NOTES
—

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN NOTES

AA	Abigail Adams
Adams Papers	Adams Family Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, MA
AFC	L. H. Butterfield et al., eds., Adams Family Correspondence, 13 vols. (Cambridge, MA, 1963–)
AJ	Andrew Jackson
AJP	Daniel Feller et al., eds., The Papers of Andrew Jackson, 10 vols. (Knoxville, TN, 1980–)
BAJ	John S. Bassett, ed., Correspondence of Andrew Jackson, 7 vols. (Washington, DC, 1926–35)
Bemis	Samuel Flagg Bemis, John Quincy Adams, 2 vols. (New York, 1949, 1956)
CFA	Charles Francis Adams
CFA Diary	Marc Friedlander et al., eds., Diary of Charles Francis Adams, 8 vols. (Cambridge, MA, 1964–)
CG	Congressional Globe
Clay Papers	Robert Seager II et al., eds., The Papers of Henry Clay, 10 vols. and supp. (Lexington, KY, 1959–92)
Diary	Diary of John Quincy Adams, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, MA
JA	John Adams
JAW	Charles Francis Adams, ed., The Works of John Adams . . . , 10 vols. (Boston, 1850–56)
JCC	John C. Calhoun
JCC Papers	Clyde N. Wilson et al., eds., The Papers of John C. Calhoun, 28 vols. (Columbia, SC, 1959–2003)
JQA	John Quincy Adams
JQA Diary	Robert J. Taylor et al., eds., Diary of John Quincy Adams, 1779–1788, 2 vols. (Cambridge, MA, 1981)
LCA	Louisa Catherine Adams
LCA	Judith L. Graham et al., eds., Diary and Autobiographical Writings of Louisa Catherine Adams, 2 vols. (Cambridge, MA, 2013)
M & P	James D. Richardson, comp., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 10 vols. (Washington, DC, 1896–99)
Memoirs	Charles Francis Adams, ed., Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, Comprising Portions of His Diary from 1795 to 1848, 12 vols. (Philadelphia, 1874–76)
Portraits	Andrew Oliver, Portraits of John Quincy Adams and His Wife (Cambridge, MA, 1970)
RD	Register of Debates
TJ	Thomas Jefferson
TJ Papers	Julian P. Boyd et al., eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, 42 vols. (Princeton, NJ, 1950–)
Webster Papers	Charles M. Wiltse et al., eds., The Papers of Daniel Webster, 6 vols. (Hanover, NH, 1974–84)
Writings	Worthington Chauncey Ford, ed., The Writings of John Quincy Adams, 7 vols. (New York, 1913–17)

NOTES

PREFACE

1William H. Seward, Life and Public Services of John Quincy Adams . . . (Auburn, NY, 1849).

2Bemis, John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy (New York, 1949) and John Quincy Adams and the Union (New York, 1956); Charles N. Edel, Nation Builder: John Quincy Adams and the Grand Strategy of the Republic (Cambridge, MA, 2014); and John Lewis Gaddis, Surprise, Security, and the American Experience (Cambridge, MA, 2004), chap. 2.

3Howe, What Hath God Wrought . . . (New York, 2007); also see William Lee Miller, Arguing about Slavery: The Great Battle in the United States Congress (New York, 1996).

4Kaplan, John Quincy Adams . . . (New York, 2014); Traub, John Quincy Adams . . . (New York, 2016). There have also been two recent biographies of John Quincy’s wife, Louisa Catherine Adams. Margery M. Heffron’s Louisa Catherine: The Other Mrs. Adams (New Haven, CT, 2014) includes excellent treatment of the wife’s political value to her husband. Unfortunately, because of the author’s death, the book stops in 1825. Louisa Thomas’s Louisa: The Extraordinary Life of Mrs. Adams (New York, 2016) concentrates on the wife’s emotional life.

CHAPTER 1: “To Bring Myself into Notice”

1For genealogy consult Paul C. Nagel, John Quincy Adams: A Public Life, a Private Life (New York, 1997), 3–7. Robert Middlekauff, The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789 (New York, 1985), chaps. 3–12, remains a valid, reliable account of the events leading to the American Revolution.

2Memoirs, I, 5, VII, 325 (quotations), VIII, 545, XII, 203.

3Ibid., VIII, 156–57; Woody Holton, Abigail Adams (New York, 2010), 69.

4JQA to JA, June 2, 1777, AFC, II, 254.

5JA to JQA, July 27, Aug. 11, 1777, ibid., 289–91, 307.

6Diary, Sept. 10, 1845.

7For the American diplomatic mission and the negotiations, see Stacy Schiff, A Great Improvisation: Franklin, France, and the Birth of America (New York, 2005). David McCullough in his John Adams (New York, 2001), chaps. 4 and 5, focuses sharply on JA.

8JQA to AA, Sept. 27, 1778, AFC, III, 93.

9JQA to Charles Adams, Oct. 2, 1778, and Charles Adams to Thomas Adams, Oct. 3, 1778, ibid., 102–3; JQA to AA, Sept. 9, 1778, ibid., 88; Bemis, I, 10.

10AA to JA, March 8, 1778, AFC, II, 403.

11AA to JQA, June 10 [?], 1778, ibid., III, 37–38.

12JQA to AA, April 12, 1778, ibid., II.

13JQA to AA, April 20, May 5, Aug. 11, 1778, ibid., 16, 29, 73.

14JQA to AA, Sept. 27, 1778, ibid., 92–93.

15JQA to AA, June 5, 1778, ibid., 33.

16JQA to Arthur Lee, May n.d., 1779, Writings, I, 1.

17JQA to AA, Nov. 6, 1778, June 14, 1779, AFC, III, 116, 205; JQA to AA, Feb. 20, 1779, ibid., 176.

18JQA Diary, I, xxxvii; AA to JQA, Jan. 19, 1780, AFC, III, 268.

19JQA Diary, I, 2–10, provides some detail on the voyage.

20Ibid., and Memoirs entire.

21JQA Diary, I, 13–34 (quotation 25).

22JQA to William Cranch, March 17, 1780, AFC, III, 309; JQA to JA, March 16, 1780, and JA to JQA, March 17, 1780, ibid., 307–9.

23AA to JQA, Jan. 19, March 20, 1780, ibid., 268–69, 310–13.

24JQA to JA, March 21, 1780, and to AA, Sept. 10, 1783, ibid., 314, and V, 244.

25AA to JQA, May 26, 1781, ibid., IV, 136–37.

26JA to JQA, Dec. 20, 1780, Feb. 12, 1781, and JQA to JA, Dec. 21, 22, 1780, ibid., 39, 40, 45, 80.

27JA to JQA, Dec. 28, 1780, May 14, 1781, ibid., 56, 114.

28JQA Diary, I, 66, 70, 72, 75 n.

29Ibid., 91–101.

30Ibid., 101–53 passim (ball on 136); JQA to JA, March 4, 1782, AFC, IV, 286–87.

31JA to JQA, Dec. 14, 1781, April 28, 1782, AFC, IV, 263, 317.

32AA to JQA, Nov. 13, 1782, ibid., V, 37–39.

33JQA to AA, July 30, 1783, ibid., 221.

34Portraits, 17–18; Memoirs, II, 649–50 (June 22, 1814); JA to JQA, May 14, 1783, AFC, V, 160–61.

35JA to JQA, May 14, 1783, AFC, V, 160–61.

36JA to JQA, May 19, 1783, ibid., 162–63.

37JA to JQA, May 14, 1783, ibid., 160–61.

38JQA Diary, I, 187–94.

39Ibid., 197–207; JQA to Elizabeth Cranch, April 18, 1784, AFC, V, 322.

40JQA to JA, June 6, 15, 18, 1784, AFC, V, 339, 343, 347–48.

41JA to JQA, June 21, 1784, ibid., 351.

42JQA Diary, I, 209–24 passim, 262 (May 4, 1785 quotations 224, 262); TJ to James Monroe, March 18, May 11, 1785, TJ Papers, III, 44, 148–49.

43JQA to William Cranch, Dec. 14, 1784, AFC, VI, 32–33.

44JQA Diary, I, 256 (April 26, 1785).

45JA to Benjamin Waterhouse, April 24, 1785, cited in Writings, I, 20 n.; JQA to JA, April 2, 1786, AFC, VII, 129.

46JQA to JA, April 2, 1786, AFC, VII, 130; Elizabeth Smith Shaw to AA, March 18, 1786, ibid., 93.

47JQA to JA, April 2, 1786, ibid., 130; JQA to AA, May 15, 1786, ibid., 163–64; JQA to Elizabeth Cranch, April 9, 1786, and to Thomas Adams, July 2, 1786, ibid., 134–35, 230; JQA Diary, II, 48 (June 12, 1786), 317 (Nov. 14, 1787).

48Mary Smith Cranch to AA, April 22, 1787, AFC, VIII, 15–16.

49JQA to William Cranch, Aug. 20, 1786, ibid., VII, 323–24; JQA Diary, II, 196 (April 8, 1787, quotation), 179–81 (March 20, 1787), 250–52 (July 7, 1787).

50JQA to Elizabeth Cranch, April 9, 1786, AFC, VII, 134–35; JQA Diary, II, 24, 29 (May 1, 8, 1786).

51JQA Diary, I, 296–338 passim, 339 (Oct. 12, 1785), II, 208 (April 18, 1787), 240 (June 15, 1787, quotation), 245 (June 25, 1787), 303 (Oct. 15, 1787).

52Ibid., II, 92 (Sept. 7, 1786), 107 (Oct. 2, 1786).

53JQA to JA, June 30, 1787, Writings, I, 30, also 34; Memoirs, VI, 77 (Oct. 7, 1822); Mary Smith Cranch to AA, July 21, [1787], AFC, VIII, 132.

54JQA to George Sullivan, Jan. 20, 1821, Writings, VII, 89; Memoirs, IX, 354 (April 26, 1837); JQA Diary, II, 243 (June 20, 1787).

55JQA Diary, II, 104 (Sept. 29, 1786).

56Ibid., 253 (July 11, 1787).

57JQA to JA, Aug. 30, 1786, Writings, I, 26; JA to JQA, Jan. 10, July 20, 1787, AFC, VII, 428, VIII, 130; Cotton Tufts to JA, June 30, 1787, ibid., VII, 101–2.

58JQA to William Cranch, May 27, 1789, April 7, 1790, AFC, VIII, 301 (quotation), IX, 41, 43; JQA Diary, II, 331 (Dec. 21, 1787), 372–73 (March 8, 1788).

59JQA Diary, II, 302–3 (Oct. 12, 1787), 357 (Feb. 7, 1788, quotation), 373 (March 8, 1788); JQA to AA, Dec. 5, 1789, AFC, VIII, 445–46. For the 1780s Middlekauff, Glorious Cause, 603–41, provides solid coverage.

60JQA Diary, I, 356 (Nov. 12, 1785), II, 297 (Oct. 1, 1787), 307 (Oct. 22, 1787), 391–92 (April 16, 1788).

61Holton, Abigail, 278–79; Abigail Adams Smith to JQA, June 6, 1790, AFC, IX, 68–69; JQA to AA, Nov. 20, 1790, ibid., 145–46; JQA to William Cranch, April 7, 1790, ibid., 41–42; Diary, Nov. 18, 1838.

62JQA to AA, Dec. 14, 1790, AFC, IX, 161. Abigail Adams Smith to JQA, Feb. 10, Aug. 8, 1788, ibid., VIII, 229, 290; JQA Diary, II, 343 (Jan. 12, 1788).

63JQA Diary, II, 343 (Jan. 12, 1788), 427–28 (July 11, 1788), 447–51 (Sept. 5, 1788).

64JQA to AA, Oct. 17, 1790, AFC, IX, 132; JA to JQA, Feb. 9, 19, 1790, ibid., 14, 16.

65JQA to AA, Oct. 17, 1790, and JA to JQA, Dec. 17, 1790, Writings, I, 61 and n. Not until he became a seasoned member of the House of Representatives did he feel comfortable in speaking at the moment.

66JQA to JA, April 12, 1794, ibid., 185–86; JQA to Thomas Adams, Nov. 20, 1793, AFC, IX, 454.

67JQA to William Cranch, July 12, 1790, AFC, IX, 80; JQA to AA, Aug. 29, 1790, ibid., 96.

68See, e.g., JQA to JA, Oct. 19, 1790, Dec. 8, 10, 1792, Dec. 10, 1793, ibid., 135, 340–41, 348–50, 402–3. For excellent discussion of the origins of partisan politics and the impact of the French Revolution on them, see Andrew Burstein and Nancy Isenberg, Madison and Jefferson (New York, 2010), chaps. 7–9, and Gordon S. Wood, Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815 (New York, 2009), chaps. 3–5.

69JQA to JA, April 12, 1794, Writings, I, 185–86.

70Ibid., 65–110, has the Publicola letters; Madison to TJ, July 13, 1791, TJ Papers, XX, 298.

71Fred Kaplan, John Quincy Adams: American Visionary (New York, 2014), 112–13; Boston Independent Chronicle, Nov. 30, 1792; Boston Columbian Centinel, Dec. 19, 1792.

72Writings, I, 48–76, has the Columbus letters.

73JQA to JA, Jan. 5, 1794, AFC, X, 12.

74JQA to Thomas Adams, June 23, 1793, ibid., IX, 438.

75Diary, July 4, 1793; Oration Pronounced July 4, 1793 . . . in Commemoration of the Anniversary of American Independence (Boston, 1793).

76JQA to JA, Feb. 10, 1793, AFC, IX, 403; JA to JQA, Feb. 19, 1793, Dec. 14, 1793, ibid., 411, 470.

77Memoirs, I, 31–32 (June 3, 5, 8, 10, 1794); JQA to JA, July 27, 1794, Writings, I, 194.

CHAPTER 2: “Only Virtue and Fortitude”

1JQA to JA, July 20, 27, 1794, AFC, X, 213–14, 218–22 (quotations from this letter).

2JQA to JA, Oct. 23, 1794, Writings, I, 202–3 (quotations); Memoirs, I, 47 (Oct. 18, 1794). For the Jay Treaty consult Andrew Burstein and Nancy Isenberg, Madison and Jefferson (New York, 2010), 294–96, 301, 307–9, and Gordon S. Wood, Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815 (New York, 2009), 196–98.

3Writings, II passim, and AFC, X and XI passim; JQA to AA, June 29, 1795, AFC, X, 468 (quotation).

4JQA to Daniel Sargent, Oct. 12, 1795, Writings, I, 419 (quotation); JQA to Charles Adams, Dec. 30, 1795, May 10, 1796, AFC, XI, 114, 288.

5Memoirs, I, 142 (Dec. 1, 1795); JQA to Charles Adams, June 9, 1796, AFC, XI, 311–12.

6Memoirs, I, 170 (June 30, 1796).

7Ibid., 171 (June 30, 1796), 177 (July 31, 1796); Diary, day following Feb. 28, 1797; JQA to Charles Adams, April 10, July 6, 1795, AFC, X, 413, XI, 3.

