientists , March 13, 2014.
Soofer, Robert. ‘Documentation: The Politics of Nuclear Weapons Policy’, Presentation to Johns Hopkins University Graduate School Symposium, Washington, DC, April 8, 2015, Comparative Strategy , 35:2 (2016).
Soutou, Georges-Henri. ‘Les problem de sécurité dans les rapports de 1956 à1963’, Relations Internationales 58 (1989).
Sprinzak, Ehud. ‘Rational Fanatics’, Foreign Policy (September/October 2000).
Stein, Janice Gross. ‘Deterrence and Compellence in the Gulf, 1990–91: A Failed or Impossible Task?’ International Security 17.2 (1992).
Steinbruner, John. ‘Beyond rational deterrence: The Struggle for New Conceptions’, World Politics, XXVIII:2 (January 1976).
Steinbruner, John and Carter, Barry. ‘Organizational and political dimensions of the strategic posture: the problems of reform’, Daedalus, CIV:3 (Summer 1975).
Steinbruner, John and Garwin, Thomas. ‘Strategic vulnerability: the balance between prudence and paranoia’, International Security , L:1 (Summer 1976).
Stevens, Christopher A. ‘Identity Politics and Nuclear Disarmament’, The Nonproliferation Review , 15:1 (2008).
Stewart, Phil and Alexander, David. ‘Russia is top U.S. national security threat: U.S. Gen. Dunford’, Reuters , July 9, 2015.
Stoddart, Kristan. ‘Maintaining the “Moscow Criterion”: British Strategic Nuclear Targeting 1974–1979’, Journal of Strategic Studies , 31:6 (2008).
Sundaram, Kumar and Ramana, M.V. ‘India and the Policy of No First Use of Nuclear Weapons’, Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament , 1:1 (2018).
Suri, Jeremi. ‘America’s Search for a Technological Solution to the Arms Race: The Surprise Attack Conference of 1958 and a Challenge for “Eisenhower Revisionists”’, Diplomatic History 21:3 (Summer 1997).
Szilard, Leo. ‘The Mined Cities’ , Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , 17:10 (1961).
Szilard, Leo. ‘Disarmament and the Problem of Peace’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , XI:8 (October 1955).
Szilard, Leo. ‘How to Live with the Bomb and Survive’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, XVI:2 (February 1960).
Tannenwald, Nina. ‘Nuclear Weapons and the Vietnam War’, Journal of Strategic Studies , 29:4 (2006).
Tannenwald, Nina. ‘How Strong is the Nuclear Taboo Today?’, The Washington Quarterly , 41:3 (2018).
Taylor, Maxwell D. ‘Reflections on a Grim October’, Washington Post , 5 October 1982.
Tertrais, Bruno. ‘Deterrence According to Francois Hollande’, Fondation pour la Recherche Strategique, Note no. 10, June 1, 2015.
Tertrais, Bruno. ‘Russia’s Nuclear Policy: Worrying for the Wrong Reasons’, Survival , 60:2 (2018).
Tertrais, Bruno. ‘The Last to Disarm? The Future of France’s Nuclear Weapons’, Nonproliferation Review , 14:2 (July 2007).
Thayer, Bradley. ‘The Risk of Nuclear Inadvertence’, Security Studies , 11:3 (Spring 1994).
The Eisenhower Administration and NATO Nuclear Strategy: An Oral History Roundtable conducted by David A. Rosenberg and Robert A. Wampler and Participants: Robert Bowie, Andrew Goodpaster, Uwe Nerlich, Robert Richardson, David A. Rosenberg, Jennifer Sims, Robert A. Wampler. 10 May, 1989 [Transcribed by Dan Addess].
Thränert, Oliver. ‘NATO, Missile Defence and Extended Deterrence’, Survival , 51:6 (2009).
Trachtenberg, Marc, ‘Preventive War and U.S. Foreign Policy’, Security Studies , 16:1 (2007).
Trachtenberg, Marc. ‘A “Wasting Asset”: American Strategy and the Shifting Nuclear Balance, 1949–1954’, International Security , 13:3 (1988–1989).
Treverton, Greg. ‘Nuclear weapons and the gray area’, Foreign Affairs, LVII (Summer 1979).
Tsipis, Kosta. ‘Putting the Genie Back in the Bottle: MIT Faculty and Nuclear Disarmament’. MIT Faculty Newsletter, XXIV:1 (September/October 2011).
Turco, Richard; Toon, Owen; Ackerman, Thomas; Pollack, James and Sagan, Carl. ‘Nuclear Winter: Global Consequences of multiple nuclear explosions’, Science , 222 (23 December 1983).
Tuschhoff, Christian. ‘Causes and Consequences of Germany’s Deployment of Nuclear Capable Delivery Systems, 1957–1963’, Nuclear History Program occasional papers, Center for International Security Studies at Maryland, School of Public Affairs, University of Maryland, 1994.
Ustinov, Dmitry. ‘To Struggle for Peace, To Strengthen Defense Capability’, Pravda , 19 November 1983.
Vagts, Alfred. ‘Capitalist Encirclement; A Russian Obsession—Genuine or Feigned?’, The Journal of Politics , 18:3 (August 1956).
Van Cleave, William R. and Barnett, Roger W. ‘Strategic adaptability’, Orbis, XVIII:3 (Autumn 1974).
Van Evera, Stephen. ‘The cult of the offensive and the origins of the First World War’ and Jack Snyder, ‘Civil-military relations and the cult of the offensive’ in International Security, 9:1 (Summer 1984).
Van Wyk, Anna-Mart. ‘Apartheid’s Atomic Bomb: Cold War Perspectives’, South African Historical Journal , 62:1 (2010).
Viner, Jacob. ‘The implications of the atomic bomb for international relations’, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, XC:1 (January 1946).
Volpe, Tristan and Kuhn, Ulrich. ‘Germany’s Nuclear Education: Why a Few Elites Are Testing a Taboo’, The Washington Quarterly , 40:3 (2017).
Von Hippel, Frank. ‘Gorbachev’s unofficial arms-control advisers’, Physics Today, 66:9 (2013).
Walkowicz, T. F. ‘Counter-Force strategy: how we can exploit America’s atomic advantage’, Air Force Magazine (February 1955).
Walt, Stephen. ‘A Renaissance in Nuclear Security Studies?’ Foreign Policy , January 21, 2010.
Wasson, Jesse T. and Christopher E. Bluesteen, ‘Taking the archers for granted: emerging threats to nuclear weapon delivery systems’, Defence Studies , 18:4 (2018).
Weinberg, Alvin M. ‘The sanctification of Hiroshima’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , 41:11 (1985).
Weintz, Steve. ‘Worst Idea Ever: Dropping Nuclear Bombs during the Vietnam War’, National Interest (August 2015).
Weiss, Leonard. ‘On Fear and Nuclear Terrorism’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , 71:2 (2015).
Welch, David and Bright, James. ‘An Introduction to the ExComm Transcripts’, International Security , 12:3 (Winter 1987/1988).
Wettig, Gerhard. ‘The last Soviet offensive in the Cold War: emergence and development of the campaign against NATO euromissiles, 1979–1983’, Cold War History , 9:1 (2009).
‘Why does Japan have so much plutonium?’ The Economist , 25 July 2018.
Wieseltier, Leon. ‘When deterrence fails’, Foreign Affairs (Spring 1985).
Wildavsky, Aaron. ‘Practical consequences of the theoretical study of defence policy’, Public Administration Review , XXV (March 1965).
Wilkening, Dean A. ‘The Future of Russia’s Strategic Nuclear Force’. Survival . Autumn (1998).
Windsor, Philip; Higgins, Rosalyn; Gasteyger, Curt and Roberts, Adam. ‘Book reviews—Review of Strategie des Kleinstaats by Gustav Däniker’, Survival , 9:6 (1967).
Winters, Francis X. ‘Bishops and scholars: the peace pastoral under siege’, The Review of Politics (Winter 1986).
Witze, Claude. ‘Farewell to Counterforce’, Air Force Magazine (February 1963).
Wohlstetter, Albert. ‘Bishops, statesmen, and other strategists on the bombing of civilians’, Commentary (June 1983).
Wohlstetter, Albert. ‘Nuclear sharing: NATO and the N + 1 country’, Foreign Affairs , XXXIX:3 (April 1961).
Wohlstetter, Albert. ‘The delicate balance of terror’, Foreign Affairs, XXXVII:2 (January 1959).
Wohlstetter, Albert. ‘Theory and opposed-systems design’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 12:3 (1968).
Wohlstetter, Albert. ‘Threats and promises of peace: Europe and America in the new era’, Orbis, XVII:4 (Winter 1974).
Wohlstetter, Roberta. ‘Terror on a grand scale’, Survival, XVIII:3 (May/June 1976).
Woods, Matthew. ‘Waltz, Burke and Nuclear Proliferation’. Review of International Studies 28.1 (January 2002).
Woolsey, James. ‘The polities of vulnerability: 1980–83’, Foreign Affairs (Spring 1984).
‘X’, ‘The sources of Soviet conduct’, Foreign Affairs, XXV (July 1947).
York, Herbert. ‘Reducing the overkill’, Survival, XVI:2 (March/April 1974).
York, Herbert and Wiesner, Jerome. ‘National security and the nuclear test ban’, Scientific American (October 1964).
Yost, David and Glad, Thomas. ‘West German party politics and theater nuclear modernization since 1977’, Armed Forces and Society (Summer 1982).
Yost, David S. ‘France’s Evolving Nuclear Strategy’, Survival , 47:3 (2005).
Yost, David S. ‘The History of NATO Theater Nuclear Force Policy: Key Findings from the Sandia Conference’, Journal of Strategic Studies , 15:2 (1992).
Yost, David S. ‘Europe and Nuclear Deterrence’, Survival , 35:3 (Autumn 1993).
Young, Ken. ‘The Hydrogen Bomb, Lewis L. Strauss and the Writing of Nuclear History’, Journal of Strategic Studies , 36:6 (2013).
Zhang, Baohui. ‘US missile defence and China’s nuclear posture: changing dynamics of an offence–defence arms race’, International Affairs , 87:3 (May 2011).
Zubok, Vladislav M. ‘Gorbachev’s Nuclear Learning, How the Soviet leader became a nuclear abolitionist’, Boston Review , April 1, 2000.
Zubok, Vladislav M. ‘Khrushchev and the Berlin Crisis (1958–1962)’, Working Paper No. 6, Cold War International History Project, May 1993.
Zubok, Vladislav M. ‘Deng-Xiaoping and the Sino-Soviet Split 1956–1963’. Cold War International History Project Bulletin 10 (1998).
Zubok, Vladislav M. ‘Khrushchev’s 1960 Troop Cut: New Russian Evidence’, The Cold War International History Project Bulletin , 8–9 (Winter 1996/1997).
Zuckerman, Sir Solly. ‘Judgement and control in modern warfare’, Foreign Affairs, XXXX:2 (January 1962).
Zysk, Katarzyna. ‘Nonstrategic nuclear weapons in Russia’s evolving military doctrine’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , 73:5 (2017).

Index ¹

Numbers and Symbols

9/11 (2001) attacks

A

ABLE ARCHER nuclear weapons release exercise

ABM Treaty

agreed limit to ABM launchers

British staunch support of

and Clinton’s new ABM project proposal

Grechko on

as sign of consensus between US and Soviet Union

and US Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

US withdrawal from

Accidents, see Nuclear weapons accidents

Acheson, Dean

Acheson-Lilienthal Plan (1946)

Action-reaction phenomenon

Afghanistan

insurgencies in

Soviet-Afghan war

stepping up of US effort (2009)

Taliban regime

Afheldt, Horst

Aggression

belief in surprise first strike in any war

changes in concept of aggression

nature of society and aggression

totalitarian state and aggression

use of atomic bombs in surprise attacks

Aiken, F. B., see Wheeler, Harvey (pseud. F. B. Aiken)

Ailleret, Général Charles

‘Air-Land Battle’ doctrine

Air power

bombers vs fighters

and limited war theory

Soviet doctrine on

theory of strategic airpower

Akhromeyev, Marshal Sergey

Aldermaston, see Atomic Weapons Research Establishment (Aldermaston, UK)

Algeria War (1954-1962)

Allison, Graham T.

