34. Ebb Tide

0.     Louis Napoléon addressing the opening of the Chambers, Nov. 29, 1869, Jerrold, op. cit., vol. IV, p. 397.

0.     Jerrold, vol. IV, p. 397.

0.     Lord Clarendon to Lord Cowley, July 31, 1866, Cowley, op. cit., p. 314.

0.     Clarendon to Cowley, July 31, 1866, and Cowley to Clarendon, summer of 1866, Cowley, Ibid., pp. 314–315.

0.     Eugénie to Prussian Ambassador von der Goltz, and Louis Napoléon to Cowley, Nov. 1866, Louis Napoléon to Cowley, in Cowley, Ibid., pp. 317–318.

0.     Cowley, Ibid., p. 316.

0.     Cowley, Ibid., pp. 316–318.

0.     Clarendon to Cowley, May 1, 1867, Cowley, Ibid., p. 320.

0.     Louis Napoléon with Cowley, late Nov. 1866, Cowley, Ibid., p. 319.

0.   Cowley to Clarendon, April 7, 1867, Cowley, Ibid., pp. 319–320.

0.   Jerrold, op. cit., vol. IV, pp. 370–371.

0.   Le Moniteur Universel, Jan. 20, 1867; Anceau, op. cit., p. 450.

0.   Jerrold, op. cit., vol. IV, p. 396.

0.   Quoted by Anceau, op. cit., pp. 473, 476. Louis Napoléon opening a special session of the Corps Législatif, Nov. 29, 1869, Moniteur, Nov. 30, 1869.

0.   Jerrold, vol. IV, pp. 368–370. In 1860 Louis Napoléon passed a law to prevent further destruction of forests in mountainous regions, reqiring anyone felling timber to replace it with an equal number of trees. By 1867, 645,013 additional hectares had been added to corn production, and the wine yield trebled.

0.   119 acres = 48 hectares; 52 acres = 21 hectares; 490 meters long, 380 meters wide.

0.   Among those countries exhibiting: Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Germany, Denmark, the Ottoman Empire, Persia, Algeria, the United States, etc.

0.   Edmond and Jules de Goncourt, Journal, Mémoires de la Vie Littéraire (Paris: Robert Laffont, 1956), vol. II (1866–1886), pp. 84–95.

0.   The Goncourt quote, Ibid., p. 90.

0.   These steam-powered boats were manufactured just south of Lyon in the Quartier Mouche.

0.   Goncourt’s expression, “il pleuvra des rois,” Girard, op. cit., p. 395.

0.   Cowley, op. cit., p. 324. Cowley to Clarendon, June 7, 1867, Jerrold, op. cit., vol. IV, p. 355, quotes Mérimée on Bismarck.

0.   Louis Napoléon’s letter to Maximilian, Aug. 29, 1866, re the “Mexican Question,” AN 400 AP 46: on 29 July 1861 Gen. James Watson Webb (U.S. ambassador to Brazil) met with Napoléon at Fountainebleau at the request of President Abraham Lincoln to discuss the French position re the American blockade of the southern ports (U.S. Civil War), and also re Mexico. In 1863 Webb warned Louis Napoléon that the United States would not tolerate a Roman Catholic French-backed empire in Mexico—violating the United States’ Monroe Doctrine, and which could lead to a military clash between the U.S. and France. On March 22, 1863 Napoleon III wrote to General Webb that he did not like having to send French troops there in the first place. “In any event it is my intention to withdraw them as soon as the honor and the interests now engaged permit.” General Webb, having since resigned his post, nevertheless stopped in Paris to meet with Louis Napoléon yet again on Nov. 10, 1865, regarding the Mexican situation. They drew up an official, if top-secret, agreement to the effect that all French forces would be withdrawn within twenty-four months’ time. President Johnson’s secretary of state, Seward, kept this agreement secret, even from the American ambassador in Paris. In April 1866 Le Moniteur announced the withdrawal of the French army from Mexico, to be completed by February 1867. Maximilian was executed on June 19, 1867. Jerrold, op. cit., vol. IV, pp. 342–346, for letters and details.

0.   Cowley quote, “Spanish jealousy,” Cowley, op. cit., p. 274. Girard, op. cit., pp. 426–427, Marshal Vaillant notes, Lord Cowley to Clarendon, March 10, 1865, re the death of Auguste de Morny, Cowley, op. cit., pp. 280–281.

0.   Edward Shorter and Charles Tilly, Strikes in France, 1830–1868 (Cambridge University Press, 1974), pp. 110–111. Henri Rochefort’s editorial in Le Rappel, 9 Oct 1869; see also Milza, op. cit., p. 672.

0.   For the itinerary of her voyage and the subsequent events, see Desmond Steward, op. cit., pp. 184 ff.

0.   He later killed himself with a pair of scissors. Eugénie did not allow Abdul Aziz to kiss her hand, Seward, op. cit, pp. 186–187.

0.   Seward, op. cit., pp. 188–189; Diesbach, op. cit., for general coverage at Suez; and two works by Ferdinand de Lesseps—Souvenirs de Quarante Ans (Paris: Nouvelles Revue, 1887), vol. 2, and his Lettres, Journal et Documents pour servir l’Histoire du Canal de Suez (Paris: Didier, 1875–1881), vol. 5.

0.   See Hugh Chisolm’s article, “Ismail,” in The Enclopaedia of Islam, 11th edition, Cambridge University Press; Celik Zeynep, Displaying the Orient; Architecture of Islam at the 19th Century World Fairs (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), which, surprisingly, has a decription of the inaugural event of the Suez Canal.

0.   Seward, Ibid., p. 189.

0.   Louis Napoléon addressing the opening of the Chambers, Nov. 19, 1869.