8Memoirs, I, 130 (Oct. 28, 1795).

9JQA to JA, June 27, Oct. 31, 1795, Writings, I, 371, 425.

10JQA to JA, Nov. 25, 1796, ibid., II, 44–45.

11Diary, Feb. 1, April 1, May 1, 1796; Memoirs, I, 172–73 (July 11, 1796).

12Diary, May 1, 1796. On Johnson and his home as social club, see Margery M. Heffron, Louisa Catherine: The Other Mrs. Adams (New Haven, CT, 2014), chaps. 2 and 4, and Louisa Thomas, Louisa: The Extraordinary Life of Mrs. Adams (New York, 2016), pt. 1.

13Diary, Feb. 7, 14, 21, 1796.

14For Johnson and his family consult Heffron, Louisa, chaps. 1 and 2, and Thomas, Louisa, pt. 1; LCA, I, 37–38.

15LCA, I, 37–43; Heffron, Louisa, chap. 4.

16Portraits, 37, 39.

17Diary, April 18, 1796.

18AA to JQA, Feb. 29, Aug. 10, 1796, AFC, XI, 61–62, 356–58; JA to JQA, Aug. 7, 1796, ibid., 354–55.

19JQA to AA, May 5, 1796, ibid., 286.

20My discussion of the courtship is based chiefly on numerous letters between JQA and LCA between the summers of 1796 and 1797, printed ibid., 304–578 (specific citations only for quotations). Also see LCA, I, 44–47.

21LCA to JQA, July 24, Sept. 30, 1796, AFC, XI, 337–38, 385–86.

22JQA to LCA, Aug. 13, Nov. 21, 1796, ibid., 358–60, 410–12.

23Heffron, Louisa, 74, 95–102, covers Joshua Johnson’s business affairs.

24Memoirs, I, 188 (day at end of Dec. 31, 1796).

25JQA to LCA, July 9, 1796, AFC, XI, 333.

26JQA to LCA, May 12, 1797, and LCA to JQA, May 26, 1797, Adams Papers.

27Diary, July 12, 1797; LCA, I, 47.

28JQA to JA, July 22, 1797, Adams Papers; JQA to AA, July 29, 1797, Writings, II, 192.

29JA to JQA, Nov. 3, 1797, Writings, II, 173–74 n.

30LCA, I, 50–51, 197; Diary, Oct. 9, 1797.

31Diary, July 29, Aug. 19, 1797.

32JA to JQA, June 2, 1797, JAW, VIII, 545.

33JQA to AA, May 25, 1800, Writings, II, 456.

34Diary, Jan. 31, Feb. 10, 1799.

35Ibid., March 21, July 14, 1798, Nov. 17, 1797, Dec. 31, 1800. Prior to this time the diary has little about religion.

36LCA, I, 55, 84.

37Ibid., 101–2, 131, 143–44.

38Ibid., 59, 95.

39Bemis, I, 95, 96.

40Memoirs, I, 240–41 (editorial comments), 313–14 (Sept. 20, 1804); Letters on Silesia . . . (1804; Elibron Classic, 2007); Paul C. Nagel, John Quincy Adams: A Public Life, a Private Life (New York, 1997), 122; Diary, July–Sept. 1800.

41JQA to JA, Nov. 25, 1800, Writings, II, 480.

42JQA to Thomas Adams, Dec. 3, 1800, ibid., 485.

43Diary, April 12, 1801; LCA, I, 154.

44JQA to Rufus King, Oct. 31, 1801, Writings, III, 1.

45Memoirs, I, 247 (Sept. 21, 1801).

46JQA to LCA, Oct. 8, 1801, Adams Papers; Heffron, Louisa, 139.

47LCA, I, 164–65.

48Diary, Jan. 8, 1802.

49LCA, I, 157.

50Memoirs, I, 249 (Jan. 28, 1802).

51Ibid., 250 (April 1, 1802).

52Diary, Nov. 3, 1802.

53An Oration Delivered at Plymouth, December 22, 1802 . . . (Plymouth, 1820).

54Diary, Dec. 31, 1802.

55Ibid., April 2, 1803.

56Everett Somerville Brown, ed., William Plummer’s Memorandum of Proceedings in the United States Senate, 1803–1807 (New York, 1923), 114, 126, 250–51. Robert R. Thompson, “John Quincy Adams, Apostate: From ‘Outrageous Federalist’ to ‘Republican Exile,’ 1801–1809,” Journal of the Early Republic 11 (Summer 1991): 161–83, provides an overview of JQA and political partisanship. For the Jefferson administration and Congress, Burstein and Isenberg, Madison and Jefferson, chaps. 11 and 12, provides a detailed, instructive account. Ronald P. Formisano, The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties 1790s–1840s (New York, 1983), chaps. 5–7, covers politics in JQA’s home state in the early years of the nineteenth century. Samuel Eliot Morison’s Harrison Gray Otis: The Urbane Federalist, 1765–1848 (Boston, 1969) discusses JQA’s Federalist opponents from the perspective of a leader among them in Massachusetts.

57Diary, Dec. 21, 1804.

58Memoirs, I, 269 (day following Oct. 31, 1803), 311 (March, 25, 1804).

59Ibid., 276 (Dec. 4, 1803).

60Ibid., 277 (Dec. 5, 1803), 400 (Feb. 3, 1806), 445 (Jan. 22, 1807).

61Ibid., 447–48 (Jan. 28, 1807).

62Ibid., 287 (Jan. 31, 1804); Brown, ed., Plummer’s Memorandum, 445, 643; Theodore Lyman to Timothy Pickering, Jan. 1, 1804, Writings, III, 30 n.

63JQA to Rufus King, Oct. 8, 1802, Writings, III, 8.

64Ibid., 48–77, has the articles. Quotations in order in the following paragraphs come from 70 and 71. For the stillborn address see ibid., 87–100, and n. 1 on 87.

65JQA to LCA, June 29, 1806, Writings, III, 150; Memoirs, I, 443 (July 11, 1806). Donald M. Goodfellow, “The First Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory,” New England Quarterly 19 (Sept. 1940): 372–89, remains a solid account.

66Diary, July 31, 1806, June 13, 1807.

67Ibid., June 13, 1807, May 21, June 14, 1808.

68Memoirs, I, 550–51 (July 15, 28, 1809).

69Cambridge, MA: Holland and Metacalf, 1810; a two-volume reprint appeared in 1962. JQA to Thomas Adams, Aug. 7, 1809, Writings, III, 334–35.

70Memoirs, II, 148 (Aug. 8, 1810).

71Ibid., 317 (Nov. 23, 1804), 330–31 (Jan. 11, 1805); Brown, ed., Plummer’s Memorandum, 606 (no specifics provided).

72LCA, I, 204, 215–16.

73Ibid., 204, 232–33.

74Ibid., 212.

75Memoirs, I, 359 (Feb. 27, 1805).

76LCA, I, 220, 262, 269.

77JQA to LCA, June 30, 1806, ibid., 236, n. 262.

78Ibid., 255.

79JQA to James Sullivan, Jan. 10, 1808, and to Thomas Adams, July 31, 1811, Writings, III, 186, IV, 161.

80Memoirs, I, 510 (Feb. 1, 1808).

81B. Gardiner to Rufus King, Feb. 26, 1808, Writings, III, 232–33 n.; Woody Holton, Abigail Adams (New York, 2010), 349, has the quotation from AA.

82Writings, III, 189–223.

83JQA to JA, Dec. 27, 1807, LCA, I, 264, n. 301; Memoirs, I, 509 (Jan. 30, 1808), 512 (Feb. 2, 1808).

84JQA to Massachusetts Legislature, June 8, 1808, Writings, III, 237–38 (1st quotation); Memoirs, I, 535 (June 23, 1808), VIII, 121 (March 27, 1829, 2d quotation).

85JQA to JA, Dec. 24, 1804, Writings, III, 100–101.

86Memoirs, I, 501 (Jan. 7, 1808); JQA to JA, Jan. 27, 1808, Writings, III, 188–89.

87Diary, Dec. 12, 1808.

CHAPTER 3: “Let There Be . . . No Deficiency of Earnest Zeal”

1Memoirs, I, 543 (day following Dec. 12, 1808).

2Ibid. (March 2, 1809).

3JQA to LCA, March 9, 1809, Writings, III, 291.

4Memoirs, I, 549 (July 5, 1809), II, 5 (Aug. 6, 1809).

5Ibid., II, 5 (Aug. 6, 1809); JQA to Robert Smith, July 5, 1809, and to William Eustis, July 16, 1809, Writings, III, 329, 332.

6LCA, I, 283.

7Ibid., 284.

8JQA to JA, April 30, 1810, Writings, III, 424.

9Memoirs, II, 420 (Nov. 4, 1812).

10JQA to AA, Nov. 30, 1812, Writings, IV, 413; Memoirs, II, 531 (Oct. 10, 1813).

11Diary, Jan. 14, 1810; Memoirs, II, 331 (Dec. 24, 1811).

12Memoirs, II, 141 (July 16, 1810), 454 (April 3, 1813).

13Ibid., 313 (Oct. 4, 1811), 73 (Jan. 28, 1810); Diary, Feb. 23, 1811.

14LCA, I, 302, 325–26.

15JQA to AA, Feb. 8, 1810, Writings, III, 396.

16JQA to AA, Dec. 13, 1812, ibid., IV, 423–24.

17Diary, Oct. 1, 1811; Memoirs, II, 185 (Oct. 10, 1810).

18Diary, April 10, 1811, Dec. 28, 1813 (quotation).

19Ibid., Jan. 1, 17, 19, 28, 29, and Feb. 14, 25, 29, 1814; Memoirs, II, 220 (Jan. 28, 1811), 276 (June 19, 1811), 547 (Nov. 18, 1813), 552–53 (Dec. 30, 1813) (quotation), 566 (Jan. 22, 1814), 579–80 (Feb. 25, 27, 1814).

20JQA to AA, March 25, 1813, Adams Papers.

21Memoirs, I, 111–12 (April 7, 1810), II, 322 (Oct. 31, 1811).

22JQA to Thomas Adams, Oct. 27, 1810, April 10, 1811, Writings, III, 529, IV, 44; Diary, Sept. 22, 1811.

23Memoirs, II, 8–17 (following Aug. 31, 1809). It is not at all clear that his sons ever saw this document. At their ages they would surely have had extreme difficulty understanding its contents. Still, it reveals much about JQA’s conception of fatherhood as well as his sense of himself.

24JQA to Thomas Adams, Sept. 8, 1810, Writings, III, 496–98.

25Diary, Sept. 18, 1811, March 31, 1813.

26Memoirs, II, 282–83 (July 25, 1811).

27Ibid., 304–5 (Sept. 9, 1811); LCA, I, 351.

28LCA, I, 357, 368.

29Ibid., 373–55.

30Diary, Sept. 17, 1812; JQA to AA, Sept. 21, 1812, quoted in Fred Kaplan, John Quincy Adams: American Visionary (New York, 2014), 276, and on Oct. 24–25, 1812, quoted in Woody Holton, Abigail Adams (New York, 2010), 382–83.

31Memoirs, II, 173–74 (Sept. 26, 1810), 351 (March 13, 1812).

32The Bible Lessons of John Quincy Adams for His Son, intro. by Doug Phillips (San Antonio, TX, 2002), 25. This volume collects all the letters to George. Diary, Nov. 25, 1813. In the Diary on Sept. 1, 1811, JQA noted that he was beginning a series of letters upon “subjects of import.”

33Bible Lessons, 21, 30.

34Memoirs, II, 356 (April 12, 1812).

35Ibid., 356–57 (April 12, 1812).

36Diary, Jan. 27, 1811.

37Bible Lessons, 59, 61; Memoirs, II, 297 (Aug. 16, 1811).

38Bible Lessons, 62, 72.

39Holton, Abigail, 357.

40AA to Madison, Aug. 1, 1810, J. C. A. Stagg et al., eds., The Papers of James Madison: Presidential Series, 8 vols. (Charlottesville, VA, 1984–), II, 455–56.

41Smith to Madison, Sept. 5, 1810, and Madison to Smith, Sept. 12, 1810, ibid., 528–29, 537.

42Madison to JQA, Oct. 16, 1810, ibid., 582–83.

43JQA to Madison, Feb. 8, 1811, ibid., III, 156–58.

44Memoirs, II, 274–75 (June 4, 1811).

45JQA to Madison, June 3, 1811, Writings, IV, 93–94; JQA to JA, Aug. 20, 1811, ibid., 182; Paul C. Nagel, John Quincy Adams: A Public Life, a Private Life (New York, 1997), 198.

46JQA to Madison, June 3, 1811, Writings, IV, 94–95.

47JQA to Thomas Adams, April 10, 1811, ibid., 46–48.

48JQA to JA, June 7, 1811, ibid., 98, 101.

49JQA to JA, April 30, 1810, ibid., III, 424. Bemis, I, chaps. 9 and 10, has a full discussion of JQA’s diplomatic endeavors.

50JQA to Madison, Jan. 7, 1811, Madison Presidential Papers, III, 103–5.

51Memoirs, II, 158 (Aug. 28, 1810).

52JQA to AA, Jan. 1, March 30, 1812, and to Thomas Adams, Jan. 31, 1813, Writings, IV, 284, 302, 427.

53JQA to AA, June 30, 1811, and to JA, Aug. 31, 1811, ibid., 128–209.

54Memoirs, II, 205–6 (Dec. 30, 1810), 233 (Feb. 24, 1811).

55Ibid., 233 (Feb. 24, 1811), 374 (May 31, 1812).

56Ibid., 379 (June 21, 1812), 333 (Jan. 4, 1812).

57Ibid., 387 (July 11, 1812).

58Ibid., 647, 649–50 (July 18, 22, 1814). For Ghent both Memoirs, II, 652–62, III, 3–144, and the Diary, July 1814–Jan. 1815, contain a myriad of details. Bemis, I, chap. 10, and Robert V. Remini, Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (New York, 1991), chap. 7, provide excellent coverage. More recently Troy Bickham, The Weight of Vengeance: The United States, the British Empire, and the War of 1812 (New York, 2012), chap. 8, which treats equally both the American and British sides, has enormous value. Older, but more detailed and still worthy, is Bradford Perkins Castlereagh and Adams: England and the United States, 1812–1823 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1962), chaps. 1–8. My account follows them, with notes provided only for direct quotations.

59Memoirs, I, 444 (Jan. 15, 1807).

60JQA to JA, July 7, 1814, Writings, V, 57 n.

61Memoirs, V, 392 (Nov. 7, 1821).

62JQA to LCA, July 2, 1814, Writings, V, 59.

63Memoirs, II, 656–57 (July 8, 9, 1814).

64JQA to William Crawford, Aug. 29, 1814, quoted in Perkins, Castlereagh, 79; Memoirs, III, 20 (Aug. 19, 1814).

65Memoirs, III, 27–28 (Sept. 1, 1814).

66Ibid., 39 (Sept. 22, 1814).

