Abortion of female fetuses, 151
Academic competitiveness
leading to fraudulent actions, 235–236
ostentatious behavior, bragging, 175
women compared to men, 130
Act rationality, 56–57, 67, 197
Adams, Benjamin, xiii
Age differences within couples, 137–138
Al Jazeera News, 19–20
Altruism
genetic-level evolutionary explanation, 102–106
as moral principal of aiding others, 100–102
as rational within evolutionary definition, xvii–xviii
See also Generosity
Amygdalae, 22
Anger
benefits and negative effects, 219
enables credible commitment, 6–7, 219
importance of control, 227
sharpens distinctions between claims in disputes, x
Angola, 62–64
Animals
collective emotions, 90–92
generosity exhibited, 90–92, 100–102
risk attitudes, 169–170
sexual behavior, 121–122
Arabian babbler bird. See Babblers
Arithmetic of emotions, 168–171, 185
Arranged marriages and dowries in India, 149–151
Arrogant behavior, 176–177
Arrow, Kenneth, 178
Artistic experiences as emotional and cognitive phenomena, 89, 161–163, 164
Asexual reproduction, 145, 147
Atalia (author’s wife), 82–85
Attractiveness
as culturally specific, 138
and differences in self-assessments, 187–188
and extramarital affairs, 128–130
of males to females using handicap principle, 124
Auctions and winner’s curse phenomenon, 223–227
Aumann, Robert, 33, 40, 42–43, 56, 67
Australia, 220
Authenticity for effective rational emotions, 18–20
Autism spectrum disorder
deficit of oxytocin, 118
lack of empathy and ToM, 29–30
smaller amounts of vasopressin, 230
Automatons, 45–50
Autonomous emotions, 4–5
AVPR1a, 230
Babblers (Arabian babbler birds), 100–101, 102
Bach, Johann Sebastian, 162
Bank employees peer effects example, 210–211
Barber, Brad, 182
Bargaining
leverage, 6
positions for women within relationships, 158
as rational choices, xvi
with tactics of rational emotions, commitment, 8–9
Bargaining theory, 5
Bar-Hillel, Maya, 198–199
“Battle at Kruger” YouTube video, 90–92
Battle between the sexes game, 34
A Beautiful Mind film, 33
Becker, Gary, 152–159
Bees, 67–68, 104, 123–124, 142
Behavioral Insight Team, xi
Behavioral traits
credibility fostering trust, 62
helping others, 101
linked to testosterone, 135
risk-taking by men, 136
in trust games, 79–80
Blushing, evolutionary advantages and negative effects, 220–221
Bonuses offered as incentives, 205–209, 213–215
Bornstein, Gary, 89
Brain activity related to emotions
of auction participants, 227
as economic decisions are made, 57
and emotional control, 7
exhibiting empathy, 28–29
feelings of regret, 222–223
reactions to social ostracism and threats of danger, 101
Brekke, Kjell Arne, 177
Brizendine, Luann, 139–140
Buffet, Warren, 188
Center for the Study of Rationality, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, xii, xiii, 19, 20, 24, 25
Changing environments, 54–55, 109
Children
with demand/withdrawal patterns with parents, 141
exhibit empathy arising from emotional mirror cells, 28–29
facial features, personalities, preserved through adulthood, 228–229
field experiments on monetary incentives, 111–112
infant-mother empathy from oxytocin, 230
infants laughing at surprises, 163
risk taking by male and female youths, 135
women’s childrearing, from evolutionary perspective, 121, 123, 126–127
Chimpanzees, as research subjects, 28, 52–53
China, 151
Chinese game players, 79–80
Cholent story, 113–114
Clergy, 175
Cognitive/analytical thinking
compared to speed of emotional responses, 38
complemented, balanced, by emotions, 237–238
control of, compared to physical sensations, xx
and emotional responses of artistic experiences, 161–162
scientific explanations, 234
winner’s curse explained, 224–225
Cohen, Raymond, 77–78
Collective emotions
introduced, 88–89
among animals, birds, 90–92
as collectively rational, 97
created by, influencing, sports teams, 94–96
needed more by men than women, 95–96
