Index
A
The Accumulation of Capital (Luxemburg), 40, 262–63
Alexander II, 30
Alexander III, 26, 44, 47, 52
Alexinsky, Gregor, 41
All-Russian Central Executive Committee (CEC). See Central Executive Committee (CEC)
All-Russian Congress of Soviets, 100, 107, 119–20, 121–23, 284
anarchists, 102–3, 123, 226–27
“An Appeal to the Toiling, Oppressed, and Exhausted Peoples of Europe” (Trotsky), 183–84, 189
April Theses (Lenin), 15, 102, 103–4, 136
Arendt, Hannah, 17, 297
Armand, Inessa, 12, 196
art and literature
reflecting revolutionary struggle, 246–47
under Stalin, 362–67
See also poetry
authoritarianism
under Stalin, 9, 310, 327, 354–57, 381
theorizations of, 250–54
under tsarism, 41–54, 255, 322–23
Autocracy, Capitalism and Revolution in Russia (McDaniel), 50
Avrich, Paul, 6, 226, 227, 333, 334
B
Bachrach, Peter, 20, 394
Baldwin, Roger, 294–97, 303, 311
Beatty, Bessie, 2, 4, 125, 135–36, 302
Bebel, August, 8, 12, 89
Bell, Daniel, 20, 69–71, 389, 390, 394
Berkman, Alexander, 236, 437n38
Berman, Marshall, xiv–xv, 376, 435n6
Black Hundreds, 76–77, 93
Blok, Alexander, 363–67
Blue Blouses, 317–18
Bogdanov, Alexander, 79, 102
Bolshevik Central Committee, 4, 122, 183
Bolshevism and Bolsheviks, 1–2, 3, 5, 10, 53
attitude toward women, 12–14
blind spots, 292, 340, 357–59
core political orientation, 80–83
and disintegration of democracy within, 222–31
distortion of, 238–54
hostility toward, 17, 19, 222–24, 229
origins, 72–74, 87–90
qualities of, 16, 178–79, 383–84
as revolutionary collectivity, 15, 90
role in the Russian Revolution, 14–20, 71–82, 93–100, 106–16
See also bureaucracy; democratic centralism
bourgeois-democratic revolution, 49, 101–2, 104, 255–56, 380, 387, 400, 401
Bowlt, John E., 318, 319
Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of, 156, 183–84, 190, 226, 227
Brovkin, Vladimir, 229, 284
Bryant, Louise, 2, 4, 135, 302
Bukharin, Nikolai, 4, 138, 252, 256–57, 359
on peasantry, 263–64, 284
on state capitalism, 147–48
bureaucracy, 116, 217, 381, 389, 396, 399
Bolshevik failure to anticipate, 340–41, 351, 358–59
in Communist movement, 350–51
in Soviet Union, 19–20, 313
under tsarism, 28, 44–45
See also under Soviet Republic
Burnham, James, 20, 381, 383, 389, 391, 392–93, 398
C
cadres, 16, 73, 93, 163, 218, 227, 230, 334, 353
definition and revolutionary function, 174, 177–78
post-revolutionary role, 148, 162, 166, 175–76, 334
post-revolutionary corruption, 174–75, 178–79, 350–53, 359–60
Stalin on, 351
Cannon, James P., 212, 213
capitalism
alleged or hoped-for nonexistence in Russia, 28, 64, 75, 216–17, 255
anticipated achievements, 23–24, 32, 51, 101, 255–56, 260, 379
exploitation, oppression, and profits, 45–47, 58–61, 80, 132, 142, 146, 211, 251, 261, 267, 268, 398, 401
crisis of Russian capitalism, xi, 25–27, 28, 50–52, 80, 94, 132
imperialism, war, and violence, 89, 101, 182–83, 196, 238–39, 287
introduction and development in Russia, 24–25, 45–58
in mixed economy, 131–61, 282, 344
peculiarities of capitalism in Russia, xi, 13, 24–29, 36, 41, 43, 45, 49–52, 55–57, 116, 139, 255, 262–67, 269, 271, 290