67Ibid., 41 (Sept. 25, 1814).

68JQA to AA, Nov. 23, 1814, Writings, V, 207.

69Memoirs, III, 101–2 (Dec. 10, 1814).

70Ibid., 75 (Nov. 29, 1814).

71Ibid., 61–62, 78–79 (day following Oct. 31, 1814, and day following Nov. 30, 1814).

72JQA to LCA, Nov. 15, Dec. 2, 1814, Writings, V, 189, 225; Memoirs, III, 43–44 (Sept. 29, 1814); Diary, Oct. 15, 1814.

73Memoirs, III, 127 (Dec. 24, 1814); Diary, Dec. 31, 1814; JQA to William Eustis, July 25, 1815, Writings, V, 329.

74Memoirs, III, 138 (Jan. 5, 1815).

75Portraits, 50–53. The letter to LCA, Jan. 24, 1815, is quoted on p. 52.

76Memoirs, III, 145 (Jan. 26, 1815).

77Diary, Dec. 21, 1814.

78JQA to LCA, Dec. 27, 1814, quoted in Margery M. Heffron, Louisa Catherine: The Other Mrs. Adams (New Haven, CT, 2004), 239.

79Memoirs, III, 146–48 (Jan. 30, 1815).

80JQA to AA, March 4, 1816, Writings, V, 522–23.

81Memoirs, III, 154 (Feb. 12, 1815).

82Ibid., 150–78 passim (March 4–23, 1815); Diary, Feb. 7, 1815.

83LCA’s own account written in 1836 is in LCA, I, 375–406. Michael O’Brien’s Mrs. Adams in Winter: A Journey in the Last Days of Napoleon (New York, 2010) is marvelous.

84LCA, I, 405. In his Diary, March 23, 1815, JQA simply recorded that he was “delighted” to see them.

85Heffron, Louisa, 270–71.

86Memoirs, III, 182, 184, 185 (quotation), (March 29, April 5, 9, 21, 23, 1815).

87Ibid., 384–85 (June 1, 1819), VIII, 40 (June 22, 1828).

88Ibid., III, 199 (May 16, 1815).

89Diary, May 25, 1815.

90Ibid., day following May 31 and July 11, 1815. Heffron, Louisa, chap. 12, covers family activities in England. Notes are provided only for quotations and particular events.

91For diplomatic details consult Bemis, I, chap. 11, and Perkins, Castlereagh, chaps. 9 and 11.

92Memoirs, III, 223, 237, 240–44 (June 19, 30, July 1, 1815).

93For Ealing and school selection see Heffron, Louisa, 274–81, 283–84; AA to JQA, Aug. 15, 1815, quoted ibid., 273–74.

94Diary, day following Oct. 31, Nov. 15, 1815.

95Ibid., Oct. 13, 14, day following 31, 1815.

96Ibid., Oct. 28 (quotation), Oct. 23–31, Nov. 1, 2, 1815.

97Ibid., Oct. 14, 1815.

98Memoirs, III, 205, 252 (May 29, Aug. 18, 1815).

99JQA to AA, March 25, 1816, quoted in Bemis, I, 239.

100Memoirs, III, 77 (Nov. 30, 1814).

101JQA to JA, Oct. 9, 1815, May 29, 1816, Writings, V, 408, VI, 38.

102JQA to AA, June 6, 1816, ibid., VI, 44; Memoirs, III, 323 (April 4, 1816).

103Memoirs, III, 379 (June 5, 1816), 372 (June 2, 1816), 217 (June 7, 1815).

104For JQA and Bentham see ibid., 520–65 passim (May 6–June 8, 1817); Diary, April 29, 1817; Bentham to AJ, June 14, 1830, in BAJ, IV, 147.

105Diary, Oct. 16, 1816.

106Ibid., June 1, 1816, on Scott and Dec. 5, 1815, on the rhinoceros.

107Ibid., June 5, 1816; Memoirs, III, 320, 407–8, 420, 520 (June 5, July 26, Aug. 13, 1816, May 6, 1817).

108JQA to AA, Dec. 5, 1815, and to JA, Aug. 31, 1815, Jan. 3, 1817 (long letter), Writings, V, 362, 432, VI, 134–36.

109Portraits, 57–63; Memoirs, II, 353 (March 20, 1812, for height) and III, 352 (May 3, 1816, for weight).

110Diary, day following June 30, 1816, April 28, 1817.

111Heffron, Louisa, 294.

112Diary, day following March 31, 1817; JQA to JA, Jan. 3, 1817, Writings, VI, 131–34.

113Memoirs, III, 458–59 (Dec. 24, 1816).

114Monroe to TJ, Feb. 23, 1817, in Stanislaus Murray Hamilton, ed., The Writings of James Monroe . . . , 7 vols. (New York and London, 1898–1903), VI, 3–4; also Monroe to AJ, March 1817, ibid., 5.

115JQA to AA, n.d., in Memoirs, III, 502 (July 17, 1817), and on April 23, 1817, Writings, VI, 179; Monroe to JQA, March 6, 1817, ibid., 165–66.

116JQA to Monroe, April 17, 1817, ibid., 177; Diary, April 26, 1817.

CHAPTER 4: “Perhaps the Most Important Day of My Life”

1Diary, June 25, 28, 1817; Margery M. Heffron, Louisa Catherine: The Other Mrs. Adams (New Haven, CT, 2014), 295.

2Diary, Aug. 8, 1817.

3JQA to AA, May 16, 1817, Writings, VI, 180; Diary, Sept. 20, 1817.

4JQA to Alexander Everett, March 16, 1816, and to William Eustis, Jan. 13, 1819, Writings, V, 538, VI, 138. For Massachusetts and New England Federalists as well as the Hartford Convention, three books provide superb coverage: James Banner Jr., To the Hartford Convention: The Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts, 1789–1815 (New York, 1970); Ronald P. Formisano, The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s–1840s (New York, 1983); Samuel Eliot Morison, Harrison Gray Otis, 1765–1848: Urbane Federalist (Boston, 1969).

5JQA to JA, Aug. 1, 1816, Writings, VI, 60.

6For details on the State Department during JQA’s tenure, see Elmer Plischke, U.S. Department of State: A Reference History (Westport, CT, 1999), 73–75.

7Memoirs, IV, 100 (May 22, 1818), V, 61 (June 28, 1820).

8Ibid., V, 233–34 (Jan. 9, 1821).

9Ibid., 130 (May 24, 1820).

10Ibid., 173 (Sept. 2, 1820), IV, 368 (May 21, 1819).

11Ibid., V, 338 (April 4, 1821, quotation), 143 (June 7, 1820), IV, 340 (April 16, 1819).

12Ibid., IV 367 (May 20, 1819). Writings, VI and VII passim, contains lengthy letters on policy and instructions to American and foreign diplomats.

13Memoirs, IV, 527–28 (Feb. 17, 1820), 321 (April 1, 1819).

14Ibid., V, 238–39 (Jan. 19, 1821).

15Charles N. Edel, Nation Builder: John Quincy Adams and the Grand Strategy of the Republic (Cambridge, MA, 2014), 135.

16Memoirs, II, 137ff (beginning from June 30, 1810), IV, 13 (Oct. 7, 1817), 402–3 (July 25, 1819); JQA to TJ, Dec. 11, 1817, Writings, VI, 219–20.

17The standard biography of Monroe remains Harry Ammon, James Monroe: The Great National Identity (New York, 1971). Dependable on his presidency is Noble Cunningham Jr., The Presidency of James Monroe (Lawrence, KS, 1996). Though dated, George Dangerfield’s The Era of Good Feelings (New York, 1952) is still a lively account of the era.

18Memoirs, VI, 128 (Jan. 12, 1823), VI, 497 (Jan. 8, 1820).

19JQA to AA, April 23, May 16, 1817, Writings, IV, 178–82; Memoirs, IV, 450 (Nov. 26, 1819), 13 (Oct. 24, 1817).

20Memoirs, IV, 164 (Nov. 6, 1818), 411 (Aug. 16, 1819, quotation), V, 70 (April 15, 1820), 201 (Nov. 12, 1820).

21Ibid., V, 158 (June 23, 1820), VI, 170 (Aug. 9, 1823).

22Ibid., IV, 187 (Dec. 7, 1818), 193 (Dec. 16, 1818).

23Chase C. Mooney’s solid William H. Crawford, 1772–1834 (Lexington, KY, 1974) is the only full biography.

24For Calhoun, Charles Wiltse’s thorough John C. Calhoun, 3 vols. (Indianapolis, 1944–51) remains generally authoritative, though more than half a century old. The best one-volume treatment, and a good one, is John Niven, John C. Calhoun and the Price of Union (Baton Rouge, 1988).

25Memoirs, IV, 36 (Jan. 6, 1818), 214–15 (Jan. 7, 1819), 241–42 (Feb. 3, 1819).

26Ibid., 36 (Jan. 6, 1818), 477 (Dec. 13, 1819), V, 221 (Dec. 27, 1820), 361 (Oct. 15, 1821).

27Ibid., IV, 451–52 (Nov. 27, 1819).

28Ibid., 429 (Oct. 29, 1819), 451 (Nov. 27, 1819).

29For JQA on Clay see ibid., 28 (Dec. 6, 1817), V, 52–53 (March 31, 1820). Clay’s major biographer agrees: Robert V. Remini, Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (New York, 1991), chap 10.

30Memoirs, IV, 212 (Jan. 5, 1819), 70 (March 28, 1818).

31Ibid., V, 206 (Nov. 24, 1820).

32Ibid., 279 (Feb. 14, 1821).

33Ibid., IV, 157 (Nov. 2, 1818); Diary, Oct. 30, 1818.

34Memoirs, IV, 155, (Nov. 1, 1818).

35Ibid., 202 (Dec. 1, 1818); JQA to JA, Nov. 2, 1818, Writings, VI, 463.

36Diary, Sept. 1, 1819, Oct. 3, 1840; Memoirs, XI, 400 (Aug. 1, 1843).

37Memoirs, III, 516 (May 3, 1817).

38Ibid., 549 (June 1, 1817).

39JQA to JA, Aug. 1, 1816, Writings, VI, 60–61.

40Memoirs, IV, 438 (Nov. 16, 1819). On JQA as secretary of state, Bemis’s magisterial biography provides detailed coverage in I, chaps. 12–27. See also James Lewis, John Quincy Adams: Policymaker for the Union (Wilmington, DE, 2001), chaps. 3–4, for a briefer treatment. For broad assessments of JQA’s outlook as secretary, emphasizing his focus on power and independent American action, consult especially John Lewis Gaddis, Surprise, Security, and the American Experience (Cambridge, MA, 2004), chap. 2, and Edel, Nation Builder, 62, 105–6, which stresses his determination to defend American prerogatives by pressing his country’s freedom to act on its own. Their perspectives have informed my discussion.

41For details on relations with Spain between 1817 and 1821, particularly JQA’s role, Bemis, I, chaps. 16–17, remains indispensable.

42Best on AJ is still Robert V. Remini’s Andrew Jackson, 3 vols. (New York, 1977–84), thorough as well as laudatory. For an excellent account of AJ and Florida, see his much briefer Andrew Jackson and His Indian Wars (New York, 2001).

43In Memoirs, IV, June–July 1818 passim, JQA provided a substantive record. Cunningham, Monroe’s Presidency, chap. 5, is a solid treatment. Memoirs, V, 113 (July 19, 1818, quotation); JQA to Monroe, July 8, 1818, Writings, VI, 384.

44Memoirs, IV, 115 (July 21, 1818).

45JQA to George Erving, Nov. 28, 1818, Writings, VI, 474–502; also note JQA to Onís, Nov. 30, 1818, ibid., 503–11. LCA, II, 407, has the TJ comment. Worthy is William Earl Weeks, “John Quincy Adams’s ‘Great Gun’ and the Rhetoric of American Empire,” Diplomatic History 14 (Winter 1990): 25–41.

46Memoirs, IV, 105 (July 8, 1818).

47Ibid., V, 54 (March 31, 1820), and 67 (April 13, 1820), for his being the last to abandon the Rio Grande.

48LCA, II, 504; Memoirs, IV, 274 (Feb. 22, 1819).

49Memoirs, IV, 305 (March 18, 1819), 289 (March 8, 1819).

50Ibid., V, 54 (March 31, 1820), 67 (April 13, 1820), 289 (Feb. 22, 1821), XII, 78 (Sept. 27, 1844).

51Ibid., V, 54 (March 31, 1820).

52On the Missouri crisis, Robert P. Forbes, The Missouri Compromise and Its Aftermath (Chapel Hill, NC, 2007), is excellent. John R. Van Atta’s Wolf by the Ears: Missouri Crisis, 1819–1821 (Baltimore, 2015) presents a succinct account based on the most recent scholarship. Glover More, The Missouri Compromise, 1819–1821 (Lexington, KY, 1953), though more narrowly focused, retains value.

53Memoirs, IV, 398 (July 5, 1819).

54Ibid., IV and V between Jan. 1820 and March 1821 passim, contains John Quincy’s own record of his reaction to the crisis.

55Ibid., IV, 499 (Jan. 8, 1820), 502–3 (Jan. 10, 1820), 531 (Feb. 24, 1820).

56Ibid., 528–29 (Feb. 20, 1820), 524–25 (Feb. 11, 1820).

57Ibid., 517 (Feb. 4, 1820), 531 (Feb. 24, 1820), V, 210 (Nov. 29, 1820).

58Ibid., IV, 506 (Jan. 16, 1820), 524–25 (Feb. 11, 1820), V, 307 (Feb. 28, 1821).

59Ibid., IV, 583 (Feb. 27, 1820), 506 (Jan. 16, 1820); also see V, 15 (March 7, 1820).

60Ibid., IV, 529 (Feb. 20, 1820), V, 11 (March 3, 1820).

61Ibid., IV, 10–11 (March 3, 1820).

62Ibid., V, 209 (Nov. 29, 1820).

63Ibid., VI, 353–54 (May 22, 1824).

64Ibid., 13–14 (June 7, 1822), 37 (June 29, 1822, quotation).

65In his What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848 (New York, 2007), 260–66, Daniel Walker Howe offers an excellent, succinct account of the American Colonization Society.

66Memoirs, IV, 354–55 (April 29, 1819), 294 (March 12, 1819), 476 (Dec. 10, 1819).

67Ibid., 356 (April 29, 1819).

68Ibid., VI, 402 (July 31, 1824).

69Ibid., 229 (Jan. 8, 1824), 373 (June 3, 1824).

70An Address Delivered . . . On the Occasion of Reading the Declaration of Independence on the Fourth of July, 1821 (Washington, 1821), quotations on 9, 10, 16, 21, 22, 23, 27, 28, 29, 31.

71Memoirs, II, 183–84 (Oct. 9, 1810).

72For background and context on JQA’s negotiations concerning Europe and South America, see Bemis, I, chaps. 15–19; Edel, Nation Builder, chap. 3, and Bradford Perkins, Castelreagh and Adams: England and the United States, 1812–1823 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1964), chaps. 15–17. Memoirs, IV, V, and much of VI passim (1817–23), contains great detail on what JQA thought and did, from his perspective, of course.