Allon, Yigal

al-Qaeda

Alsop, Stewart

American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS)

American National Conference of Catholic Bishops, ‘The challenge of peace: God’s promise and our response’ (letter)

Amster, Warren

Anderson, Major General Orville

Andropov, Yuri

Anti-ballistic missiles (ABMs)

Soviet Union

ABMs debate

ABMs programme

and Moscow criterion in British nuclear strategy

United States

ABMs debate

and criticism of procurement process

and critique of assured destruction

and Gaither Report

and MIRVs

and pre-emption debate

Safeguard system

Sentinel system

See also ABM Treaty

Anti-nuclear movements

‘Ban the bomb’ campaigns

demands to end nuclear tests

European Nuclear Disarmament (END) campaign

humanitarian approach

International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN)

‘nuclear freeze’ movement

Sane Nuclear Policy (SANE)

and Soviet Union

Anti-nuclear protest

neutron bomb debacle

new conventional weapons debate

revival of anti-nuclear protest (Europe)

case for rapid/unilateral disarmament

idea of Europeans put at risk by US

impact on European political parties

impact on Western policy

literature and films

and neutron bomb

peace research institutes and alternative defence strategies

Soviet Union’s attitude towards

and Tomahawk/Pershing II missiles

revival of anti-nuclear protest (US)

environmental science

Jonathan Schell’s The Fate of the Earth

liberal critique and case for deterrence

‘no-first-use-of-nuclear-weapons’ policy

‘nuclear freeze’ movement

‘nuclear winter’ debate

response to American bishops

studies questioning command and control claims

studies questioning conventional imbalance claim

tactical nuclear weapons debate

US medium-range ballistic/cruise missiles in Europe (1979)

Western Europeans’ fear of weapon imbalance

See also Anti-nuclear movements

Antipersonnel mines, ban on

Appeasement (1930s)

Arab-Israeli War (1947-1948)

Arab-Israeli War (1956)

Arab-Israeli War (1967), see Six Day War (1967)

Arab-Israeli war (1973), see Yom Kippur War (1973)

Arbatov, Alexei

Ardant Du Picq, Charles

Argentina, non-nuclear policy

Arms control

post-Cold War

Bush-Putin Nuclear Arms Treaty (2002)

deal with Iran (2015)

New START

Non-Proliferation Treaty, 2010 review

Non-Proliferation Treaty, 2015 review

Nuclear Security Summit initiative

START III

Arms Control, Disarmament, and National Security (Don Brennan, ed.)

Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (US)

Arms race, see Technological arms race

Arnold, General Henry Harley (“Hap”)

Aron, Raymond

Art, Robert

Asia-Pacific re-balancing policy (US)

Aspin, Les

Assured destruction

active and passive defences

calculations of effects

criticisms of doctrine

definition of term

non-zero sum game approach

reliance on Soviet Union having same approach

secure second-strike capability

SIOP’s limitations

term used by Raymond Barre

Assured self-destruction

Atlantic Nuclear Force (ANF) proposal (Britain)

Atomic bomb

atomic science

atom, structure of

chain reaction

fission

fusion process

uranium bomb

bomb making

‘Fat Man’ bomb

‘Little Boy’ bomb

Mark 3 bombs

literary fiction on (early 20th century)

national projects

Britain

Germany

United States (Manhattan Project)

strategic bombardment theory

brief history of air raids

emergence of theory

theory and civilian/military morale

theory and élite/mass distinction

theory as tested in WWII

theory rescued by Hiroshima/Nagasaki

See also Hiroshima, bombing of (1945); Hydrogen Bomb; Nagasaki, bombing of (1945)

Atomic Energy Act 1946 (McMahon Act, US)

Atomic Energy Commission (US)

creation of

General Advisory Committee (GAC)

on Oppenheimer and security clearance issue

Research and Development budget (by 1960s)

Atomic Weapons Research Establishment (Aldermaston, UK)

‘Atoms for Peace’ programme (US)

Attlee, Clement

Australia

Canberra Commission on Elimination of Nuclear Weapons

and Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)

Authority/authorisation (for atomic use)

Aziz, Tariq

B

Bacevich, Andrew J.

Baker, James

Balance of terror issue

Baldwin, Hanson

Baldwin, Stanley

Ball, George

Ballistic missile defence, see Anti-ballistic missiles (ABMs); ABM Treaty

Ballistic Missile Early Warning Radar, 1960 incident

Balloons, dropping of explosives from

Baltic States, and post-Crimean crisis resurgence of Russia threat

Bangladesh, creation of

Bannon, Steve

‘Ban the bomb’ campaigns

Barium

Barnett, Roger

Barre, Raymond

Baruch, Bernard

Battle of Britain (1940)

Battle of Moscow (1941-1942)

Beaufre, Général André

multilateral deterrence

solidarity and detonator concept

Begin, Menachem

Belarus

non-nuclear policy

START I (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty)

Ben-Gurion, David

Berlin crisis (1948-1949)

Berlin crisis (1961)

confrontation

contingency plans ( Horse/Pony/Poodle Blankets )

‘missile gap’ issue

nuclear strategy issues and choices

plan to attack DGZs (designated ground zeroes)

plurality of actors

and resumption of nuclear testing

wargames

Berlin Wall, fall of (1989)

Bethe, Hans

Betts, Richard K.

Bevin, Ernest

Bhabha, Homi

Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali

‘Bible’ of arms control, see Arms Control, Disarmament, and National Security (Don Brennan, ed.)

Big Bertha

Bin Laden, Osama

Biological weapons

and al-Qaeda group

and deterrence

fear of and India’s no-first-use stance

fear of and nuclear disarmament case

Iraq’s drive to acquire

and NATO no-first-use debate

and repeal of US Precision Low-Yield Weapon Design ban

and rogue states

and superterrorists

See also Chemical weapons; Weapons of mass destruction (WMD)

Blackett, Patrick M. S.

on Britain as part of transatlantic nuclear debate

on cities being able to recover from atomic bombing

on cities not necessarily being targeted first

Edward Shils’ criticism of his views

on limited nuclear war

on no effective defence against nuclear weapons

on number of atom bombs for large-scale attack

on operational research

on ‘rational governments’ and stability of balance of terror

on rebalancing in favour of conventional defence

on strategic bombardment

on tactical nuclear weapons

on vehicles for delivery of atomic bomb

Bluesteen, Christopher E.

Blue Streak plans (Britain)

Blue Water Option (US)

Bobbitt, Philip

Bohlen, Charles

Bolton, John

Bombardment, see Air power

Bombers (Soviet Union)

IL-28s

intercontinental bombers (1950s)

Khrushchev on obsolescence of bombers

MYA-4s Bison

TU-4s

TU-16s Badger

TU-20s Bear

TU-22s M Backfire

Tupolev on manned bombers

Bombers (United States)

B-1s

B-2s

B-21s

B-29s

bombing over Hiroshima

bombing over Japan

decision to move to UK bases

Korean War

limited range of

number of in 509th Bomb Group (1948)

Soviet TU-4 copy of

B-36s

B-46s

B-47E, accidental release of nuclear bomb (1958)

B-47s

B-50s

B-52s

accidental release of nuclear weapons (1966)

B-70s

and intermediate range ballistic missiles (IRBMS)

new types (1949-1950)

nuclear armed long-range bomber as Great Deterrent

removal from alert

USAF’s belief in critical role of in nuclear war

See also Triad

Bondarenko, V.

Borden, William Liscum

Boscious, David

Boserup, Anders

Bottome, Edgar

Bracken, Paul

Bradley, General Omar

Brazil, non-nuclear policy

Brennan, Don

Arms Control, Disarmament, and National Security (ed.)

Brezhnev, Leonid

Brinkmanship

about theory

Britain

ABM Treaty, staunch support for

Atlantic Nuclear Force (ANF) proposal

atomic bomb, development of (1947)

atomic weapons as means of retaliation

atomic weapons as means of warding off Soviet aggression

Blue Streak plans

and Gulf War (1990-1991)

and Iraq War

Lockerbie bombing of US airliner

massive retaliation policy and cuts in conventional forces

and MLF (multilateral force) project

Nassau Agreement (1962)

and NATO 1991 New Strategic Concept

and NATO extended deterrence

nuclear test ban issue

Polaris bought from US

post-1945 British-Soviet relations

post-1945 decline in international standing

post-Cold War nuclear policy

short-range nuclear weapons issue

Suez crisis (1956)

Trident

US IRBMs, deployment of (1958)

US nuclear submarines base in Holy Loch, Scotland

US strategic plans, role of British bases in

World War II

Germany’s V-weapons campaign against

Royal Air Force (RAF) and London blitz

Royal Air Force (RAF) and strategic bombing

See also Britain’s ‘independent’ nuclear deterrent

Britain’s ‘independent’ nuclear deterrent

Britain as part of transatlantic debate

British operations researchers

Eisenhower’s ‘Atoms for Peace’ programme

European security as shared responsibility

McNamara’s critique of independent nuclear deterrents

‘ N th Country’ Problem

Nassau agreement and UK Polaris

nuclear capability for SEATO

nuclear contribution to CENTO

Polaris and Moscow criterion

policy of interdependence with US

‘second decision-centre’ argument

Skybolt programme affair

Trident

unilateralists

Brodie, Bernard

‘American gunfighter duel, Western frontier style’ metaphor

on atomic bomb

on balance of terror

biography

classical strategist

on controlling escalation

on counter-weapons

on dominance of offensive

on element of surprise and balance in atomic arsenals

on expected growth of US nuclear stockpile

on finite chance of war

on fire-break theory

on first-strike capabilities

on game theory

on limited nuclear options

on limited war

on measures for retaliation in kind

on nuclear weapons no longer scarce or costly

obligations of US to NATO

on operational research

recruited by RAND

on sabotage and atom bombs

on security of retaliatory force

on Slessor’s nuclear deterrence strategy

on tactical nuclear weapons

on vulnerable strategic air force

on ways of stopping a Soviet advance

on winning vs averting wars

Broiler war plan (1947)

Brown, Harold

Brownlie, Ian

Brush-fire wars

Buchan, Alastair

Buchan, Glenn

Budapest Memorandum (1994)

‘Build-down’ approach

Bulganin, Nikolai A.

Bull, Hedley

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists

Bundy, McGeorge

on Berlin crisis (1961) and nuclear strategy

on divergence between nuclear strategy and political realities

on existential deterrence

on Kennedy’s civilian advisers

on Kennedy’s concern over Chinese nuclear capability

and McNamara’s 1962 NATO speech

on no-first-use-of-nuclear-weapons

on Vietnam war and hypothetical use of nuclear weapons

Burdick, Eugene, Fail-Safe (novel by Burdick and Wheeler)

Burke, Admiral Arleigh

Bush, George, H. W.

Bush, George W.

and 9/11 attacks

‘axis of evil’ speech

Bush-Putin 2002 meeting

on Libya’s abandonment of WMD programmes

on rogue states and superterrorists

on threat gathering against America

Bush, Vannevar

Butler, General George Lee

Butow, Robert J.