See also imperialism; mixed economy; New Economic Policy
capitalists, 103, 150, 155, 162, 257, 347–48, 393, 397
class-conscious capitalists, 47, 48, 76, 142, 156, 186, 274–75
critical of tsarism, 49, 76
relative non-participation in overthrow of tsarism, 101, 401–2
reliance on tsarism, 46–50, 76, 84, 86
repentant capitalists, 48–49, 242–43
vacillations in early Soviet Republic, 137–39, 141, 150–57, 329
Carr, E. H., 5–6, 71–72, 117–19, 128, 136, 137, 141, 148–49, 196, 197, 199, 206, 258–59, 269, 281, 282, 315, 345, 347
Catherine the Great, 44
Central Executive Committee (CEC), 119–20
Chagall, Marc, 319
Chamberlin, William H., 3–4, 302, 309–13, 349–50
character structures, 176–78, 374–77
Chayanov, Alexander, 310
and the peasant question, 264, 265–68, 289–91
Cheka, 122, 129, 221, 227–28, 230, 241–51, 273, 302, 307, 338, 349, 454–55n47
violence after attempt on life of Lenin, 232–38
Chekov, Anton, 48, 164, 242
Chernov, Olga, 243, 248–50, 259–60, 323–24
Chernov, Victor, 75, 86, 222–23, 224, 265
Churchill, Winston, 101, 189, 192, 194, 195
civil liberties, freedom of expression, 1, 74, 76, 116, 119, 131, 230–31, 253, 294–95, 329, 357, 366, 379, 396–97, 402
Civic Training in Soviet Russia (Harper), 302
Civil War. See Russian Civil War
Clemenceau, Georges, 189
Cohen, Stephen, 6, 138, 152, 159,
Cold War, 5–7, 9, 83, 307
Collectivism: A False Utopia (Chamberlin), 310
Comintern. See Communist International
Commissariat of Enlightenment, 165–67, 318
Communist International, 203–18
bureaucratic degeneration, 213–17
first four congresses, 4, 19, 73, 201, 205–12, 231, 287, 291, 319, 321
Communist Manifesto (Marx and Engels), 18–19, 333, 388–401
Communist Party, 157, 162–79, 204, 214–16, 231, 252, 259, 303–9, 330–32, 338–41, 346, 349–53, 361–62
Confessions of an Individualist (Chamberlin), 310
Constituent Assembly, 87, 100, 108, 222, 249, 257
composition, 87, 99, 110–11, 328
dissolution of, 108, 111–12, 119, 124–29, 445–46n79
as rallying point for opponents of Soviet rule, 127–28, 222, 328–29, 334, 336
as revolutionary demand, 81, 99, 108, 112, 128, 222
Constitutional Democratic Party, 76–77, 84–85, 101
Council of People’s Commissars. See Sovnarkom
Council of Workmen’s and Soldiers’ Deputies, 99, 103
culture. See art and literature; Soviet Republic: cultural freedom in
D
Dahl, Robert A., 20, 393, 394, 397
Dallin, David, 297
Dan, Theodore, 79, 80, 85, 144, 224, 225
Daniels, Robert V., 5, 330, 331
Danilov, Viktor, 36, 40, 262, 290
“dark masses,” 163–64, 299, 370–74
Davis, Jerome, 302
democracy, 357–58, 382, 392–99
bourgeois (capitalist) democracy, 88, 255–56
definition, xii, 163, 355, 357, 379, 382, 391, 402
elitist distortion of, 354, 355, 393–94
proletarian (workers’) and socialist democracy, 131, 135–42, 144–45, 147–51, 283–92, 329, 338–50
and revolutionary government, 112, 175, 285–86
in revolutionary movement, 67–68, 113, 119–22, 379–81
in revolutionary party, xiii, 15, 16, 74, 90, 121, 159, 173, 200, 221, 231, 251, 330–31, 372