73Memoirs, IV, 186–87 (Dec. 7, 1818).

74Ibid., VI, 179 (Nov. 7, 1823).

75Ibid., 200, 212 (Nov. 25, 27, 1823). See Worthington Chauncey Ford, John Quincy Adams: His Connection with the Monroe Doctrine (1823) . . . (Cambridge, MA, 1902), which includes pertinent documents, especially regarding Russia. Ford also published the same material in two articles in the American Historical Review 7, 8 (July and Oct. 1902): 676–96, 28–52.

76Memoirs, V, 176 (Sept. 19, 1820).

77M & P, II, 209. For JQA on his words consult Memoirs, XII, 218 (Dec. 6, 1845).

78Memoirs, VI, 195 (Nov. 21, 1823).

79Ibid., 140, 157 (March 4, June 24, 1823, for Canning); IV, 330–31 (April 12, 1819, for de Neuville); IV, 305–6 (March 18, 1819, for Onís).

80Ibid.¸ IV, 339 (April 14, 1819).

81Ibid., 244 (Feb. 4, 1819), has an example.

82JQA to LCA, Oct. 7, 1822, Writings, VII, 316–17.

83Diary, Nov. 8, 1819, Dec. 31, 1820; Memoirs, V, 171 (Aug. 25, 1820).

84Memoirs, V, 291 (Feb. 22, 1821); LCA, II, 540.

85Report . . . on Weights and Measures . . . , 16th Cong., 2d sess., S. Doc. 119 (Serial 45); Memoirs, V, 291 (Feb. 22, 1821).

86Paul C. Nagel, John Quincy Adams: A Public Life, a Private Life (New York, 1997), 262–65, has a clear synopsis.

87Memoirs, IV, 62 (March 18, 1818). A superior account of the election of 1824 is Donald Ratcliffe, The One-Party Contest: Adams, Jackson, and 1824’s Five-Horse Race (Lawrence, KS, 2015). My discussion in this and the following chapter relies on it for background, context, and general treatment.

88Memoirs, IV, 70 (March 28, 1818), V, 152–53 (March 31, 1820), 325 (March 9, 1821, quotation). Remini, Clay, chaps. 13–14 passim, covers Clay’s positions.

89Memoirs, IV, 241 (Feb. 3, 1819), 428–29 (Oct. 29, 1819).

90Ibid., 120 (July 28, 1818), V, 304 (Feb. 27, 1821), 476 (Jan. 2, 1822).

91Ibid., V, 477–78 (Jan. 3, 1822), VI, 42–43 (July 8, 1822); Diary, Nov. 15, 1823. Also see William Plumer Jr. (a New Hampshire congressman) to William Plumer, Jan. 3, 1822, in Everett Somerville Brown, ed., The Missouri Compromises and Presidential Politics, 1820–1825 (St. Louis, 1926), 70–75, which has a detailed account of Plumer Jr.’s conversations with both JCC and JQA.

92Memoirs, IV, 247–48 (Feb. 9, 1819); AJ to James Gadsden, Dec. 6, 1821, AJP, V, 121.

93Memoirs, IV, 64 (March 18, 1818).

94Ibid., 230–31 (Jan. 25, 1819); JQA to LCA, Aug. 23, 1822, Writings, VII, 296.

95Memoirs, V, 297–98 (Feb. 25, 1821).

96JQA to Robert Walsh, June 21, 1822, Writings, VII, 272.

97On the Russell affair Memoirs, V, 240ff., VI, 3ff., has JQA’s detailed account. Also see JQA to LCA, July 22, 1822, Writings, VII, 284. Bemis, I, 485–509, thoroughly treats the Russell incident, while Remini’s Clay, 215–18, concentrates on Clay’s role; he basically agrees with JQA on Clay’s involvement. JQA’s tome has a title almost matching the length of the volume: The Duplicate Letters, the Fisheries and the Mississippi . . . (Washington, 1822).

98JQA to LCA, Oct. 7, 1822, Writings, VII, 315–18.

99Ibid. and Memoirs, V, 496 (Jan. 2, 1822).

100Memoirs, IV, 477 (Dec. 13, 1819, for Calhoun), V, 323–25 (March 9, 1821, for Clay), VI, 129 (Jan. 2, 1822, for AJ), V, 468–69 (Dec. 31, 1821, for congressmen seeking support). The letters: JQA to John D. Heath, Jan. 7, 1822, Writings, VII, 191–95, and JQA to Freeholders . . . , Dec. 28, 1822, Writings, VII, 191–95, 335–54.

101Joseph Hopkinson to LCA [summer 1822], Memoirs, VI, 130 (following Jan. 12, 1823); “The MacBeth Policy,” Writings, VII, 356–62.

102LCA, II, 416; Memoirs, IV, 131 (Oct. 12, 1818), 197 (Dec. 22, 1818), 388 (June 4, 1819, quotation), V, 165 (July 15, 1820, quotation), VI, 94 (Nov. 2, 1822).

103LCA, II, 555, 560, 659.

104Ibid., 658, 425, 669.

105Ibid., 680 (1st quotation), 634 (2d quotation), 542, 665. For a multitude of references to her events and her as hostess, consult ibid., 413–688 passim. Heffron, Louisa, chaps. 13–14, provides inclusive coverage of LCA’s social world, while Catherine Allgor’s fascinating Parlor Politics: In Which the Ladies of Washington Help Build a City and a Government (Charlottesville, VA, 2000), chap. 4, places LCA in context and assesses her place.

106LCA, II, 457.

107Memoirs, VI, 46 (July 28, 1822).

108Portraits, 73–77, 81, 84–89, 91–95, 102–4, 106, 108–12; the portraits themselves are on 75, 86, 88, 94, 103, 110.

109Diary, July 30, 1823; LCA, II, 541.

110Diary, Feb. 6, April 12, 1820; LCA, II, 465. See also the letters to John, Dec. 17, 1817, and to George, Dec. 26, 1817, Writings, VI, 258–59, 279.

111Diary, Sept. 30, 1821.

112LCA, II, 614–15.

113Diary, Oct. 1, 1821, Aug., 27, 1823.

114Ibid., July 30, 1823.

115Memoirs, IV, 425 (Oct. 24, 1819), V, 18 (March 12, 1820).

116Diary, June 18, 1820, July 14, 1822.

117Ibid., May 19, 1824.

118Ibid., June 12, 26, 1818, July 2, 1818, July 17, 1819, Aug. 18, Sept. 6, 12, 1822, June 19, 1823; Memoirs, VI, 161 (July 8, 1823, quotation), 162 (July 11, 1823), 169–70 (Aug. 9, 1823), 406 (Aug. 5, 1824), 412 (Aug. 25, 27, 1824).

119Diary, March 30, 1818, March 31, May 10, 1819, Jan. 10, 1824; Memoirs, IV, 11 (Sept. 26, 1817), 361 (May 6, 1819), V, 495 (April 21, 1822); LCA, II, 673 and n.; JQA to LCA, Aug. 28, 1822, Writings, VII, 298. For the summers see both Diary and Memoirs passim for those months between 1817 and 1823.

120Diary, Oct. 11, 1819.

121Memoirs, IV, 11 (Aug. 26, 1817), V, 484–85 (April 1, 1822); Diary, June 14, 1822 (quotation). The gaps can be readily seen, as can the brief notations, in the Diary passim. In the Memoirs the gaps are often simply decisions by the editor, JQA’s son CFA, to omit material.

122Memoirs, V, 334 (March 20, 1821), 383 (Nov. 4, 1821), VI, 339, 343 (May 17, 20, 1824), 349 (May 23, 1824).

123Ibid., V, 334 (March 20, 1821), 219–20 (Dec. 25, 1820).

124Ibid., 316 (March 3, 1821), VI, 169 (Aug. 6, 1823); JQA to Edward Everett, Jan. 31, 1822, Writings, VII, 205.

CHAPTER 5: “To Meet the Fate to Which I Am Destined”

1LCA, II, 680–88. For more detailed coverage see Margery M. Heffron, Louisa Catherine: The Other Mrs. Adams (New Haven, CT, 2014), 348–50, and Catherine Allgor, Parlor Politics: In Which the Ladies of Washington Help Build a City and a Government (Charlottesville, VA, 2000), 176–81.

2LCA, II, 684.

3Ibid., 681, 685.

4Quotation from Heffron, Louisa, 349; for LCA’s rivaling Dolley Madison, James Brown to Henry Clay, June 25, 1825, Clay Papers, IV, 465.

5William Plumer Jr. to William Plumer, Dec. 3, 1823, Everett Somerville Brown, ed., The Missouri Compromises and Presidential Politics, 1820–1825 (St. Louis, 1926), 84–85, 87.

6Memoirs, VI, 253 (March 11, 1824), 269 (March 27, 1824, quotation), 274 (April 2, 1824), 284–85 (April 9, 1824), 332–33 (May 15, 1824, quotation 333).

7Ibid., 191 (Nov. 19, 1823), 237 (Jan. 25, 1824, quotation), 244 (Feb. 3, 1824).

8Chase C. Mooney, William H. Crawford, 1772–1834 (Lexington, KY, 1974), 240–41, on Crawford’s illness; Memoirs, VI, 234 (Jan. 17, 1824), 234–35 (Jan. 20, 1824), 237 (Jan. 25, 1824, quotation), 246–47 (Feb. 4, 1824).

9Memoirs, VI, 236 (Jan. 25, 1824), 265 (March 23, 1824), 403 (July 31, 1824).

10Ibid., 238 (Jan. 26, 1824, quotation), 312–13 (May 1, 1824), 315–16 (May 3, 1824, quotation); Daniel Webster to Jeremiah Mason, May 9, 1824, Webster Papers, I, 17.

11LCA, II, 673; Memoirs, VI, 261 (March 19, 1824, quotation), 323 (May 8, 1824, long quotation).

12Memoirs, VI, 415 (Aug. 31, 1824).

13Diary, Sept. 5, 1824; Memoirs, VI, 416 (Sept. 8, 1824).

14Memoirs, VI, 418 (Sept. 30, 1824).

15On the election again consult Donald Ratcliffe’s excellent The One-Party Presidential Contest: Adams, Jackson, and 1824’s Five-Horse Race (Lawrence, KS, 2015), especially chaps. 8 and 9; app. 1 has both the electoral and the popular votes.

16Memoirs, VI, 217 (Nov. 28, 1823, for withdrawal), 448 (Dec. 19, 1824), 466 (Jan. 12, 1825), 468 (Jan. 15, 1825), 470 (Jan. 18, 1825), 472 (Jan. 20, 1825), 474 (Jan. 21, 1825), 476 (Jan. 22–23, 1825), 480 (Jan. 26, 1825), 487 (Jan. 31, 1825), 490 (Feb. 2, 1825), 493 (Feb. 4, 1825); Diary, Dec. 18, 1824.

17Heffron, Louisa, 350; Gaillard Hunt, ed., The First Forty Years of Washington Society . . . (New York, 1906), 171 (quotation).

18William P. Plumer Jr. to William P. Plumer, Dec. 9, 1824, Brown, ed., Missouri Compromises, 120–21.

19Plumer Jr. to William P. Plumer, Dec. 24, 1824, ibid., 123–24; Memoirs, VI, 458 (Jan. 1, 1825).

20Memoirs, VI, 447 (Dec. 17, 1824), 452–53 (Dec. 23, 1824), 457 (Jan. 1, 1825).

21Ratcliffe, One-Party, chap. 10; on Clay also see Robert V. Remini, Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (New York, 1991), chap. 15.

22Memoirs, VI, 464–65 (Jan. 9, 1825, quotation), 483 (Jan. 29, 1825).

23Ibid., 453 (Dec. 23, 1824). I am grateful to my colleague Professor Steven Ross for the translation.

24Ibid., 392 (June 21, 1824, assessment of Webster), 474 (Jan. 21, 1825), 492–93 (Feb. 3, 1825); Webster to Henry R. Warfield, Feb. 5, 1825, Webster Papers, II, 6.

25Memoirs, VI, 478 (Jan. 25, 1825), 491 (Feb. 3, 1825).

26Ibid., 489–90 (Feb. 2, 1825).

27Plumer Jr. to William P. Plumer, Feb. 13, 1825, Brown, ed., Missouri Compromises, 138–39.

28Memoirs, VI, 501, 503 (Feb. 9, 1825).

29Ratcliffe, One-Party, 253.

30Webster to Ezekiel Webster, Feb. 26, 1825, Webster Papers, II, 11; Memoirs, VI, 491 (Feb. 2, 1825); William P. Plumer Jr. to William Plumer, Feb. 16, 1824, Brown, ed., Missouri Compromises, 101.

31Memoirs, VI, 508 (Feb. 12, 1825), VIII, 174 (Jan. 18, 1830, list).

32Ibid., VI, 508–9 (Feb. 12, 1825); Plumer to William Plumer, Feb. 16, 1825, Brown, ed., Missouri Compromises, 140–42.

33Memoirs, VI, 513 (Feb. 26, 1825); Ratcliffe, One-Party, 253.

34Ratcliffe, One-Party, 255 (Jackson quotation); JCC to J. G. Swift, March 10, 1825, JCC Papers, X, 10.

35Memoirs, XI, 431 (Nov. 14, 1843); Clay Papers, X, 673. For the most recent scholarly discussion of the corrupt-bargain matter, and one especially judicious, see Ratcliffe, One-Party, 253–57.

36Memoirs, VI, 451 (Dec. 22, 1824), 474 (Jan. 21, 1825).

37Ibid., 518 (March 4, 1825).

38Plumer Jr. to William Plumer, March 4, 1825, Brown, ed., Missouri Compromises, 144; James Fenimore Cooper, Notions of the Americans: Picked Up by a Travelling Bachelor, 2 vols. (Philadelphia, 1828), II, 217.

39M & P, II, 294–99.

40For JQA’s administration Mary W. Hargreaves, The Presidency of John Quincy Adams (Lawrence, KS, 1985), covers the basic ground; Bemis, II, chaps. 4–7, also provides details, with more focus on JQA himself. In What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848 (New York, 2007), 244–60, Daniel Walker Howe fits JQA’s presidency into his larger interpretation, emphasizing JQA’s vision of what America should be. Charles N. Edel in his Nation Builder: John Quincy Adams and the Grand Strategy of the Republic (Cambridge, MA, 2014), chap. 4, again concentrates attention on his view of JQA as a grand strategist. My general discussion of the issues in JQA’s presidency draws from them; my citations will focus on quotations and particular references to JQA himself.

41Memoirs, VII, 59 (Nov. 22, 1825).

42Ibid., 59, 61 (Nov. 23, 1825, quotation 61), 62–65 (Nov. 26, 1825).

43Ibid., 63 (Nov. 26, 1825).

44M & P, II, 299–317 (quotations 311, 313, 315, 316).

