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Note: Page numbers in italics indicate figures.
A. B. Club, 25
abolitionist newspapers, 318
abolitionists/abolitionist movement, 317–23, 328–30, 337–40, 351–54, 358–62, 388, 395, 397–99; doctrine of, 319–20; election of 1840 and, 376–77; genesis of, 320–21; in Great Britain, 318–19, 320–21, 402–3; growing support for, 327; growth of, 323; John Quincy and, 359–62, 399–400, 404; John Quincy’s trial in the House and, 399–400; Liberty party and, 407; in New York, 388–89; pamphlets of, 323–24; postmasters permitted not to distribute, 323–24; printing technology and, 323; send antislavery petitions to Congress, 321–22; Twelfth Congressional District and, 326–27; in the United States, 317–19; U.S. House of Representatives and, 321–22
Adams, Abigail (sister), 22, 31–32, 33
Adams, Abigail Smith (mother), 3–5, 7, 12–13, 30–31, 90, 98, 129; arrives in England, 22; buried in family crypt, 490n6; consents to let John Quincy accompany father to France, 8, 10; correspondence with Elizabeth Shaw, 24; correspondence with John Quincy, 10–11, 15–16, 18–19, 31–32, 93, 95, 101–2, 105, 125, 135–36, 139; death of, 158–59, 231; expectations of John Quincy, 111, 218–19; failing health of, 63; financial setbacks suffered by, 67–68; John Quincy’s nomination and confirmation to the Supreme Court and, 106–7; learns of John Quincy’s engagement, 47–48; objection to John Quincy’s relationship with Mary Frazier, 31; in Paris, France, 22; published letters of, 389; publishes John Quincy’s letters in Boston newspapers without his permission, 105; Unitarianism and, 136; writes to Madison about financial problems of John Quincy in Russia, 105–6
Adams, Charles (brother), 13, 43
Adams, Charles Francis (son), 90–91, 99, 199, 281, 312, 490n6; abolitionist movement and, 335; assists with organizing John Adams’s archives, 269; birth of, 80; correspondence from John Quincy, 431; education of, 144–45, 199–200; father’s journal and, 238, 384; John Quincy’s death and, 436; John Quincy’s stroke and, 427; leaves Great Britain for the United States, 144; in London, England, 128; in Massachusetts legislature, 431; moves to Ealing, England, 129; opposes John Quincy’s return to politics, 276; in Paris, France, 126; political activity of, 430–31, 489n59; in Russia, 110, 124; speaks against Texas in Massachusetts legislature, 431; speaks against Whigs who had voted for Mexican war, 431; in Whig party, 430–31; wife of, 387–88
Adams, George Washington, 90, 97–99, 102, 199, 263, 313; applies to Harvard, 145; arrives in Philadelphia, 63; becomes engaged to Louisa’s fifteen-year-old niece, 200; birth of, 62; in debt to father, 264; drinking by, 264; education of, 62, 129–30, 144–45, 199–200; fathers an illegitimate child, 264; graduates from Harvard, 200, 264; at Harvard, 199, 200, 264; John Quincy’s correspondence to, 97–99, 102, 104–5; law practice of, 264; leaves Great Britain for the United States, 144; leaves Prussia, 62–63; in London, England, 128; lost from a steamboat, 264–65; in Massachusetts, 63–64; moves to Ealing, England, 129; moves to Washington, D.C., 68; in Quincy, Massachusetts, 80; troubled life of, 264; in Washington, D.C., 63
Adams, Henry, 269
Adams, John (father), 3–8, 41, 63, 90, 98, 125, 133, 395; American Revolution and, 4–6; appointed first American minister to Britain, 23; archives of, 269; becomes second president of U.S., 51; becomes vice-president of the U.S., 33–34; biography of, 264, 269–70; in Britain, 21, 46; buried in family crypt, 490n6; changes John Quincy’s appointment to Prussia, 53–54; correspondence with John Quincy, 18, 20–22, 43–44, 56, 61, 83, 85, 135–36, 160; death on July 4, 1826, 231; decline of, 230–31; defeated for second term as president, 61–62, 68, 232; detour through Spain, 13–14; encourages John Quincy to accept appointment as minister to Netherlands, 38; encourages John Quincy to keep a journal, 11; entreats John Quincy to become more involved in politics, 35, 37; expectations of John Quincy, 111, 218–19; Federalists and, 268; financial setbacks suffered by, 67–68; as Founding Father, 395, 439; in France, 6, 8–10, 11–15, 20; French Revolution and, 34; John Quincy’s admiration for, 231–32; John Quincy’s nomination and confirmation to Supreme Court and, 106–7; Johnson family and, 46; learns of John Quincy’s engagement, 47–48; letters of, 231–32; loses reelection bid, 268; in Massachusetts, 12; in Netherlands, 16; objection to John Quincy’s relationship with Mary Frazier, 31; as one-term president, 61–62, 68, 232, 268, 417; peace treaty with Great Britain and, 6; as principal author of first Massachusetts constitution, 6; refuses to attend Jefferson’s inauguration, 262; role in treaty at end of American Revolution, 119; Unitarianism and, 136; as vice-president, 254
Adams, John II (son), 90, 97–99, 102, 199, 230–31; birth of, 67; in Britain, 128, 129; death of, 314; education of, 144–45, 199–200; expelled from Harvard, 200; at Harvard, 199; illness of, 313–14; John Quincy’s correspondence to, 97–99, 102; leaves Great Britain for the United States, 144; in Quincy, Massachusetts, 80; relays news of Abigail’s death to John Quincy, 158
Adams, John Quincy, 117; accident in Jersey City, New Jersey, 426; accompanies father to France, 8–12; accompanies father to the Netherlands, 16; administration of, 222–23; admiration for father, 231–32; admitted to bar of U.S. Supreme Court, 87; aging and, 274; agrees to help argue Amistad case, 364–68; ambition and, 39, 111–12, 274, 275, 278; Amistad case and, 364–69; anti-Semitic views of, 326; antislavery views of, 73–75, 170–77, 333, 337–42, 353–54, 358–59, 361–62, 369, 373–75, 396–97, 399–400, 416–17, 432; anxiety of, 32, 51, 58, 111–12, 137–38, 145, 211–12, 223, 274, 334–35, 392, 394, 399–400, 409; applies to Harvard, 24; argues before U.S. Supreme Court, 87–88, 364–69; arrives in Philadelphia, 63; arrives in St. Petersburg, 91; attends boarding school in Passy, France, 9, 14–15; attends Harvard, 24–26; attends public worship, 201, 306–7, 430, 433; attends social functions at Executive Mansion, 382–83; avoids falling in love, 30; Bank of the United States and, 297–98; becomes amateur tree farmer, 239–40; becomes first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory, 75–77, 80; belief in afterlife, 385; believes in superiority of Anglo-Saxons, 325–26; birth of, 4; birth of first daughter, 100; birth of first son, 62; birth of second son, 67; birth of third son, 80; body escorted to Congressional Cemetery, 437–38; body lying in state in the Capitol, 436; body transported to Massachusetts, 438–39; in Britain, 127–38, 143; in Brussels, 124–25; burial of, 438–39, 490n6; calumnies of, 255–56; in Canada, 388; Christianity and, 104–5, 136, 200–202, 306–7, 384–86; cognizance of old age, 336; compassion of, 147; concern for children’s education, 96, 97–99, 129–30, 199–200; courtship of Louisa Catherine Johnson, 45–51; daguerreotypes of, 429; death of, 434, 435, 435–36, 438; death of first daughter, 100–101; death of granddaughter, 385; death threat against, 234; declines invitations to appear at events, 234–35, 251–52; desire to attend Harvard, 22, 24; detour through Spain, 13–14; disgusted by “amalgamation,” 325–26; education of, 3–4, 7–8, 12, 15–28, 30; eightieth birthday of, 431; employs granddaughters as amanuenses, 428; engagement to Louisa Catherine Johnson, 47–51; in England, 21–22; Enlightenment outlook of, 360–61; enrolls at Harvard, 24; enrolls at the Latin School in Amsterdam, 16; exercise and, 202, 238–39, 273, 335–36, 386–87, 427–28; eye inflammation and, 273–74, 336, 389–90, 426; faculty position at Harvard, 75–77, 80, 87; failing memory of, 274; faith of, 101–3, 200–202, 232–33, 306–7, 384–86; fiftieth wedding anniversary of, 431; financial problems of, 67–68, 95, 133–34; fluency in French, 88, 91–92; forbids sons to come home during winter break, 200; foresees downfall of Whig party, 381–82; in France, 12–13, 14–15, 20–21, 22, 124–27; French claims and, 311–12; fundamental independence of, 286–87; funeral of, 436–39, 490n8; funeral train of, 438–39; gardening and, 239–40, 270, 273, 336, 427–28; graduates from Harvard, 26–27; health problems of, 130–31, 239, 273–74, 336, 389–94, 425, 426–27, 430; humility and, 111; idleness and, 44, 57, 67, 111, 234; inauguration of, 223–24; increased stature of, 355–56; independence of, 44; inscribed coffin of, 436–37; interest in art, 125; interest in astronomy, 264, 390, 393; interest in botany, 239–40, 264, 270; interest in literature, 44, 85, 134–35, 204, 261, 263–64, 270–72; interest in science, 96, 263–64, 270; interest in theater, 36, 43, 44, 135, 203; joins his parents’ and ancestors’ church, 232–33; knowledge of Roman history, 405; language studies of, 57, 72, 88, 102, 263–64; last words of, 434, 489n67; law practice of, 36–37, 39, 40, 64, 87, 107; learns French, 9; learns of stillborn child, 80; leaves Britain for U.S., 144; leaves for Washington, D.C., 144–45; leaves Newburyport, 31; leaves Prussia, 62–63; leaves to visit dying father, 230–31; leisure activities and, 26, 202–3, 386–87; marriage of, 52–55, 58–59, 79–80, 100, 137, 198; in Massachusetts, 12, 24, 63–64, 68, 80, 85, 144, 203, 211–12, 232, 256, 269, 271, 307; matriculates at Leiden University, 16; memories of the American Revolution, 6–7; moves to Ealing, England, 129; moves to Washington, D.C., 68; nationalism of, 83–84; in the Netherlands, 19–20; as New Englander, 144; in New York City, 24; obstinacy of, 315; opens law office in Boston, 32–33; parental role of, 199; parents’ expectations of, 111–12; pessimism about future of the United States, 287–88; photographs of, 429; physical decline of, 426–27; poetry