structures and preconditions, 231, 283, 285, 286, 325, 329, 341, 342, 354, 357–58, 382, 394–99
democratic centralism, 339–40, 342
Democratic Centralists, 340, 342
Denikin, Anton, 156, 192–93, 195
Deutscher, Isaac, 5–6, 71–72
on violence in Russian Revolution, 220–21
The Development of Capitalism in Russia (Lenin), 55–56, 265
Dewey, John, 293–94, 322, 325, 357, 392, 394–95
dialectics, 88, 148, 183, 343, 363, 435n6
mass/vanguard dialectic, 71, 92, 387
dictatorship of the bourgeoisie, 144, 147–48, 393–96, 398
See also democracy: bourgeois (capitalist) democracy
dictatorship of the proletariat, 17, 102, 118, 121, 134, 138, 178, 186, 200, 204, 219–20, 224, 274, 283, 292, 341, 351
conceptualization by Marx, 131, 328–29
definition, 328–29
democratic conceptualization by Marxists, 20, 102, 104, 121, 122, 131, 162, 252, 328, 329, 331, 338, 403
interpreted as dictatorship by Communist Party, 5, 23, 69, 102, 112–13, 144, 161, 221, 231, 250, 252–53, 328, 355
Dimitrov, Georgi, 4–5
Dobb, Maurice, 50, 51, 137–38, 139–40, 159, 161
Draper, Hal, 382, 465n15
Duma, 74, 76, 77–78, 98–99
Dune, Eduard, 15, 102, 103–4, 225, 330, 339, 343
Dzerzhinsky, Feliks, 228, 232, 234, 241–42, 247–48, 251
E
Eastman, Max, 4, 89–90, 304–6
Economism, 73
Eisenstein, Sergei, 320
Engels, Friedrich, 18, 19, 203, 369
Essenin, Sergei, 363–67
Extraordinary Commission for the Struggle Against Counterrevolution and Sabotage. See Cheka
F
factional struggle
within Bolshevik organization, 73, 79–80
within Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, 78–80
within Socialist Revolutionary Party, 75–76
Farber, Samuel, 236, 246
February Revolution, 1–2, 4, 96–99
Figes, Orlando, 8, 163
First World War. See World War I
Fitzpatrick, Sheila, 4, 7, 8, 165, 167
food crisis, 158–59, 268–75
Forced Labor in Soviet Russia (Dallin and Nicolaevsky), 297
Foster, William Z., 162–63
Francis, David R., 110, 186–87
French Revolution, 143–47, 220, 239, 385, 386, 387, 465–66n4
Freeman, Joseph, 10, 57, 58, 60, 141, 312, 317, 319, 320–22, 325–26, 362, 364
Fromm, Erich, 374–76
From October to Brest-Litovsk (Trotsky), 111
G
Gapon movement, 73–74
General Instructions on Workers’ Control, 139
The German Ideology (Marx), 18
German Social Democratic Party, 15, 89, 351
Germany
armed forces in Russia, 107, 156
imperialism in, 93–94, 100, 226
and Russian Revolution, 181, 190–94
See also Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of
Goldman, Wendy, 167, 169, 185
Goodey, Chris, 156
Gorky, Maxim, 37–39, 164, 320, 373–74
The Great Retreat: The Growth and Decline of Communism in Russia (Timasheff), 23
The Gulag Archipelago (Solzhenitsyn), 297
H
Haimson, Leopold H., 6–7, 11, 81, 90, 95
Harper, Samuel N., 168, 186, 302, 307–8, 316–17
Hindus, Maurice, 33–34, 39, 170, 258, 271, 280, 283, 286, 289, 298–301, 315, 358
historical materialism, xi, 369, 378–84, 386
Historical Materialism (Bukharin), 359
History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks): Short Course (Commission of the Central Committee of the CPSU), 3, 4–5