Buzzard, Rear-Admiral Sir Anthony

Byrnes, James

C

Canada

Canberra Commission on Elimination of Nuclear Weapons

Carte Blanche (NATO exercise)

Carter, Ash

Carter, Barry

Carter, Jimmy

and Carl Sagan

on minimum deterrence

and neutron bomb

policy towards Soviet Union

Presidential Directive-59 (Nuclear Weapons Employment Policy)

and SALT II

and US-North Korea 1994 Agreed Framework

Castro, Fidel

Catalytic war

Catholic bishops of America, see American National Conference of Catholic Bishops

Catholic bishops of France, on nuclear deterrence

Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (CASBS)

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)

CEP (circular error probable)

Chaban-Delmas, Jacques

Chadwick, James

Chain reaction (in atomic bomb)

Chamberlain, Neville

Charge of the Light Brigade (1854)

Chayes, Abram

Chechnya conflict

Chemical weapons

authority issue for use of

and deterrence

fear of and India’s no-first-use stance

and Gulf War (1990-1991)

Iraq’s drive to acquire

and NATO no-first-use debate

plans for use against Japan in WWII

poisoned gas

prohibition of (1928 Geneva Protocol)

and repeal of US Precision Low-Yield Weapon Design ban

and rogue states

and superterrorists

in Syrian Civil War

See also Biological weapons; Weapons of mass destruction (WMD)

Cheney, Dick

Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident (1986)

Chevaline programme (Polaris SLBMs)

Chevènement, Jean-Pierre

Chiang Kai-shek

Chicken (game)

China

Cultural Revolution

Gang of Four

Great Leap Forward

and Indo-China conflict

and Iraq sanctions issue (late 1990)

and Korean War

and Laos crisis (1961)

‘launch-on-warning’ debate

no-first-use policy

nuclear force and parity issue

nuclear policy post-Cold War

nuclear programme

first atomic test (1964)

H-bomb first test (1969)

‘minimum deterrent’ capabilities

nuclear shelters programme

relations with Soviet Union

Khrushchev’s resistance to Chinese nuclear acquisition

Khrushchev’s views on ‘paper tiger’ theory

Mao’s belief in Soviet neutralization of US nuclear superiority

Sino-Indian War and Cuban missile crisis

Sino-Soviet crisis (1969)

Sino-Soviet split

Taiwan Strait Crisis (1958)

relations with United States

Sino-Indian War (1962)

Sino-Soviet conflict

and Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)

and South Korea, normalization of ties with

and Taiwan

and US Asia Pacific re-balancing policy

US-China arms control talks

US-China relations

and US nuclear policy

and US Safeguard ABM system

and US Sentinel ABM system

and US Single Integrated Operations Plan (SIOP)

and US Terminal High Altitude Area Defense System

in US ‘top threat’ ranking

and Vietnam War

See also China

Churchill, Winston

on atomic bomb

investigation into possibility of atomic bomb

on more bombs only making the rubble bounce

nuclear deterrence policy

on preventive war

on safety as child of terror

Church of England, no-first-use position

CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)

Circular error probable (CEP)

Cities, see No Cities

Civil defence preparations

in Soviet Union

in United States

Classical strategists

Clausewitz, Carl von

Clay, General Lucius

Clifford, Clark

Clinton, Bill

comprehensive test ban negotiations

cooperative relationship with Russia

election of

and Iraq hawks

nuclear policy

Presidential Directive-60 (Nuclear Weapons Employment Policy)

START III

Cluster munitions, ban on

Coffey, Joseph I.

Cohen, Samuel T.

Cohen, William

‘Cold Start’ concept

Cold War

and Berlin Crisis (1961)

and Cuban missile crisis (1962)

diplomatic solutions to as counter-productive

effect of on shaping nuclear debate

and extended deterrence

and game theory

and limited war argument

and massive retaliation doctrine

and ‘Moscow criterion’ in British nuclear strategy

and Nixon’s policy of detente

and NSC-162/2 ( Basic National Security Policy )

and nuclear arms debate

and nuclear pacifists’ argument

origin of term

origins of

seen as self-sustaining

and Sputnik

and strategy for atomic monopoly

and US troops’ role in Europe

See also Cold War, end of

Cold War, end of

collapse of Soviet system

Malta Summit (1989)

NATO 1989 summit

NATO 1990 London Declaration

NATO 1991 New Strategic Concept

NATO short-range nuclear weapons debate

removal of tactical nuclear weapons

START I (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty)

START II (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty)

US nuclear commitment to NATO issue

See also Cold War

Collins, General J. Lawton

Command and control

and cyber-attacks

and escalation dominance

improvements in

and limited nuclear options

and MLF (multilateral force) project

and NATO European members

and political leaders’ unpredictability

President’s role in

and SIOP

and SIOP-6F

Soviet command and control system

studies questioning command and control claims

Committee on the Present Danger

Communism, as ideology to oppose

Comprehensive Test Ban

Compton, Arthur

Compton Report (1947)

Conant, James

Condon, Edward

Convair Corporation

Cooperative Threat Reduction Program

Counter-force strategy

Cowley, Lieutenant-General Sir John

Craig, Campbell

Credibility

and deterrence

and massive retaliation

Crimea, Russian annexation of

Crowds, ‘emotional crowd’ theories

Cruise missiles

deployment of in Europe (1979)

and SALT II

Soviet opposition to

Tomahawk cruise missiles

Crystal ball effect

Cuba, CIA-trained exiles’ invasion of (1961)

Cuban missile crisis (1962)

analysis of crisis

‘eyeball-to-eyeball’ drama

impact on Kennedy’s and Khrushchev’s reputations

impact on Kim Il-Sung’s nuclear aspirations

impact on Soviet nuclear strategy

impact on US nuclear strategy

Mao’s support for Khrushchev

Curie, Marie

Curie, Pierre

Cyber-attacks

Cyprus, British nuclear-capable bombers in

Czechoslovakia, Soviet invasion of (1968)

Czech Republic, NATO membership

D

Daedalus (American Academy of Arts and Sciences journal)

Damage limitation

Danilevich, General Andrian

The Day After (film, 1983)

Dayan, Moshe

‘Dead Hand’ ( Perimeter ) system (Soviet Union)

Dean, Gordon

Decapitation attacks

Decker, General George H.

Deng Xiaoping

Designated ground zeroes (DGZs)

Detente

Khrushchev’s policy of

move to after Cuban missile crisis

Nixon’s policy of

and SALT

Deterrence

and averting vs winning wars

and credibility

by denial and punishment

and discussion of nuclear strategy

existential deterrence

graduated deterrence

liberal case for

link to arms control

maximum deterrence

multilateral deterrence

non-nuclear deterrence

proponents of and Nobel Peace Prize

proportional deterrence

retaliation as best deterrent

and retaliatory capacity

stable mutual deterrence

and technology

threat of overwhelming force as best deterrent

universal nuclear deterrence

DGZs (designated ground zeroes)

Dien Bien Phu

See also Indo-China conflict

Dinerstein, Herbert S.

Disarmament

disarmament vs stable conflict approach

nuclear pacifists

criteria for just war

insanity of nuclear option

opposition to deterrence strategy

shift to intermediate arms control position

post-Cold War revival

Canberra Commission on Elimination of Nuclear Weapons

Global Zero movement

humanitarian approach

Nobel Peace Prize to ICAN

UN Treaty on Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (2017)

shift from disarmament to arms control

military mind and arms control

Panel of Consultants on Disarmament (1953)

Stassen’s report (1955)

UN disarmament conferences

terminology issues

disarmament vs arms control

‘international control’ concept

theory of arms control

arms race and arms control

‘bible’ of arms control

link with deterrence

protection from surprise attacks

stable mutual deterrence concept

tacit vs explicit agreements

Doomsday machine

Douglas-Home, Alec

Douhet, Giulio

Dresden, bombing of

Dresher, Melvin

Drones

Dr. Strangelove (film by Kubrick)

Dulles, John Foster

and ‘brinkmanship’ notion

on conventional vs nuclear retaliation

on Khrushchev not seeing US as aggressors

on ‘little countries’ feeling vulnerable

and massive retaliation

on preventive war

Dunn, Frederic S.

Du Picq, see Ardant Du Picq, Charles

Dupuy, T. N.

E

Earle, Edward Mead

Early warning agreement (US/Russia, 1998)

East Germany

fall of Berlin Wall

uprisings (1953)

See also Berlin crisis (1948-1949); Berlin crisis (1961); Germany; West Germany

Eden, Lynn

The Effects of Atomic Weapons

Egypt

non-nuclear policy

Yom Kippur War (1973)

Einstein, Albert

Eisenhower, Dwight

‘Atoms for Peace’ programme

on authorizing use of nuclear weapons

on China and Vietnam War

on consequences of war with Soviet Union

on influence of military-industrial complex

Korean War and use of A-bomb question

on limited war and peripheral vs general wars

on massive retaliation

nuclear bias for defence of Europe

‘Open Skies’ proposal to Khrushchev

on prospect of German nuclear weapons

on scientific advances and US military forces

on Single Integrated Operations Plan (SIOP)

Skybolt affair

‘Solarium’ project

on tactical nuclear weapons and escalation

on use of nuclear weapons on military targets

ElBaradei, Mohamed

Electrons

Eliot, Major George Fielding

Élite/mass distinction, and strategic bombardment theory

Ellsberg, Daniel

‘Emotional crowd’ theories

The End of History and the Last Man (Francis Fukuyama)

Enthoven, Alain

Environmental science, and anti-nuclear protests

Erhard, Ludwig

Erickson, John

Erlichman, John

Ermarth, Fritz

‘Escalate to de-escalate’ policy

Escalation

concept

escalation dominance

‘escalation ladder’ (Kahn)

and No Cities

and tactical nuclear weapons

‘Essential equivalence’ concept

Euro-Deterrent proposals

Europe, defence of

conventional defences

enhanced nuclear deterrence and limited war

nuclear bias vs flexible response

and protection of retaliatory force

push for more NATO conventional forces

superiority of Warsaw Pact over NATO

West Europeans against fire-break theory

West Europeans for link with US nuclear arsenal

See also Anti-nuclear protest; North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

European Nuclear Disarmament (END) campaign

European Phased Adaptive Approach (EPAA, US)

European Union

defence identity and nuclear question

enlargement

Exercise Sagebrush

Existential deterrence

Extended deterrence

from Britain

Euro-Deterrent proposals

and India

and massive retaliation

from NATO

and nuclear disarmament efforts

from Soviet Union

from United States

See also Flexible response strategy; Nuclear umbrella

‘Extended sanctuarization’ concept

F

Fail-Safe (novel by Burdick and Wheeler)

Falk, Richard

Fallout

origin of term

See also Nuclear shelters; Radioactive fallout

‘Fat Man’ bomb

‘Fat Man’ model

Mark 3 bombs

Nagasaki explosion

Ferguson, Alan

Fermi, Enrico

Fernandes, George

Fiction, on atomic bomb (early 20th century)

F-I-G (France-Italy-Germany) agreement (1958)

‘Final warning’ concept, and tactical nuclear weapons

Finletter, Thomas

Fire-break theory

‘First strike’ concept

Fission process

Flexible response strategy

and Acheson’s 1961 report

comparison with Russia’s ‘escalate to de-escalate’ concept

France’s view of

and NATO

Nixon’s view of

West Germany’s view of

Flood, Merrill

Foch, Ferdinand

Foot, Rosemary

Ford, Gerald

Formal strategists

characteristics of approach

game theory

game theory criticism

McNamara’s similarities with

See also Game theory; Stable conflict, strategy of

Forrestal, James

Forsberg, Randall

Forward Strategy (NATO)

Foster, John

Fox, William T. R.