of, 270–72; popularity of, 281; portraits of, iv, 1, 19, 47, 124, 136–37, 198, 237, 336–37, 428–29; premonition of his own death, 433; in Prussia, 55–60; public life and, 204–5, 274–75; public service and, 39, 40, 86–87, 89–90, 194–95, 204, 211, 223–24, 254; reaction to Joshua Johnson’s bankruptcy, 55; readings of, 7–8, 17–18, 44, 72, 76, 85, 95–96, 102, 131, 135, 202–3, 234, 263–64, 272–73, 386, 485n69; receives Bible from Cinque and his companions, 368; receives news of mother’s death, 158; reception on New York Tour, 388–90, 395; religion and, 58, 86, 96, 100–105, 110–11, 112, 135–36, 200–202, 223–24, 232–33, 306–7, 384–86; rents house on Meridian Hill after stepping down as president, 262–63, 265, 267; returns to U.S. from Prussia, 63; returns to Western Europe from Russia, 19; reunites with Louisa and George, 63; rich lineage of, 439; routine of, 10, 43, 48, 71, 96, 102, 120, 131–32, 134–35, 148, 202–4, 233, 306, 335–36; in Russia, 423; scholarly ambitions of, 263–64, 269; sciatica of, 426–27; self-deprecation of, 77, 428; self-doubt of, 67, 88, 145, 211, 217–18; self-examination by, 39, 72, 135; seventieth birthday of, 353; slips into a coma, 434; social events attended as president, 236; social life at college, 26; social life in Boston, 33; social life in Newburyport, 30–31; social life while in House of Representatives, 305–6, 382–83; studies German in Prussia, 56–57; studies law, 27–28, 30; suffers a stroke, 427, 429; suffers second stroke, 434; swimming and, 202–3, 238–39, 273, 427–28; threats against, 342; tour of upstate New York, 387–90; traditional New Year’s Day open house at his residence, 382; travels of, 3, 17–19, 21, 55–56, 90–91, 110, 112, 387–92, 404; travels to England with father, 21; travels to London seeking British assistance for elimination of slavery in Texas, 404; travels to Montreal, 388; travels to Niagara Falls, 387–88; travels to Prussia, 55–56; travels to Russia, 90–91; travels to St. Petersburg, 17–19; travels to Sweden, 110, 112; trial in the House, 399–401; tries smoking tobacco, 7; twenty-fifth wedding anniversary of, 198; views on race, 325–26; visitors to, 233–34; visits British Parliament, 21–22; visits Mary Frazier’s grave, 31; walks of, 335–36, 386–87; in Washington, D.C., 63, 77–80; western tours of, 387–92, 397, 401. See also Adams, John Quincy, administration of; Adams, John Quincy, correspondence of; Adams, John Quincy, diplomatic career of; Adams, John Quincy, political career of; Adams, John Quincy, speeches of; Adams, John Quincy, writings of
Adams, John Quincy, administration of, 218–62, 293; cabinet of, 219–23, 225–26, 228, 234, 244, 245, 252, 256; foreign policy goals of, 240; lack of legislative program, 242
Adams, John Quincy, correspondence of, 304, 305–6, 356, 384, 415; with brother Thomas, 61–62, 77; to Charles Francis, 431; with Clay, 305; with father, 18, 20–22, 43–44, 56, 61, 83, 85, 135–36, 160; with Louisa, 63, 76, 88, 188, 198, 301; with mother, 10–11, 15–16, 18–19, 31–33, 93, 95, 101–2, 105, 125, 135–36, 139; with sister, 31–33; to sons while in Russia, 97–99, 102
Adams, John Quincy, diplomatic career of: accepts post as minister plenipotentiary to Russia, 89–90; accepts secretary of state position, 139, 143; accepts Washington’s appointment as minister to the Netherlands, 38, 39; becomes active member of social circle at Prussian Court, 56–57; becomes first American minister to Prussia, 53–54, 55–56; becomes minister plenipotentiary to Great Britain, 127–30, 131, 143; completes tenure at State Department, 206; diplomatic assignment in Portugal, 48–52; leads delegation in Ghent talks, 110, 112–23; as minister to Britain, 127–38, 143; as minister to Russia, 91–98, 99–100, 105–8, 109–11; money shortage in Russia, 95, 105–6; recalled from Berlin, 62; reflection on tenure in State Department, 204; as secretary of state, 145–205, 416; successes as secretary of state, 188; takes oath of office as secretary of state, 145
Adams, John Quincy, political career of: accepts nomination for reelection by Twelfth District Whig Convention, 377; accepts secretary of state position, 139, 143; accused by abolitionists of political expediency, 359–60; accused of changing position on Indian policy, 293–94; accused of corruption, 249; accused of treason and links with perjury, 399; advocacy for central government, 242; advocates amending the Constitution to repeal three-fifths clause, 73–74; aligns himself with Antimasons, 281–85, 309; aligns himself with broad constructionists, 243; aligns himself with Jackson regarding French claims issue, 312; antidueling measures and, 348–49; antipathy toward the South, 416; anti-radical outlook of, 360–61; antislavery views of, 73–75, 170–77, 333, 337–42, 353–54, 358–59, 361–62, 369, 373–75, 396–97, 399–400, 416–17, 432; anti-Texas campaign and, 373–75; becomes luminary in Congress in 1830s, 308; becomes sixth president of the United States, 218–19; begins campaigning more actively in 1824 race, 214, 217; bills signed by, 242; boundaries circumscribed by congressional district, 417; brands southerners as opponents of First Amendment, 337–38; brings forth petition calling for his removal as Chair of Foreign Relations, 397–99; change in viewpoint about territorial expansion and slavery, 415–16; choice of vice-presidential running mate in 1828 election, 254; civility toward southern foes, 343–45; Committee on Foreign Relations and, 404; compartmentalization of territorial expansion issue, 415–16; completes tenure at State Department, 206; congressional duties of, 305, 351–52, 375–76; connection to Founding Fathers, 353–54; considered as Monroe’s secretary of state, 138; considers future, 137–38; considers retirement from public life, 408; considers secretary of state position, 138–39; considers serving in House of Representatives if elected, 276–78; constituency of, 305, 351–52, 375–76, 417; constituent service and, 305, 376; declines position on Supreme Court, 107; defeated for second term as president, 275; defeated in attempt to fill vacated Senate seat, 311; defends himself against House resolutions, 339–40; defends himself against Russell’s perfidious accusations, 193–94; defense in National Intelligencer against Jefferson’s portrayal, 265; demands of presidency and, 237–38, 240; denies interest in running for president, 194–96; departure from presidency, 262; desire for nonpartisanship, 65, 223, 224–25; despair at Clay’s 1844 loss, 408; disengagement from legislative process, 242; dismay at delivery of Texas treaty to the Senate, 404–5; doubts about Tyler, 379–80; duty to serve and, 274–75; early involvement in politics, 35–38, 65; efforts to censure, 399–401; election of 1836 and, 316; election of 1840 and, 376–78; election of 1844 and, 406; election of 1846 and, 425–26; endorsed by Antimasonic and National Republican parties, 311; enters House of Representatives in December 1831, 285; feels betrayed by Calhoun and Jackson, 249–50; first annual message to Congress, 224–27; foresees U.S. Civil War, 172–73; as Founding Father by extension, 3; intimates slave owners’ paternity of slaves, 340; invited to attend Republican congressional caucus to choose presidential nominee, 83; joins Twenty-Second Congress, 278–79; loses race for House of Representatives, 65–66; loyalists to, 256; message to Congress on conflict between Georgia and Creek Indians, 245–46; movement formed in resistance to, 229–30, 246–49; named chairman of House Foreign Relations Committee, 397; named chair of Committee on Manufactures, 298–99, 300–301; named to House select committee investigating Bank of the United States, 297–98; nominated and confirmed as associate justice of the Supreme Court, 106–7; nominated for Massachusetts state senate, 65; nominated in 1834 for third term in House, 334; nullification doctrine and, 299–300; as a one-term president, 416–17; opposition to caucusing, 209, 210; opposition to Jackson’s policy toward Indians, 293; opposition to Mexican-American War, 431–33; optimism about 1824 election, 214–15; Oregon compromise and, 420–21; Pinckney resolutions and, 331–33, 337; political advancement and, 311; political convictions of, 337–40; political mission of, 337; as political outsider, 282–83, 286–87, 310–11; popularity of, 307; portrayed by Jefferson as betraying Federalists, 265; as president, 218–62, 371, 415; presidential reelection campaign of, 236, 245, 247, 251–52, 262; pressed by Antimasons to run for governor of Massachusetts, 284–85; public appearances as president, 234–36; public pronouncement equating Texas with slavery, 411; in race to succeed Monroe, 189–96, 206, 209, 211–18; reaction to Texas Revolution, 372–74; receives national attention for presentation of petitions, 328; receives one electoral vote in 1820 election, 158; recognition for combat against gag rule, 355–56; reelections to Congress, 307, 311, 351–52, 377, 408–9, 425–26; reflection on tenure in State Department, 204; refusal to actively campaign, 251–52, 255, 257–58, 275, 276–78; refusal to act on patronage, 252–54, 257–58; refuses to attend Bunker Hill Monument celebration with Tyler, 380; refuses to attend Jackson’s inauguration, 262; refuses to back abolitionist demand for immediate, uncompensated emancipation, 358; refuses to become involved in 1844 presidential contest, 407; rejects idea of Crawford–Adams ticket, 209; relationship with southerners in House of Representatives, 343–45; renomination for House in 1846, 425–26; represents Eighth Congressional District, 377; Republican Party and, 75; requests move to Committee on Foreign Affairs, 298–99; resigns from U.S. Senate, 84–85, 86; resolution exonerating, 340–41; resolutions on annexation and, 404; response to loss of reelection campaign, 258; response to Madison declining Supreme Court appointment, 107; returns to Congress after stroke, 430; rises to shoot down indemnity to owner of Amistad, 430; runs for governor of Massachusetts, 284–85; as secretary of state, 145–205, 416; secure political base of, 334; serves in U.S. House of Representatives, 285–90, 295, 297–309, 315, 321–60, 375–76, 397–433; serves in U.S. Senate, 65–86, 416; stature of, 358, 375; struggle to abolish gag rule, 354–55; struggle with Georgia over Creek Indian conflict and, 245–49; succeeds in eliminating gag rule, 409; successes as secretary of state, 188; takes oath of office as president, 223; takes oath of office as secretary of state, 145; uncertain future of, 211, 212; as U.S. senator, 68–72, 75, 77, 79–85; victory in 1824 election, 218; viewed as political asset, 65; view of Jefferson, 77–78; views Texas annexation issue through the lens of Roman Catiline conspiracy, 405; votes for Non-Importation Act and Embargo Act, 82; wins election to Massachusetts state senate, 65; wins Twelfth District seat in House of Representatives, 278; withdraws from Massachusetts governor race, 285