as rewards for teams, 215
strengthened by group identification, emergency conditions, 91–94, 196
Collective insults, 96–97
Collectivism versus individualism, 77
College drop-outs, 103
Commitments created by emotions
introduced, 5
anger, 219
as credible, 7–8
and multiple sexual partners, 125–126
See also Self-commitment
Communes, 101
Competitiveness
of auction environment, 225
despised in times of crisis, 86
gives evolutionary advantages to males, 134
of Israelis, 80–81
with overconfidence as advantage, 186
of women compared to men, 130–134, 144
of work environments, 214
See also Academic competitiveness
of decision making in parallel with others, 190
and desire to reduce regret, 222
as psychological bias, 193–194
See also Herd behavior
Conspicuous consumption, 174–175
Continental Airlines, 201–202
Convergence theory, 62–63
Cooperation
between emotional and cognitive mechanisms, 14
as engine of economic growth, social welfare, 61–62
in equilibrium with two rational players, 40, 43–44, 50
in groups motivated by correlated mental states, 89
increases with oxytocin, 119–120
signaled by emotions to reach equilibrium, 35–36
sustained by emotional behavior in repeated games, 48–49
Coricelli, Georgio, 221–222
Corporations
as bidders, prey to winner’s curse, 223–226
competitive promotion processes, 132–133
planning of incentive structures, 112, 201
Correlated mental states, 89
Couples’ matches using joint utility model, 154–157
Credibility fostering trust, 62
Credibility of commitments, 5–8, 122, 219
Cultural variations
attractiveness, 138
ethnocentrism study, 73–78
between geographical areas in Italy, 210–211
homogeneity vs. heterogeneity of societies, 105
internal norms within cultures, 74, 76
in trust across cultures, ethnic origins, 65–67, 69–71, 74, 76–80
of ultimatum game players, 54
Culture and Conflict in Egyptian-Israeli Relations (Cohen), 77–78
Damasio, Antonio, 22
Darwin, Charles, 220
Day traders, 135. See also Stock market decision making
Decision making
assisted by emotions, 4
based on fear of feeling regret, 222–223
and definitions of rationality, xv–xvii
difficulties/mistakes in using probabilistic reasoning, 197–200
enabled by cooperating emotional/rational mechanisms, 236–238
as erroneous, influenced by dopamine, 223–224, 227
overconfidence effects, 182–183
process described, x–xi
See also Stock market decision making
Demand/withdrawal behavioral patterns, 140–142
magnet treatment near prefrontal cortex, 161
and memories of pain, xx
realistic probabilistic assessments, 186–187
Deterrence to noncooperation, 42–43, 106
Development process in teamwork model, 204–209
Digestive systems connected to emotional systems, xviii–xix, 118
Diminishing marginal utility, 167–168
Discrimination
about rewards for generosity by ethnic backgrounds, 66–68, 71–72
between bonuses offered to employees, 209–210
against certain DNA profiles, 232
Djani, Mohammed, 77
DNA profiles, 232
Dynamic equilibrium concept (Selten), 51–52
Ebstein, Richard, 230–231
Economic behavior
introduced, xi
as irrational, perverse, 223
phenomena explained by market-signaling model, 174
theoretical research, 63–64
Economic model (Gale-Shapley algorithm), 153–155
Economic system of homogenous Scandinavia, 105–106
El Torero hypothetical restaurant, 191–195
Emotional mechanisms working with rationality, x, 237–238
Emotional mirror cells, 28–29
Emotional responses/reactions
as causes of winner’s curse, 225
characteristics of, 38
combine with cognitive analysis for artistic experiences, 161–162
effects identified, controlled, by cognitive faculties, 227
evolutionary advantages, 219–220
measured by skin conductance, 20–22
to positive/negative events, influenced cognitively, 167–172
scientific explanations for behavior, 234
sustain cooperation in repeated games, 49
Emotional utilities (Becker), 155, 157
Emotions
as term, xii–xiii