Fracture Jaw (Vietnam War)

France

fall of in WWII

F-I-G (France-Italy-Germany) agreement (1958)

French Army and ‘morale’ concept

French defence policy and NATO

‘decisive imbalance’ in favour of US

defence policy and NATO (1966-1980s)

economic/leadership targeting of Soviet Union

extended sanctuarization

‘final warning’ and tactical nuclear weapons

independent deterrence manoeuvre (1966-1977)

and NATO extended deterrence

and NATO 1990 London Declaration

and NATO 1991 New Strategic Concept

re-entry into NATO military command structure (2009)

‘second echelon’ reinforcement (1977-1982)

significant role alongside NATO forces (1982-)

withdrawal of French forces from

and Gulf War (1990-1991)

and Indo-China conflict

and Iraq

late 1990s sanctions issue

nuclear reactor to

and Israel, nuclear reactor to

and Libya, no nuclear reactor to

Maginot Line

McNamara’s criticism of French independent nuclear deterrent

and MLF (multilateral force) project

nuclear test series in Pacific (1995)

post-Cold War nuclear policy

‘second decision-centre’ theory

and Suez crisis (1956)

Franck, James, Franck Committee/Report (1945)

Freedom of Information Act (US)

Frisch, Otto

Fromm, Erich

Fukuyama, Francis, The End of History and the Last Man

Fuller, Major General J. F.

Fusion process

G

Gaddafi, Muammar

Gaither, Horace Rowan, Gaither Report

Galili, Yisrael

Gallois, Pierre

consequences of unequal access to nuclear

credibility of NATO’s deterrent questioned

proportional deterrence

universal nuclear deterrence

Game theory

about theory

Berlin crisis-related war games (1961)

Chicken

and golden age of nuclear strategy

minimax strategy

non-zero sum games

Prisoner’s Dilemma

use of in operational research

Gandhi, Indira

Gandhi, Mahatma

Gandhi, Rajiv

Gang of Four (China)

‘Gang of four’ (US)

‘no-first-use-of-nuclear-weapons’ policy

on spectre of nuclear terrorism

Garthoff, Raymond

Garwin, Richard

Gates, Robert

Gaulle, Charles de

‘Europe from Atlantic to Urals’ conception

‘great power’ status and nuclear

impact of S uez Crisis

opposition to F-I-G (France-Italy-Germany) agreement

Pluton (very) short-range missile

rejection of dependence on US

withdrawal of French forces from NATO

Gavin, Francis J.

Gavin, General James

Gell-Mann, Murray

General Dynamics

Geneva arms-control talks (1983)

Geneva Conference of Experts on Prevention of Surprise Attack, 1958 (Surprise Attack Conference)

Geneva Convention on warfare

Geneva Protocol (1928), prohibition of chemical weapons

George, Alexander

George, Peter, Red Alert (novel)

Georgia, colour revolution (2003)

Germany

Euro-Deterrent idea (post-reunification)

Nazi regime and aggression

World War I

Big Bertha

naval blockade and defeat

Zeppelin and Gotha raids

World War II

surprise attacks and defeat

use of airpower during WWII

V-weapons campaigns

See also Berlin crisis (1948-1949); Berlin crisis (1961); East Germany; West Germany

Gilpatric, Roswell

Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry

Glasnost

Glassboro Summit (1966)

Gleason, Abbott

Globalisation

Global Protection against Limited Strikes system (GPALS, US)

Global Zero movement

Goebbels, Joseph

Gorbachev, Mikhail

August 1991 coup against

on Chernobyl and nuclear war

INF Treaty (1987)

Malta Summit (1989)

1986 speech on arms control policies

1988 UN speech

Perestroika and Glasnost

on Pershing II missiles

on political approach to arms control

on Reagan

Reykjavík Summit (1986)

on Strategic Defense Initiative

27th party congress speech on security policy

Gordon, Philip H.

Gowing, Margaret

Graduated deterrence

Grand strategy

Gray, Colin

on arms race behaviour

on British nuclear policy

on escalation dominance

on ethnocentricity of Western arms race analysts

on McNamara’s approach to arms race

on Soviet overcentralization and vulnerability to attack

on strategic superiority

‘Victory is possible’ (Gray and Payne)

on vulnerability of fixed-site missile forces

Grechko, Marshal Andrei

Green, Philip

Ground-based Midcourse Defense (GMD) interceptors (US)

Third Site in Europe

Groves, Leslie

Grudinin, I. A.

Gulf War (1990-1991)

H

Hahn, Otto

‘Halfmoon’ (1948 US emergency war plan)

Halliday, Fred

Halperin, Morton

Ham, Paul

Hamburg Grab

Hanford (Washington), Manhattan Project

Harmon, Lieutenant-General H. R., Harmon Report (1949)

Harriman, Averill

Hart-Rudman Commission

Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Haskins, Caryl

Hassell, Kai-Uwe von

Healey, Denis

Healey-Schröder initial nuclear use report

Heard, Gerald

Hersey, John

Herter Christian

Heyck, Hunter

Hilsman, Roger

Hirohito, Emperor of Japan

Hiroshima, bombing of (1945)

B-29s involved

death toll

explosion and impact

extent of devastation

‘Little Boy’ bomb

yield of A-bomb

impact on Soviet atomic programme

Japanese surrender

strategic issues

case against bombing decision

Germany’s V-weapons, limited effects of

issue of atomic bomb as war-winning weapon

Japanese thinking about ending war

strategic bombardment theory

use of A-bomb as weapon of mass destruction

US thinking about ending war

US thinking about use of A-bomb

warfare and introduction of A-bomb

Hitler, Adolf

Hoag, Malcolm

Ho Chi Minh

Hoffman, Bruce

Hollande, François

Holloway, David

Holy Loch (Scotland), US nuclear submarines base

Hong Kong, and Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)

Hook, Sidney

Horse Blanket (contingency plan, US)

Howard, Michael

Hudson Institute

Hull, General John E.

Humanitarian approach

Hungary

NATO membership

opening of borders with Austria

Hussein, Saddam

Hydrogen bomb

Chinese first test (1969)

development

fusion (‘super’) bomb controversy

psychological impact of on Khrushchev

US first successful test (1952)

Hyten, John E.

I

IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency)

ICAN (International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons)

ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missiles)

Russian Federation, number allowed under 2002 Nuclear Arms Treaty

Soviet Union

few and inaccurate (early 1960s)

hardened silos

ICBM programme

MIRVed ICBMs

MIRVed ICBMs, elimination of under START I

MIRVed ICBMs, number allowed under SALT II

vs NATO’s conventional defences

next generation of (1969)

number allowed under SALT I

number and sizes of (1970s)

number of (1961)

SS-9s

SS-18s

SS-19s

United States

advantages and disadvantages of

compared to IRBMs

Midgetman

Minuteman

Minuteman III (MIRVed)

MIRVed ICBMs

MIRVed ICBMs, elimination of under START I

MIRVed ICBMs, number allowed under SALT II

MX ICBMs

and 1950s defensive anti-aircraft system

Nixon’s decision not to increase numbers

number allowed under 2002 Nuclear Arms Treaty

number allowed under SALT I

policy of removal

protection of in concrete shelters

and Soviet ICBM programme

and strategy of assured destruction

and strategy of stable conflict

superiority over Soviet capability

underground silos

See also ICBM vulnerability; Triad

ICBM vulnerability

growing vulnerability of land-based missiles

growth in Soviet counter-force capabilities

strategic triad set-up

vulnerability of Minuteman

theories and issues

balance of forces after Soviet attack

escalation dominance theory

MX ICBM issue

See also Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)

ICJ (International Court of Justice), opinion on legality of nuclear weapons

Iklé, Fred

India

Brasstacks military exercise

‘Cold Start’ concept

India-Pakistan war (1971)

Kargil conflict (1999)

Kashmir crisis (1989-1990)

nuclear facilities agreement with Pakistan (1985)

nuclear policy

nuclear test (1998)

Sino-Indian War (1962)

Twin Peaks crisis (2001-2002)

Indo-China conflict

Dien Bien Phu

Indonesia, and Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)

INF (Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces) Treaty (1987)

Institute for Strategic Studies (later International Institute for Strategic Studies)

Inter-Allied Tactical Studies Group

Intercontinental ballistic missiles, see Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs); ICBM vulnerability

Intermediate range ballistic missiles, see Intermediate range ballistic missiles (IRBMS)

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty (1987)

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN)

‘International control’ concept

International Court of Justice (ICJ), opinion on legality of nuclear weapons

International Institute for Strategic Studies (formerly Institute for Strategic Studies)

International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg

International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War

Intrusive verification procedures

Iran

and A. Q. Khan network

assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists

and G.W. Bush’s ‘axis of evil’ speech

Iran hostage crisis

Israel’s operations against Iranian nuclear programme

Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) agreement (2015)

Non-Proliferation Treaty signatory

nuclear programme

nuclear threat from

Stuxnet attack on nuclear programme

and US nuclear policy

US response to Iranian nuclear policy

Iraq

and biological weapons

and chemical weapons

Gulf War (1990-1991)

insurgencies in

Israeli strike against Osirak nuclear reactor

nuclear threat from

rise of Islamic State

state-sponsored terrorism

and US nuclear policy

See also Iraq War (2003)

Iraq Liberation Act (US, 1998)

Iraq War (2003)

G.W. Bush’s ‘axis of evil’ speech

UNSCOM and Iraq’s WMD

US regime change policy

US shift from deterrence to prevention/pre-emption

IRBMS (intermediate range ballistic missiles)

deployment of in Britain, Italy, Turkey (1958)

Jupiter

phasing out of

Thor

vulnerability of and bombers

vulnerability of and Polaris submarines

Iron Law of Weapons Innovation

Isayev, Major-General

ISIS (Islamic State)

Ismay, Hastings Ismay, 1st Baron

Isotopes

Israel

Arab-Israeli war (1947-1948)

Arab-Israeli war (1956)

and Gulf War (1990-1991)

and Iran’s nuclear aspirations

nuclear policy

Dimona nuclear reactor

early supporters and opponents of nuclear option

focus on conventional army and Samson option

Golda Meir-Nixon secret agreement

policy of nuclear opacity ( amimut )

prevention to nuclear counter-proliferation (Begin doctrine)

production of nuclear weapons

sabotage operations against Iran’s programme

strike against Iraqi Osirak nuclear reactor

strike against Syria’s al-Kibar nuclear reactor

US response to Israeli policy

Saddam Hussein and Israel’s nuclear capability

Six Day War (1967)

Yom Kippur War (1973)

Italy

deployment of US IRBMs (1958)

F-I-G (France-Italy-Germany) agreement (1958)

and MLF (multilateral force) project

J

Jackson, Henry M.

Japan

civil nuclear infrastructure

non-nuclear policy

Non-Proliferation Treaty signatory

nuclear programme during WWII

sarin gas attack in Tokyo subway (1995)

three non-nuclear principles

World War II

B29s bombing over Japan

declaration of war from Soviet Union

1945 surrender

plans for use of chemical weapons against Japan

surprise attacks and defeat

See also Hiroshima, bombing of (1945); Nagasaki, bombing of (1945)

JASON study (Vietnam war)

JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) agreement (2015)

Jeffries, Zay

Jenkins, Brian M.

Jervis, Robert

The Illogic of American Nuclear Strategy

JIGSAW (Joint Inter-Service Group for the Study of All-Out War)

Johnson, Louis

Johnson, Lyndon B.

Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) agreement (2015)

Joint Data Exchange Center (Moscow)

Joint Inter-Service Group for the Study of All-Out War (JIGSAW)

Joint Staff Strategic Survey (1946)

Jones, T. K.

Just wars

K

K-219 submarine explosion

Kahan, Jerome

Kahn, Herman

on air offense vs defence

on arms control

bête noire of nuclear pacifists

and ‘bible’ of arms control

on casualty level likely to be bearable for Soviet Union

on Chicken game

on civil defence and first-strike capabilities

on doomsday machine

Dr. Strangelove based on

‘escalation ladder’ theory

game theory

and golden age of nuclear strategy

his technological expectations

influence of on policy

on missiles in submarines

on not having to ‘rush’ to commit suicide

on Red Alert (novel by Peter George)

on ‘small’ nuclear powers

on Strategic Air Command (SAC)

on vulnerable strategic air force

See also Hudson Institute

Kaplan, Morton

Kaufmann, Chaim

Kaufmann, William

on credibility and massive retaliation

on Europe and conventional forces

on Kennedy and McNamara’s NATO speech

on Kissinger’s views

on ladder of nuclear escalation

on limited war

recruited by RAND

reply to General Power

Kawabe, General Torashiro

Kaysen, Carl

Kazakhstan

non-nuclear policy

removal of tactical nuclear weapons

START I (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty)

Kecskemeti, Paul

Keldysh, Mstislav

Kellogg-Briand pact (1928)

Kennan, George F.