45AJ to John Branch, March 3, 1826, quoted in Remini, Clay, 287.

46M & P, II, 317–20; Memoirs, VI, 531 (April 23, 1825), 536–37 (April 27, 1825), 542 (May 7, 1825). Edel, Nation Builder, 216–24, has a trenchant analysis of the Panama episode.

47Webster to John Denison, May 3, 1826, Webster Papers, II, 16.

48Memoirs, VII, 104 (Jan. 12, 1826), 111 (Jan. 21, 1826, quotation), 113 (Feb. 7, 1826).

49Ibid., 120–21, 124 (July 4, Aug. 26, 1826), 125, 128, 129 (July 9, 12, 13, quotation, 1826).

50Ibid., 125 (July 9, 1826).

51Diary, May 14, 1830, June 19, 1835, Sept. 30, 1841, quotation.

52Memoirs, IX, 442 (Dec. 6, 1837).

53Ibid., VII, 147, 149 (Sept. 3, Oct. 1, 1826), 229 (Feb. 18, 1827, quotation).

54Numerous comments and descriptions ibid. and in Diary detail his presidential schedule and activities. My citations will be illustrative: Memoirs, VI, 531–40 (April 30, 1825), VII, 8 (May 18, 1825), 21–22 (May 31, 1825), 66 (Nov. 29, 1825), 97 (Dec. 31, 1825), 202 (Dec. 9, 1826), 235 (March 5, 1827), 344 (Oct. 25, 1827), 365 (Nov. 30, 1827), 419 (Feb. 3, 1828); Diary, June 21, July 3, 13, 14, Nov. 5, 1827, Feb. 11, 15, 23, May 15, 1828.

55Memoirs, VI, 190, 192–93 (Jan. 30, 1826, quotation), 209, 216 (Dec. 16, 21, quotation, 1826); Diary, Nov. 13, 1826.

56Memoirs, VII, 13 (May 24, 1825, quotation), 297 (June 29, 1827).

57Ibid., 332–33 (Oct. 13, 1827, quotation), VIII, 49–50 (July 4, 1828).

58Ibid., VII, 95, 103, 184 (Dec. 28, 1825, Jan. 11, 1826, Nov. 23, 1826); Diary, March 4, Dec. 14, 1825, Feb. 28, Dec. 22, 1826, Jan. 9, 1828; LCA, II, 664–65 (quotation); Heffron, Louisa, 355–56; Allgor, Parlor Politics, 191, 193.

59CFA Diary, II, 75, 220.

60Portraits, 122–33, 138–44, especially 130, 133, 142.

61Memoirs, VI, 518 (preface to March 4, 1825, CFA statement), 548 (May 14, 1825), VII, 210 (Dec. 7, 1826, complaints); Diary 1825–29 passim.

62Memoirs, VII, 36 (July 22, 1825), 38 (day following July 30, 1825), 165 (Oct. 31, 1826), 193 (Nov. 30, 1826), 311 (July 31, 1827), 418 (day following Jan. 31, 1828), 531 (May 26, 1828), 542 (May 16, 1828), VIII, 16 (May 28, 1828), 21 (day following May 31, 1828), 52 (July 8, 1828); Diary, Dec. 13, 1825, July 14, 1826, Sept. 30, 1827.

63Memoirs, VII, 37 (July 28, 1825), 248 (March 26, 1827), 258 (April 13, 1827), 273 (May 13, 1827, quotation); Diary, March 29, 1827, Jan. 15, 1828.

64Memoirs, VII, 121 (July 5, 1826), 261 (April 4, 1827), 297 (June 8, 1827), 292 (June 13, 1827), 323 (Aug. 12, 1827), 488 (March 27, 1828); Diary, June 12, 1827.

65Memoirs, VII, 10 (May 19, 1825).

66Ibid., 239–40 (March 14–15, 1827).

67Ibid., 84 (Dec. 15, 1825).

68Ibid., 455–56 (Feb. 29, 1828).

69Ibid., VI, 353 (May 22, 1824).

70Ibid., VII, 90, 113 (Dec. 22, 1825, Feb. 7, 1826).

71Ibid., 92 (Dec. 23, 1825).

72Ibid., 219–20 (Jan. 27, 29, Feb. 2, 1827).

73Ibid., 221 (Feb. 4, 1827); M & P, II, 370–73, quotation 372.

74JCC to L. Woodbury, Sept. 21, 1826, and to J. A. Dix, Dec. 6, 1827 (quotation), Oct. 5, 1828, JCC Papers, X, 206, 314, 429.

75AJ to Henry Lee, Oct. 7, 1825 (1st quotation), and to Richard K. Call, March 9, 1826 (2d quotation), AJP, VI, 104, 151.

76On Van Buren and party building Robert V. Remini’s Martin Van Buren and the Making of the Democratic Party (New York, 1959) and Richard Hofstadter’s The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780–1840 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1969), chap. 6, remain extremely instructive and valuable. John Niven, Martin Van Buren and the Romantic Age of American Politics (New York, 1983), is an excellent biography.

77Webster to Jeremiah Mason, March 27, 1826, to William Gaston, May 31, 1828, to William Plumer Jr., Feb. 11, 1827, Webster Papers, II, 15, 18, 22; JCC to M. Sterling, Dec. 16, 1826, JCC Papers, X, 237.

78For the campaign and election of 1828, Donald B. Cole, Vindicating Andrew Jackson: The 1828 Election and the Rise of the Two-Party System (Lawrence, KS, 2009), provides thorough coverage, including organization, message, and voting. Also see Remini, Clay, chaps. 18–19, and Andrew Jackson, 3 vols. (New York, 1977–84), II, chaps. 6–8, along with Niven, Van Buren, chaps. 11–12. My general account follows them, with my notes chiefly for quotations.

79Quoted in Cole, Vindicating, 49.

80Memoirs, VI, 525 (March 6, 1825).

81Ibid., VII, 447 (Feb. 23, 1828, JCC), VIII, 128 (April 4, 1829, AJ and Van Buren).

82Ibid., VII, 272 (May 12, 1827).

83Ibid., 377 (Dec. 10, 1827), 472 (March 11, 1828, quotation).

84Ibid., 113 (Feb. 7, 1826).

85Ibid., 14 (May 25, 1825), 241–42 (March 18, 1827), 379 (Dec. 13, 1827, 2d quotation), 431 (Feb. 14, 1828, 1st quotation), 469–70 (March 8, 1828).

86Ibid., 469–70 (March 8, 1828), 297 (June 29, 1827).

87Ibid., VI, 510 (Feb. 15, 1825), 521 (March 5, 1825, quotation).

88Clay to Webster, April 14, 1827, and Webster to JQA, March 27, 1827, Webster Papers, II, 29, 24; Memoirs, VI, 546 (May 13, 1825), VII, 163–64 (Oct. 28, 1826), 390 (Dec. 28, 1827); Adam Beatty to Clay, June 26, 1828, Clay Papers, VII, 401–2.

89Memoirs, VII, 275 (May 23, 1827, 2d quotation), 343–44 (Oct. 22, 1827, 1st quotation), 349 (Nov. 7, 1827), 364 (Nov. 30, 1827), 544 (May 17, 1828, 3d quotation), VIII, 25 (June 3, 1828, 4th quotation), 51 (July 7, 1828, 5th quotation). Richard R. John, Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse (Cambridge, MA, 1995), chap. 3, is superb on McLean and the Post Office.

90Memoirs, VII, 185 (Nov. 25, 1826), 216–17 (Dec. 21, 1826), 351 (Nov. 10, 1827), 352 (Nov. 12, 1827), 374 (Dec. 7, 1827), 378 (Dec. 11, 1827), 380 (Dec. 15, 1827), 400 (Jan. 9, 1828).

91Clay to Webster, April 14, 1827, Webster Papers, II, 27.

92Memoirs, VII, 415–16 (Jan. 30, 1828).

93For the editorial see Remini, Clay, 325; Diary, July 14, 1828.

94Clay to Webster, June 14, 1826, Webster Papers, II, 19; Webster to Jeremiah Mason, April 10, 1827, to Nathaniel Williams, Sept. 5, 1828, to Clay, Oct. 23, 1828, ibid., 26, 46, 47; Memoirs, VII, 171 (Nov. 6, 1827, quotation), 525–26 (May 1, 1828); Diary, Aug. 29, 1827.

95Cole, Vindicating, 182–84, has the state-by-state returns and the conjecture about shifting votes.

96Memoirs, VIII, 78 (Dec. 3, 1828).

CHAPTER 6: “An Overruling Consciousness of Rectitude”

1Diary, Jan. 1, 1829; JRR to Dr. John Brockenbrough, Dec. 7, 11, 1828, Kenneth Shorey, ed., Collected Letters of John Randolph of Roanoke to Dr. John Brockenbrough, 1812–1833 (New Brunswick, NJ, 1988), 111–12; Memoirs, VIII, 78 (Dec. 3, 1828).

2Mrs. Basil Hall, The Aristocratic Journey . . . (New York and London, 1931), 169.

3Diary, April 27, 1829.

4JQA to HC, May 11, 1829, Clay Papers, IX, 37; JQA Diary, II, 104 (Sept. 29, 1786, quotation from King Henry V); Memoirs, X, 117 (April 25, 1839).

5Memoirs, V, 220 (Dec. 25, 1820).

6Ibid., VII, 418 (Feb. 2, 1828), IX (Sept. 30, 1833).

7Diary, May 3–8, 1829; Memoirs, VIII, 159–60 (day after Dec. 31, 1829); also see JQA to HC, May [2], 11, 1829, Clay Papers, VIII, 37.

8Henry Adams, ed., Documents Relating to New England Federalism, 1800–1815 (Boston, 1877), 1–22, for TJ letters and related materials.

9Ibid., 23–26.

10Ibid., 43–45; Memoirs, VIII, 87 (Dec. 28, 1828).

11Adams, ed., Documents, 46–62 (quotations 61, 62).

12Ibid., 63–92 (quotation 91).

13Memoirs, VIII, 132 (April 8, 1829).

14Adams, ed., Documents, 107–329 (quotations 140, 153–54, 328).

15Memoirs, VIII, 196 (March 2, 1830).

16Diary, day following Oct. 31, 1822, day following April 30, 1830.

17Ibid., Aug. 27, 1829, June 7, 1831, day following Aug. 31, 1829, Sept. 11, 1831.

18Memoirs, VIII, 123 (March 31, 1829), 339 (March 8, 1831).

19Ibid., 124 (March 31, 1829).

20Poems of Religion and Society (New York, 1848). I am indebted to my colleague Boyd Professor Emeritus Gerald Kennedy of the LSU English Department for his commentary on the poems in this volume.

21Dermot MacMorrogh; or, The Conquest of Ireland: An Historical Tale of the Twelfth Century in Four Cantos (Washington, 1832).

22Memoirs, VIII, 347 (March 17, 1831), 352 (day after March 30, 1831), 354 (April 16, 1831), IX, 23–24 (Oct. 17, 1833).

23Ibid., VIII, 383 (July 20, 1831), Diary, July 4, 5, 1832.

24Memoirs, IX, 29 (Nov. 7, 1833), Diary, Sept. 29, 1841, March 15, 1846.

25Memoirs, VIII, 235 (Aug. 18, 1830), Diary, Oct. 25, 1831; Memoirs, VIII, 183 (Feb. 1, 1830), 243 (Oct. 24, 1830), 248 (Nov. 8, 1830), Diary, July 15, 1830, Oct. 18, 1830; Memoirs, VIII, 120 (March 21, 1829), 155–57 (Sept. 24, 1829), 163 (Jan. 4, 1830, 1st quotation), Diary, Oct. 17, 1829 (2d quotation).

26Diary, Jan.–Feb., May–June 1829 passim, July 17, 1830, day following Aug. 31, 1830.

27Ibid., May 4, 1831, Sept. 6, 1832.

28Ibid., Feb. 2–9, March 1, April 5 (quotation), Nov. 10, 1831, Memoirs, VIII, 309–10, 321 (Feb. 2, 19, 1831).

29Diary, June 14, 1831, Memoirs, VIII, 235 (Aug. 18, 1830), 193 (Feb. 24, 1830, quotations), 281 (Jan. 17, 1831).

30JQA to LCA, Feb. 7, 1795, Writings, II, 109 n.; Memoirs, II, 14 (Aug. 21, 1809).

31Memoirs, V, 89 (May 2, 1820).

32Ibid., 475 (Jan. 1, 1822).

33Ibid., VIII, 81 (Dec. 9, 1828), 241 (Sept. 25, 1830); CFA Diary, IV, 321 n.

34On Massachusetts politics in this period, consult Ronald P. Formisano, The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s–1840s (New York, 1983), chaps. 8–11 passim, and Leonard L. Richards, The Life and Times of Congressman John Quincy Adams (New York, 1986), chap. I.

35Memoirs, VIII, 241 (Sept. 25, 1830).

36Ibid., 239–40 (Sept. 18, 1830), 246–47 (Nov. 7, 1830).

37CFA Diary, IV, 175, 328–29, 352.

38Memoirs, VIII, 240 (Sept. 18, 1830).

39Ibid., 245 (Nov. 6, 1830), 247 (Nov. 17, 1830); Michael J. Dubin, United States Congressional Elections, 1788–1977: The Official Results . . . (Jefferson, NC, 1998), 97. JQA gave his total as 1,812, only one vote more than the official total reported in Dubin.

40Diary, Dec. 9, 1829; Memoirs, VIII, 246 (Nov. 7, 1830).

41The standard treatment of the Antimasons is William Preston Vaughn’s solid The Anti-Masonic Party in the United States, 1826–1843 (Lexington, KY, 1983); Michael F. Holt’s incisive analysis in his Political Parties and American Political Development from the Age of Jackson to the Age of Lincoln (Baton Rouge, LA, 1992), 88–111, is also essential. My general account follows them.

42Vaughn, Anti-Masonic Party, chap. 9, has detailed coverage of Massachusetts.

43Memoirs, VII, 345, 410, 416 (Oct. 25, 1827, Jan. 22, 30, 1828); Diary, Nov. 28, 1830.

44Memoirs, VIII, 363, 364 (quotation) (May 20, 31, 1831).

45Ibid., 413, 414 (Sept. 18, Oct. 5, 1831); Daniel Webster to HC, Oct. 5, 1831, Webster Papers, III, 2.

46Memoirs, VIII, 412–13 (Sept. 14, 1831).

47Ibid., 368, 428 (1st quotation) (June 10, Nov. 22, 1831); Diary, Aug. 13, 1832 (2d quotation).

48Diary, Aug. 13, 1832; Letters on Freemasonry (1847; Austin, TX, 2001); Frederick W. Seward, William H. Seward, 3 vols. (New York, 1891), I, 145.

49Memoirs, VIII, 535 (March 6, 1833), IX, 6, 14, 15 (July 10, Aug. 20, Sept. 12, 1833); CFA Diary, III, 168 n.; Edward Everett to Daniel Webster, Aug. 9, 1833, Webster Papers, III, 8.