Adams, John Quincy, speeches of, 72–73, 88; accepts invitation to speak at laying of cornerstone of observatory in Cincinnati, 390, 392–93; addresses House on Texas annexation issue on January 24, 1845, 412; addresses House on U.S. natural right to Oregon, 420–21; agrees to help argue Amistad case, 364–69; first annual message to Congress, 224–27; inaugural address of, 223–24; invited to give 1793 Fourth of July address in Boston, 37; invited to speak at anniversary of Pilgrims landing at Plymouth, 65–67, 179; July 4, 1821, address by, 179–82; at July 4, 1826, celebration, 230; July 4, 1831, address in Quincy, 300; named class orator for commencement at Harvard, 26–27; at New-York Historical Society, 356–57; Plymouth oration of 1802, 65–67, 117, 179, 294; responses to speech at New-York Historical Society, 357–58; speech on Texas Revolution, 373; on war power after Pinckney resolutions, 333–34. See also antislavery petitions, presented to House by John Quincy
Adams, John Quincy, writings of: 1833 letter explaining reasons for objections to antislavery petitions, 322–23; 1837 public letter on Texas Revolution, 373; all published by grandson Henry Adams, 269; begins keeping a journal, 11; antislavery writings, 73–75; Dermot MacMorrogh, 271–72; desire to write a biography of father, 264, 269–70; discontinues journal, 428; final posting in journal on February 20, 1848, 433; inability to write with his own hand, 428; The Jubilee of the Constitution, 356–57; lectures at Harvard published, 77; Lectures on Rhetoric and Oratory Delivered to the Senior and Junior Sophisters in Harvard University, 77; letters from Silesia to Thomas, 60–61; The Letters of Publicola, 35; Letters on Silesia, 60–61; letters to constituents, 376; letters to mother published in Boston newspapers without his permission, 105; letter to British acquaintance on U.S. right to Oregon, 421; letter to literary society in Baltimore on reading Bible, 386; letter to Spain on Spanish Florida, 163–64; literary ambitions of, 85, 134–35, 204, 261, 263–64, 270–72; manuscript of treatise on American politics, 267–68; political writings of, 35–36, 37–38; pseudonyms of, 35, 36, 73–75; public letter addressed to gathering in Bangor, Maine, 359–60; publishes “excusatory letter” in Washington newspaper, 356; publishes four letters in antislavery pamphlet, 341–42; publishes letters in Columbian Centinel under pseudonym Columbus, 36; publishes letters in Columbian Centinel under pseudonym Publicola, 35; renders book of Psalms into his own poetry, 272; report on weights and measures, 150, 188–89; responds to Madison’s letter about mother’s financial concerns, 106; speeches published in newspapers, 376; translation work of, 43, 57, 72, 102, 263–64; twelve-volume edition of journal, 238; “Upon the Importance and Necessity of Public Faith to the Well Being of a Community” (commencement speech at Harvard), 26–27; writes about three-fifths clause in the Repertory under pseudonum Publius Valerius, 73–75; writing as New Englander, 74–75; writings on the French Revolution, 41–42. See also Adams, John Quincy, correspondence of
Adams, Louisa Catherine, 45–53, 166, 179, 189, 192, 194–96, 203, 211, 274, 383; abolitionist movement and, 335, 360; accident in Jersey City, New Jersey, 426; admiration for John Quincy, 197; anxiety of, 399–400; appalled by John Quincy’s decision to accept Russian post, 90; arrives in Philadelphia, 63; attendance at traditional New Year’s Day open house at residence, 382; birth of first daughter, 100; birth of first son, 62; birth of second son, 67; birth of third son, 80; in Boston, Massachusetts, 64; in Britain, 127–34, 135, 136–37; buried in family crypt, 490n6; conflicting loyalties of, 335; contemplates possibilities of civil war, 335; convinced that staying in office would end John Quincy’s life, 430; correspondence with John Quincy, 76, 88, 188, 198, 301; death of, 436; death of first daughter, 100–101, 199; fiftieth wedding anniversary of, 431; final miscarriage of, 144; final pregnancy of, 137, 144; fluency in French, 94; in France, 126; grows emotionally distant from political world, 236; health problems of, 56–58, 100, 236–37, 262–63, 265, 313–15, 334, 382, 394, 399–400; as hostess to Washington, D.C., social life, 196–98, 206–8, 236; illness of, 313–15; John Quincy’s 1824 presidential campaign and, 214; John Quincy’s second stroke and, 434; John Quincy’s stroke and, 427; John Quincy’s trial in the House and, 399–400; journal of, 197, 207, 334, 436; keeps distance from political activity, 305; leaves Britain for the United States, 144; leaves for Washington, D.C., 144–45; leaves Prussia, 62–63; marriage of, 58–59, 79–80, 100, 137, 198; in Massachusetts, 63–64; meets Mary Frazier, 64–65; melancholy of, 236–37; miscarriages of, 56, 57, 100, 137, 144; moves to Washington, D.C., 68; opposes John Quincy’s return to politics, 276, 334–35; parental role of, 199; portraits of, 47, 136–37, 198–99; pregnancies of, 56, 57, 62, 67, 80, 100, 106, 107, 137, 144; racist views of, 335; reads to John Quincy, 131, 135; in Russia, 94–96, 99–100, 106, 110, 124; social withdrawal of, 236, 305, 382; stillborn child in 1806, 80; suffers miscarriages, 56, 57, 58; takes dictation for John Quincy, 131; travels to Prussia, 55–56; travels with Charles Francis in upstate New York, 236–37; twenty-fifth wedding anniversary of, 198; unable to attend John Quincy’s funeral, 436; view of Jefferson, 77; view of Madison, 78–79; views on slavery, 335; in Washington, D.C., 63, 77–80
Adams, Louisa Catherine (daughter): birth of, 100; death of, 100–101
Adams, Thomas Boylston, 37, 40, 41, 52, 55, 60, 61–62, 77, 99, 107; correspondence with John Quincy, 77; informs Louisa of John Quincy’s plans for Russia appointment, 90
Adams Ball, 206–8
Adams family: ancestry of, 4; family crypt of, 439, 490n6; John Quincy’s funeral and, 439. See also specific family members
Adams–Onís Treaty, 165–68, 166, 187–89, 241, 294, 370–71, 415, 417, 421
Adams party, 255, 258
African Americans, 177–78, 324–25; allied with Seminole Indians, 161; citizenship of, 170; denied entry into Missouri, 170, 175; discrimination against, 324–25. See also free blacks; slaves
Africans: on Amistad, 361–68. See also slaves; slave trade
Akron, Ohio, 392
Alabama, 161, 168, 244, 293, 333
Alaska, 417
Albany, New York, 387, 390–91
Alexander I, 88, 91–92, 94, 107–10, 184
alternat, principle of, 129
“amalgamation,” 173, 325–26
American Antislavery Society, 318
American Colonization Society, 177–78
American exceptionalism, 143, 417–18
American Revolution, 4–8, 22, 35, 37, 180–81, 310, 317; antislavery impulse and, 318; justification called into question by slavery, 174; treaty ending, 119
American seamen, British impressment of, 81–82
American System, 215
the Americas, 183–87. See also Latin America; Monroe Doctrine; South America; specific countries, colonies, and territories
Amistad case: failed effort to provide indemnity to ship owner, 430; trial, 353, 361–69
Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 16
Anglicanism, 100
Anglo-French conflict, 56, 81–82, 108, 121
anti-abolitionism: race and, 324–25. See also slavery; states’ righters
anti-Adams party, 245–51
antidueling measures, 348–49
Antifederalists, 29–30
anti-Jacksonians, 309–10
Antimasonic party, 286, 307, 309, 311; Antimasonic state convention, 281; disappearance of, 310
Antimasonry/Antimasons, 279–85, 327; decline of, 309–10; hold first national political convention in American history, 282; impact at state level, 282; in Massachusetts, 284, 310; nominate John Quincy for governor of Massachusetts, 284. See also Antimasonic party
antislavery movement, 317–18, 388, 395. See also abolitionists/abolitionist movement
antislavery petitions, 328–31, 337–42, 409; anti-Texas prayers attached to, 373–74; presented to House by John Quincy, 321–22, 328, 330, 337–40, 354, 358–59, 361–62, 397–99, 409; presents anti-Tyler report recommending impeachment, 381; from slaves, 339–40; U.S. Congress and, 358–59
antislavery movement. See abolitionists/abolitionist movement
anti-Texas campaign, 373–75
anti-Texas petitions, 373–74
Appalachian Mountains, 169
Aristotle, 76
Arkansas, 241, 402
Articles of Confederation, 28–29
astronomical observatories, 226, 390, 392–93, 394
astronomy, 390, 393
Ato, 411, 487n26
Bagot, Charles, 187
Baldwin, Roger, 363, 364–68
Baltimore, Maryland, 231, 282, 315
Bancroft, George, 325, 386, 485n69
Bangor, Maine, 359–60
Bank of the United States, 288, 295–99, 303, 309, 310