The History of the Gulag: From Collectivization to the Great Terror (Khlevniuk), 297
History of the Russian Revolution (Trotsky), 3–4
Hook, Sidney, 20, 108–11, 389
I
imperialism, xi, 2, 88, 93, 119, 190, 203, 226–27, 253–54, 322, 372–73, 379, 436n15
causes, 146, 182, 187
definition, 182
reformist and opportunist acceptance of, 93, 147–48, 210, 253
resistance against, 2, 115, 185, 203, 206, 208, 316
“traditional” imperialism (colonialism), 181, 182, 187, 188
See also under Germany; Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich; capitalism
intellectuals
charges of intellectual elitism, 67
role in socialist workers’ movement, 63, 66, 73
Inter-District Organization of United Social Democrats, 102
International Committee for Political Prisoners, 294–95
internationalism
revolutionary perspective, 115, 195, 203–18
International Women’s Day, 1, 14, 96–98
Iskra (newspaper), 67–68, 73
Ivan the Great, 30
Ivan the Terrible, 30
J
Jacobinism, 143–47, 221–22
James, C. L. R., 83, 251
July demonstration, 104–5
K
Kadets. See Constitutional Democratic Party
Kamenev, Lev, 4, 15, 122, 230, 247–48, 250–52, 340
Kandinsky, Wassily, 318, 319
Kautsky, Karl, 15, 89, 145
Keep, John, 114, 120
Kerensky, Alexander, 31–32, 76, 100, 105–11, 190–92, 223
Khlevniuk, Oleg V., 297
Kirillov, V., 164
Kleiforth, Alfred W., 187
Koenker, Diane, 6, 70, 339
Kolchak, 156, 192–94, 195
Kollontai, Alexandra, 12, 13, 332
Komsomol, 169, 172–73
Kornilov, Lavr, 105–6, 187, 192, 223
Kronstadt uprising, 163, 303, 307, 335–36
Krupskaya, Nadezhda, 15, 96, 166, 325
L
Laski, Harold J., 20, 395–96, 398
Le Blanc, Paul, 15, 72
Lena goldfields massacre, 80
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich
and armed struggle, 91–92
and authoritarianism, 229–30
and bureaucracy, 177
and capitalism, 55–56, 103, 131–79
and culture, 326
democratic orientation, 15, 67–68, 90, 120–21
and dialectics of wartime destruction, 183
on imperialism, 181, 184–85, 200, 316
and Jacobinism, 144–47, 221–22
leader of Russian Revolution, 1–2, 5, 384
leadership qualities, 14–15
and Menshevism, 74, 79, 87–88, 102, 104–5, 210, 224–25
on mixed economy, 138–41
on peasantry, 255–92, 337–38, 344–45
relationship to Luxemburg, 183
relationship to Stalin, 4–5, 18, 352
on revolutionary party, 53, 69–73
theorizations on peasantry, 32, 35
on working-class hegemony, 16–17, 82, 89, 292, 338–43
writings of, 4–5, 15, 19, 55, 103, 136, 184–85, 265, 292
Lenin: A Biography (Service), 14
Lenin and the Revolutionary Party (Le Blanc), 15, 72
Leninism, 372, 377
assertion of continuity between Leninism and Stalinism, 19
as being democratic, 372
core perspectives, 251
Lenin Rediscovered (Lih), 15
Lenin: The Man and His Work (Williams), 14
Letters from Russian Prisons (Baldwin), 294–95
“Letter to American Workers” (Lenin), 184–85
Levine, Isaac Don, 14, 98–100, 103, 295
Lewin, Moshe, 6, 16, 37–38, 72, 271, 288–89, 351, 360–61
Liberman, Simon, 49, 324, 344
Liberty under the Soviets (Baldwin), 296
Lichtheim, George, 24, 27, 438n2
Lieven, Dominic, 42, 52, 93–94, 182
Lih, Lars, 15, 16, 141, 145, 149, 268, 272, 274