assist in decision making, 4
create credible commitments, 5–7
difficulty of defining, xviii
serving material interests, 36–37
See also Rational emotions
Empathy
described, 28
arising from emotional mirror cells, 28–29
in negotiations, 8
related to oxytocin, 118–119, 230
related to ToM capacity, 29–30
Empirical behavioral outcomes, 142–143, 158, 234–236
Empirical research, 11, 25, 63–64, 221
Envelope stuffing peer effects experiment, 211–212
Equilibrium
with authentic emotional states, 186
convergence changes in societies, 62–63
demand/withdrawal and no comment strategies, 141–142
emotions as signals for coordination, 35
ensured by Grim Trigger and Tit-for-Tat strategies, 41–44
Ericson, Doris, 82
Ericson, Larry, 82
Ethic of reciprocity, 37
Ethical codes and moral considerations
as collective rewards, 215
conflated with scientific claims, 231
Ten Commandments, 106–109
Ethnic origins
with altruism prevalent in homogenous societies, 104–106
effects on trust, 65–67, 69–72
European Union, 69–70
European University Institute (EUI), Florence, Italy, 69–71
Europeans’ trust experiment, 69–72
Evaluation metrics, 213–214
Evolution, theory of, xii
Evolutionary advantages and negative effects of regret, 221–223
Evolutionary advantages of belonging to a group, 88–89, 90. See also Group selection model
Evolutionary advantages of emotional reactions, 219–221
Evolutionary advantages of gender differences, 129, 134, 136, 143–144, 188
Evolutionary advantages of overconfidence, 186
Evolutionary attitudes toward risk, 169–170
Evolutionary definition of rationality, xvii–xviii
Evolutionary models for group structures, 98–100, 109
Extramarital affairs, 128–130
Ezra (uncle of author), 27–30
Facial expressions and features, 22–23, 27, 220, 228–229
Fairness norms
as culturally determined, 54–55
as emotions and social norms, xii
fragile, 56
Falk, Armin, 211–212
Favor debts, 112–114
The Female Brain (Brizendine), 139
Fershtman, Chaim, 110–112
Field experiments compared to lab experiments, 110–111
Finances
affected by herd behavior, 190, 196
Bayes’s Rule in decision making, 184
savings based on self-commitment, 11
Fischer, Joschka, 69
Flood, Merrill M., 178–179
Flute as oldest known musical instrument, 162
fMRI brain imaging
of auction participants, 227
of decision making, 57
of empathy brain activities, 28–29
of reactions to social ostracism, 101
Friend or Foe TV program, 25–26
Fugue in C-Minor musical work (Bach), 162
Fusiform gyrus, 22
Gale, David, 152–155
Game theory
introduced, xi–xii
answers questions about contract planning, negotiations, 203
cooperation in equilibrium with rational players, 40–41
developing behavioral theories, 234
emotions as signals for cooperative equilibrium, 35–36
explaining international conflicts, 42–43
and understanding ToM, 29–30
See also Contract theory
Games
battle between the sexes game, 34
played against computer programs, 55
taking game, 79–80
ultimatum game, 29, 51–52, 54–57
Gang members’ collective emotions, 90
Gender differences, 125–142, 187–188, 221. See also Evolutionary advantages of gender differences
Gene survival, 100
Generosity
exhibited with oxytocin, 119
expectations of reciprocity, 77, 80, 101, 110
genetic basis of, 230
of Middle Eastern game players, 65–67
of Palestinian game players, 77, 80
satisfaction reduced by repaying favor debts, 112–114
in times of crisis, 86
See also Altruism
Genetic compatibility using Gale-Shapley algorithm, 153–154
Genetic profiles, 230–232
Genetic variation, 145–148
German Science Foundation, 73
German-Israeli-Palestinian trust experiments, 73–78
Germany
Baader-Meinhof Red Army faction, 12
Gershon, Michael, 118
Gneezy, Uri, 65–66, 110–112, 131, 185, 204
Go Forward plan, 202
Golden rule of ethics, 37
Grim Trigger strategy, 41–44
Group behavior. See Herd behavior
Group cohesion
cooperation motivated by correlated mental states, 89