Kennedy, John F.

American University speech (1963)

Berlin crisis (1961)

Berlin speech (1963)

on China-US relations

civil defence programme

on condition for US general war response

on consequences of Soviet missile power

Cuba, invasion of by CIA-trained exiles

Cuban missile crisis (1962)

on danger of misjudgement in nuclear age

on danger of tempting Soviets with possibility of war

defence of Europe

and de Gaulle

and Israeli’s nuclear aspirations

Khrushchev, summit with

Khrushchev’s telegram to

and Khrushchev’s views on nuclear strategy

Minuteman ICBMs numbers

‘missile gap’ as theme of electoral campaign

on MLF (multilateral force) project

Nassau Agreement (1962)

on need for unified Atlantic deterrent

nuclear proliferation concerns

nuclear test ban issue

on Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963)

on possibility of US striking first

on prospect of West German nuclear weapons

SIOP (Single Integrated Operations Plan)

on US nuclear superiority

See also No Cities

Kenney, General George

Khan, A. Q.

Khrushchev, Nikita

on B-47E’s accidental release of nuclear bomb

Berlin crisis (1961)

Berlin question (1958)

on bombers, obsolescence of

on burying the West

Cuban missile crisis (1962)

on dangers of nuclear wars

and discussion with Harriman on Chinese nuclear programme

Dulles on his view of US

Eisenhower’s ‘Open Skies’ proposal, rejection of

and Kennedy, summit with

and Kennedy, telegram to

Khrushchev-Bulganin faction

on local/minor war theory

on Maoist ‘People’s War,’

and Mao’s wish to acquire nuclear weapons

on McNamara’s Ann Arbor speech

and military establishment

‘combined arms,’

launch-on-warning policy

nuclear parity policy

opposed to Khrushchev’s ideas

revisionist vs traditionalist views

shared position in Military Strategy

missiles ‘like sausages on an assembly line’ quote

for modest force and powerful second strike

on nuclear capability and cuts in conventional forces

on nuclear strategy

belief in detente and peaceful coexistence

belief in minimum deterrent

belief in primacy of nuclear weapons

cuts in conventional forces advocated

cuts in conventional forces halted

differences between his and Kennedy’s thinking

emphasis on both sides being equal

emphasis on terror quotient

emphasis on threat to Western Europe

nuclear umbrella approach

sunken silos programme

nuclear test ban issue

on quick nuclear war

and Red Hawks

on Soviet powerful rocket technology

Strategic Rocket Forces

and Taiwan Strait Crisis (1958)

use of nuclear threats

Khrushchev, Sergei

Killian, James R., Killian Report

Kim Il-Sung

Kim Jong-il

Kim Jong-un

King, James

King-Hall, Stephen

Kissinger, Henry

on assured destruction strategy

and ‘bible’ of arms control

on deterrence and invulnerability of retaliatory force

on his views when joining Nixon Administration

on limited nuclear options

on limited war

on limited war capability and enhanced deterrence

on moderate objective and less violent war

‘NATO: the next thirty years’ speech

on Nixon’s nuclear option claim

and operational researchers’ output

on SALT I

on self-defence measures misconstrued as surprise attack measures

on Soviet threat, nature of

on strategic superiority

suicide or surrender

on tactical nuclear weapons and NATO’s deterrent posture

on volatility of technology

‘A World Free of Nuclear Weapons’ article

See also ‘Gang of four’ (US)

Kitty Hawk (North Carolina), first manned flight

Kohl, Helmut

Kohler, Foy

Kokoshin, Andrei

Kolkowicz, Roman

Korea, see North Korea; South Korea

Korean airliner, shooting of (1983)

Korean War

and debate on use of nuclear weapons

and failure to explain national policy

and massive retaliation theory

Kosovo conflict (1999)

Kosygin, Alexei

Krasilnikov, General

Krieger, David

Krylov, Marshal N. I.

Kubrick, Stanley, Dr. Strangelove

Kuwait, Gulf War (1990-1991)

Kuznetsov, Vasili

L

Labour Party (UK)

1964 manifesto on Polaris and Nassau agreement

Laird, Melvin

Lambeth, Benjamin

Laos crisis (1961)

‘Launch-on-warning,’

‘Launch under attack,’

Lawrence, William

League of Nations

Le Bon, Gustave

Lee Burns, Arthur

Lee, Stephen

Leghorn, Colonel Richard

LeMay, General Curtis

Leppingwell, John

Levi, Michael

Levy, Jack

Libby, Admiral Ruthven

Libya

abandonment of nuclear aspirations

and A. Q. Khan network

and US nuclear policy

Liddell Hart, Basil Henry

and Britain as part of transatlantic nuclear debate

on cities not necessarily being targeted first

on game theory

on graduated deterrence

on inaccuracy of weapon-aim and inhumanity of war-aim

limited war theory

basis of theory

‘indirect strategy’ concept

limited nuclear war

on local militias

on military means and political ends

on rebalancing in favour of conventional defence

on sudden shocks and decisive results

Lieber, Keir A.

Lilienthal, David

Acheson-Lilienthal Plan (1946)

Limited nuclear options

Kissinger’s views

NSDM-242 document

Schlesinger doctrine

Schlesinger’s critics

Soviet hostility towards doctrine

Limited war theory

by author/politician

Blackett

Brodie

Eisenhower

Kaufmann, William

King

Kissinger

Liddell Hart

Osgood

and counter-force strategy

and defence of Europe

and graduated deterrence

and Indian nuclear strategy

and limited objectives

and Soviet approach to deterrence

and Sputnik

and tactical nuclear weapons

Lin, Biao

Lipmann, Walter

Literary fiction, on atomic bomb (early 20th century)

‘Little Boy’ bomb

Livermore weapons laboratory

Local militias

Lockerbie bombing of US airliner

Long, F. A.

Loosbrock, John

‘Loose nukes’ problem

Los Alamos (New Mexico)

Manhattan Project

‘Trinity’ test of first bomb

Low yield nuclear weapons

Lugar, Richard

Luttwak, Edward

M

MacArthur, General Douglas

McGovern, George

McMahon Act, 1946 (Atomic Energy Act, US)

McMahon, Brien

Macmillan, Harold

McNamara, Robert S.

ABMs debate

assured destruction

Congressional hearings (1963)

on control and centralized decision-making process

on Cuban missile crisis

and defence/offence debate

‘The dynamics of nuclear strategy’ speech

fallout shelters programme

and formal strategists

on independent nuclear deterrents

and military establishment

on minimum deterrence

Minuteman ICBMs numbers

on ‘missile gap’ issue

and MLF (multilateral force) project

on NATO and superiority of Soviet conventional forces

1962 Ann Arbor speech

1962 Athens speech

1967 San Francisco speech

on no-first-use-of-nuclear-weapons

on no meaningful victory in third world war

and Norstad’s advice on NATO

on not using nuclear weapons

and ‘ N th Country’ Problem

on nuclear consultation within NATO

on nuclear exchanges in terms of bargaining

on pressures to produce new weapons

on second-strike capability, virtues of

on SIOP

on Soviet expenditure on ‘porous’ defensive systems

Soviet rejection of his theories

on Vietnam War

McNaughton, John

McPhee, John

Madman Theory (Nixon)

Maginot Line

Makers of Modern Strategy

Malaysia, and Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)

Malenkov, Georgy M.

Malinovsky, Marshal R. Ya.

Malta Summit (1989)

Manescu, Corneliu

Manhattan Project (US)

atomic (fission) bomb project

Mao Zedong

Maoist ‘People’s War’ doctrine

description

evolution under Gang of Four

‘paper tiger’ concept

‘resist America’ drive

Marginalization

concept

International Court of Justice on legality of nuclear weapons

Non-Proliferation Treaty, 5th review

Marshall Aid

Marshall, Andrew

Marshall, General George

Martin, Laurence

Marxism-Leninism, concept of war

Massive retaliation (‘New Look’)

British nuclear deterrence strategy

criticism of containment policy

economic advantages of doctrine

NSC-162/2 (Basic National Security Policy)

nuclear weapon as just another weapon

overall assessment of policy

policy as interpreted by Dulles

policy as NATO’s official strategy (MC 48)

policy in context of Indo-China conflict

Sputnik ’s impact on policy

‘strategic’ and ‘tactical’ nuclear weapons

USAF’s opposition to

use of ‘massive retaliation’ term

Mattis, James

Maximum deterrence

See also Primacy

Max-Planck-Institut

May, Michael

Mazarr, Michael

Mearsheimer, John

Medium-range ballistic missiles (MRBMs)

deployment of US missiles in Europe (1979)

Pershing II ballistic missiles

Meir, Golda

Meitner, Lisa

Mery, Général Guy

Micro-nukes

Mikoyan, Anastas I.

‘Military-industrial complex

Soviet Union

United States

Military Strategy (edited by Sokolovsky)

Military Thought (Soviet journal)

Milosevic, Slobodan

Minimax strategy

Minimum deterrence

and British ‘Moscow criterion’ policy

and China

and India

and Pakistan

and Soviet Union

and United States

Mini-nukes

MIRVs (multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles)

and CEP (circular error probable)

and SALT II

Soviet Union

United States

Missile Defense Agency (US)

‘Missile gap’ issue

Missile guidance systems

Mitterrand, François

MLF (multilateral force) proposals

Mlyn, Eric

Montgomery, Field Marshal Bernard Law

Morale

and strategic bombardment theory

and V-weapons campaigns in WWII

Morgenstern, Oskar

Moscow criterion, and British nuclear strategy

Mountbatten, Louis, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma

Mueller, John

Müller, Albrecht von

Multilateral deterrence

Multilateral force (MLF) proposals

Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles, see Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs)

Murphy, Charles

Murray, Thomas

Musharraf, General Pervez

Mutual assured destruction (MAD), see Assured destruction (1960s); McNamara

Mutual assured safety

concept

Myrdal, Alva

N

Nagasaki, bombing of (1945)

atomic explosion

case for bombing decision

death toll

extent of devastation

‘Fat Man’ bomb

strategic bombardment theory

Nassau Agreement (1962)

Nasser, Gamal Abdul

Nathan, James

National Academy of Sciences

The Future of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Policy

Long-Term Worldwide effects of Multiple Nuclear Weapons Detonations

National Fallout Shelter Survey

National Missile Defense Act (US)

National Security Act 1947 (US)

National Security Decision Memorandum 16 (1969), Criteria for Strategic Sufficiency

National Security Strategy (US, 2002)

National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction (US, 2002)

National Technical Means of Verification

Nehru, Jawaharlal

Neumann, John von

Neutron bomb

Neutrons

‘New Look’ policy, see Massive retaliation

Newman, James

New START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty)

New world order

New York, World Trade Center

1993 attack

September 11 (2001) attacks

Nicholas, Colonel Jack

Nicolson, Harold, Public Faces

Niebuhr, Reinhold

Nikitin, Colonel-General of Aviation

Nimitz, Fleet Admiral Chester

Nitze, Paul

Nixon, Richard

China, rapprochement with

China and Safeguard system

detente policy

on flexible response and nuclear umbrella in Europe

ICBMs, decision not to increase numbers of

Israel, secret nuclear agreement with

Kissinger on his nuclear option claim

limited nuclear options policy

on Madman Theory

and McNamara’s legacy

on nuclear threats

on parity as inferiority

Soviet Union, arms control discussions with

on US loss of nuclear superiority

Watergate

Nobel Peace Prize

International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN)