Bank War, 297–98
Barbour, James, 222, 223, 225, 244; death of, 366; on struggle with Georgia over Creek Indians, 245
Batavia, New York, 278
Bayard, James A., 73, 110, 112, 113, 114, 119, 124
Bayonne, France, 14
Belgium, 112–13
Bentham, Jeremy, 134
Berlin, Germany, 56, 60, 62
the Bible, 96, 102–3, 135, 263, 272, 385–86
Biddle, Nicholas, 295, 296
Billings, Moses, 429
Bingham, George Caleb, 428–29
Birney, James G., 359; election of 1844 and, 407–8
Blackstone, William, 28
Bladensburg, Maryland, 348
Bordeaux, France, 14
the Boston, 8, 10, 13
Boston, Massachusetts, 32–33, 64, 203, 231, 387; 1793 Fourth of July address in, 37; abolitionist newspapers in, 318; elite in, 283, 287; Federalist Party of, 265–67; John Quincy’s funeral train arrives in, 439; John Quincy suffers a stroke in, 427; National Republican party in, 280
Boston Columbian Centinel, 35, 36
Boston Daily Advocate, 281
Boston Latin School, 145
Boston Massacre, 5
botany, 239–40, 270
Brady, Matthew, 429
Braintree, Massachusetts, 4, 6, 12
British colonists, 180
British Empire, 108, 318–19. See also Great Britain
British Navy, 81–82, 122, 133, 177; Americans released from impressment to, 131–32
Brooklyn Navy Yard, 144
Brown, Charles, 57, 58, 59
Brussels, Belgium, 124–25
Buffalo, New York, 388–89, 391
Bulwer-Lytton, Edward, 273
Bunker Hill Monument, completion of, 380
Bunker’s Hill, 7
Burke, Edmund, 21
“burned-over district,” 388, 395
Burr, Aaron, 232, 346
Burrows, James, 28
Byron, George Gordon, 96, 135
Calhoun, John C., 153–55, 162, 172, 174–76, 184, 189, 191–92, 195, 209, 254, 310, 317, 323, 343, 382; attempt at reconciliation with John Quincy, 290; becomes vice-president of the United States, 220; break with Jackson, 290–92, 301; charges corruption upon Clay’s appointment as secretary of state, 221; duplicity of, 289–90; Eaton scandal and, 291–92; Florida crisis and, 290–91; gives up presidential run, 212; John Quincy’s antipathy toward, 309, 327; letters to British minister on Texas annexation and slavery, 404, 405; nullification doctrine and, 300; opposition to John Quincy and, 229–30, 246–50; as pallbearer at John Quincy’s funeral, 438; praise for universal education, 325; in race to succeed Monroe, 208, 212–14; as secretary of state, 403–4; secret negotiations for Texas annexation and, 403–4; South Carolina Exposition and Protest, 299; supporters of, 253–54; Tariff of 1832 and, 302; Texas annexation issue and, 411
Calhoun, Mrs., 292
California, 417, 418, 421–24
Calvinism, 102, 135–36
Cambridge, Massachusetts, 31, 75
Canada, 117–18, 120, 122, 388; maritime provinces of, 132, 149; U.S. border with, 149, 241, 380, 419
canals, 226, 391. See also specific canals
Canning, George, 183–84
Canning, Stratford, 177, 187
Caribbean islands, 240, 415. See also Cuba
Castlereagh, Lord, 115, 128, 131–33, 159–60, 162
Catherine the Great, 3, 17–18
Catholicism, 228, 408
Catiline conspiracy, 405
caucusing, opposition to, 209, 210
census of 1820, 147–48
Charleston, South Carolina, 252, 323
Chase, Samuel, 71
Cherokee Indians, 245–49, 293, 294–95
Cherokee tribe, 179
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, ground breaking of, 235
Christianity, 102–5, 135–36, 306–7, 384–86; Christian morality, 104–5, 201–2, 320–21; slavery and, 175, 320, 358
Church of All Hallows Barking, 53
Cicero, 76, 202, 263, 272
Cilley, Jonathan, 347–48, 400
Cincinnati, Ohio, 390, 391, 392, 393
Cinque, 361–68
civility, 256
Clay, Henry, 113–16, 118–25, 128–29, 156–58, 162, 167, 169–70, 183, 191–95, 209, 263, 382; accepts secretary of state position, 221–22; American Colonization Society and, 178; Bank of the United States and, 295; chief rival to become Monroe’s successor, 190; confirmation of, 223; correspondence with John Quincy, 305; dueling and, 347; election of 1824 and, 213, 215–18, 246; election of 1828 and, 256; election of 1840 and, 377–79; election of 1844 and, 406–8; Freemasonry and, 279; French claims and, 311–12; Indians and, 244; John Quincy’s second stroke and, 434; leads anti-Jackson chieftains, 309–10; leads Whig majority, 379–81; Louisa puts on dinner for, 382; in Maysville, Kentucky, 394; on new parties, 255; offered secretary of state position in John Quincy’s cabinet, 220–22; in race to succeed Monroe, 208, 212–13; runs for president in 1832, 282; as secretary of state, 223, 225–26, 228, 241, 246–47, 252–53, 258, 371; as senator from Kentucky, 285–87, 295, 311–12, 379, 380, 381, 399; shifts from candidate to president-maker, 215–16; speaks of himself as possibility for vice-president, 254; on struggle with Georgia over Creek Indians, 245; Tariff of 1832 and, 302; Texas and, 370–73, 407
Cleveland, Ohio, 391
Coke, Edward, 28
Colombia, 240
Columbian Centinel, 35, 36
Columbian Mills, 313
Columbia River, 417–18
Columbus (pseudonym), 36
Columbus, Ohio, 391, 392
Commercial Convention of 1818, 149–50
Compromise of 1833, 302
Concord, Massachusetts, 270–71, 361
Confederation Congress, 28–29
Congregationalism, 96, 100, 201
Congressional Cemetery, 437–38
congressional journals, 72
Congress of Vienna, 122
Connecticut, 363
Conscience Whigs, 430–31
constituent service, 305, 376
constitutional conventions, 29, 30
constructionists, 243
Continental Congress, 8, 12, 21
Continental System, 108
Cooper, James Fenimore, 223
Copley, John Singleton, 1, 47, 124, 429
Corporal’s Guard, 397, 399
Cotton Whigs, 430–31
Covington, Kentucky, 393–94
Cranch, Mary, 25, 27, 90
Cranch, Richard, 90
Crawford, William H., 153–58, 178, 191, 192, 220, 290–91; anti-Adams alliance and, 229, 230; conspiratorial nature of, 190; declines to stay in Adams’s cabinet, 222; has a stroke, 209; in race to succeed Monroe, 208, 209–10, 212–14, 215, 216; supporters of, 248; wins Republican nomination, 210
Creek Indians, 161, 244–45, 293
Crowninshield, Benjamin, 153
Cuba, 241, 361–68, 373
customs officials, 252
cynicism, 256
daguerreotypes, 429
Dana, Francis, 13, 17–18
Davis, John, 285
Davy, Humphry, 134
Declaration of Independence, 5, 171, 174–75, 180–81, 230, 300, 318, 325, 334, 337, 340–41, 353, 357, 359, 367
Deffand, Marquise du, 272
Delaware, 213, 257, 318
Democratic national convention, 315
Democratic party, 255, 308–10, 327, 331, 343, 351–52, 397–99, 402, 414; election of 1836 and, 330; election of 1840 and, 376–78; election of 1844 and, 406, 408; election of 1846 and, 426; expansionism and, 406; foreign-born voters and, 408; gag rule and, 355; John Quincy’s animus toward, 416; Mexican-American War and, 423, 432; northern, 409, 410; Oregon and, 418; platform in 1844 election, 406; Roman Catholic voters and, 408; slave owners and, 324; southern, 399, 409; territorial expansion and, 419; Texas annexation issue and, 406–7, 410–13, 415, 418; Texas treaty issue and, 406; Tyler administration and, 381; Tyler’s Texas treaty and, 405; Wilmot Proviso and, 424–25, 433. See also Jackson party
Democratic–Republican party, 255. See also Jackson party
Democrats: northern, 401, 402, 405, 418, 424, 432; southern, 401, 405, 406, 415, 432
Demosthenes, 76
Denmark, 108
Dickens, Charles, visit to Adamses’ residence for lunch, 383
direct democracy, 35
District of Columbia, slavery in, 322, 328–31, 337–40, 358–59
double representation, 174
dueling, 346–49, 400
Duke of Wellington, 116, 122
Dumas, Mademoiselle, 19–20
Durand, Asher Brown, 336–37
Ealing, England, 129, 136–37, 143
Eaton, John, 291–92
“Eaton malaria,” 292
economic development, 396
economic growth, 396
economic modernism, 320–21
Eighth Congress, 67, 68, 70
Eighth Congressional District (Massachusetts), 377, 417, 425–26
Elba, 126–27
election of 1824, 212–15
election of 1828, 251–52, 255–57, 262, 276, 310
election of 1832, 282, 310
election of 1836, 315–16, 351
election of 1838, 351–52
election of 1840, 376–78, 396
election of 1842, 377
election of 1844, 402–8
election of 1846, 425–26, 432
election of 1848, 432, 433
Electoral College, 61, 257, 378, 407
El Ferrol, Spain, 13
emancipation, 173, 326, 358; gradual vs. immediate, 318, 358
Embargo Act, 82, 265, 266
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 270–71, 361
England. See British Empire; Great Britain
the Enlightenment, 3–4, 102
Episcopal Church, 201
Erie, Pennsylvania, 391
Erie Canal, 388
Europe: the Americas and, 183–87; nonintervention of, 240 (see also Monroe Doctrine)
expansionism, 224, 240–41; Democratic party and, 406; growth of, 412; slavery and, 396–97, 403, 423; into Texas, 410–11. See also specific countries
exports, 128
factionalism, 144, 145–46
faith, 102–5, 232–33, 306–7, 384–86
federal government: Adams’s perceived expansion of, 227–29; Compromise of 1833, 301–2; Indians and, 293–94; role of, 396; struggle with Georgia over Creek Indian conflict, 245–46, 293, 294–95; Tariff of 1832 and, 301–2; war power and, 333
Federalism, 280. See also Federalist Party
Federalist party, 34, 68, 70–71, 73–75, 81–83, 210, 217, 283, 287, 296, 414; antiwar stance in War of 1812, 145; of Boston, 265–67; demise of, 155; Embargo Act and, 81–82; England and, 109–10; Great Britain and, 265; Louisiana Purchase and, 68–70; of Massachusetts, 84, 85, 86; of New England, 109, 145, 265–67, 268, 423; nominates John Quincy to state senate, 65; Non-Importation Act and, 81–82; opposition to three-fifths clause, 73–74; ostracizes John Quincy, 85, 86; press John Quincy to stand for U.S. House of Representatives, 65–66; replaces John Quincy as senator, 84, 86; represented by Bayard in talks at Ghent, 113; view of Jefferson, 268; weakening of, 151
federal judiciary, 70–71. See also specific courts
federal statutes, 72
fishing privileges, 116, 119–20, 122, 132, 149, 193
Fletcher v. Peck, 87–88
Florida, 157, 159–64, 168, 188, 190, 241; annexation of, 414–15; ceded to the U.S., 164; Indians in, 293; Jewish representative from, 326; slavery and, 416