created, preserved, by collective emotions, 88
created by religions, 106–109
Group evolution models, 98–100, 109
Group experiments, 89–90, 191–200
Group selection model
explains evolutionary survival of altruism, 106
with social cohesion benefiting groups, 106–109
societies as individuals question, 99–100
Gruber, Dr. (Hans Winter’s Nazi teacher), 14–17
Güth, Werner, 51–52
Haifa University, 65–66
Handicap principle
introduced, 102–103
explains risk-taking by males, 136
as genetic-level evolutionary explanation of altruism, 106
with humbleness as signal for strength, 176–177
increases attractiveness of males to females, 124
related to market signaling, 174
Hans (author’s father), 14–17, 88
Harvard University, 130
Hearst, Patricia, 12–13
Hearst, William Randolph, 12
Hearst syndrome, 13
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, xii, 9, 74, 130
Hellman, Ziv, xiii
Herd behavior
appears to result from rational thinking (restaurant model), 191–194
diverse varieties arising from collective emotions, 196–197
due to mistaken information processing, 190
examples of difficult probabilistic reasoning, 197–200
induced by urn with colored balls experiment, 194–195
Heuristic reasoning, 200
Hezbollah-Israeli war in Lebanon (2006), 82
Homogeneity of societies, 55, 104–106, 190
Honor your father and your mother (5th commandment), 108
Humility, 175–177
Ichino, Andrea, 210–212
Illouz, Eva, 151–152
Incentive hormone. See Dopamine
Incentive reversal paradox, 204–210
Incentives
Continental’s Go Forward initiative, 202
for distinguishing emotional states, 24–25
increase when bonuses are offered with discrimination, 209–210
rewarding successful teamwork, 214
to women for agreeing to compete, 134
in workplaces leading to increased production, profits, 201, 205–210
See also Monetary incentives; Social incentives
Incest as evolutionary genetic liability, 146–147
India, 149–151
Individualism versus collectivism, 77
Infidelity, 127–130
Insults
collective vs. personal, 96–97
emotional and rational reactions to, 46–47
memories of, xx
in negotiations, 8–9
in Prisoner’s Dilemma game, 36, 37
Intellectual talents signaled to market, 173–174
Interactive decisions, xii, 32
International disputes, 5–6, 42–43
Irrational emotions, 43, 221–227
Israeli justice system probability experiment, 198–200
Israeli mobile telephone spectrum auction, 225–226
Israeli national gas storage company, 225
Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 10, 42, 77–78
Israelis
dissonance between solidarity and individualism, 81–82, 86
individualistic behavior in trust games, 77
and study of ethnocentrism using trust games, 73–80
Iwo Jima, 180
Japan, 54, 93–94, 178–179, 182
Jealousy, 127
Jerusalem Summer School for Economics, 178
Joint utility model (Becker), 154–157
Joy, 167
Kagel, John, 169–170
Kahneman, Daniel, xi, 121, 198
Kalay, Avner, 25–26
Keefer, Philip, 61
Kidney transplants, 153–154
Kin selection model, 99–101, 142
King, Larry, 138
Knack, Stephen, 61
Knez, Marc, 201–202
Knife drawn when insulted example, 46–47
Königsberg, Germany, 14–17
Kosher food rules, 109
Lazar, Walter. See Walter (Uncle Walter Lazar)
Lazear, Edward, 132–133
Lipschitz, Ofer, 228–229
Liquid Trust, 120
Love
creates commitment toward mates, 122–123
increases children’s chances for survival, 123, 126
as result of decisions, rational considerations, 149–152
and self-interest of Becker’s joint utility model, 157–158
Maggi, Giovanni, 210–211
Market of favors, 69–70
Market signaling model, 173–177
Marketing efforts in company teamwork model, 204–209
Marriage market models, 152–159
Mas, A., 212–213
Material benefits
and definitions of rationality, xvi, xix
served by emotions, 36–37
shown by Becker’s joint utility model, 155–158
Matsuoka, Yoshi Seijo, 93–94
Max Planck Institute, Germany, 52, 194, 208
“Meat Gets the Worst Out of You” paper (Stapel), 235
Mehl, Matthew, 139–140