Lincoln, W. Bruce, 7, 47, 128, 199, 200, 201, 249, 317, 320
Lovestone, Jay, 12–13, 215
Luch (newspaper), 81
Lunacharsky, Anatoly, 165–67, 318, 320, 362
Luxemburg, Rosa, 17, 40, 111–12,
144–45, 182–83, 383–84
and the peasant question, 262–63
See also under Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich
M
Macpherson, C. B., 20, 394
Makhno, Nestor, 273, 364
Malevitch, Kazimir, 318, 319
Mandel, David, xi, 6, 96–97
Mandel, Ernest, xi, 388
March revolution. See February Revolution
Marot, John, 28, 216–18, 286, 314–15
Martov, Julius, 73, 79, 85, 86, 102, 143, 145, 182, 224, 225
Marx, Karl, writings of, 18–19, 63–64, 333, 358, 360
Marxism and Marxists
Bolsheviks and, 87–90, 132, 142–43, 297, 351, 357
and capitalism, 55, 149, 255, 399–405
and peasantry, 35–36, 255–57, 285–92
tenets of, 83, 131, 297, 328, 338, 354, 369, 379–81, 386
Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 166, 317, 363–67
Mayer, Arno, 147, 182–83, 188–89, 193, 195, 236–39, 248
McDaniel, Tim, 50
Medvedev, Roy, 94–95, 120, 137, 270
Menshevism and Mensheviks, 7, 73–74, 78–79, 81, 89, 93, 95, 97, 100–102, 104, 107, 109, 123–24, 134, 143–44, 163, 191, 212, 224–26, 303
Lenin’s views on, 87–88, 104–5
as liquidators, 80, 84–85
Menshevik Internationalists, 82, 102, 120
party Mensheviks, 79, 102, 229
and peasantry, 162–63, 258–59, 263–64
See also under Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich
Menshikov, M., 38–39
Meyer, Alfred, 5, 113, 114, 115, 116, 128–29
Meyerhold, Vsevolod, 166, 319
Military Revolutionary Committee, 107
mir. See under peasants
mixed economy, xi, xii, 141, 161
as reformed variant of capitalism, 133, 134
as transitional toward socialism, 133, 134, 136, 137, 141, 142, 148, 344, 380, 404
complexities and problematical qualities, 133, 134, 136, 137, 141–42, 148, 151, 312, 313, 329–30, 380, 381
logic and necessity of, 140–41, 142, 344–45, 380, 404
projected solution to contradictions within, 142, 381, 404
collapse, 142, 151, 159, 161
See also New Economic Policy
Morozov family 47–49, 242–43
muzhik. See peasants
N
Narkompros. See Commissariat of Enlightenment
nationalism, 11, 44–45, 47, 53, 76, 182, 184, 188, 239, 251, 296
oppressed nationalities, 116–19
as reactionary force, 156–57
Nekrasov, Nikolai, 164
New Economic Policy (NEP), 1921–28, 161, 330
contradictions of, 287–88, 328, 348
and corruption, 347–49
and easing of repression, 286
and “Nepmen,” 315, 347–49
and peasants, 278, 282–83, 286–87
and revitalization of the economy, 312–16, 343–46
A New Slavery, Forced Labor: The Communist Betrayal of Human Rights (Baldwin), 296
Nicaragua
mixed economy, 133–34
Sandinista revolution, 133
Nicholas II, 26, 41–43, 94
1905 uprising, 11, 42, 51–52, 67–68, 74, 91
Nomad, Max, 381, 383, 385, 389
Notes of a Red Guard (Dune), 15
Novack, George, 20, 396, 398–99
Nove, Alec, 27, 46, 51, 139, 141, 194, 276, 344
O
obschina. See under peasants
October Revolution, 2, 19, 69–129
Octobrists, 76, 84
Origins of Totalitarianism (Arendt), 17
P
Pascal, Blaise, 377
peasants, 24–28, 29–35