Joseph Rotblat (1995)

proponents of nuclear disarmament winners

No Cities concept

Kennedy Administration

no good way to fight nuclear war

no more missile gap

SIOP under criticism

McNamara

damage-limiting strategy and avoiding cities

first response likely to be modest

nuclear exchanges in terms of bargaining

option of nuclear attack as last resort

similarities with formal strategists

unreliability of TNWs option

problems with concept

city-avoiding counter-force vs first-strike capability

closeness of missile bases to cities

normalisation of use of nuclear weapons

potential for escalation

Soviet rejection of doctrine

USAF’s view of doctrine as first-strike strategy

strategic turn post-Cuba

controlled reaction in nuclear sphere

controlling escalation (Brodie)

controlling escalation (Kahn)

controlling escalation and Cuban crisis

counter-force strategy proved irrelevant

move to detente

Noel-Baker, Philip

No-first-use policy

and China

and India

and North Korea

and Pakistan

and Russian Federation

and Soviet Union

and United States

Non-nuclear deterrence concept

‘Non-offensive defence’ concept

Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

anti-proliferation norm reinforced by

and India

1995 Review Conference

and North Korea

signatory

withdrawal from

signatories

Iran

Japan

South Korea

states neighbouring Israel

Switzerland

Syria

Taiwan

2010 Review Conference

2015 Review Conference

Non-use

Non-zero sum games

Norstad, General Lauris

North Atlantic Treaty

See also North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

ABLE ARCHER nuclear weapons release exercise

Acheson report (1961)

and British nuclear strategy

Carte Blanche (war game)

creation of

Cuban missile crisis lessons

Declaration on Alliance Relations (Ottawa, 1974)

defence vs deterrence

enlargement (1990s)

extended deterrence

flexible response

Forward Strategy

and France’s nuclear strategy

France’s re-entry into NATO military command structure

France’s withdrawal from

Kissinger’s ‘NATO: the next thirty years’ speech

MC 14/2 strategy document

MC 14/3 flexible response strategy document

MC 48 strategy document

McNamara’s speech (1962)

New Approach Group (1950s)

and new conventional weapons debate

1952 Lisbon Summit

1989 Summit

1990 London Summit/Declaration

1991 New Strategic Concept

and no-first-use debate

Norstad’s views on

nuclear consultation

creation of Nuclear Planning Group (NPG)

Healey-Schröder initial nuclear use report

study on communicating NATO’s nuclear intent during crisis

Nuclear Defence Affairs Committee

Nuclear Planning Group (NPG)

and nuclear sharing

and Russia’s ‘escalate to de-escalate’ policy

SHAPE (Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe)

short-range nuclear weapons debate

Soviet and Warsaw Pact assessments of

and stalemate at nuclear level

sub-strategic B-61 bombs debate

tactical nuclear weapons debate

2008 Bucharest Summit

US credible nuclear threats, strategy based on

US medium-range ballistic and cruise missiles in Europe, deployment of

US nuclear commitment issue post-Cold War

US nuclear forces linked to defence of Europe

US obligations to

US policy

deployment of Thor and Jupiter IRBMs (1958)

deployment of US nuclear weapons (1953)

MLF (multilateral force) proposals

MLF and control issue

nuclear consultation approach

US ‘Third Site’ system

US troops’ role in Europe during Cold War

West Germany

case for nuclear deterrence

criticism of US focus on conventional forces

F-104 Starfighter and TNW use

failure of F-I-G (France-Italy-Germany) agreement

leading position in

preferences for design of NATO nuclear force

views on MLF (multilateral force) proposals

views on use of atomic demolition munitions

and Zero Option

North Korea

and A. Q. Khan network

described as unruly Soviet satellite

and G.W. Bush’s ‘axis of evil’ speech

Kim Jong-un/Trump diplomacy (2017-2019)

no-first-use policy for non-nuclear states

Non-Proliferation Treaty

ratification of

withdrawal from

nuclear programme

nuclear reactor to Syria

nuclear threat from

state-sponsored terrorism

US-North Korea 1994 Agreed Framework

and US nuclear policy

See also Korean War

NPT, see Non-Proliferation Treaty

NSC, see United States National Security Council

NSC-30 ( United States Policy on Atomic Weapons )

NSC-68 policy paper

NSC-162/2 ( Basic National Security Policy )

Dulles’ interpretation of the policy

NSDD-13 document

NSDM-242 document

‘ N th Country’ Problem

Nuclear Employment Strategy (US, 2013)

‘Nuclear freeze’ movement

Nuclear Options (NU-OPTS, Air Force-RAND study)

Nuclear pacifists

criteria for just war

insanity of nuclear option

opposition to deterrence strategy

shift to intermediate arms control position

Nuclear Posture Reviews (US)

Nuclear Security Summits (2010-2016)

Nuclear sharing

Nuclear shelters

China

Switzerland

United States

See also Radioactive fallout

Nuclear taboo

Nuclear tests

and anti-nuclear movements

China’s 1964 test

China’s 1969 hydrogen bomb test

Comprehensive Test Ban

and fears of pollution

French 1995 test series in Pacific

India’s 1998 test

North Korea tests (2006-2017)

nuclear test ban issue

Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963)

post-1989 test bans

Soviet 1949 test

Soviet 1961 tests

US atmospheric nuclear testing

Nuclear umbrella

in NATO

Soviet umbrella

US umbrella

See also Extended deterrence

Nuclear weapons accidents

‘Nuclear winter’ debate

Nunn, Sam

See also ‘Gang of four’ (US)

Nuremberg, International Military Tribunal

O

Oak Ridge (Tennessee), Manhattan Project

Obama, Barack

European Phased Adaptive Approach (EPAA)

on nuclear issues

on nuclear terrorist threat

Prague speech (2009)

stepping up of US effort in Afghanistan

Odom, William

Office of Defense Mobilization, Science Advisory Committee

Office of Naval Research (ONR)

Offtackle war plan (1950)

Ohio-class submarines

O’Neill, Robert

On the Beach (Neville Shute)

‘Open Skies’ proposal (US)

Operational Manoeuvre Group (Soviet Union)

Operational nuclear strategy

authority for atomic use issue

Berlin crisis (1961)

Cuban missile crisis (1962)

Laos crisis (1961)

Single Integrated Operations Plan (SIOP)

See also Berlin crisis (1961); Cuban missile crisis (1962)

Operational research

British operations researchers

characteristics of approach

civilian vs military perspectives

criticised for ahistorical/apolitical bias

historians and political scientists

nuclear physicists and engineers

Pugwash conference on Science and World Affairs

RAND Corporation output

systems analysis and conflict

See also Game theory

Operation Desert Storm

See also Gulf War (1990-1991)

Oppenheimer, Robert

chief scientist of Manhattan Project

description of A-bomb as weapon of aggression

estimate of death toll after atomic bombing

hydrogen bomb controversy

‘Now, I am become Death’ quote

Project Vista

security clearance controversy

‘two scorpions in a bottle’ argument

on visual effect of atomic bombing

Orwell, George

1984 (novel)

“You and the Atomic Bomb” (essay)

Osgood, Robert

P

Pacifism, see Anti-nuclear movements; Anti-nuclear protest; Nuclear pacifists

Packard, David

Pakistan

A.Q. Khan’s promotion of proliferation

India-Pakistan war (1971)

and India’s ‘Cold Start’ policy

Kargil conflict (1999)

Kashmir crisis (1989-1990)

nuclear facilities agreement with India (1985)

nuclear policy

and Saudi Arabia’s nuclear aspirations

Twin Peaks crisis (2001-2002)

‘Panel of Consultants on Disarmament’ report (1953)

Panofsky, Wolfgang

‘Paper tiger’ concept, see China’s paper tiger

Parity

Nixon on

and SALT

and Soviet strategy

and US strategic thinking

Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963)

Patriot surface-to-air missiles

Patton, General George S., Jr.

Pauling, Linus, ixn1

Payne, Keith

‘Victory is possible’ (Gray and Payne)

Peaceful coexistence, Khrushchev’s policy of

Peace researchers

Peace research institutes

Pearl Harbor

cyber/digital Pearl Harbors

1941 attack (1941)

nuclear Pearl Harbors

Peierls, Rudolf

Peng, Marshal Dehuai

Penkovsky, Oleg

‘Pentagon Papers’ (Vietnam War)

Peres, Shimon

Perestroika

Perimeter (‘Dead Hand’) system (Soviet Union)

‘Periodization of war’ concept

Perle, Richard

‘Permanently Operating Factors,’

Perry, William J.

See also ‘Gang of four’ (US)

Pershing II ballistic missiles

Petrov, Stanislav

Pincher war plan (1946)

Plutonium

Poisoned gas

Pokrovsky, Major-General G. I.

Poland

martial rule and US sanctions

NATO membership

1989 government with non-communists

Polaris submarines/missiles

advantages of compared to land-based systems

British Polaris

France’s rejection of Polaris deal

limited accuracy of missiles

and multilateral force (MLF) proposals

and NATO deterrent issue

Polaris A-3

and post-Korea budget rise

testing of with three warheads

and US Navy’s increased role in nuclear planning

See also Submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMS)

Pony Blanket (contingency plan)

Poodle Blanket (contingency plan)

Potsdam Conference (1945)

Potter, Stephen

Powell, Colin

Power, General Thomas S.

Precision Low-Yield Weapon Design ban (Spratt-Furse amendment)

Pre-emption

against rogue states/terrorism

Soviet perspective

and technological arms race

US perspective

US policy against Saddam Hussein

Presidential Directive-59 (Nuclear Weapons Employment Policy)

Presidential Directive-60 (Nuclear Weapons Employment Policy)

President’s Scientific Advisory Board (US)

Press, Daryl G.

Preventive war

Primacy and maximum deterrence argument

dominance of view

nuclear warfighting to stop aggression argument

Primault, Etienne

Princeton University, Institute of Advanced Studies

Prisoner’s Dilemma (game)

Procurement process, critique of

Project Vista

Proportional deterrence

‘Prospectus on Nucleonics’ (1944 report)

Protons

Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs

Puleston, Captain W.

Push-button warfare

Putin, Vladimir

Q

Qaddafi, Muammar, see Gaddafi, Muammar

Quarles, Donald

Quemoy (Taiwan Strait) crisis (1958)

Quester, George

Quinlan, Sir Michael

R

Rabinowitch, Eugene

Radford, Admiral Arthur

Radioactive fallout

See also Nuclear shelters

Radioactivity

study of

See also Atomic bomb

Rakosi, Matyos

RAND Corporation

authority for atomic use issue

close links to Air Force

dismissive of mechanical force matching

game theory

and golden age of nuclear strategy

‘missile gap’ issue

Nuclear Options (NU-OPTS) study

operational research

Prisoner’s Dilemma game

protecting aircrafts with concrete shelters

sparing cities in nuclear war

strategic bases study

in survey on national security research (1963)

systems analysis

Rapaport, Anatol

Raskin, Marcus

Rathjens, George

Rationality/irrationality

and assured destruction

and detonator concept

and formal strategists

and game theory

irrationality of war

and marginalization/existential deterrence

and nuclear strategy

and political leaders’ thought processes

Reagan, Ronald

attempted assassination of

on consigning Soviet Union to ash-heap of history

distaste for nuclear weapons

on exchange of tactical weapons and not pushing the button

Gorbachev on

on his dream of a nuclear free world

and MX ICBMs

1983 speech

NSDD-13 document

and ‘nuclear freeze’ movement

Reykjavík Summit (1986)

on SALT II

Soviet questioning of his sanity

on Soviet Union as evil empire

and Strategic Defense Initiative

surprised by extent of Soviet paranoia

‘Reasonable sufficiency’ doctrine

Reconstitution strategy

Red Alert (novel by Peter George)

Red Hawks

Reed, Thomas

Reinhardt, Colonel G.