Meir, Golda, 177
Memories
elicited by actors, 8
of emotions deeper than physical sensations, xix–xx
of facial features, 229
stressing positive events, 185
Men
clichés about differences with women, 125–142
genetic survival after age 50, 126–127
on partners’ sexual infidelities, cheating, 127–129
regrets of terminally ill patients, 221
risk-taking correlations, 135–137
in trust game studying ethnic origins, 66
update probabilities about self-assessments, 187
Mental states, identification of, 23–30, 89
Messianic cults, 175
Mice, 124
Middle Eastern game players, 65–67
Mirror cells in the brain, 28–29
Mobile telephone spectrum auctions, 223, 225–226
Monetary incentives
bonuses in software company model, 205–209, 213–215
can reduce work motivation, 111–112, 203–204
as collective in Go Forward initiative, 202–204
compared to team-based incentives, 213
effects on predictions, 24–25
vs. mental compensation, 111–112
roles of peer effects, 210
Monkeys, research on empathy, 28
Moral imperatives, 106, 214–215
Moretti, E., 212–213
Morgenstern, Oskar, 169
Motivation, decreasing with monetary incentives, 111–112, 203–204
Music inducing emotional states, 10, 160–164
Mutations
ensure group adaptations and changes, 109
of group selection model, 106
in model of evolution, 98–99
Nash, John, 33
Nash equilibrium, 33–37, 79–80
National Bureau of Economic Research in United States, 105
Nature Neuroscience journal, 197–198
Nature versus nurture debate, 231
Nazis, 15–17, 19, 87–88, 94, 97
Negative events, emotional responses to, 167–172
Negotiations
on arranged marriages and dowries, 149–150
avoidance preferred by women, 132
break down from ethnocentrism, 77–78
imaginary use of oxytocin to reach agreement, 120
with tactics of rational emotions, commitment, 8–9
Neuroeconomics, 57
New York Times newspaper, 223–224
Niederle, Muriel, 132, 185, 187
Nobel Prizes in economics
commitment studies, 5
contributions to game theory, xi, 51–52
cooperation through game-theory analysis, 33, 42–43
human behavioral economics, xi, 152, 198
market signaling, 173
Nash equilibrium, 33
Noncooperation
punished in Grim Trigger and Tit-for-Tat strategies, 41–44
of rational and selfish individuals, 32, 39–40, 51–52
Obsessive altruists, 104
Odean, Terry, 182
Oil companies’ bids on drilling rights, 224
Online auctions, 223–227
Optimism and overoptimism
compared to depressive realism, 187
encouraged by overconfidence, 186
support convergence theory, 62
Organ donors and recipients, 153–154, 158
Ostentatious behavior, 175–176
Osterman, Paul, 203
Overconfidence
disappears with conformism, 190, 192
effects, 181–183
with self-assessments, 185–188
Pakistani couples, 141
Palestinians
expectations of reciprocity for generosity, 77, 80
importance placed on collectivism not individualism, 77
and Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 10, 42, 77–78
and study of ethnocentrism using trust game, 73–78
Parkinson’s disease, 223
Peacocks, 102–103
Peer effects, 196–197, 210–213
Perry, Motty, 147–149
Personality traits
connected to genetic profiles, 230, 232
genetic sources for identical twins, 231
preserved from childhood to adulthood, 229
Physical/physiological sensations, xviii–xx
Pilots in WWII bombing mission research, 179–181
Poker games, 26–30
Politics (Aristotle), 219
Predictions of choices or offers in games, 24–25, 30, 53, 74–75, 135
Prisoner’s Dilemma game
introduced, 31–33
emotions create cooperative equilibrium, 35–37
repetitive play, 39–40
strategies for repeated games, 40–41
variations, 89
Probabilities
coin sampling, 183–184
mistakes in calculations for decision making, 197–200
realistic assessments by depressed people, 186–187
reasonable doubt experiment, 198–200
See also Updating probabilities
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 142–143
Professional success, 138–139
Proof beyond reasonable doubt experiment, 198–200