Florida crisis, 288–89, 290–91
Florida treaty, 415, 416
Force Bill, 302
foreign policy, 240
Fort Ticonderoga, New York, 388
Founding Fathers, 3–4, 87, 258, 316, 396; John Quincy’s connection to, 353–54, 395, 439; nationalism of, 309
Fox, Charles James, 21
France, 8–9, 11–15, 20–22, 34, 92, 108, 124–27, 183, 186, 187, 373; Anglo-French conflict and, 56, 81–82, 108, 121; French claims and, 311–12; Louisiana Purchase and, 68; slavery and, 416; U.S. treaty of alliance with, 6, 8. See also Anglo-French conflict; French claims; French Revolution
Franklin, Benjamin, 4, 395; in France, 9, 11–12; Freemasonry and, 279; John Quincy’s connection to, 395, 439
Frazier, Mary, 30–31, 33, 48, 64–65
Fredericksburg, Virginia, 338–40
Frederick the Great, 18, 56, 60
free blacks, 177–78, 324–25; citizenship of, 170; denied entry into Missouri, 170, 175. See also African Americans
free-labor ideology, 320
Freemasonry, 279–85; elitism of, 283; Massachusetts and, 280–81
free states, 73–74, 172, 223, 318; discrimination in, 324–25; rights of, 342; slavery and, 173–74. See also the North
French and Indian War, 6
French claims, 311–12
French navy, 311
French Revolution, 34, 35, 41, 42
gag rule, 331–32, 337–40, 354–55, 372, 374, 397, 409
Gallatin, Albert, 110, 112–13, 114, 117–18, 124, 128, 129
gardening, 239–40, 270, 273, 336, 427–28
Garrison, William Lloyd, 318, 321, 322, 324, 359, 407
Genet, Edmond, 36
George III, 123
Georgia, 161, 213, 245–49, 301–2, 303, 333, 397, 398; Cherokee Indians and, 245–49, 293, 294–95; Creek Indians and, 244–45, 293; Fletcher v. Peck and, 87–88
Germany, 56, 60, 62
Ghent, Belgium, 112–13, 114–24, 143, 144, 160
Gibbon, Edward, 72, 273
Göteberg, Sweden, 110, 112
Graves, William, 347–48, 400
Great Britain, 21, 44, 108, 127–38, 143, 183–84, 187, 274, 294, 373; abolitionism in, 318–19; American Revolution and, 4–5, 180–81; Amistad case and, 361–63; angered by Jackson’s actions in Florida, 162; Anglo-French conflict and, 13, 56, 81–82, 108, 121; authority over Canada, 417–18; commercial treaty with, 128–29, 149–50; efforts to halt slave trade, 177; Federalist Party and, 265; Jay Treaty and, 40–41; John Adams appointed first American minister to, 23; John Quincy as minister to, 127–38, 143; joint occupation of Oregon and, 418, 419; offers to help settle American-Spanish differences, 159–60; Oregon and, 406, 418, 419–20; Parliament of, 5; peace treaty with U.S., 6; slave trade and, 318–19; Texas and, 402–3; Treaty of Ghent and, 122–23, 127; unwritten constitution of, 35; U.S.-Canada border and, 380; War of 1812 and, 109–10, 112–23
Great Ealing School, 129–30
Great Lakes, 116, 117, 122, 149
Greece, 186
Greek New Testament, 72
Grotius, 8
Gulf of Mexico, 122, 422
Haas, Philip, 429
The Hague, 19, 41, 44, 112
Haiti, 229
Hamilton, Alexander, 34, 232, 295–96, 317, 333, 337, 346
Hamiltonians, 34
Hammond, John H., 328–30
Harding, Chester, 237
Harrison, William Henry, 377; calls for special session of Congress, 379; death of, 379, 382, 396; as president, 378, 379, 382
Hartford, Connecticut, 145–46, 266–68
Hartford Convention, 145, 146, 266–67, 268
Harvard College/University, 12, 22–27, 32, 129, 145, 199, 200, 202; awards Jackson honorary doctorate, 313; John Quincy’s faculty post at, 75–77, 80, 87
Haverhill, Massachusetts, 24, 398
Healy, George P. A., 429
Hellen, Nancy, 68, 80
Hellen, Walter, 68, 80
the Hermitage, 94
Hobbes, Thomas, 8
Holmes, Isaac, 436
Horace, 202
Houston, Sam, 370
Hudson River, 390
Hume, David, 18, 28
Hyde de Neuville, Jean-Guillaume, 164, 187
impeachment, 71
imports, 128; tariff on, 242–44
impressment, 81, 82, 116, 117, 122, 128, 131–32, 133
improvement, theme of, 226–27, 229, 241, 288, 300–301, 303, 317, 328, 396
Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 438
Indiana, 257
Indian Removal Act of 1830, 293
Indians, 161–64, 179, 244; in Alabama, 293; assimilation of, 293; conflict with, 333; eviction of, 294–95; extermination of, 333; federal government and, 293–94; in Florida, 293; in Georgia, 293; Indian Removal Act of 1830 and, 293; Jackson’s policy toward, 293; in Mississippi, 293; in New England, 293; policy toward, 293–94, 303; sacrificed to white man’s greed, 288. See also specific tribes
Indian state, British demand for creation of, 116, 117
industry, impoverishment of, 288
Irish Catholics, 408
Irving, Washington, 386
Jackson, Andrew, 141, 161–64, 166–67, 179, 190–92, 194–95, 209–10, 245, 254, 276, 281, 283, 298, 323; Adamses host gala to celebrate, 206–8; address to Twenty-Second Congress, 302; anti-Adams alliance and, 229–30; awarded honorary doctorate by Harvard, 313; Bank of the United States and, 295–96; brands nullifiers as traitors, 302–3; break with Calhoun, 290–92, 301; called tyrant by Whigs, 310; calumnies of, 256; character of, 208–9; charges corruption upon Clay’s appointment as secretary of state, 221–22; declines John Quincy’s offer of secretary of war position, 222, 223; defeat of Creek nation, 244; direction of the country under, 261–62; dueling and, 347–48; Eaton scandal and, 291–92; electioneering to succeed, 330; enslaved by passions, 345; Florida crisis and, 416; Freemasonry and, 279, 280; French claims and, 311–12; hatred of John Quincy, 345–46; image of, 257; inauguration of, 262; John Quincy’s animus toward, 288–89, 309, 312–13, 327–28, 345–46, 401, 410, 414, 416–17; message to Congress in December 1834, 311; Nullification Proclamation and, 311; opposition to John Quincy and, 246–50; Pinckney’s report and, 331; polarizing personality of, 286, 288–89, 309; policy toward Indians, 293, 294–95; popularity of, 247–48, 257, 288–89; as president, 286–87, 288–89, 300, 302–3, 304, 311–12, 327, 331, 349; in race to succeed Monroe, 208, 212–19; reactions to Adams’s first address to Congress, 227; recognition of Texas as independent republic, 370; as slave owner, 417; Smithsonian Institution and, 349; supporters of, 253 (see also Jacksonians); supports Texas annexation in letter to party leaders, 410; Tariff of 1832 and, 301–2; Texas and, 370, 371–72, 401–4; tours New England, 312–13; wins election of 1828, 256–57; wins second term in 1832 election, 282
Jacksonian Democrats, 284, 286, 307. See also Democratic party
Jacksonians, 221–22, 247–51, 253–58, 265, 276, 280, 309, 316, 325, 379, 406, 414; Bank of the United States and, 297; direction of the country under, 261–62; election of 1836 and, 315; in House of Representatives, 327–28; reactions to Adams’s first address to Congress, 227; slander of John Quincy, 288–89. See also Democratic party; Jacksonian Democrats
Jackson party, 255, 280, 283, 407, 416–17. See also Jacksonian Democrats; Jacksonians
Jamaica, 319
Jay, John, 41
Jay Treaty, 41, 44
Jefferson, Thomas, 4–5, 51, 71, 74, 82, 88, 138, 147, 150, 155–56, 184, 264; Adamses’ opinion of, 77–78; administration of, 82–83; compliments John Quincy’s letter on Florida, 163–64; death on July 4, 1826, 230; defeat of John Adams, 232; dines with Adamses, 63; elected president, 61–62, 68; Embargo Act and, 81–82; inauguration of, 262; Jay Treaty and, 41; John Quincy’s connection to, 395, 439; John Quincy’s criticism of, 268; John Quincy’s feelings toward, 87, 416; Kentucky Resolutions, 317; letters of, 265; Louisiana Purchase and, 68–69, 414; as minister to France, 22; Non-Importation Act and, 81–82; as secretary of state, 34–36, 42, 45; as slave owner, 417; tendency to exaggerate, 78; as vice-president, 254
Jeffersonian doctrine, of limited government, 247, 248
Jeffersonian Republican party, 296
Jeffersonians, 34, 299. See also Jeffersonian Republican party
Jersey City, New Jersey, Adamses’ accident in, 426
John Quincy Adams locomotive, 439
Johnson, Carolina, 45–46
Johnson, Catherine (Kitty), 45–46, 91, 94
Johnson, Joshua, 45–55, 63
Johnson, Louisa Catherine: marriage to John Quincy, 52–55. See also Adams, Louisa Catherine
Johnson, Nancy, 45–46
Johnson, Richard, 289
Johnson family: slave owners among, 335. See also specific family members
Julius Caesar, 405
justice, concept of, 367
Juvenal, 72
Kentucky, 168, 213, 215, 217, 218, 251, 257, 285, 299, 317, 394
Kentucky Resolutions, 299, 317
King, Charles Bird, 198, 199
King, Rufus, 173
knowledge, 226–27
La Coruña, Spain, 13
Lake Champlain, New York, 118, 121, 149
Lake Erie, 391
Lake Ontario, 388
Latimer, George, 354
Latin America, 403; Adams’s proposal for engagement in, 228–29; Catholicism in, 228; conference of republics in Panama, 228–29, 230, 240. See also specific countries
Latin School, 16
Leiden University, 16
Leslie, Charles Robert, 136–37
Letcher, Robert P., 215
Lexington, Massachusetts, Battle of, 5–7
the Liberator, 318, 321
Liberty party: election of 1844 and, 407–9; election of 1846 and, 426
limited government, Jeffersonian doctrine of, 247, 248
Lincoln, Abraham, 304; death and funeral train of, 439; war power and, 333
Little Boston House, 129, 133, 137
localism, 396
Locke, John, 24
London, England, 21, 40–41, 44–46, 52–53, 127–38, 143
Louisiana, 168, 213, 218, 241, 257, 402; John Quincy’s 1824 victory and, 218; slavery and, 416. See also Louisiana Purchase
Louisiana Purchase, 68–69, 74–75, 414, 415; slavery and, 70, 168–69, 171, 415; western boundary of, 164–65
Louis XVIII, 125
Lovejoy, Elijah, 324
loyalism, 248
“Macbeth policy,” 195
Macon, Nathaniel, 214
Madison, Dolley, 79, 196, 208
Madison, James, 35, 42, 63, 81, 105, 138, 147, 150–51, 155–56, 184; address before Virginia constitutional convention, 477n9; administration of, 146; American Colonization Society and, 178; Bank of the United States and, 295, 296; inauguration of, 88; Jay Treaty and, 41; John Quincy’s connection to, 395, 439; John Quincy’s eulogy for, 316–17, 477n9; Laura’s admiration for, 78–79; Louisiana Purchase and, 69; offers John Quincy post of minister plenipotentiary to Russia, 88–90; as slave owner, 317; on slave property, 477n9; Treaty of Ghent and, 123; virtues of, 316–17