50Memoirs, IX, 19, 33 (quotation), 58–59 (Oct. 4, Nov. 15, Dec. 22, 1833).

51Ibid., 58–59 (Dec. 22, 1833).

52Ibid., VIII, 443 (Dec. 26, 1831).

53Richards, Congressman Adams, provides an excellent overview. My basic comments on JQA and Congress rely on it; p. 57 has the numbers. For a fascinating investigation into the living arrangements and informal social contacts among congressmen, consult Rachel A. Shelden, Washington Brotherhood: Politics, Social Life, and the Coming of the Civil War (Chapel Hill, NC, 2013).

54On Webster consult Robert V. Remini’s superb biography, Daniel Webster: The Man and His Time (New York, 1997).

55Memoirs, VII, 139–40 (Aug. 2, 1826), XI, 20 (Sept. 17, 1841, quotation), 47–48 (Dec. 31, 1841), 347 (March 25, 1843), XII, 214 (Sept. 18, 1845).

56Ibid., VIII, 229 (May 22, 1830).

57For detail on the initiatives see below; M & P, II, 545, for AJ on agriculture.

58Memoirs, VIII, 128 (April 4, 1829, 1st and 2d quotations), 232 (June 22, 1830), 274–75 (Jan. 14, 1831), 404 (Aug. 30, 1831, 3d quotation).

59Ibid., 484–85 (March 2, 1832).

60Ibid., 274–75 (Jan. 14, 1831), 277 (Jan. 15, 1831), 323–24 (Feb. 20, 1831), 411 (July 5, 1831, quotations).

61Ibid., 323–24 (Feb. 20, 1831).

62Ibid., 274–75 (Jan. 14, 1831), 277 (Jan. 15, 1831). John Niven’s John C. Calhoun and the Price of Union (Baton Rouge, LA, 1988), 174–75, has a solid, succinct discussion.

63The standard monograph is John F. Marzalek, The Petticoat Affair: Manners, Mating, and Sex in Andrew Jackson’s White House (New York, 1997). For an excellent brief account see Catherine Allgor, Parlor Politics: In Which the Ladies of Washington Help Build a City and a Government (Charlottesville, VA, 2000), 198–210 (quotation on 200).

64Diary, July 5, 1831.

65Memoirs, VIII, 138 (April 16, 1829), 215 (April 6, 1830).

66On Indian policy generally consult Ronald N. Satz’s solid American Indian Policy in the Jacksonian Era (Lincoln, NE, 1975). A more recent succinct and incisive account is Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848 (New York, 2007), 342–57. Lynn Hudson Parson focuses on JQA’s views in “John Quincy Adams and the American Indian,” New England Quarterly 46 (Sept. 1973): 339–79. My treatment relies on them.

67Memoirs, VIII, 206 (March 22, 1830).

68For an excellent brief account of the Bank War, see Howe, What Hath God Wrought, 373–83. Bray Hammond, Banks and Politics in America: From the Revolution to the Civil War (Princeton, NJ, 1957), chaps. 5–12, has detail on banking from the first Bank of the United States to Jackson’s war.

69Richards, Congressman Adams, 76–81, covers JQA and banks.

70Memoirs, IV, 499 (Jan. 8, 1820), VIII, 425 (Nov. 9, 1831), 493–96 (March 13, 1832).

71Ibid., VIII, 433–34 (Dec. 12, 1831).

72Ibid., 436–37 (Dec. 13, 1831).

73On the Nullification Crisis the classic treatment is William W. Freehling, Prelude to the Civil War: The Nullification Controversy in South Carolina, 1816–1836 (New York, 1966). Richard E. Ellis, The Union at Risk: Jacksonian Democracy, States’ Rights, and the Nullification Crisis (New York, 1987), emphasizes the positive outcome for South Carolina. Merrill Peterson’s Olive Branch and Sword: The Compromise of 1833 (Baton Rouge, LA, 1982) concentrates on the making of the compromise. Also see my We Have the War Upon Us: The Onset of the Civil War, November 1860–April 1861 (New York, 2012), 119–20. My general account relies on them.

74Memoirs, VIII, 226–27 (May 13, 1830), on South Carolina; JQA, An Oration Addressed to the Citizens of the Town of Quincy, on the Fourth of July, 1831 . . . (Boston, 1831), quotations on 17–18, 35.

75Diary, June 24, 1832; Memoirs, VIII, 536 (March 7, 1833, quotation).

76Richards, Congressman Adams, 65–75, has more detail on JQA and the tariff; Memoirs, VIII, 460 (Jan. 25, 1832).

77JQA to LCA, June 11, 1832, Adams Papers.

78JQA to Robert Walsh, Dec. 26, 1830, ibid.

79Memoirs, VIII, 229–30 (June 1, 1830).

80Ibid., 510 (Dec. 24, 1832).

81George Wilson Pierson, Tocqueville and Beaumont in America (New York, 1938), 417–19.

82JQA to Rev. Charles W. Upham, Feb. 2, 1837, in Henry Adams, The Degradation of the Democratic Dogma (New York, 1920), 24–25; JQA to HC, Sept. 7, 1831, Clay Papers, IX, 397. Previously some southerners had brought up the possibility of secession because of perceived or potential antislavery acts, but none of them was a major figure. Certainly none came close to matching JQA’s stature. Moreover, their scenarios were conditional; something adverse would have to happen to spark secession. JQA, on the other hand, posited his conviction.

83Diary, Feb. 4, March 12, 30, May 3, 1833.

84Ibid., Jan. 1, 1833, and 1833 passim; Memoirs, VIII, 470 (Feb. 11, 1832, quotation).

85Diary, Oct. 20, 1829, April 6, Aug. 16, Dec. 27, 1833, June 8, July 1, 1834.

86Memoirs, VIII, 353 (April 3, 1831).

87Diary, Aug. 23–Sept. 8, 1833 (quotation Sept. 2).

88Memoirs, VIII, 538–39 (April 2, 8 quotation, 1833); Dubin, Congressional Elections, 105, has the official returns; JQA had 78.4 percent.

CHAPTER 7: “The First and Holiest Rights of Humanity”

1Memoirs, IX, 114–15 (March 27, 1834).

2On the formation of the Whig party, Michael F. Holt, The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War (New York, 1999), chap. 2, is authoritative. See especially pp. 25–30.

3Memoirs, IX, 75 (Jan. 13, 1834), 78 (Jan. 17, 1834, quotation), 184 (Sept. 6, 1834), 217 (March 7, 1835); JQA to Solomon Lincoln, Nov. 8, 1834, Adams Papers; Webster to Levi Lincoln, Jan. 18, 1834, Webster Papers, III, 9.

4Michael J. Dubin, United States Congressional Elections, 1788–1997: The Official Results . . . (Jefferson, NC, 1998), 110; Memoirs, IX, 207–8 n. (Feb. 22, 1835, quotation), 212 (March 2, 1835), 238 (May 26, 1835); CFA Diary, VI, 73–74 n. Bemis, II, 306–17, has an excellent account of the spoliation issue.

5Memoirs, VIII, 546 (June 18, 1833).

6Diary, Oct. 23 (1st quotation), 24 (2d quotation), 26, 30 (remaining quotation), 1834.

7LCA, II, 700 (1st and 2d quotations), 702 (remaining quotation).

8On the election, see Holt, Whig Party, 38–49; Memoirs, IX, 187 (Oct. 9, 1834).

9An Eulogy: On the Life and Character of James Monroe . . . (Boston, 1831); An Eulogy on the Life and Character of James Madison . . . (Boston, 1836), quotations 84, 86. In Madison’s case he did discuss an address in 1829 before the Virginia constitutional convention considering the basis of representation in the Virginia legislature. That convention debated a proposal to eliminate slavery from the formula allocating members, Virginia’s version of the three-fifths clause. JQA quoted and lauded the portion of Madison’s remarks advocating and praising compromise between the two great principles of the rights of property and the rights of persons. The property referred to was slave property. Even though this provided an opportunity for JQA to weigh in against slave representation, he did not. Doing so would have meant finding fault with Madison, which he would not do. On the convention itself see Alison Goodyear Freehling, Drift toward Dissolution: The Virginia Slavery Debate of 1831–1832 (Baton Rouge, LA, 1982), chap. 3, and William G. Shade, Democratizing the Old Dominion: Virginia and the Second Party System, 1824–1861 (Charlottesville, VA, 1996), 65–76.

10James Brewer Stewart, Holy Warriors: The Abolitionists and American Slavery, rev. ed. (New York, 1996), provides a sterling overview. More recently, in her detailed and celebratory account of abolitionism, The Slaves’ Cause: A History of Abolition (New Haven, CT, 2016), Manisha Sinha claims that slave resistance propelled the movement. In his The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770–1823 (Ithaca, NY, 1975), David Brian Davis has a suggestive discussion of the origins of the free-labor ideology, 489–501 (quotation on 492). Historical Statistics of the United States: Earliest Times to the Present, 5 vols. (New York, 2006), II, 378, 381, gives the slave population and value in 1830. The Garrison quotation is from the Liberator, Jan. 1, 1831.

11Leonard L. Richards, The Life and Times of Congressman John Quincy Adams (New York, 1986), 89–90.

12Memoirs, VIII, 434 (Dec. 12, 1831).

13Ibid., 475 (Feb. 20, 1832).

14Liberator, Jan. 28, 1832; Garrison to JQA, Jan. 21, 1832, Walter M. Merrill et al., eds., The Letters of William Lloyd Garrison, 6 vols. (Cambridge, MA, 1971–81), I, 142–43.

15JQA to Moses Brown, Dec. 9, 1833, Adams Papers.

16Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848 (New York, 2007), 428–30; M & P, III, 175–76.

17The standard treatment on anti-abolition violence remains Leonard L. Richards, “Gentlemen of Property and Standing”: Anti-Abolition Mobs in Jacksonian America (New York, 1970).

18JQA to Dr. Benjamin Waterhouse, Oct. 15, 1835, Adams Papers.

19Memoirs, V, 11 (March 3, 1820, 1st quotation); JQA to E. Wright Jr., April 16, 1837, and to Bancroft, Oct. 25, 1835 (2d quotation), Adams Papers. On race generally William Jerry MacLean, “Othello Scorned: The Racial Thought of John Quincy Adams,” Journal of the Early Republic 4 (Summer 1984): 143–60, offers a helpful overview.

20JQA to Dr. George Parkman, Dec. 31, 1835, Adams Papers; also see Memoirs, VIII, 423–24 (Nov. 5, 1831).

21Memoirs, XI, 155, 162, 294, 502 (Nov. 16, 26, 1842, Jan. 14, 1843, Feb. 5, 1844). Born in the West Indies, David Levy served from 1841 to 1845 as the delegate to Congress from the Territory of Florida. In 1846 he took the ancestral patronymic of Yulee and thereafter was known as David L. Yulee. In that same year he married a Christian and adopted that faith. Twice, 1845–51 and 1855–61, he represented the state of Florida in the U.S. Senate. Upon Florida’s secession, in Jan. 1861, he resigned his seat.

22Memoirs, IV, 531 (Feb. 24, 1820), X, 483 (June 21, 1841).

23Ibid., IX, 259 (Aug. 22, 1835).

24Richards, Congressman Adams, 106.

25Memoirs, IX, 263 (Nov. 23, 1835).

26Ibid., 111 (March 17, 1834); RD, 23d Cong., 1st sess., 3014.

27Diary, Dec. 12, 1834; Memoirs, IX, 162 (July 30, 1834).

28On the initial congressional struggle on the gag rule, three titles provide detail: George C. Rable, “Slavery, Politics, and the South: The Gag Rule as a Case Study,” Capitol Studies 3 (Fall 1975): 69–87; William W. Freehling, The Road to Disunion: Secessionists at Bay, 1776–1854 (New York, 1990), chaps. 17–18; William Lee Miller, Arguing about Slavery: The Great Battle in the United States Congress (New York, 1996), chap. 12. They inform my general account.

29JQA to CFA, Dec. 19, 1835, Adams Papers; RD, 24th Cong., 1st sess., 2001.

30Memoirs, IX, 266 (Jan. 4, 1836).

31Richards, Congressman Adams, 119–20.

32RD, 24th Cong., 1st sess., 3756–63, 3772–78, 3811, 3903, 4009–31; Appendix, 104–14, has the report itself.

33RD, 24th Cong., 1st sess., 4027–31 (“gagged” quotation on 4030); for the votes, ibid., 4031, 4051–54. The Senate passed its own, quite similar gag with fewer rhetorical fireworks; see Freehling, Road, 324–27.

34Richardson, Congressman Adams, 124.

35RD, 24th Cong., 1st sess., 4036–49. JQA had earlier expressed the same view of the war power in a letter to Solomon L. Lincoln, April 4, 1836, Adams Papers. For more on the war power question, see John Fabian Witt’s superb Lincoln’s Code: The Laws of War in American History (New York, 2012), 78, 204, chaps. 7–8.

36Memoirs, IX, 431 (Nov. 20, 1837, 1st quotation); Diary, Oct. 27, 1834 (2d quotation).

37LCA, II, 693 (1st quotation), 694, 696 (remaining quotations).

38Ibid., 702.

39Ibid., 694 (1st quotation), 700 (2d and 3d quotations), 701 (final quotation).

40For more on LCA and race see Louisa Thomas, Louisa: The Extraordinary Life of Mrs. Adams (New York, 2016), 423–26.

41LCA, II, 696–97 (quotation on 697).

42Diary, Sept. 29, Oct. 3, 1834, June–Nov. 1835 passim.

43Ibid., July–Oct. 1834 passim, June–Nov. 1835 passim.

44Ibid., Aug. 16, 1833, May 2, 1835 (quotation), Sept. 7, 1836.

45Portraits, 168–81, especially 172–73.

46Diary, Nov. 25, 1836.

47Ibid., Jan. 23, Feb. 15, 1837.

48RD, 24th Cong., 2d sess., 1314–16.

49Ibid., 1317–21, 1411–12.

50Ibid., 1587–734.

51Ibid., 1673–83, for speech (quotation on 1676, 1677), 1685 for exoneration. The speech is also included in Letters of John Quincy Adams to His Constituents . . . (Boston, 1837), 44–65. Because two different reporters recorded the speech, the wording in the two versions differs slightly.

52Letters . . . to His Constituents, 5–44 (quotations in order on 41, 12, 15, 42, 43). The letters are dated March 3, 8, 13, 20, 1837.

53Memoirs, X, 94–95 (Jan. 9, 1839); see also ibid., 81 (Dec. 31, 1838), and Richards, Congressman Adams, 131.

54Memoirs, IX, 64 (Jan. 2, 1834), XII, 240 (Jan. 31, 1846, 1st quotation), XI, 197 (July 4, 1842, 2d quotation), X, 517 (July 29, 1841, 3d quotation), XII, 68 (July 6, 1844, 4th quotation), ibid., 25 (May 10, 1844, 5th quotation).