and food crisis, 268–74
kulaks, 235, 261–65, 270–74, 279–80
middle peasants, 29, 279–80
mir or obschina, 31–34, 50, 168, 260, 265, 276, 288–90
poor peasants and agricultural laborers, 29, 260–68
quality of life in peasant villages, 35–41, 170–71
resistance to change, 30–31
revolutionary ferment among, 30–31, 258–59
theorizations
by Chayanov, 36–37
by Lenin, 32
by Lewin, 37–38
by Shanin, 29–30
by Sukhanov, 264–65
by Trotsky, 35–37
well-to-do peasants, 29, 260–68
women peasants, 38–39, 300–301
working-class allies, 73, 95, 269, 283
See also under Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich; Luxemburg, Rosa; Marxism and Marxists; Menshevism and Mensheviks; New Economic Policy (NEP)
Peasant Society for Mutual Assistance, 168–69
The People, Yes (Sandburg), 91
People’s Will, 75
Perlman, Selig, 20, 69–70, 72, 389, 390
permanent revolution, 78, 86, 328, 379, 387, 396, 402–5, 468n33
Peter the Great, 44, 45
Petrograd, 113
Bolsheviks in, 107, 113, 153, 227
International Women’s Day demonstrations, 1, 96–99
Kronstadt uprising, 335–37
location of revolution’s beginning, 1
Red Terror in, 232–35
Soviet of, 87, 107–8
strikes and demonstrations in, 97–98, 104, 333
Pipes, Richard, 7, 113, 115, 163
Pirani, Simon, 331–32, 339, 342
Plekhanov, George, 73, 79, 145
poetry, 62, 165, 209, 219, 243, 317
reflections of revolutionary Russia, 164–67, 174, 362–67
suicides of poets, 365–67
Popova, Liuba, 318
Popular Socialist Party, 75, 191, 248
post-Marxists, xi, 20, 24, 69–70, 92, 108–11, 381, 388–91, 393–95, 466n8
Pravda, 81, 97
proletariat, definition of, 54
Provisional Government, 1–2, 24, 99, 100–129
Pudovkin, Vsevold, 320
R
Rabinowitch, Alexander, 6, 7, 114, 227, 234, 235
Radek, Karl, 212, 213, 215, 224
Ransome, Arthur, 158–59, 235, 252, 308, 309
Rasputin, Gregory, 94
Red Army, 171, 192, 197–202, 215, 231, 249–50, 270, 273, 280–82, 292, 304, 321, 330, 336–39, 366
The Red Heart of Russia (Beatty), 2, 125
Red Terror, 112, 115, 129, 143, 219–21, 224, 230–48, 239–54, 303, 329, 454–55n47, 455n55
Reed, John, 2, 4, 17, 135–36, 302
Revolution Betrayed (Trotsky), 18, 360
Riazanov, David, 127, 235, 289, 468n33
Robespierre, Maximilien, 144
Rodchenko, Alexander, 166, 318
Rosmer, Alfred, 208, 213, 214
Rostow, Walt Whitman, 5, 20, 23, 27, 45, 389, 390–91, 394, 400
Rousset, David, 72–73, 282, 315, 350, 353–54, 356
Roy, M. N., 208, 209
RSDLP. See Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP)
Russell, Bertrand, 237, 437n38
Russia from the American Embassy (Francis), 110
Russian Civil War, 151, 156–57, 189–202, 219–54
The Russian Revolution (Chamberlin), 3–4
The Russian Revolution (Foster), 162–63
The Russian Revolution (Luxemburg), 263
Russian Revolution in Retreat (Pirani), 339
Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP), 12, 48, 53, 64, 77, 84
establishing of, 73
factional struggles, 78–80
and peasant question, 258
Russo-Japanese War, 42, 74, 90
Rykov, Alexei, 4, 140, 157, 327, 340, 346, 348–49
S
Sandburg, Carl, 91
Sapronov, Timofei, 103–4, 308, 340, 342