Maine, 116, 117, 122; Canadian border with, 241, 380; separates from Massachusetts and joins Union as a free state, 169–70
Malthus, Thomas, 96
Marchant, Edward, 428, 429
maritime rights, 116, 117
Marquis de Lafayette, 22
Maryland, 213, 217, 218, 257, 318
Maryland Agriculture Society, 234–35
Masonic lodges, 279
Masonry. See Freemasonry
Massachusetts, 23–24, 30, 63–64, 80, 144, 203, 230–31, 307, 325, 387, 398, 430; Antimasons in, 284, 310; constitutional convention in, 30; Eighth Congressional District, 377, 417, 425–26; election of 1828 and, 276; Federalist Party in, 84, 85, 86; first state constitution of, 6; Freemasonry and, 280–81; governor race in, 284–85; John Quincy plans to return to, 262; John Quincy’s body transported to, 438–39; Liberty party and, 407; National Republican party in, 283, 310; Plymouth District, 278, 283, 307; politics in, 34, 36, 76; prohibition against theater in, 36; religious turmoil in, 135–36; Republican Party of, 74, 85; Shays’s Rebellion in, 26, 29; summers in, 211–12; Thirtieth Congress, 425–26; Twelfth Congressional District, 276, 283, 307, 337, 351–52, 375–76. See also Massachusetts Bay Colony; specific towns and cities
Massachusetts Bay Colony, 4–5
Massachusetts legislature: Charles Francis in, 431; election of 1836 and, 316; elects John Quincy to U.S. Senate, 67; John Quincy in state senate, 65
Massillon, Jean-Baptiste, 104
Mather, Cotton, 272
Maysville, Kentucky, 252, 394
McLean, John, 253–54
Menander (pseudonym), 36
Meridian Hill, house on, 262–63, 265, 267
metric system, report on, 150, 188–89
Mexicans, 397
Mexican-American War, 421–23, 425, 431, 432, 433
Mexico, 164–65, 240, 241, 333, 369, 403, 415, 418, 420; abolition of slavery in, 369, 372, 416; boundary with Texas, 421–23; boundary with the U.S., 370–71; breaks diplomatic ties with U.S. after Texas annexation, 421–22; independence from Spain, 369; refuses Polk’s envoy, 422; refuses to recognize Texas independence, 421–22; Texas and, 369–72, 402–3; Texas annexation issue and, 407; U.S. and, 421–22; war with, 421–23, 431–32, 433
Mexico City, Mexico, 241, 369
Milton, John, 7
miscegenation, 173, 325–26
Mississippi, 168, 293
Mississippi River, 119–20, 122, 169, 193, 244
Missouri, 175, 213; Adams’s 1824 victory and, 218; slavery and, 168–70; state constitution of, 170, 175–76; Territory of, 168–70. See also Missouri Compromise
Missouri Compromise, 169–71, 173, 175, 176, 308, 430
Missouri crisis, 168–71, 173, 175–76, 308, 430
Monroe, James, 110, 129, 145, 147, 165–66, 193–94, 196, 201–2, 223, 395; administration of, 177, 183–87, 204; American Colonization Society and, 178; awarded honorary doctorate by Harvard, 313; cabinet of, 153–54, 160, 162–63, 171–72, 183–87, 219–20, 222, 234, 246, 275, 416; Clay and, 156–57; deputation of Indians by, 179; electioneering to succeed, 155–58, 189–96, 206, 208–18, 275, 290; establishes hegemonic position of U.S., 240; inauguration of, 144; John Quincy’s connection to, 395, 439; John Quincy’s eulogy for, 316–17; last days of his presidency, 244; neutrality in matters of succession, 254; neutrality in race to succeed him, 191; nonpartisanship of, 223; offers John Quincy secretary of state position, 138–39; as president, 150–52; re-election of in 1820, 158; relationship with John Quincy, 150–53, 188; second inauguration of, 189; as slave owner, 176, 317; Texas and, 371; tumult of second term, 219; virtues of, 316–17
Monroe Doctrine, 183–87, 188, 240, 415
Montaigne, Michel de, 72
Montreal, Canada, 388
morality, 283, 292, 309, 359. See also under Christianity
Morgan, William, murder of, 279–80
Mount Adams, 393
Mount Washington, 307
Mt. Auburn Cemetery, 31
Napoleon Bonaparte, 92–93, 108, 110, 115–16, 121, 122, 126–27, 184
national bank, 380. See also Bank of the United States
national debt, 288, 300
“national energies,” 305
National Intelligencer, Adams’s self-defense in, 265
nationalism, 168, 228, 309, 310, 317
National Republican party, 255, 280–82, 283, 284–87, 307, 309–12, 310. See also Adams party; Jackson party; Republican party
Nat Turner’s Revolt, 319
nature, 270–71
nepotism, 53–54
the Netherlands, 16, 19–20, 40, 41, 48, 49, 112, 274; John Quincy appointed minister to, 38, 39
neutral rights, 122
New Brunswick, Canada, 241
Newburyport, Massachusetts, 28, 30–31
New England, 34, 69, 73, 144–46, 193, 213, 249, 257; antiwar stance in War of 1812, 118; Federalist Party of, 145–46; Indians in, 293; influence of, 69, 74–75; Non-Importation Act and, 82; politics in, 351–52; Second Great Awakening and, 320; waning influence of, 146, 295. See also specific colonies, territories, and states
New England Federalism, 113, 145–46, 265–67, 268, 423
New Hampshire, 158, 307, 387
New Haven, Connecticut, 363
New Jersey, 213, 257
New Mexico, 422, 424
New Orleans, Louisiana, 68, 122, 169, 252, 370; Battle of, 123, 161, 206–8
newspapers, 255–56, 265, 370, 375–76; abolitionist, 318; John Quincy’s death and, 438; John Quincy’s disdain for, 251; partisan, 250–51. See also the press
Newth, Catherine, 45–46. See also Johnson, Catherine (Kitty)
New York, 213, 257, 320, 387–89; abolitionist movement in, 388–89; Amistad case and, 361–68; Antimasonic crusade and, 279–80; Liberty party and, 408; Louisa and Charles Francis in, 236–37
New York, New York, 24, 144, 438
New-York Historical Society, 356–57
Niagara Falls, 387–88
Nineteenth Congress, 225
Non-Importation Act, 81–82
nonpartisanship, 223, 224–25
the North, 214, 243, 247; abolitionist movement and, 323–24; end of slavery in, 318. See also specific colonies, territories, and states
the Northeast, 34, 169; slavery and, 173–74. See also specific colonies, territories, and states
Nova Scotia, 387
Nueces River, 422
Nullification Crisis of 1831 and 1832, 319
nullification doctrine, 299, 301, 302–3, 305, 317, 357
Nullification Proclamation, 302, 311
nullifiers, 301, 302–3, 309
Ohio, 213, 217, 257
Ohio Canal, 391
Ohio River, 169
Old South Meeting House, 37
Onís, Luis de, 160–61, 163, 164, 165–68, 187
Oregon, 406, 417, 418–19, 423, 425; John Quincy’s zeal for, 420–21; treaty partitioning, 419–20
Oregon dispute, treaty settling, 421, 422
Oregon Territory, 430
Ottoman Empire, 186
Owen, Robert Dale, 361
Pacific Northwest, 417; Spain surrenders claim to, 165
Paine, Thomas, The Rights of Man, 35
Paley, William, 96
Panama, 228–29, 230, 240
Paris, France, 8–9, 11–12, 14–15, 20–21, 22, 124–27
Parliament, 21–22
Parsons, Theophilus, 28, 30
partisanship, 65, 85, 107, 151, 170, 214, 223, 245–51, 255–56, 308–9, 343; Adams’s refusal to act on, 252–53; French claims and, 311–12; John Quincy’s rejection of, 286–87, 293, 310; John Quincy’s trial in the House and, 399–401; vs. patriotism, 146; Texas annexation issue and, 412–13; Tyler’s Texas treaty and, 405. See also political parties
Pascal, Blaise, 72
Passy, France, 9, 14–15
patriotism, vs. partisanship, 146
patronage, 192, 206, 219, 254; Adams’s refusal to act on, 252–53, 254, 257–58
Peale, Charles Willson, 198
Peck, John, 87–88
Pennsylvania, 213, 249
Pennsylvania Canal, opening of, 235, 251–52
Pensacola, Florida, 161
Pension Office, 376
the people, “transcendent sovereignty of,” 357
People’s party, 255. See also Adams party
petition, right of, 321, 329–31, 337–40, 358, 389, 397–99
Phi Beta Kappa Society, 25, 32
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 39–40, 70, 252, 318; Bank of the United States and, 295, 296, 297; navy yard in, 235
Pickens, Francis, 344
Pilgrims, 276; landing at Plymouth, 65–67
Pinckney, Henry L., 330–31
Pinckney, Thomas, Prussia, 44
Pinckney resolutions, 331–33, 337–40, 354–55, 397
Pitt, William, the Younger, 21
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 394
Plains of Abraham, 388
Plattsburgh, New York, 118; War of 1812 and, 121
Plautus, 72
Plumer, William, Jr., 214–15, 218, 219, 220–21, 223
Plymouth, Massachusetts, John Quincy’s address at, 65–67
Plymouth District, 276, 278, 283, 307, 327
poetry, 270–72
political parties, 170, 255, 258, 308–11, 407; coalescing of, 309–10; formula for organizing, 172; initiation of new, 402; newspapers and, 255, 256; speakers and, 255. See also partisanship; specific parties
Polk, James K., 327–28, 331–32, 338, 342; affirms Tyler’s decision on Texas, 413, 414; determination to acquire California, 418–19, 421–23, 424; inauguration of, 414; John Quincy’s contempt for, 414; John Quincy’s funeral and, 436, 438; John Quincy’s relationship with, 414; launches war with Mexico, 421–23; message to Congress in 1845 on Oregon, 419; Mexican-American War and, 431–33; militancy of, 423; nomination as Democratic presidential candidate, 406; offers to buy California and New Mexico from Mexico, 422; Oregon and, 418–19; Oregon compromise and, 419–20; pro-slavery stance of, 414; requests additional appropriation to acquire California and New Mexico, 424, 425; sends U.S. Army to Texas to underscore sovereignty, 422; Texas annexation issue and, 410–11, 413–14, 418–19; wins election of 1844, 407–8, 410
Port Folio, 60
Portugal, 48–52, 53
postmaster general, 253
postmasters, 253–54
Post Office Department, 253–54
Potomac River, 202, 238, 386, 427–28
Powell, William Henry, 429
Presbyterianism, 306–7, 385
Prescott, William, 386, 485n69
the press, 370, 375–76; abolitionist, 318; John Quincy’s death and, 438; secret negotiations for Texas annexation, 404. See also newspapers
protection, principle of, 300, 301
protectionists/protectionism, 53, 300–302, 309
Prussia, 53, 54, 55–56, 62, 274; renegotiation of commercial treaty with, 56, 59–60
public lands, 303; sale of, 328
Publicola (pseudonym), 35
public service, 86–87, 89–90, 223–24, 254