55Ibid., IX, 399 (Oct. 10, 1837), X, 396 (Jan. 13, 1841, 1st quotation), IX, 433 (Nov. 23, 1837), XI, 500 (Feb. 2, 1844, 2d quotation).

56Ibid., XI, 500 (Feb. 2, 1844, 1st quotation), 99 (Feb. 24, 1842, 3d quotation); Diary, June 18, 1846 (2d quotation); Theodore Weld to Angelina Grimké, Feb. 27, 1842, Gilbert H. Barnes and Dwight L. Dumond, eds., Letters of Theodore Dwight Weld, Angelina Grimké, and Sarah Grimké, 1822– 1844, 2 vols. (New York, 1934), II, 935.

57Memoirs, X, 41 (Nov. 12, 1838); Diary, April 2, 1838.

58Diary, April 2, 1838. Also see Craig M. Simpson, A Good Southerner: The Life of Henry A. Wise of Virginia (Chapel Hill, NC, 1985), 43.

59Memoirs, IX, 369 (Sept. 9, 1837, quotation), 425–26 (Nov. 4, 1837); Diary, March 16, 1838.

60Memoirs, IX, 5 (June 27, 1833, 1st quotation), XII, 101 (Nov. 5, 1844), IX, 51 (Dec. 12, 1833, 2d quotation), XII, 210 (Sept. 1, 1845, 3d quotation), ibid., 93 (Oct. 19, 1844, 4th quotation).

61AJ to Martin Van Buren, Jan. 23, 1838, BAJ, V, 529; AJ to Brigadier General Benjamin C. Howard, Aug. 2, 1838, ibid., 560 (1st quotation); AJ to Francis P. Blair, Nov. 29, 1844, ibid., VI, 332 (2d quotation); AJ to Francis P. Blair, July 19, 1838, ibid., V, 557 (3d and 4th quotations).

62Memoirs, IV, 246 (Feb. 6, 1819), X, 502 (March 6, 1838, quotation).

63The most thorough treatment of the culture of honor is Bertram Wyatt-Brown’s imaginative Southern Honor: Ethics & Behavior in the Old South (New York, 1982), though I think he underplays the importance of slavery as formative. On that point consult my Liberty and Slavery: Southern Politics to 1860 (New York, 1983). For the duel particularly see 117–19.

64Myra L. Spaulding, “Dueling in the District of Columbia,” Records of the Columbia Historical Society, 29–30 (1928): 186–201, contains a detailed account of the duel, with pertinent congressional documents. It informed my discussion.

65Ibid., 193, for the AJ reaction.

66Memoirs, IX, 500 (March 4, 1838); JQA to CFA, March 19, 1838, and to Dr. Benjamin Waterhouse, May 14, 1838, Adams Papers.

67Memoirs, X, 52 (Dec. 5, 1838); CG, 25th Cong., 3d sess., 180–82.

68Bemis, II, 503–13, 522–23, has a full account of the Smithsonian bequest and subsequent congressional activity. For a voluminous documentary record, see Smithsonian Miscellaneous Records, vol. 17 (1880). My discussion is based on them.

69Memoirs, IX, 270 (Jan. 12, 1836), X, 45 (Nov. 29, 1838).

70Ibid., X, 25 (June 24, 1838), 44–45 (Nov. 29, 1838), XI, 22 (Sept. 18, 1841).

71Ibid., X, 88 (Jan. 5, 1839, quotation), XI, 173–74 (June 11, 1842).

72Dubin, Congressional Elections, 97, 105, 115; Diary, Aug. 28, 1837.

73Dubin, Congressional Elections, 121; Diary, Nov. 13, 1838.

74Diary, Oct. 23, 1838.

CHAPTER 8: “On the Edge of a Precipice Every Step That I Take”

1E.g., Memoirs, IX, 377 (Sept. 15, 1837, quotation), 479 (Jan. 28, 1838), 493 (Feb. 12, 1838), 508 (March 12, 1838), 536 (May 21, 1838); Diary, Nov. 30, 1844.

2Memoirs, XI, 265 (Oct. 24, 1842), 324 (Feb. 20, 1843), 326–27 (Feb. 22, 1843); Joshua R. Giddings to Theodore Dwight Weld, Feb. 21, 1843, Gilbert H. Barnes and Dwight L. Dumond, eds., Letters of Theodore Dwight Weld, Angelina Grimké Weld, and Sarah Grimké, 1822–1844, 2 vols. (New York, 1934), II, 976.

3Memoirs, X, 206 (Jan. 29, 1840).

4Ibid., 206 (Jan. 29, 1840), XI, 35 (Dec. 8, 1841, quotation), 278 (Dec. 12, 1842), 449–50 (Dec. 16, 1843); Leonard L. Richards, The Life and Times of Congressman John Quincy Adams (New York, 1986), 175–77.

5Memoirs, IX, 479 (Jan. 28, 1838, 1st quotation), X, 302 (June 4, 1840, 2d quotation), XI, 94 (Feb. 17, 1842), 159 (May 21, 1842).

6Ibid., XI, 24 (Sept. 25, 1841); Diary, Sept. 20, Oct. 20, 1840.

7Memoirs, X, 138 (Oct. 6, 1839), 365 (Dec. 3, 1840, quotations intermixed).

8Ibid., 108 (March 23, 1839, quotation), 111–12 (April 3, 1839), 116 (April 20, 1839), 118 (April 30, 1839); Diary, April 1, 10, 12, June 12, 1839.

9JQA, Jubilee of the Constitution . . . (New York, 1839), quotations 16, 68, 69, 116.

10Memoirs, XI, 159 (May 21, 1842).

11Niles’ National Register, Aug. 26, 1845.

12CG, 25th Cong., 3d sess., 205.

13Liberator, June 11, 1841.

14Memoirs, IX, 302 (July 9, 1836), X, 128 (July 14, 1839); Diary, June 6, 1837; Sarah Grimké to Theodore Dwight Weld, June 11, 1837, Barnes and Dumond, eds., Weld Letters, II, 403.

15Garrison to JQA, Feb. 8, 1839, and to Francis Jackson, Aug. 16, 1843, Walter M. Merrill et al., eds., The Letters of William Lloyd Garrison, 6 vols. (Cambridge, MA, 1971–81), II, 427, and III, 196; Birney to Leicester King, Jan. 1, 1844, Dwight L. Dumond, ed., The Letters of James Gillespie Birney, 1831–1857, 2 vols. (New York, 1938), II, 767–68.

16Diary, Nov. 16, 1839 (1st quotation); William Lloyd Garrison to Francis Jackson, Aug. 16, 1843, Merrill et al., eds., Garrison Letters, III, 196 (2d quotation); Memoirs, XI, 408 (Aug. 12, 1843, final quotation). For the letter see Niles’ National Register, Aug. 26, 1843 (all other quotations).

17Memoirs, X, 128 (July 14, 1839, 1st quotation), IX, 365 (Sept. 1, 1837, remaining quotations).

18Diary, July 14, 1839.

19Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848 (New York, 2007), 617–26, has a good brief discussion of transcendentalism.

20Diary, Oct. 6, 1838; Memoirs, X, 345 (Aug. 2, 1840, 1st quotation), 350 (Aug. 23, 1840, remaining quotations).

21Based on wide-ranging research, Howard Jones’s evenhanded Mutiny on the Amistad: The Saga of a Slave Revolt and Its Impact on American Abolition, Law, and Diplomacy (New York, 1987) remains the standard account. My general discussion follows it.

22Memoirs, X, 133–35 (Oct. 1, 2, 1839).

23Ibid., 358 (Oct. 27, 1840).

24Ibid., 360 (Nov. 17, 1840), 372–73 (Dec. 11, 1840), 383 (Dec. 27, 1840, quotation), 396–97 (Jan. 14, 1841), 398–99 (Jan. 16, 1841), 401 (Jan. 19, 1841), 407 (Jan. 27, 1841), 415 (Feb. 8, 1841).

25Ibid., 398–99 (Jan. 16, 1841), 407 (Jan. 27, 1841), 415 (Feb. 8, 1841, quotation).

26Ibid., 429–30 (Feb. 22, 23, 1841).

27Ibid., 430–31 (Feb. 24, 1841).

28Ibid., 431 (Feb. 24, 1841).

29Ibid., 431–32 (Feb. 25, 1841), 435 (March 1, 1841); Story to his Wife, Feb. 28, 1841, quoted in Charles Warren, The Supreme Court in United States History, 3 vols. (Boston, 1922), II, 350.

30JQA, Argument before the Supreme Court of the United States in the Case of the United States, Appellants, vs Cinque and Other Africans Captured in the Schooner Amistad (New York, 1841), quotations on 1, 8, 75, 80, 83, 135. JQA’s argument did not appear in the Supreme Court Reports, because he failed to get his manuscript to the court reporter on time. Jones, Amistad, 250, n. 17.

31Memoirs, X, 441 (March 6, 9, 1841); JQA to Tappan, March 9, 1841, quoted in Jones, Amistad, 194; JQA to Roger Baldwin, March 17, 1841, Adams Papers.

32Memoirs, XI, 29 (Nov. 19, 1841).

33Howe, What Hath God Wrought, 658–71, has an excellent brief account of early American immigration to Texas and the Texas Revolution.

34For JQA and the Transcontinental Treaty, see chap. 4 herein.

35Robert V. Remini discusses Clay’s overtures and problems in Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (New York, 1991), 303–5.

36Memoirs, VIII, 464–65 (Jan. 1, 1832).

37RD, 24th Cong., 1st sess., 4041–47 (quotations on 4042).

38Ibid., 4044; Letters of John Quincy Adams to His Constituents . . . (Boston, 1837), 43–44.

39Diary, Sept. 7, 1839.

40Memoirs, IX, 333 (Dec. 24, 1836), 378 (Sept. 18, 1837), X, 11–12 (June 6, 1838), 20ff. (June 15, 1838); Letters to Constituents, 43–44.

41Memoirs, IX 333 (Dec. 24, 1836), 431 (Nov. 20, 1837, 1st quotation), X, 22 (June 16, 1838, 2d quotation).

42Ibid., IX, 420 (Oct. 24, 1837, quotation), X, 50 (Dec. 4, 1838); Washington Madisonian, Dec. 19, 1837. William Lee Miller, Arguing about Slavery: The Great Battle in the United States Congress (New York, 1995), 287–98, has a spirited account, with extensive quotations of participants, of the committee and the reception of its report.

43On the Van Buren administration and Texas, consult John Niven, Martin Van Buren: The Romantic Age of American Politics (New York, 1983), 443–47.

44E.g., Letter to His Constituents; Diary, Sept. 1, 1838, Nov. 20, 1842.

45Memoirs, IX, 491 (Feb. 2, 1838), XI, 277 (Dec. 10, 1842); Diary, Jan. 27, Feb. 10, 1838, Oct. 16, 1839, Feb. 1, March 24, 1840, March 27, Aug. 31, 1841, April 29, Dec. 1, 1847.

46Memoirs, X, 349 (Aug. 20, 1840), 351 (Aug. 26, 1840); Diary, Oct. 13, 1840.

47Memoirs, X, 357 (Oct. 17, 1840).

48Michael J. Dubin, United States Congressional Elections, 1788–1997: The Official Results . . . (Jefferson, NC, 1998), 127, 132; Diary, Dec. 6, 1842.

49On the Whig convention and the election of 1840, consult Michael F. Holt’s masterful The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War (New York, 1999), 89–113; I base my account on it. For JQA’s displeasure see Memoirs, X, 352 (Aug. 29, 1840).

50Memoirs, VII, 530 (May 6, 1828); Diary, Oct. 11, 1840.

51Memoirs, X, 366 (Dec. 4, 1840), XI, 29 (Nov. 5, 1841, quotation).

52On Tyler, see my The South and the Politics of Slavery, 1828–1856 (Baton Rouge, LA, 1978), 50–51, 150–52; Holt, Whig Party, 104. The most recent biographical treatment of Tyler is Edward P. Crapol, John Tyler: The Accidental President (Chapel Hill, NC, 2006), which concentrates heavily on his presidency. More detailed about both the pre- and post-presidential years as well as personal life is the older but still valuable Roger Seager II, And Tyler Too: A Biography of John and Julia Gardiner Tyler (New York, 1963). A new, comprehensive biography of Tyler would be most welcome.

53Memoirs, X, 456 (April 4, 1841).

54Ibid., 457 (April 4, 1841); XI, 382–83, (June 13, 2d quotation, 16, 1843).

55On Tyler and Congress, including JQA, see Holt, Whig Party, 124–49, 1004–5, n. 75.

56Memoirs, X, 465 (April 20, 1841), XI, 14 (Sept. 11, 1841, 1st quotation), 28–29 (Nov. 5, 1841, 2d and 3d quotations).

57Ibid., X, 82 (Jan. 1, 1839), 181 (Jan. 1, 1840), 386–87 (Jan. 1, 1841), XI, 48 (Jan. 1, 1842), 467 (Jan. 1, 1844); Diary, Jan. 1, 1838, April 19, Aug. 17, 1842, Oct. 17, 1843, Jan. 22, 1844; Theodore Weld to Angelina Weld, Jan. 2, 1842, Jan. 1, 1843, Barnes and Dumond, eds., Weld Letters, II, 885, 954; Louisa Thomas, Louisa: The Extraordinary Life of Mrs. Adams (New York, 2016), 439.

58Diary, March 16, 1838, Feb. 1, 1843 (1st quotation); Memoirs, X, 444 (March 13, 1841), 496 (July 5, 1841), XI, 133 (April 13, 1842), 156 (May 17, 1842), 172 (June 10, 1842, 2d quotation).

59Memoirs, X, 535–36 (Aug. 18, 1841), XI, 174–75 (June 12, 1842, quotation).

60Ibid., XI, 109 (March 14, 1842); Diary, March 13, 16 1842.

61Diary, June 27, 1840, Nov. 25, Dec. 24, 1842, March 8, Oct. 3, 1843; Memoirs, X, 126 (June 28, 1839), XI, 243 (Aug. 26, 1842), 267 (Nov. 7, 1842, quotation).

62Diary, June 18, 1839, Aug. 31, 1840 (3d quotation), Oct. 30, 1841, March 31, 1842; Memoirs, X, 341 (July 25, 1840, 1st quotation), 449–50 (March 21, 1841, 2d quotation), XI, 275–76 (Dec. 9, 1842), 280 (Dec. 16, 1842).

63Diary, Sept. 4, 1842; Memoirs, X, 259 (April 12, 1840), XI, 340–41 (March 19, 1843).

64Diary, Sept. 4, 1842 (quotations); Memoirs, IX, 507 (March 11, 1838).

65Memoirs, IX, 340–41 (Jan. 1, 1837, quotation), XI, 341 (March 19, 1843).

66Diary, Nov. 11 (quotation), 20, 1839.

67Ibid., Aug. 26, 1838; Washington Madisonian, Nov. 28, 1838.

68Memoirs, X, 124 (May 24, 1839).