Reston, James

Retaliatory-meeting strike

Reykjavík Summit (1986)

Richardson, Brigadier General Robert

Ridenour, Louis

Ridgway, General Matthew

Rifkind, Malcolm

Roberts, Brad

Robles, Afonso García

Rogozin, Dmitry

Rogue states

and biological weapons

North Korea as

and nuclear weapons

and superterrorists

and US National Missile Defense Act

WMD threat from

Romania, and Cuban missile crisis (1962)

Roosevelt, Franklin

Rosenberg, David Alan

Ross, Dennis

Ross, Steven T.

Rostow, Walt

Rotblat, Joseph

Rotmistrov, General P.

Röttiger, Hans

Ruina, Jack

Rumsfeld Commission (1998)

Rumsfeld, Donald

Rusk, Dean

Russell, Bertrand

Russell, Richard, Jr.

Russia (Russian Federation)

Chechnya conflict

colour revolutions, concern over

Crimea, annexation of

early political instability and nuclear arsenal

early warning agreement with US (1998)

‘escalate to de-escalate’ policy

and EU enlargement

great power status and nuclear arsenal

and Iraq sanctions issue (late 1990)

and Kosovo conflict (1999)

‘loose nukes’ problem

and NATO enlargement

New START

‘no-first-use’ principle, abandonment of

non-nuclear deterrence concept

Nuclear Arms Treaty (2002)

START I

START II

START III

tactical nuclear weapons, removal of

Ukraine, support for separatist groups in

and US EPAA

and US GMD Third Site

and US missile defences

and US Nuclear Posture Review (2001)

Russian Orthodox Church, on nuclear weapons

Rutherford, Ernest

RYaN early warning programme (Soviet Union)

Rybkin, Lieutenant-Colonel Ye. I.

S

Sadat, Anwar

Safeguard system (US)

Sagan, Carl

Sagan, Scott

Sakharov, Andrei

Salami tactics

SALT, see Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

Samuels, Gertrude

Sanctuary concept

Sandys, Duncan

Sane Nuclear Policy (SANE)

Santoro, David

Saudi Arabia

and Gulf War (1990-1991)

and Iran’s nuclear programme

US garrison in

Scheer, Robert

Schell, Jonathan

The Fate of the Earth

Schelling, Thomas

advisor on Dr. Strangelove script

on arms control

on Berlin crisis (1961) and nuclear strategy

Berlin crisis-related war games (1961)

and ‘bible’ of arms control

on Cuban missile crisis

on deterrence not depending on fear

on firebreaks and thresholds

formal strategist

on game theory

and golden age of nuclear strategy

influence on policy

on interdependence of commitments

on limited force and heightened risk of general war

on McNamara’s nuclear strategy

Nobel Prize winner

on nuclear accidents

on nuclear exchanges in terms of bargaining

on persuasive sequence of threatened responses

on potential force and deterrence

on reciprocal fear of surprise attack

on stability and classification of weapons

on strategy of conflict theory

on terrorists having nuclear weapons

Schilling, Warner

Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr.

Schlesinger doctrine

criticism of

and SIOP

Soviet hostility towards

on Soviet counter-force capability

and targeting options

on technological plateau as wishful thinking

on triad concept

Schlesinger, James R.

approach to defence of Europe

on ‘coupling’ US nuclear forces to defence of Europe

on essential equivalence

on modernization of tactical nuclear weapons in Europe

on new conventional weapons

Schmidt, Helmut

Schriever, Bernard

Schröder, Gerhard, Healey-Schröder initial nuclear use report

Schultz, George P.

Schuyler, General Cortlandt V. R.

Scientific American

Scientific method, vs operational research

Scientists

controversy over role of in public policy

in favour of controlling arms race

against Strategic Defence Initiative

against use of A-bomb on Japan

See also Environmental science; Manhattan Project (US)

Scowcroft, Brent

Scowcroft Commission

Scud missiles

SDI, see Strategic Defense Initiative

‘Second decision-centre’ theory

‘Second strike’ concept

Selective options

credibility and deterrence

Kissinger’s views

NSDM-242 document

Schlesinger doctrine

Schlesinger’s critics

shift in doctrine under Carter

emphasis on survivability

escalation dominance

minimum deterrence

Presidential Directive-59 (Nuclear Weapons Employment Policy)

SIOP issue

targeting options

Soviet hostility towards doctrine

Sentinel system (US)

September 11 (2001) attacks

Serbia, and Kosovo conflict (1999)

SHAPE (Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, NATO)

Shatilov, Lieutenant General V. M.

Sherwin, C. W.

Shils, Edward

Short-range nuclear missiles

Lance missiles

NATO debate

Pluton missiles (France)

US withdrawal of from Europe

Shultz, George P., see ‘Gang of four’ (US)

Shute, Neville, On the Beach

Sidelnikov, I.

Sieges, and non-combatants as bouches inutiles

Simonyon, Major-General Rair

Singer, J. David

Single Integrated Operations Plan (SIOP)

and assured destruction

Limited Nuclear Options (LNOs)

and No Cities doctrine

SIOP-6F

SIOP-62

SIOP briefing

Six Day War (1967)

Skybolt missile programme

Slessor, Sir John

Slocombe, Walter

Smiley, Xan

Smith, Gerard

Smith, Perry McCoy

Smith, Wayne

Smoke, Richard

Smyth, H.

SNDVs, see Strategic nuclear delivery vehicles

Snow, C. P.

Snyder, Glenn

Sokolovsky, Marshal Vasily D., Military Strategy

‘Solarium’ project (US)

Solingen, Etel

South Africa, nuclear strategy

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)

South Korea

brief flirtation with nuclear option

civil nuclear industry

and Kim Jong-un/Trump diplomacy (2017-2019)

Non-Proliferation Treaty signatory

normalization of ties with China

Terminal High Altitude Area Defense System (US)

See also Korean War

Soviet Nuclear Strategy

ABMs debate

changes in Soviet doctrine from 1950s

Clausewitz references

concerns over Reagan’s anti-Soviet rhetoric

concerns over US latest weapons developments

contamination effects of nuclear weapons

conventional strategies against NATO forces

criticism of ‘Permanently Operating Factors’ doctrine

Cuban missile crisis and strategic parity goal

deterrence and warfighting

economic need to reduce defence expenditure

escalation

fear of surprise attack

growing influence of civilian analysts

hardened silos

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty (1987)

Khrushchev on use of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)

Khrushchev on use of nuclear threats in foreign affairs

Khrushchev on use of tactical nuclear weapons

Khrushchev’s ideas about pre-emptive attack

Khrushchev’s private vs public statements on dangers of nuclear war

Khrushchev’s pushing for cuts in conventional forces

Khrushchev’s rejection of Eisenhower’s ‘Open Skies’ proposal

Khrushchev’s rhetoric vs missile gap in favour of US

Launch-on-warning

Launch-under-attack

Limited nuclear war

Marxism-Leninism vs actual practice

multiple types of missiles

new emphasis on surprise attacks after Stalin’s death

‘non-offensive defence’ concept

no such thing as limited nuclear war

Perimeter (‘Dead Hand’) system

periodization of war

pre-emption

reaction to NATO’s ABLE ARCHER

‘reasonable sufficiency’ doctrine

Red Hawks vs Talensky/Khrushchev

rejection of McNamara’s ideas

retaliatory-meeting strike

Reykjavík Summit and Reagan’s SDI

RYaN early warning programme

sanctuary concept

shift to no-first-use policy

SS-20s against NATO forces

tactical nuclear weapons

‘think tanks’ and dissenting views

US patronizing attitude towards Soviets

Zero Option

Soviet Military Strategy, see Military Strategy (edited by Sokolovsky)

Soviet Union

Acheson-Lilienthal Plan, rejection of (1946)

Afghan war

and anti-nuclear movements

and atomic bomb (1940s)

atomic programme (1940s)

August 1991 coup against Gorbachev

Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident (1986)

civil defence preparations

collapse of Soviet system

Czechoslovakia, invasion of (1968)

‘disarmament’ vs ‘arms control’ terminology

fear of accidental war and propaganda

Glasnost

‘international control’ terminology

K-219 submarine explosion

Korean airliner, shooting of (1983)

and Korean War

and limited nuclear war

Malta Summit (1989)

‘missile gap’ issue

NATO, Soviet and Warsaw Pact assessments of

nuclear stockpile (early 1950s)

nuclear test (1949)

and nuclear test ban issue

nuclear tests (1961)

nuclear umbrella

Operational Manoeuvre Group

and Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963)

Perestroika

Perimeter (‘Dead Hand’) system

‘Permanently Operating Factors’ doctrine

‘reasonable sufficiency’ doctrine

Red Hawks

RYaN early warning programme

Sino-Soviet relations

Sputnik launch

Strategic Rocket Forces

and Suez crisis (1956)

sunken silos programme

and Taiwan Strait Crisis (1958)

totalitarian state, perceived as

‘Upper Volta with rockets’ description

US assessment of Soviet atomic prospects (1940s)

US Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), assessment of

willingness to tolerate high casualty levels

World War II

Battle of Moscow (1941-1942)

brutality of Eastern Front

casualty numbers

declaration of war on Japan

entry into war

1941 German surprise attack

Potsdam Conference (1945)

and ‘zero option’ (1981)

Spaatz, General Carl, ‘Spaatz Report’ (1945)

Speer, Albert

Spratt-Furse amendment (Precision Low-Yield Weapon Design ban)

Sputnik

blow to American self-confidence

changing tone in Soviet nuclear strategy

impact on massive retaliation vs limited war debate

impact on technological arms race

Stable conflict

Stalin, Josef

Berlin Crisis (1948-1949)

death of and Korean War

‘Permanently Operating Factors’ doctrine

post-war sphere of influence

Potsdam Conference (1945)

refusal to pay heed to warnings of attack (1941)

Soviet 1949 nuclear test

Star Wars

See also Strategic Defense Initiative

Stassen, Harold

State of the World Foundation

Steinbruner, John

Stimson Center

Stimson, Henry

Stockholm Appeal (March 1950)

Stone, Jeremy

STRATCOM (US Strategic Command)

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)

SALT I

SALT II

Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START)

New START

START I

START II

START III

Strategic bases study (RAND Corporation)

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

G. H. W. Bush’s decision against

impact of Catholic bishops

impact of nuclear freeze movement

Reagan’s 1983 speech

Reagan’s distaste for nuclear weapons

SDI’s critics

SDI’s loss of credibility

SDI’s proponents

SDI’s success reliant on Soviet connivance

SDI vs ABM Treaty

Soviet assessment of SDI

Strategic nuclear delivery vehicles (SNDVs)

Strategic Rocket Forces (Soviet Union)

Strategy

definition and origin of word

grand strategy

vs ‘strategic’ adjective

Strauss, Franz Josef

Strauss, Lewis

Stromseth, Jane

Strong, Anne Louise

Stuxnet worm, attack on Iranian nuclear programme

Styer, General Wilhelm

Submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMS)

Britain

Trident

Soviet Union

MIRVed SLBMs

number allowed under SALT I

number allowed under START I

United States

MIRVed SLBM Poseidon

MIRVed SLBMs

number allowed under SALT I

number allowed under START I

and strategy of assured destruction

Trident MIRVed SLBM

Submarines

K-219 submarine explosion

Ohio-class submarines

Subrahmanyam, K.

Suez crisis (1956)

Sufficiency, doctrine of

Suicide or surrender

Sulzberger, C.

Sundarji, General K.

Superterrorism

Surprise Attack Conference (Geneva Conference of Experts on Prevention of Surprise Attack, 1958)

Sweden

debates and decision to forgo nuclear option

non-nuclear policy

Switzerland

debates and decision to forgo nuclear option

fallout shelter programme

Non-Proliferation Treaty signatory

Syria

Civil War and chemical weapons

Civil War and Western policymakers

Israeli strike against al-Kibar nuclear reactor

Non-Proliferation Treaty signatory

rise of Islamic State

and US nuclear policy

and Yom Kippur War (1973)

Systems analysis

Szilard, Leo

T

Tactical nuclear weapons (TNWs)

debates about

and ‘final warning’ concept

France

JASON study

Korean peninsula

McNamara’s views on

number of in 1960s (US)

post-Cold War measures to eliminate

Soviet Union

and Vietnam War

West Germany

Taiwan

Non-Proliferation Treaty signatory

nuclear aspirations

and Sino-US relations

Taiwan Strait Crisis (1958)

US responsibilities towards

Talensky, Major General N. A.

