Source Notes
5 Kip S. Thorne, Black Holes and Time Warps: Einstein’s Outrageous Legacy (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994), 136.
6 Carl Zimmer, “In Science, It’s Never ‘Just a Theory,’” New York Times, April 8, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/09/science/in-science-its-never-just-a-theory.html?_r=1.
12 Caleb Scharf, Gravity’s Engines: How Bubble-Blowing Black Holes Rule Galaxies, Stars, and Life in the Cosmos (New York: Scientific American/Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012), 15.
12 Sylvia Berryman, “Democritus,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2016), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/democritus/.
14 Cian O’Luanaigh, “Fifty Years of Quarks,” CERN, last modified April 10, 2014, https://home.cern/about/updates/2014/01/fifty-years-quarks.
17 Thorne, Black Holes, 97.
20 Jeffrey Bennett, What Is Relativity? An Intuitive Introduction to Einstein’s Ideas, and Why They Matter (New York: Columbia University Press, 2014), 118.
20 Marcia Bartusiak, Black Hole: How an Idea Abandoned by Newtonians, Hated by Einstein, and Gambled on by Hawking Became Loved, (New Haven CT, Yale University Press, 2015), 30.
23 C. Renée James, Science Unshackled: How Obscure, Abstract, Seemingly Useless Scientific Research Turned Out to Be the Basis for Modern Life (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014), 96.
23 John Archibald Wheeler, Geons, Black Holes, and Quantum Foam: A Life in Physics (New York: W. W. Norton, 2010) 297.
23 Ibid.
26 Carl Sagan, Carl Sagan’s Cosmic Connection: An Extraterrestrial Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 190.
29 “Faces of Science: Tom Vestrand,” Los Alamos National Laboratory, March 4, 2015, http://www.lanl.gov/science-innovation/features/faces-of-science/tom-vestrand.php.
32 Vestrand, personal communication with author, May 18, 2016.
33 “Vestrand,” Los Alamos National Laboratory.
33 Vestrand, personal communication.
35 “Monster of the Milky Way,” chap. 5. Nova video, PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/blackhole/program.html.
38 Andrea Ghez, “The Hunt for a Supermassive Black Hole,” TEDGlobal 2009 video, 5:10, July 2009, https://www.ted.com/talks/andrea_ghez_the_hunt_for_a_supermassive_black_hole?language=en.
40 Ibid., 9:01.
41 Andrea Ghez, personal communication, May 9, 2016.
41 Ibid.
46 Stuart Wolpert, “UCLA Astronomers Solve Puzzle about Bizarre Object at the Center of Our Galaxy,” news release, UCLA, November 3, 2014, http://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/ucla-astronomers-solve-puzzle-about-bizarre-object-at-the-center-of-our-galaxy.
45 Ghez, personal communication.
48 Neil deGrasse Tyson, Death by Black Hole: And Other Cosmic Quandaries (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007), 285.
50 Leonard Susskind, The Black Hole War: My Battle with Stephen Hawking to Make the World Safe for Quantum Mechanics (New York: Little, Brown, 2008), 83.
51 Walter Isaacson, Einstein: His Life and Universe (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008), 448—53.
53 Stephen W. Hawking, Malcolm J. Perry, and Andrew Strominger, “Soft Hair on Black Holes,” Physical Review Letters 116, no. 23 (June 6, 2016), http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.231301.
53 Dennis Overbye, “No Escape from Black Holes? Stephen Hawking Points to a Possible Exit,” New York Times, June 16, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/07/science/stephen-hawking-black-holes.html?_r=0.
56 Megan Fellman, “Northwestern Astrophysicists Part of Historic Discovery,” news release, Northwestern University, February 11, 2016, http://www.northwestern.edu/newscenter/stories/2016/02/astrophysicists-part-of-historic-discovery.html.
57 “LIGO Detects Gravitational Waves—Announcement at Press Conference (Part 1),” YouTube video, 3:58–4:35, posted by the National Science Foundation, February 11, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aEPIwEJmZyE.
57 Barack Obama (@POTUS), “Einstein was right! Congrats to @NSF and @LIGO on detecting gravitational waves—a huge breakthrough in how we understand the universe,” February 11, 2016, 3:43 p.m., https://twitter.com/potus44/status/697928913457188864?lang=en.
66 Gabriela González, “How Gravitational Waves Were Converted into Audio ‘Chirps,’” American Astronomical Society Press Conference video, June 15, 2016, available online at space.com, http://www.space.com/33180-how-gravitational-waves-were-converted-into-audio-chirps-video.html.
67 Vicky Kalogera, personal communication with author, July 19, 2016.
58 Kalogera, personal communication.
58 Ibid.
78–79 Katie Bouman, personal communication with author, July 29, 2016.
80 Ibid.
80 Ibid.
80 Ibid.
81 Ibid.
81 Ibid.
82 Ibid.
82 Ibid.
88 Eric Schlegel, personal communication with author, July 27, 2016.
88 Ibid.
89 Ibid.
89 Ibid.
89 Merrit Kennedy, “Scientists Spot ‘Burping’ Black Hole in Nearby Galaxy,” NPR, January 6, 2016, http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/01/06/462138463/scientists-spot-burping-black-hole-in-nearby-galaxy.
90 Eric Schlegel, “Eric Schlegel, Ph.D.,—UTSA Physics and Astronomy,” YouTube video, 2:05, posted by UTSA Video Production Group on October 22, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=895NdFwbKgk.
91 Editors of Sky and Telescope, “Q&A: Understanding the Fermi Bubbles,” Sky and Telescope, February 6, 2015, http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-resources/understanding-fermi-bubbles/.
92 John Matson, “Hidden in Plain Sight: Researchers Find Galaxy-Scale Bubbles Extending from the Milky Way,” Scientific American, November 15, 2010, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/fermi-bubbles/.
96 “Strange but True: Black Holes Sing,” Scientific American, October 18, 2007, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/strange-but-true-black-holes-sing/.
97 Carl Sagan, Cosmos (New York: Ballantine Books, 2013), 244.
98 “The Q&A: Caleb Scharf, Engines of Creation,” Babbage (blog), Economist, April 18, 2012, http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2012/08/qa-caleb-scharf.
98 John Michell, “On the Means of Discovering the Distance, Magnitude, &c. of the Fixed Stars, in Consequence of the Diminution of the Velocity of Their Light, in Case Such a Diminution Should Be Found to Take Place in Any of Them, and Such Other Data Should Be Procured from Observations, as Would be Farther Necessary for That Purpose,” Philosophical Translations Royal Society of London 1784, no. 74: 35–57, http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/74/35.