Quigley, Laura Lee, 127
Ragavan, 150
Rational behavior and rational mechanisms
analyzed in repeated games, 39–40, 49–50
compared to emotional behavior, xix
cooperating with emotions enables wise decisions, 237–238
Rational emotions
introduced, xi
collective, 94
and distinction between autonomous and social emotions, 5
driven by rule rationality, 57
enable reading signals for cooperative equilibrium, 35–36
enable reading signals of fairness, 54–55
felt during life-changing crises, 221
as protection, 17
Rationality
defined, xv–xvi
act rationality and rule rationality (Aumann), 56–57, 67, 197
appears to lead to herd behavior, 190–194
with assumed self-interest, 65, 79, 203
as slow compared to emotional mechanisms, 4
Reciprocity
emotional need for, 37
emphasized by societies, xviii, 80, 101
mathematical model, 37
as nonmonetary, 80
and pure-giving notion, 104
Recognition of others’ emotional states
correct identification (by poker players), 26–30
distinguishing between authentic and faked states, 22, 24–25, 30
leads to efficacy of rational emotions, 18
reduced by oxytocin, 119–120
Regret, advantages and negative effects, 221–223
Religions
claims regarding homosexuality, 142
and collective emotions, 92
create social cohesion benefiting groups, 106–109
cults’ flamboyance, 175–176
moral principles of aiding others, 100
and prices paid for infidelity, 129
Remember the Sabbath day (4th commandment), 107
Reproduction
asymmetries between men and women, 124–125, 144
and bias toward overconfidence, 186
enables genetic diversity, protection against viruses, 145–148
incentivizing, 107
sexual vs. asexual, 147
threesome, 148
Restaurants in Malaga as herd behavior model, 190–193
Reunions, 228–230
Rewards. See Incentives; Monetary incentives; Social incentives
Risk aversion as rational trait, 169–171
Ro’i (author’s nephew), 103–104
Roman Empire, 6
Rosen, Sherwin, 132–133
Roth, Alvin, 153–154
Rubik’s Cube, 162
Rule rationality, 56–57, 67, 197
Russia, 175
Rustichini, Aldo, 110–112, 131, 185, 204
Ruth’s story of being welcomed into strangers’ house, 82–86
Sacerdote, Bruce, 197
Sadness
as autonomous emotion, 4
empathy studies, 28–29
Salvador’s hypothetical restaurant, 191–193
Sami of northern Scandinavia, 137–138
Science journal, 139–140
Second World War, 80, 94, 178–181
Selection/natural selection
influences evolution of individuals and societies, 98–99
operating at group level, 104
and reproduction, 146
and risk-taking, 136–137
See also Group selection model; Kin selection model
Self-commitment, 10–11
Self-confidence
in choices made from herd behavior, 196
of men compared to women, 187–188
raises market value in social interactions, 186
signaled by arrogance, 177
and subjective assessment of selves, 185
See also Overconfidence
among nationalities, cultures, 80–82
assumptions for teams’ behavior, 203
as basis for joint utility model, 154, 157
interacts with emotions in work environments, 210
in non-crisis times, 86
superseded by emotions, 68
Serotonin, xviii–xix
Sexuality and sexual behavior
clichés about gender differences, homosexuality, 125–143
of humans distinguished from animals, 121–122
reproductive asymmetries between men and women, 124–125
sperm competition, 123–124
Shapley, Lloyd, 152–155
Shares, buying and selling. See Stock market decision making
Simester, Duncan, 201–202
Social behavior
explained by market-signaling model, 174–175
influenced by oxytocin, 118
speed and automatic nature of, 38
Social emotions, 4–5
Social environments, 219–220
Social ostracism, 101, 106, 129
Social structures, 98–100, 123
Software company model of teamwork, 204–210
Solidarity in times of crisis, 81–82, 86, 100
Souls, 233
Spence, Michael, 173–174
Sperm competition, 123–124
Split or Steal TV program, 23–26, 36, 119
Spock, Mr. (character in Star Trek), ix-x, 237
Spontaneous emotions, 8, 38, 151