Publius Valerius (pseudonym), 73–75
Pufendorf, Samuel, 8
Puritanism, 135–36, 280
Puritan values, 334
Quakers, 70
Quebec City, Canada, 388
Quincy, Josiah, 313
Quincy, Massachusetts, 68, 80, 144, 203, 212, 276, 300, 313, 386–87, 390, 427, 429; death of John Adams in, 231–32; decline of, 433; John Quincy celebrates sixty-second birthday in, 273; John Quincy’s body transported to, 438–39; John Quincy spends eightieth birthday in, 431; John Quincy’s planned post-presidency residence in, 261–63; literary efforts in, 271; preparation of John Adams’s archive in, 269; trees planted around Adamses’ home in, 239–40. See also Braintree, Massachusetts
race, 325–26, 335; anti-abolitionism and, 324–25; miscegenation, 173, 325–26; slavery and, 174–75
railroads, 391
Randolph, John, 79, 146, 173, 250, 344, 347
reason, faith and, 102–5
Register of Debates, 333
Regular Whigs, 430–31
religion, 102–5, 135–36, 232, 306–7, 384–86; public service and, 223–24; religious liberty, 228; religious revivalism, 320, 388; religious tolerance, 136; Second Great Awakening, 320. See also faith; specific religions
the Repertory, 73–75
Republican party, 34, 68, 71, 73, 77, 83, 113, 176, 247, 255, 265, 268; caucusing to choose presidential nominee, 209, 210; disintegration after 1828 election, 276, 279, 280; Embargo Act and, 81–82; Jeffersonian, 296; John Quincy’s feelings toward, 416; Louisiana Purchase and, 68–69; of Massachusetts, 74, 85; Non-Importation Act and, 81–82. See also Adams party; Jackson party; National Republican party
restrictionists, 169, 170, 173–74
revivalism, 388
Revolutionary War pensions, 305
revolutions, 8. See also American Revolution; French Revolution; under South America; Texas Revolution
Richmond Enquirer, 195
Rio Grande, 165, 422–23
roads, 226
Rochester, New York, 389
Rocky Mountains, 165, 419
Roman Catholics, 408
Roman history, 405
romanticism, 270–71
Rumiantsev, Nikolai, 91, 96, 106, 107, 108, 109–10
Rush, Benjamin, 101
Rush, Richard, 149–50, 222–23, 254–55, 287–88
Rush-Bagot Treaty, 149–50
Russell, Jonathan, 113, 114, 120, 193–94, 215
Russell forgery scandal, 193–94, 215
Russia, 17–19, 88–90, 99–100, 105–12, 124, 150, 184–85, 187, 274; climate in, 95, 100, 107, 124; commercial agreement with, 108; cost of living in, 95; formal commercial agreement with the United States, 108; invaded by Napoleon, 92; John Quincy as minister to, 90–98; offers to serve as mediator in War of 1812, 109–10, 112–22
Russian Alaska, 417
Russian Orthodoxy, 96
Sabine River, 164–65, 168, 370–71
Saratoga, New York, 387
Schenectady, New York, 389–90
Schmidt, Isaak, 19
science, 226–27, 263–64, 270
Scott, Walter, 96, 135
secretaryship of state, as stepping stone to presidency, 254
sectionalism, 144, 145–46, 168, 170, 213, 214, 223, 271, 308–9; John Quincy’s trial in the House and, 399–401; Tyler’s Texas treaty and, 405; Wilmot Proviso and, 432
self-discipline, 43
Seminole Indians, 161–64
the Sensible, 14
sermons, books of, 96
Seward, William Henry, 282
Shakespeare, William, 7, 23, 27, 28, 135, 195, 263, 270; “Macbeth policy” of, 195; Othello, 325–26
Shaw, Elizabeth, 24
Shaw, John, 24
Shays, Daniel, 29
Shays’s Rebellion, 26, 29, 30
Silesia, 60–61
slave owners, 74, 262, 317–20, 324, 326, 329, 359; Democratic party and, 324; John Quincy’s antipathy toward, 267, 269, 327, 340, 341–44, 346, 360
slave representation: fraud of, 408 (see also three-fifths clause)
slavery, 70, 168, 170–77, 295, 303–4, 308–9, 319–20, 360, 396–97, 398, 402, 424; abolitionism and, 317–18; amalgamation as solution to, 325–26; Amistad case, 353; Calhoun’s legitimation of, 404, 405; Christianity and, 175, 320, 358; debates over extension of, 430; Declaration of Independence and, 171; demand for its rights, 342; in District of Columbia, 322, 328–29, 337, 358–59; ended in the North, 318; expansionism and, 396–97, 403, 423; Florida and, 416; France and, 416; future growth of, 171; as greatest threat to the Union, 324, 326; Louisiana and, 70, 168–69, 171, 416; Missouri and, 168–70 (see also Missouri Compromise); in Oregon Territory, 430; prohibited in California and New Mexico, 424; race and, 174–75; restrictions on growth of, 171–72; the South and, 333–34, 342–44, 432–33; Spain and, 416; territorial expansion and, 353, 415–16, 417; Texas and, 369–75, 402–4, 410–11, 413–15, 416; Treaty of Ghent and, 132–33; U.S. Congress and, 171, 173, 328–40; war power and, 333; Whig party and, 430–31. See also abolitionists/abolitionist movement; Adams, John Quincy: antislavery views of; Missouri Compromise; slave states; slave trade; Wilmot Proviso
slaves, 174–75; antislavery petitions from, 339–40; carried off by Seminole Indians, 161; taken by British military during War of 1812, 132, 149. See also African Americans
slave states, 61–62, 73, 168–69, 175, 213, 223, 318; dominion of, 174; John Quincy’s 1824 victory and, 218; John Quincy’s criticism of, 267, 269; political power of, 295; restrictions of future, 171–72; rights of, 342; slavery and, 173–74; Texas and, 402. See also the South; specific states
slave trade: Amistad case and, 361–68; British Empire and, 318–19; in District of Columbia, 338; efforts to halt, 177
Smith, Adam, 18
Smithson, James, 349–51
Smithsonian Institution, 349–51
the South, 34, 61–62, 172, 176, 214, 215, 229, 248–49, 257, 398; abolitionist movement and, 323–24; dueling in, 346–48; election of 1844 and, 402; expansion of, 169; growing influence of, 309; John Quincy’s 1824 victory and, 218; John Quincy’s animus toward, 267, 269, 346–47, 416–17; opposition to John Quincy in, 247, 248; politics of, 303–4; power of, 417; slavery and, 173–74, 303–4, 333–34, 342–44, 432–33; strengthened by annexation of Texas, 415; three-fifths clause and, 417; values of, 303–4. See also specific colonies, territories, and states
South America: republics in, 240; revolutions against Spanish rule in, 157, 159–61, 183–87, 190; slavery and, 132. See also specific countries
Southard, Samuel, 222, 223
South Carolina, 195, 257, 299, 301–3, 328–29, 330
South Carolina Exposition and Protest, 299
southerners: in House of Representatives, 343–44; John Quincy’s trial in the House and, 399–401; pro-Clay, 309, 399. See also abolitionists/abolitionist movement; the South; specific states
southern expansion, 68–69
Southworth, Albert, 429
Spain, 13–14, 157, 159–65, 182–83, 185–86, 241, 294, 418; Adams–Onís Treaty and, 165–68, 188–89; Amistad case and, 361–68; cedes Florida to the U.S., 164; former colonies and, 240; Mexican independence from, 369; Mexico and, 370–71; slavery and, 416; surrenders claim to Pacific Northwest, 165; western boundary of Louisiana purchase and, 164–65
Spanish California. See California
Spanish Florida. See Florida
Spanish Texas. See Texas
Speaker of the House: (see also specific Speakers); John Quincy’s death and, 435–36
Stamp Act, 5
states’ righters, 215, 227, 267, 268, 269, 271, 309, 379
states’ rights, 299, 300–304, 323, 342, 357, 396–97, 432
steamboats, 203
Stevenson, Andrew, 298–99
St. Lawrence River, 388
Stockholm, Sweden, 112
Story, Joseph, 366–68
St. Petersburg, Russia, 17–19, 91–98, 99–100, 105–12
strict constructionism, 247–48
Stuart, Gilbert, 198–99, 237
Sully, Thomas, 198, 237
Sweden, 19, 56, 60, 110, 112
Syng Physick, Philip, 274
Tacitus, 43, 202, 263
Taney, Roger B., 365, 366
Tappan, Lewis, 363, 364–68
Tariff of 1832 (Tariff of Abominations), 243, 249, 299, 301, 302
tariffs, 242–44, 249, 299–303, 309, 310. See also Tariff of 1832 (Tariff of Abominations)
Taylor, Zachary, 422, 423, 432
telegraph, 438
Tennessee, 168, 215, 406
term limits, 155–56
territorial expansion, 240–41, 414; American exceptionalism and, 417–18; Democratic party and, 419; John Quincy’s loyalty to, 417–18; John Quincy’s vision of, 415, 420–21; national vs. sectional, 418; slavery and, 353, 415–16, 417. See also expansionism; specific territories
Texas, 164–65, 168, 241, 333, 410–12, 420; admitted to Union as a state, 413; annexation and, 370–73, 397, 401–4, 410–11, 412, 413, 418; Arkansas and, 402; boundary with Mexico, 421–23; British designs on, 402–3; independence from Mexico, 369–74, 402–3; Louisiana and, 402; Mexico and, 369–72; slavery and, 369–75, 402–4, 410–11, 413–16; slave states and, 402; treaty for annexation, 403–4
Texas Revolution, 369–75
Thaxton, John, 13
Thirtieth Congress, 425–26, 431–33
three-fifths clause, 61, 73–75, 174, 319, 360, 397, 413, 417, 477n9
Thucydides, 8
Tillotson, John, 62–63
Timberlake (Eaton), Margaret O’Neal, 291–92
Timberlake, John, 291–92
Tocqueville, Alexis de, Democracy in America, 304
Toronto, Canada, 388
trade, Anglo-French conflict and, 81–82
Transcendentalists, 361
Transcontinental Treaty. See Adams–Onís Treaty
travel, 387
Treaty of Ghent, 122–23, 127, 132–33, 143, 144, 149, 193, 241, 274
tree farming, 239–40
Trinitarianism, 136
Troup, George, 245
Twelfth Congressional District (Massachusetts), 276, 278, 283, 307, 326–27, 337, 351–52, 375–76
Twenty-Eighth Congress, 409–10
Twenty-Fifth Congress, 348
Twenty-Fourth Congress, 328–30, 337–40, 341, 351
Twenty-Ninth Congress, 425
Twenty-Second Congress, 278–79, 298–99, 302, 307
Twenty-Seventh Congress, 381
Twenty-Third Congress, 307
Tyler, John, 414; advocates adding Texas to the Union, 410–12; delivery of Texas treaty to Senate, 404–5; Democrats and, 401; divorce from Whig party, 402, 407; election of 1844 and, 405–7; expansionism and, 423; John Quincy’s doubts about, 379–80; during lame-duck session of Twenty-Eighth Congress, 409–10; loses Texas annexation issue to Democrats, 406–7; as president, 379, 382–83; proposes different path to annexation, 410; reelection hopes of, 402; resurrection of Texas annexation issue, 401–4; rift with Whig majority in the House, 397; secret negotiations for Texas annexation, 403–4; signs joint resolution on Texas annexation, 413; slavery and, 423; social functions at Executive Mansion, 382–83; Texas annexation issue and, 401–7, 411; urges revisiting Texas annexation issue, 410. See also Tyler, John, administration of