Second International, 72–75, 81, 134, 147, 182, 183, 205, 210, 211, 359
Seldes, George, 199, 201, 203, 206–7, 208, 292, 243
Serge, Victor, 15, 121–22, 157–58, 160, 190, 207, 374
revolutionary activist, 88–89
on revolutionary violence, 219–20
Service, Robert, 14
Shanin, Teodor, 6, 24–25, 27, 29–30, 32, 34, 36, 51, 53, 56, 57, 66, 77, 85–86, 262
Shlyapnikov, Alexander, 8, 99, 307, 332, 342, 343
Six Months in Red Russia (Bryant), 2
Slonim, Marc, 166, 319, 320, 363–65
Smith, Steven A., 6, 24–26, 152–53, 262, 307
socialism, xiv, 2, 6, 48, 108, 123, 148–49, 175, 200, 216–18, 396
defined, xii, 15, 18, 313, 343, 356–57, 379, 381, 402
global dimensions, 99, 103, 184–85, 203–5, 207, 321, 349, 359, 379, 384, 402
opposition to, 94, 188, 263, 264, 265, 390–91, 399, 400
popular support for, 16, 65, 94, 104, 126, 132, 154–55, 402
populist conceptions of, 64, 75, 86, 87, 288
preconditions for achievement of, 18, 133, 136, 139, 150–55, 160, 204, 286–90, 298, 321, 356–57, 400–405
revolutionary struggle to achieve, 2, 83, 86, 94, 102–4, 112, 115, 127, 134, 152, 183, 343, 379, 383–84, 401–2
Stalinist distortion of, 18, 24, 302, 354–56, 360
transition to, 2, 101, 132–42, 150–51, 379
Socialist and Labor International. See Second International
Socialist International. See Second International
Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs), 64, 74–75, 77, 85–87, 97, 101, 111, 191–92, 225, 257–58, 264
Left SRs, 75, 84–87, 107, 111–14, 119–29, 190, 222–30, 250, 259, 270–82, 303–4
radical SRs, 226–27
Right SRs, 75, 84, 111, 119–29, 191, 222, 224, 230, 240, 248, 258, 304, 334
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 297
Soviet Republic
creation of, 17, 119
cultural freedom in, 165–68, 293, 316–25
foreign intervention to overturn, 156–57
growth of bureaucracy in, 313
isolation of, 161
suppression of cultural freedom, 230
suppression of political pluralism, 230
works describing 1920s, 311–12
Soviet Russia: A Living Record and a History (Chamberlin), 302, 310–11
soviets (councils), 1–2, 9, 11, 13, 17, 21, 99, 122–27, 159, 197, 214, 222, 230, 278, 289, 332, 341
in 1917, 1–2, 100–115
democracy within, 120–21, 150
deterioration of democracy within, 17
liberty under, 293–326
post-1917, 21
See also Kronstadt uprising
Sovnarkom, 117, 120–21, 123, 140, 141, 275
Spargo, John, 187–88
Spiridonova, Maria, 87, 269–70, 278
SRs. See Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs)
Stalin, Joseph, 5, 18–19, 24, 118, 205, 215, 217
writings of, 3, 4
Stalinism and Stalinists, 6, 7, 19, 70, 83, 216, 293, 297, 312, 316, 327–28, 341, 343, 353–61, 378, 385, 460n31
definition, 354–56
forced collectivization of land, 286, 358
purported identity with Leninism, 4, 5, 8–9, 14, 19, 70, 83, 372
as undemocratic, 372
state capitalism
according to Bukharin, 138, 147–48
according to Lenin, 138–39, 143, 147–51, 154–55, 282, 290–91, 344–45
Stepanova, Varvara, 165–166, 318
Stepniak-Kravchinsky, Sergei Mikhailovich, 31–32
Strong, Anna Louise, 304, 343, 349, 360
suicide, 48, 229, 243, 245, 365–67
Sukhanov, N. N., 88, 127, 264–65, 266, 285, 289, 310