Sports fan clubs, 94–96
Sports tournaments compared to corporate promotions, 132–133
Stanford University, 3, 132, 153
Stapel, Diederik, 235–236
Star Trek TV series, ix–x, 237
Starlings, 102–104
Start-up companies, 103, 174, 229
Stock market decision making
as context for herd behavior, 194–196
overconfidence effects, 182–183
rational decision making, xvi
risk-taking by traders, 135
Stockholm syndrome, 12–17
Summers, Larry, 130
Sunstein, Cass R., xi
Supermarket checkout counter workers example, 212–213
Surprised baby video, 163–164
Surprises, emotional reactions to, 163–164
Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA), 12–13
Taking game, 79–80
Talkativeness of men and women, 139–140
Tamir, Maya, 9
Tauman, Yair, 102–103
Teamwork in workplaces
harmed by bonuses, 213–214
psychological, social, elements to peer effects, 210–213
rewarded, as efficient incentive system, 202–204, 214
Teamwork model illustrating incentive reversal paradox, 204–210
Tel Aviv University, 65–66
Ten Commandments, 107–108
Testosterone levels, 134–135, 139
Thaler, Richard H., xi
The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (von Neumann and Morgenstern), 169
“A Theory of Marriage” articles (Becker), 152
Theory of Mind (ToM), 29–30
Threats
as bases for deterrence, 43
lead to solidarity within groups, 86, 88, 93–94
Threesome sexual reproduction, 147–148
Tilburg University, the Netherlands, 235
ToM. See Theory of Mind
Transplant market, 153–154, 158
Trust and trustworthiness
as engine of cooperation, 61
experiment on northern and southern Europeans, 69–71
governed by emotional rules, 67
internal norms within cultures, 74, 76
Trust games
described, 64–68
experiment in European context, 70–71
German-Israeli-Palestinian experiment, 73–77
with oxytocin administered, 119
showing human need to belong to group, 88
and slight deficiencies in ToM, mild autism, 29
two-way giving and taking versions, 78–79
Tversky, Amos, 198
Twins, comparisons of behaviors, 230–231
Ultimatum game
in changing environments, 54–57
described, 51–52
and slight deficiencies in ToM, mild autism, 29
University of California, x, 182
University of Cambridge, 135
University of Chicago, 95, 132, 157
University of Oslo, Norway, 104–105, 177
University of Oxford, 150
University of Pittsburgh, 82, 132
University of Southern California, 222
Updating probabilities
about self-assessments, 187
and confidence/overconfidence, 192
strengthen, weaken, beliefs about events, 183–185
Urns with gold and copper coins example, 183–184
Urns with red and black balls experiment, 194–195
US Army Air Force, 179
US Marines, 167–168, 178–179, 180
Utility compensations as rational, xvi–xvii. See also Joint utility model
Utility functions, 168–169
Utility transfers (Becker model), 155, 158–159
Vacation in Malaga example, 44–45, 49–50
Vasopressin, 230
Viruses, 145–149
Von Neumann, John, 169
Walter (Uncle Walter Lazar), 87–88, 97
Ware, Bonnie, 221
Welfare as rational compensation, xvi–xvii
Whitty, Monica T., 127
William’s syndrome, 118
Winner’s curse, 223–227
Women
and Becker’s utility model, 158
as caring mothers, 126–127
clichés about differences with men, 125–142
and demand/withdrawal behavioral patterns, 140
need collective emotions less than men, 95–96
on partners’ emotional, sexual, infidelities, 127–129
regrets of terminally ill patients, 221
reproductive asymmetries with men, 124–125
as risk takers compared men, 135–136
self-confidence, self-assessments, compared to men, 187–188
in trust game studying ethnic origins, 66
Workplaces
geographical cultural gaps, work
ethics, 210
incentive structures, 201–202
peer effects examples, experiments, 197, 210–213
promotion competition, 132–133, 214
weak evaluation metrics, 213–214
World Rock Paper Scissors Society, 27
Yisrael, Shlomo, 119
YouTube videos, 24, 90–92, 163–164
Zamir, Shmuel, 54–55
Zuckerberg, Mark, 103