Tyler, John, administration of, 380–82, 396; negotiates U.S.-Canada border with Great Britain, 419; pro-Texas annexation campaign of, 403–4
Tylerites, 397
Tyler Whigs, 397
the Union: imperiled by slavery, 172–73; importance of, 42, 171, 268, 271, 300, 302; John Quincy’s vision of, 303–5, 317; Nullification Crisis of 1831 and 1832 and, 319; petition calling for dissolution of, 398–99; slavery as greatest threat to, 324, 326, 416, 432–33; the U.S. Constitution and, 357
Unitarianism, 135–36
the United States: Adams–Onís Treaty and, 165–68; becomes continental power, 165–66, 166, 415; boundary with Mexico, 370–71; Canadian border with, 419; character of, 396; commercial agreement with Russia, 108; declares war on Great Britain in 1812, 108–9; decline of, 327; French Revolution and, 41, 42; future of, 303, 396, 411, 417, 431–32; hegemonic position in Western Hemisphere, 240; humbling of by states’ rights, 303; independence of, 81–84, 109, 116–18, 164, 180–81, 300; John Quincy’s vision of, 397, 420–21; joint occupation of Oregon and, 418, 419; material advancements of, 203; Mexico and, 421–22; national virtue diminished by slavery, 295; neutrality policy of, 82, 92, 108–9; Treaty of Ghent and, 122–23, 127, 143, 144; War of 1812 and, 109–10, 112–23, 143, 144
United States Telegraph, 250–51
unity: importance of, 144, 246 (see also the Union)
universal education, 325
universal rights, 174, 181
U.S. Army, oversees westward move of Indians, 293
U.S. Congress, 77–85, 147, 150, 163, 168, 195, 240, 289, 304, 323; annexation and, 374; antidueling measures and, 348–49; antislavery petitions and, 321, 341–42, 354, 358–59, 361–62; Bank of the United States and, 297–98; congressmen calling on the president, 233–34; considers Missouri’s application for statehood, 168–70; constitutional limits on power of, 227; electioneering to succeed Monroe, 275; Embargo Act and, 81–82; fails to adopt metric system, 189; French claims and, 311–12; improvements and, 242; Jackson’s message to in December 1834, 311; jockeying for presidency in, 275–76; John Quincy’s death and, 435–36; John Quincy’s first address to, 224–27; John Quincy’s return to, 285–87; Massachusetts delegation, 435–36, 437; Mexican-American War and, 423; Missouri Compromise and, 173; Non-Importation Act and, 81–82; opposition to John Quincy and, 250; outlaws slave trade, 177; Panama enterprise and, 229; passes notice to Britain of termination of joint occupation of Oregon, 419, 420; passes Texas annexation, 412–13; powers of, 319; resolutions to commemorate John Quincy’s death, 436; slavery and, 171, 173, 328–40; Smithsonian Institution and, 349–51; special session called by Harrison, 379; struggle with Georgia over Creek Indian conflict and, 245–50; tariffs and, 243–44; Texas annexation issue and, 410–12; Thirtieth Congress, 431–33; Twenty-Eighth Congress, 409–10; Twenty-Fifth Congress, 348–49; Twenty-Fourth Congress, 328–30, 351; Twenty-Ninth Congress, 425; Twenty-Second Congress, 298–301; Twenty-Seventh Congress, 381; Twenty-Third Congress, 307, 309; Tyler administration and, 380, 381; war power and, 333; Wilmot Proviso and, 424–25. See also specific chambers
the U.S. Constitution, 29–30, 35, 175, 213, 224, 227, 300, 308, 317, 340–41, 432; annexation and, 374; contract clause of, 87–88; First Amendment of, 321, 329, 337–40, 358, 389; importance of, 246; Louisiana Purchase and, 69; Missouri Compromise and, 172; the people and, 357; privileges and immunities clause, 170; resolutions on annexation and, 404; right of petition in, 321, 329–31, 337–40, 358, 389; tariffs and, 243; three-fifths clause and, 61, 73–74, 174, 319, 360, 397, 413, 417, 477n9; the Union and, 357; vice-presidency and, 379
U.S. District Court, Amistad case and, 363
U.S. federal circuit court, Amistad case and, 364
U.S. House of Representatives, 7, 61, 65–66, 193, 223, 259, 295; abolitionism and, 321–22; antidueling measures and, 348–49; antislavery petitions and, 341–42, 354, 358–59, 361–62; appropriations by, 229; Committee of Escort, 438–39; Committee on Foreign Relations, 375; Committee on Ways and Means, 301; decides election of 1824, 213–15, 217–20; election of 1836 and, 316; French claims and, 312; gag rule and, 354–55; Jacksonians in, 327–28; John Quincy considers serving in, 276–78; John Quincy named chair of Committee on Manufactures, 298–99, 300–301; John Quincy requests move to Committee on Foreign Affairs, 298–99; John Quincy’s death and, 435–36; John Quincy serves in, 285–90, 297–98, 299–309, 315, 321–52, 354–60, 375–76, 397–433; John Quincy’s funeral in, 436–38; Journal of, 381; Mexican-American War and, 423–24, 433–34; Oregon compromise and, 420–21; passes joint resolution of termination on Oregon, 421; resolution exonerating John Quincy, 340–41; resolutions on annexation and, 404; resolutions to halt antislavery petition commotion, 339; slavery and, 328–40; Smithsonian Institution and, 349–51; southerners in, 343–44; Texas annexation issue and, 410–13; Wilmot Proviso and, 424–25
U.S. Marine Band, 207
U.S. Navy, Amistad case and, 363
U.S. Senate, 68–72, 77–85, 150, 228, 242, 276, 285; Adams–Onís Treaty and, 166–67, 188–89; antidueling measures and, 348; approves compromise proposal on Oregon, 419; confirmations by, 229; delivery of Texas treaty to Senate, 404–5; Foreign Relations Committee, 311–12; French claims and, 311–12; John Quincy elected to, 67; John Quincy’s death and, 436; ratifies treaty with Creek Indians, 244; receives report on weights and measures, 189; rejects Tyler’s Texas treaty, 405; secret negotiations for Texas annexation, 404; Smithsonian Institution and, 349–51; Tariff of 1832 and, 302; Texas annexation issue and, 410–11; treaty for Texas annexation and, 403–4; Treaty of Ghent and, 123; Wilmot Proviso and, 424–25
USS John Adams, 144
U.S. State Department, 56, 60, 145, 147–49, 204, 222, 240–41
U.S. Supreme Court, 70–71, 87–88, 353; Amistad case and, 364–68; Bank of the United States and, 295; John Quincy’s funeral and, 436; John Quincy’s nomination and confirmation to, 106–7
U.S. Treasury Department, 376
U.S. War Department, 222, 305, 376
Utica, New York, 389
Van Buren, Martin, 255, 290–91, 331, 351–52, 370, 402; administration of, 344–45, 350; anti-Texas stance and, 410; campaign for second term as president, 377; election of 1836 and, 315, 316, 330; election of 1844 and, 406; Indians and, 293; John Quincy’s relationship with, 344–45; loses 1840 reelection bid, 378; opposition to John Quincy and, 230, 247–50; as president, 344–45, 350, 361–68, 375; Smithsonian Institution and, 350; social functions at Executive Mansion, 382; spurned for 1844 presidential nomination, 406, 409; Texas and, 375, 401–4. See also Van Buren, Martin, administration of
Van Buren, Martin, administration of: Amistad case and, 361–68; anti-Texas campaign and, 375
Vancouver Island, 419
van Huffel, Pieter, 124, 137
vice-presidency, as stepping stone to presidency, 254
Vichy-Chamrond, Marie de, 272
Virginia, 190–91, 195, 213, 299, 319, 477n9
Virginia Resolutions, 317
Voltaire, 18, 28, 272
Walker, Daniel, 318
War of 1812, 109–22, 132, 143–44, 149, 244, 294, 423; Britain and, 109–10, 112–22; dire fiscal situation following, 296; French navy’s spoliation of American ships during, 311–12; Treaty of Ghent and, 122–23, 127
war power, 479n35; slavery and, 333
Washington (state), 418
Washington, D.C., 63, 68, 71–72, 77–80, 118, 211–12, 273, 276. See also District of Columbia
Washington, George, 4, 30, 53, 62, 321, 395; cabinet of, 34; Farewell Address of, 229; fiftieth anniversary of first inauguration of, 356, 357; Freemasonry and, 279; impressed with John Quincy’s writings, 38; Jay Treaty and, 41; John Quincy’s connection to, 395, 439; nominates John Quincy as American minister to the Netherlands, 38, 39. See also Washington, George, administration of
Washington, George, administration of: French Revolution and, 34, 36; neutrality policy of, 34, 36; policy toward Indians, 293
Webster, Daniel, 217, 219, 230, 242, 248, 251, 252, 287, 310; blocks John Quincy’s elevation to Senate, 312, 316; election of 1828 and, 256; election of 1836 and, 316; election of 1840 and, 378; French claims and, 312; John Quincy’s death and, 437; relationship with John Quincy, 327, 382; as secretary of state, 380; Whig party and, 430–31
Weld, Theodore Dwight, 397, 399–400
the West, 257. See also specific states and territories
West Indies, 132, 319, 359–60, 403
West Point, 376
Whig party, 308, 310–11, 312, 331, 343, 351, 399; antislavery movement and, 432; Charles Francis in, 430–31; creation of, 310; death of Harrison and, 379; division of, 430–31; divorce from Tyler, 402, 407; election of 1836 and, 315–16, 330; election of 1840 and, 376–78; election of 1844 and, 405–6, 407, 408–9; election of 1846 and, 425–26, 432; French claims and, 312; gag rule and, 355; John Quincy’s trial in the House and, 401; majority in the House, 397; Mexican-American War and, 421–23, 432; northern, 399, 423; slavery and, 430–31; southern, 399; Texas annexation issue and, 405, 407, 410–13, 415; Tyler administration and, 380–82, 397, 405; Wilmot Proviso and, 424–25, 433
Whigs: northern, 405, 407, 409, 410–11, 432; southern, 405, 407, 410–11, 415, 432
Wieland, Christoph Martin, Oberon, 57
Williams, Lewis, 344
Wilmot, David, 424–25
Wilmot Proviso, 424–25, 430, 432, 433
Winthrop, Robert C., 435–36
Wirt, William, 153, 222, 223, 225, 282
Wise, Henry, 347–48
Workingmen’s party, 284
Yulee, David L. See Levy, David