69Ibid., 355 (Sept. 27, 1840); Diary, Aug. 30, Sept. 13, 25, 1839. Prescott’s history of the Spanish monarchs appeared in 1838. Bancroft’s first volume came out in 1834, the second in 1837, the third in 1840, and the final one of the original edition not until after the Civil War. I suggest its praise of Virginians as plausible because in volume I, Bancroft gives much adulation to seventeenth-century Virginians.

70Memoirs, X, 123 (May 24, 1839).

71Both the Memoirs and the Diary between 1838 and 1843 contain copious references to those exercises and pursuits—e.g., Diary, Aug. 2, 1838, Aug. 2, 1839, June 5, 8, 9, July 1, 2, 3, 16, 1841.

72Memoirs, XI, 390–405 (July 6–Aug. 7, 1843), provides a detailed account. For the origins see 390 n. There is a notable exception, however. The Memoirs entirely omit the journey from Albany north to Canada and thence westward to Niagara Falls. For that portion one must turn to the Diary. My account is based on the two. I will specify only quotations.

73Memoirs, XI, 393 (Aug. 8, 1843).

74Ibid., 398 (July 28, 1843). Whitney R. Cross, The Burned-Over District (New York, 1950), remains standard.

75Memoirs, XI, 400 (July 30, 1843).

76Ibid.

77Ibid., 394 (July 25, 1843, quotation), 409 (Sept. 19, 1843).

78Ibid., 411–43 (Oct. 25–Nov. 23, 1843), details the trip from Massachusetts to Ohio and the return to Washington. Repeating my practice from the earlier western trip, I will specify only quotations. On the Ohio portion George W. Paulson, “Lighthouse of the Sky: John Quincy Adams Visits Cincinnati,” Timeline 18 (July–Aug. 2001): 2–15, is informative.

79Memoirs, XI, 419 (Nov. 2, 1843).

80Ibid.

81Ibid., 425 (Nov. 8, 1843).

82Ibid., 426 (Nov. 9, 1843).

83JQA, An Oration Delivered before the Cincinnati Astronomical Society . . . (Cincinnati, 1843).

84Memoirs, XI, 430 (Nov. 13, 1843).

85Clay to JQA, Sept. 21, 1843, and JQA to Clay, Oct. 17, 1843, Clay Papers, IX, 358–59.

86Memoirs, XI, 437 (Nov. 20, 1843). For details on his stay in Pittsburgh, see Donald M. Goodfellow, “ ‘Old Man Eloquent’ Visits Pittsburgh,” Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine 28 (Sept.–Dec. 1945): 99–110.

87Memoirs, XI, 425–26 (Nov. 8, 1843).

CHAPTER 9: “Our Country . . . Is No Longer the Same”

1Weld to Angelina Weld, Jan. 9, 1842, Gilbert H. Barnes and Dwight L. Dumond, eds., Letters of Theodore Dwight Weld, Angelina Grimké Weld, and Sarah Grimké, 1822–1844, 2 vols. (New York, 1934), II, 889.

2Weld to Angelina Weld, Jan. 23, 1842, ibid., 899; CG, 27th Cong., 2d sess., 157–59.

3CG, 27th Cong., 2d sess., 158; Memoirs, XI, 98–99 (Feb. 23, 1842).

4CG, 27th Cong., 2d sess., 161–67; Memoirs, XI, 68, 70 (Jan. 22, 24, 1842); Theodore Dwight Weld to Angelina Weld, Jan. [23], 1842, Barnes and Dumond, eds., Weld Letters, II, 900.

5CG, 27th Cong., 2d sess., 168–215 (I will not provide individual citations). The critical votes are conveniently tabulated in Lynn Hudson Parsons, “Censuring Old Man Eloquent: Foreign Policy and Disunion, 1842,” Capitol Studies 3 (Fall 1975): 93.

6Memoirs, XI, 74–75 (quotation 75), 79 (Jan. 26, 31, 1842); Weld to Angelina Weld, Jan. 30, 1841[42], Barnes and Dumond, eds., Weld Letters, II, 905–6.

7Memoirs, XI, 80 (day following Jan. 31, 1842, 1st quotation); Weld to Angelina Weld, Jan. 30, 1841[42], Barnes and Dumond, eds., Weld Letters, II, 905 (2d quotation).

8Memoirs, XI, 87 (Feb. 7, 1842); Theodore Dwight Weld to Angelina Weld, Feb. 6, 1842, Barnes and Dumond, eds., Weld Letters, II, 911 (quotation).

9For Texas consult Joel H. Silbey’s thorough Storm over Texas: Annexation Controversy and the Road to Civil War (New York, 2005). Also see my The South and the Politics of Slavery, 1828–1856 (Baton Rouge, LA, 1978), chap. 6; Edward P. Crapol, John Tyler: The Accidental President (Chapel Hill, NC, 2006), chap. 6; William W. Freehling, The Road to Disunion: Secessionists at Bay, 1776–1854 (New York, 1990), pt. 6; Matthew Karp, This Vast Southern Empire: Slaveholders at the Helm of American Foreign Policy (Cambridge, MA, 2016), 90–102. They inform my account; I will cite an individual source only for a direct quotation.

10Cooper, Politics of Slavery, 194.

11Memoirs, XI, 206–7 (July 13, 1842), 330 (Feb. 28, 1843).

12Ibid., 374 (May 8, 1843), 380 (May 31, 1843).

13Ibid., XII, 13–14 (April 22, 1844), 22 (May 4, 1844, quotation).

14Ibid., 49 (June 10, 1844).

15For the election of 1844, Michael F. Holt, The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of Civil War (New York, 1999), chap. 7, provides a thorough account, albeit focused on the Whigs. For the South see also Cooper, Politics of Slavery, 189–219. My discussion is based on them.

16Memoirs, XI, 352 (April 3, 1843), XII, 26 (May 12, 1844).

17Diary, Aug. 27, Sept. 13, 1844. On the Liberty party Reinhard O. Johnson, The Liberty Party, 1840–1848: Antislavery Third Party Politics in the United States (Baton Rouge, LA, 2009), gives detailed treatment.

18Holt, Whig Party, 194–206.

19Memoirs, XII, 103 (Nov. 8, 1844, 1st and 3d quotations), 110 (Nov. 25, 1844, 2d quotation), 118 (Dec. 7, 1844).

20Ibid., 103 (Nov. 8, 1844).

21Ibid., 79–80 (Oct. 1–2, 1844).

22Ibid., 97 (Oct. 26, 1844), 106 (Nov. 12, 1844); Michael J. Dubin, United States Congressional Elections, 1788–1997: The Official Results . . . (Jefferson, NC, 1998), 139.

23Leonard L. Richards, The Life and Times of Congressman John Quincy Adams (New York, 1986), 175–79; CG, 28th Cong., 2d sess., 115–16; Memoirs, XII, 115–16 (Dec. 3, 1844).

24For the renewal of Texas see the same sources cited herein n. 9, with the addition of Holt, Whig Party, 218–22.

25Memoirs, XII, 57 (June 16–17, 1844).

26Boston Atlas, Nov. 2, 1844. Ato was a cacodemon in a cosmology created by John Dee, a sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century English mathematician, alchemist, astrologer, and conjuror, who also advised Queen Elizabeth I on science. A contemporary, Edward Kelley, worked with him in his magical investigations. On Dee consult R. Julian Roberts, “John Dee,” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 60 vols. (Oxford, Eng., 2004), XV, 667–75. For assistance with Dee, I am grateful to my colleague Professor Victor Stater.

27Memoirs, XII, 144 (Jan. 10, 1845), 150–51 (Jan. 22, 1845, quotation).

28Ibid., 152–53 (Jan. 25, 1842, quotation); CG, 28th Cong., 2d sess., 188–89, 190.

29Memoirs, XII, 173 (Feb. 27, 1845), 201–2 (July 7, 1845, quotation).

30Ibid., 168 (Feb. 14, 1845).

31Ibid., 172 (Feb. 22, 1845), 178–79 (March 4, 1845), 193 (April 6, 1845).

32Milo Milton Quaife, ed., The Diary of James K. Polk during His Presidency, 4 vols. (Chicago, 1910), I, 128–31, II, 493–94.

33JQA to Richard Rush, Oct. 16, 1845, Adams Papers. For a more general discussion of this topic, see Charles N. Edel, Nation Builder: John Quincy Adams and the Grand Strategy of the Republic (Cambridge, MA, 2014), chap. 5.

34On Polk and expansion see the discussion by his leading biographer, Charles Sellers, James K. Polk: Continentalist, 1843–1846 (Princeton, NJ, 1966), chaps. 6, 8, 9, 10. On Oregon, Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848 (New York, 2007), 711–22, provides an excellent brief account.

35Memoirs, XII, 221 (Dec. 21, 1845).

36Ibid., 242–46 (Feb. 9, 1846); CG, 29th Cong., 1st sess., 339–42, has the speech. The vote is on 349.

37JQA to Joseph Sturge, April, n.d., 1846, Adams Papers.

38On Polk and the advent of the Mexican-American War, see Sellers, Polk, 229–30, 336–40, 398–426. Again, Howe, What Hath God Wrought, 731–43, has a first-rate brief treatment.

39CG, 29th Cong., 1st sess., 794–95.

40Diary, July 28, 1846.

41Richards, Congressman Adams, 193.

42CG, 29th Cong., 1st sess., 1215–16, has JQA’s speech; Chaplain W. Morrison’s still superb monograph, Democratic Politics and Sectionalism: The Wilmot Proviso Controversy (Chapel Hill, NC, 1967), chaps. 1–2, covers the proviso and Congress.

43Memoirs, XII, 275–76 (Oct., 5, 12, 1846); Dubin, Congressional Elections, 146.

44Diary, March 28, 1844.

45Ibid., July 14, 17, 18, 26, Aug. 6, 13, 16, 22, 24, 26, Sept. 3, 1844; Memoirs, XII, 70–71 (July 11, 12, 1844, quotation).

46Diary, June–July passim, Aug. 6, 9 (quotation), Sept. 16, 20, 21, 1845.

47Ibid., July 28 (quotation), Aug. 17, 1846.

48Memoirs, XII, 279 (Nov. 20, 1846, heading Posthumous Memoir); Louisa Thomas, Louisa: The Extraordinary Life of Mrs. Adams (New York, 2016), 449–50.

49Memoirs, XII, 279 (Nov. 20, 1846, heading Posthumous Memoir).

50Ibid., 213 (Sept. 17, 1845), 268 (July 13, 1846, quotation); Diary, July 14, 1846, summer 1845 passim (gardening).

51Memoirs, XII, 277 (Oct. 31, 1846).

52Diary, summer 1845–Jan. 1848 passim; also consult Memoirs, XII, 271, 281 (editor’s insertions). These citations refer to this paragraph as well as the two above it.

53Portraits, 203–11, 231–35, 250–69, 270–71, 273–74, 282–87, 295–302; for the likenesses themselves, see 205, 232, 255, 271, 275, 283, 286, 294.

54Memoirs, XII, 280 (Posthumous Memoirs); CG 29th Cong., 2d sess., 418.

55Thomas, Louisa, 450; CG, 29th Cong., 2d sess., Feb. 13–March 4, 1847 passim.

56Bemis, II, 450.

57On the split in the Massachusetts Whig party, see Martin Duberman, Charles Francis Adams, 1807–1886 (1961; Stanford, CA, 1968), 110–22, and Robert V. Remini, Daniel Webster: The Man and His Time (New York, 1997), 624–25.

58Memoirs, XI, 518 (Feb. 23, 1844, 1st quotation), XII, 274 (Aug. 23, 1846); JQA to CFA, June 29, 1846, Adams Papers (2d quotation); Duberman, Charles Francis, 111–13.

59On the rift consult Duberman, Charles Francis, 130–32, and Richards, Congressman Adams, 190–91; JQA to CFA, Jan. 1, 1848, Adams Papers. Later CFA became the vice-presidential candidate on the Free Soil party ticket in 1848, in the 1850s a leader in the Republican party in his state, a congressman, and during the Civil War his country’s minister to Great Britain.

60Memoirs, XII, 281, editorial note.

61Ibid., XI, 65 (Jan. 18, 1842, 1st quotation); Diary, July 3, 1846, 2d quotation); CG, 30th Cong., 1st sess., 1–2.

62William Henry Seward to Thurlow Weed, Feb. 29(?), 1847, Frederick Seward, William H. Seward, 3 vols. (New York, 1891), II, 38.

63Ibid., I, 672.

64Memoirs, XII, 97 (Oct. 25, 1844).

65LCA to William Henry Seward, March 21, 1848, William Henry Seward Papers, Rush Rhees Library, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; Diary, Feb. 20, 1848.

66CG, 30th Cong., 1st sess., 380–81.

67Token of a Nation’s Sorrow . . . (Washington, 1848), 3–5; Bemis, II, 535–37. In n. 45 on p. 536, Bemis presents a persuasive argument for the version of the final words I have quoted rather than the oft-quoted ones that have two sentences, omitting the conjunction.

CODA: “Proceed—Persevere—Never Despair”

1For the funeral in Washington and the subsequent train trip to Massachusetts and events there, consult Token of Sorrow . . . (Washington, 1848), quotation in this paragraph on 13; Bemis, II, 537–43; also see James Traub, John Quincy Adams: Militant Spirit (New York: 2016), 528–31. They inform my account. I will make separate citations only for particular items.

2LCA, II, 770.

3Milo Milton Quaife, ed., The Diary of James K. Polk during His Presidency, 1845–1849, 4 vols. (Chicago, 1910), III, 362–63.

4Lynn Hudson Parsons, “The ‘Splendid Pageant’: Observations on the Death of John Quincy Adams,” New England Quarterly 53 (Dec. 1980): 456–66.

5John Wentworth, Congressional Reminiscences . . . (Chicago, 1882), 14–15.

6William P. Lunt, A Discourse Delivered in Quincy, March 11, 1848 . . . (Boston, 1848), 35. Following Louisa’s death in 1852, Charles Francis placed her and his father’s relics in a crypt beneath the family church. Since then they have lain there in company with those of John and Abigail.

7Token of a Nation’s Sorrow, 18.

8The closest student of this material states that most extant funeral sermons came from northern Congregational and Unitarian ministers. Parsons, “Splendid Pageant,” 473–81.

9This paragraph is based on coverage within the first month of his death in the following newspapers. Quotations are noted with specific dates: Richmond, VA Enquirer, Richmond, VA Whig, Raleigh, NC Register (March 1, 1848, 3d quotation), Raleigh, NC Standard, Charleston, SC Mercury, Milledgeville, GA Southern Recorder, Jackson, MS Mississippian (March 3, 1848, 1st quotation), Vicksburg, MS Daily Whig, New Orleans, LA Daily Picayune (March 1, 1848, 2d quotation), Little Rock, AK Gazette (March 9, 1848, final quotation), Houston, TX Democratic Telegraph and Texas Register.

10Memoirs, XII, 37 (May 29, 1844).

11JQA to CFA, June 29, 1846, Adams Papers.