Suny, Ronald G., 6
Supreme Council of National Economy. See Vesenkha
Sverdlov, Jacob, 4, 196
Swain, Geoffrey, 199, 201, 202
T
Tatlin, Vladimir, 318–19
Ten Days That Shook the World (Reed), 3, 16
terrorism, 64, 74–75, 78, 86, 89, 129, 220, 223–28, 232–36, 240, 243, 278
See also Red Terror; White Terror
The Man Lenin (Levine), 14
Third International. See Communist International
Through the Russian Revolution (Williams), 2–3
Tillich, Paul, 319, 465n11
Timasheff, N. S., 23, 51
Tolstoy, Leo, 44, 164
Tomsky, Mikhail, 231, 307, 327
To the Finland Station (Wilson), xiv–xv
To the Rural Poor (Lenin), 292
Trotsky, Leon, 35–36, 46–47, 137, 154, 205, 206, 384
and formation of Red Army, 198–202
relationship with Lenin, 111, 214, 320, 327
resistance to Stalinism, 359
role in Russian Revolution and Civil War, 78–82, 87, 107, 120, 124–25, 192, 198–202, 215
writings of, 3–4, 18–19, 44, 111, 177–79, 183–84, 240–41, 351
tsarism, 26, 41–54, 255–56, 284, 373
anti-tsarism, rise of, 74, 94
bourgeois opposition to, 76
collapse of tsarist autocracy, 98
Tucker, Robert C., 6
Turgenev, Ivan, 164
U
ultra-leftism, 79, 208
uneven and combined development, 24, 50, 132, 379, 387, 399–405
United States
military involvement in Russia, 190–95
responses to the Russian Revolution, 185–89
V
Vanguard Studies of Soviet Russia (Davis), 302
Vee-Tsik, 115, 120–26, 225, 230
See also Central Executive Committee (CEC)
Vesenkha, 140, 141
Voronsky, Alexander, 320, 364, 366
W
Wade, Rex, 9–10
Wallace, Donald MacKenzie, 32, 43–46
Walling, William English, 39–40
“war communism” (1918–21), 151, 157–61, 269, 282, 287, 337, 343
“We” (Kirillov), 164
Wells, H. G., 207, 208, 273
White Terror, 193, 220, 224, 233, 239, 249–50, 454–55n47
Williams, Albert Rhys, 2–3, 4, 14, 17–18, 135–36, 302
Wilson, Edmund, xiv–xv
Wilson, Woodrow, 188, 189
Wolfe, Bertram, 5, 49, 112, 114, 121, 207, 212, 285–86, 288, 291, 373–74
women
oppression of, 12–13, 38, 40, 59–60, 64–65, 136, 177, 243, 246, 300, 360, 395–97
in revolutionary struggle, 64–65
struggle for liberation of, 1, 9, 12–14, 66, 96–98, 168, 251, 296, 301, 304, 307, 310–11, 396–97
See also specific people
See also under working class
Workers’ Opposition, 332–37
workers’ state, 107, 141, 151–52, 205, 286–88, 337–38, 339, 356, 390
working class, 5–6, 8–14, 28, 49, 51, 54–68, 70–71, 77, 88–100, 102, 131, 138, 150–64, 255–56, 350, 379
conditions of life and work, 58–61, 171–77
consciousness, 11–12, 61–68, 80–82, 86, 103–5, 174, 306, 390
hegemony of, 102–8, 148, 205, 210, 252–53, 283–84, 328–43
oppositional groups, 122, 340–42
sectors of, 10–11, 54–58
vanguard layer of, 72, 83–84, 173–74
women workers, 12–14, 56, 64–65
World War I, 82, 90–92, 93–96, 135, 169, 181
and Russian Revolution, 181–218
Versailles Peace Conference, 188, 189
World War II, 90
Y
Year One of the Russian Revolution (Serge), 15
Z
Zetkin, Klara, 167
Zinoviev, Gregory, 4, 15–16, 126–27, 184, 269–70, 275, 332
became advocate for Red Terror, 234–35
character of, 215–16
and use of authoritarianism, 212–14