Tatom, Commander Eugene

Taylor, General Maxwell

Taylor, Theodore

Technological arms race

Tedder, Arthur, 1st Baron

Teller, Edward

Terminal High Altitude Area Defense System (US)

Terrorism

9/11 (2001) attacks

al-Qaeda

ISIS (Islamic State)

low-key approach against terrorism/insurgencies

nuclear threat from terrorist groups

state-sponsored terrorism

superterrorism

terrorist incidents of 1990s

war on terror(ism)

and WMD

‘Terror quotient’ concept

Thatcher, Margaret

Think tanks

origin of term

in Soviet Union

See also Hudson Institute; RAND Corporation

Thompson, E. P.

Threads (film 1984)

Tibbets, Colonel Paul

Tiny-nukes

Tito, Josef

TNWs, see Tactical nuclear weapons

Tolerable loss, concept of

Tomahawk cruise missiles

Tomashevsky, D.

Totalitarianism

Trainor, James

Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, see Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

Trenchard, Air Marshal Hugh

Triad

in French nuclear strategy

in US nuclear strategy

‘Trinity’ test (Manhattan project)

Truman, Harry S.

authority for atomic use issue

Clark Clifford’s letter to

Clement Attlee’s letter to

Henry Stimson’s conversation with

Henry Stimson’s letter to

Hiroshima/Nagasaki

announcement of attack on Hiroshima

conventional bombing on Japan after Hiroshima/Nagasaki

on Hiroshima as important military base

justifying Hiroshima

NATO and US forces in Western Europe

NSC-68

nuclear and other weapons

announcement of 1949 Soviet nuclear test

announcement of development of hydrogen bomb

being informed of potential of A-bomb

conventional forces and nuclear strategy

conventional war planning prior to Berlin Crisis

on difference between A-bomb and other weapons

distaste for atomic weapons and Korean War

on hydrogen bomb

Potsdam Conference and Soviet decision to enter the war

Trump, Donald J.

North Korea talks

nuclear policy

withdrawal from INF Treaty

withdrawal from JCPOA agreement

Tucker, Albert

Tupolev, A. W.

Turco, Richard

Turkey

deployment of US IRBMs (1958)

use of atomic demolition munitions

U

U-2 reconnaissance aircrafts

Ugaki, Admiral Matome

Ukraine

Budapest Memorandum (1994)

Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident (1986)

colour revolution (2004)

post-independence nuclear weapons debate

removal of tactical nuclear weapons

Russian annexation of Crimea

Russian support for separatist groups in Eastern Ukraine

START I (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty)

Ullman, Richard

Unilateral nuclear disarmament

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), see Soviet Union

United Kingdom, see Britain

United Nations

abandonment of disarmament position (1955)

Acheson-Lilienthal Plan (1946)

disarmament conferences

Gorbachev’s speech (1988)

Gulf War (1990-1991)

just wars

Korean War

Kosovo conflict (1999)

North Korea 1994 nuclear-related dispute

Rajiv Gandhi 1988 speech

Special Session on Disarmament (1978)

Treaty on Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (2017)

United Nations Charter (1945)

United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM), and Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction

United States (US)

9/11 (2001) attacks

Asia Pacific re-balancing policy

atmospheric nuclear testing

Atomic Energy Act 1946 (McMahon Act)

‘Atoms for Peace’ programme

Blue Water Option

civil defence preparations

East Africa embassies, bombing of (1998)

European Phased Adaptive Approach (EPAA)

Global Protection against Limited Strikes system (GPALS)

Ground-based Midcourse Defense (GMD) interceptors

‘Halfmoon’ (1948 emergency war plan)

Iran hostage crisis

Iraq Liberation Act (1998)

Lockerbie bombing of US airliner

‘missile gap’ issue

MLF (multilateral force) proposals

National Missile Defense Act

National Security Strategy (2002)

National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction (2002)

Nuclear Employment Strategy (2013)

Nuclear Posture Reviews

nuclear proliferation, responses to

nuclear stockpile size (1940s-1950s)

nuclear terrorist threat debate

nuclear test ban issue

‘Open Skies’ proposal

Presidential Directive-59 (Nuclear Weapons Employment Policy)

Presidential Decision Directive-60 (Nuclear Weapons Employment Policy Guidance)

President’s Scientific Advisory Board

‘Solarium’ project

Spratt-Furse amendment (Precision Low-Yield Weapon Design ban)

Terminal High Altitude Area Defense System (US)

and terrorism/insurgencies, low-key approach to

Watergate

withdrawal from ABM Treaty

withdrawal from INF Treaty

withdrawal from Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) agreement

World Trade Center attacks

World War II

Pearl Harbor attack (1941)

use of air power

See also Manhattan Project (US); Vietnam War

United States Air Force (USAF)

509th Bomb Group

belief in airpower as sole requirement for US security

belief in bomber’s critical role in nuclear war

belief in threat of overwhelming force as best deterrent

civil defence as secondary issue

on counter-city strategies

and counter-force strategy

and Cuban missile crisis (1962)

and MIRVs

‘missile gap’ clamour (1950s)

and MX ICBMs

No Cities doctrine interpreted as first strike strategy

and pre-emptive war concept

‘Spaatz Report’ on implications of atom bomb (1945)

Strategic Air Command (SAC)

concerns about its views on nuclear war

and Gaither Report

and Killian Report

and Korean War

and massive retaliation doctrine

nuclear strategy planning

post-Cold War nuclear requirements study

‘strategic weapons’ concept

strategy of stable conflict, opposition to

vulnerability of Air Force bases

Tactical Air Command

United States Army

atomic strategy debate (post-1945)

nuclear weapons and manpower requirements

Operation Sagebrush (war game)

Pentomic Division

stalemate and preparation for limited war

tactical applications of atomic weapons

United States National Security Council (NSC)

Gaither Report

Killian Report

and 1947 National Security Act

NSC-30 ( United States Policy on Atomic Weapons )

NSC-68 policy paper

NSC-162/2 ( Basic National Security Policy )

Dulles’ interpretation of the policy

NSDD-13 document

NSDM-242 document

on use of nuclear weapons as authorized by President

work on fighting war with fewer targets

United States Navy

increased role in nuclear planning

and MX ICBMs

Pacific Fleet

and Polaris submarines

United States State Department

Policy Planning Staff

United States Strategic Bombing Survey

United States Strategic Command (STRATCOM)

UNSCOM, see United Nations Special Commission

Uranium

Uranium Enrichment Consortium (URENCO)

Ustinov, Marshal Dmitry

V

Vajpayee, Atal Bihari

Vance, Cyrus

Van Cleave, William

Vandenberg, Arthur

Vandenberg, General Hoyt

Varennikov, General Valentin

Vershinin, Marshal of Aviation K. A.

Vietnam War

and China

and criticism of post-war US foreign policy

impact on Soviet nuclear strategy

impact on US self-confidence

McNamara’s view of

and Nixon’s Madman Theory

and nuclear question

Fracture Jaw

JASON study on use of TNWs

and operational research

‘Pentagon Papers,’

precision weapons and aircraft/tanks

and reduction of US forces in Europe

Rolling Thunder air campaign

and US Congress

Westmoreland and nuclear use

Viner, Jacob

V-weapons

V-1 rockets

V-2 rockets

W

Walkowicz, T. F.

Wall Street Journal , ‘A World Free of Nuclear Weapons’ (2007)

Waltz, Kenneth

Warner, Edward

Warsaw Pact bloc

and collapse of Soviet system

‘reasonable sufficiency’ doctrine

Soviet and Warsaw Pact assessments of NATO

and Soviet nuclear strategy

superiority of conventional defences over NATO

tactical nuclear weapons

and West Germany

Wasson, Jesse T.

Watergate

Watkins, Admiral James

Weapons of mass destruction (WMD)

and British post-Cold War nuclear policy

and French post-Cold War nuclear policy

and Gulf War (1990-1991)

and Iraq War (2003)

Libya’s dismantling of

National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction (US, 2002)

North Korean arsenal

and rogue states

and terrorism

and US rationale for maintaining nuclear arsenal

and West’s conventional superiority

See also Biological weapons; Chemical weapons

Weinberger, Caspar

Wells, H. G.

The World Set Free

West Germany

and Carte Blanche (NATO exercise)

and de Gaulle’s nuclear strategy

F-104 Starfighters

fall of Berlin Wall

fear of forces imbalance in European theatre

F-I-G (France-Italy-Germany) agreement (1958)

and NATO, leading position in

non-nuclear policy

Ostpolitik

rearmament

short-range nuclear weapons issue

and US no-first-use debate

and US views on defence of Europe

and Warsaw Pact bloc

Westmoreland, General William

Wheeler, General Earle

Wheeler, Harvey (pseud. F. B. Aiken)

Fail-Safe (novel by Burdick and Wheeler)

Of Bombs And Men Abraham ‘59-A Nuclear Fantasy

Whetten, Lawrence

Wiesner, Jerome

Wildavsky, Aaron

Wilson, Harold

Windsor, Philip

Wirtz, James

Witze, Claude

WMD, see Weapons of mass destruction

Wohlstetter, Albert

on arms race

Blackett’s criticism of

on casualty level likely to be bearable for Soviet Union

on concrete shelters for aircrafts

on conflict-system design

on controlled nuclear response

on deterrence and second strike capability

on eliminating possibility of nuclear war

and Gaither Committee, briefing to

on game theory

and golden age of nuclear strategy

and McNamara’s approach

on MIRVs and offence accuracy

on missiles in submarines

and 1970s debates, contribution to

on nuclear sharing and NATO

on nuclear sharing vs US guarantee

on operational researchers

on ‘sooner or later’ syndrome and weapons of destruction

Soviet surprise attack scenario

on vulnerability of US forces

Wohlstetter, Roberta

Wolfe, Thomas

Wolfers, Arnold

Woolsey, James

‘A World Free of Nuclear Weapons’ ( Wall Street Journal , 2007)

World Peace Council, Stockholm Appeal (March 1950)

World Trade Center (New York)

1993 attack

September 11 (2001) attacks

World War I

air raids

Big Bertha

German Zeppelin and Gotha raids

and limited objectives/war theory

and mobilization vs diplomacy

naval blockade and German defeat

poisoned gas

studies on

World War II

Battle of Britain (1940)

Battle of Moscow (1941-1942)

Dresden, bombing of

Eastern Front, brutality of

France, fall of

Germany’s V-weapons campaigns

Japan, B29 bombing over

Japan, plans for use of chemical weapons against

Japanese surrender

London blitz

Pearl Harbor attack (1941)

‘phoney war’ (1939-1940)

Potsdam Conference (1945)

Soviet casualty numbers

Soviet declaration of war on Japan

Soviet entry into war

Soviet Union and 1941 German surprise attack

strategic bombardment

surprise attacks, effects of

United States Strategic Bombing Survey

See also Hiroshima, bombing of (1945); Nagasaki, bombing of (1945)

Wright brothers

Y

Yale University, Institute of International Studies

Yangel, M. K.

Yarmolinsky, Adam

Yazov, Dmitry

Yeltsin, Boris

Yom Kippur War (1973)

York, Herbert

Yudkin, Major General Richard A.

Yugoslavia, decision to forgo nuclear option

Z

Zakharov, General Georgy

Zero Option

Zero sum games

non-zero sum games

Zhukov, Marshal Georgy

Zuckerman, Sir Solly

Index 1

Numbers and Symbols

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

Y

Z

Index ¹