INDEX

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Adkison, J. M.

Adler, R. C.

Alfred Murrah Federal Building (Oklahoma City)

bombing at

Anderson (man in crowd)

Archie (classmate of Bill Williams)

Arkansas River

disposing of bodies in

arson and looting

Greenwood race war

atrocities and casualties

bodies, disposal of

bodies, disposal of (Arkansas River)

dead baby, Wilfred Dickinson and

Greenwood race war

atrocities and race riots

Greenwood race war

Rosewood (FL) massacre

See also Greenwood (aftermath); Greenwood (destruction of)

Avery, Ruth Sigler

black bodies, disposal of

Greenwood, book about

Bardon, Dick

Barrett, Charles

Bell, James A.

Bell and Little Restaurant (Greenwood)

Bellmon, Henry

Belton, Roy

Birth of a Nation (film)

blacks

black militias

and equality

growing militancy of

“Jim Crow” laws

keeping in place

lynchings

World War I service, effect of

See also race riots and atrocities; racism

blacks (race riots and atrocities)

Greenwood race war

Rosewood, Florida, massacre

Booker, Kinney

Booker T. Washington High School (Greenwood)

and the Greenwood race war

as a makeshift hospital

survival of

Bostic, V. B.

Brewer, Robert

Bridgewater, Dr. R. T.

as a Greenwood race war survivor

Broadus, Mrs. (seamstress)

Bryan, William Jennings

Buck, Laurel

Carmichael, Officer

Carrier, Sarah

Carrier, Sylvester

Catholics

Ku Klux Klan’s hatred of

Central High School (Tulsa)

Chicago

racial atrocities in

Chicago Tribune

Greenwood rebuilding, attempt to contribute to

Chiles, Lawton

reparations

and the Rosewood massacre survivors

Cisco, Lee

Clansman, The (Dixon)

Clark, Otis

as a Greenwood race war survivor

Cleaver, Barney

Cole, Clyde

Collier, Robert

Collier’s magazine

Comstock, Amy

conspiracy of silence (concerning Greenwood race war)

Convention Hall (Tulsa)

detaining blacks at

Cornelius, Ernest

Cotton, Mr. (Dreamland manager)

Daley, Charles

Davis, Jefferson

Davis, Lucy

Death in the Promised Land (Ellsworth)

Dickinson, Margaret

and the Greenwood race war aftermath

Dickinson, Mrs. (mother).

Dickinson, Wilfred (father)

black employees, dealings with

black employees, rescuing from detention centers

and the dead baby

and the Greenwood race war aftermath

Dirksen, Everett

Dixon, Thomas

Donohue, Helen

Dreamland Theater (Greenwood)

burning of

final closure

rebuilding

Du Bois, W. E. B.

Dunn, Fritz (father)

Dunn, Veneice

East St. Louis

racial atrocities in

Ector, Eldoris (daughter). See McCondichie, Eldoris Ector

Ector, Harriet

Ector, Howard

Eddy, Clyde

Ellsworth, Scott

Erhardt, Mary Jo

Evans, Thaddeus

Greenwood, official attempt to abolish

and Greenwood recovery effort

and the Ku Klux Klan

Fairchild, Robert

as a Greenwood race war survivor

Feldman, Nancy

and the Greenwood race war

Ferrell, Walter

First Baptist Church (Greenwood)

Fitzgerald, Margaret

Freedmen’s Bureau

Freeling, S. Prince

Frisco railroad

Gabe, C. R.

Gary, Annabelle (wife)

Gary, Hubert (son)

Gary, Hugh

and the Greenwood race war aftermath

racism of

Gary, Richard (son)

Gayosa Hotel (Memphis)

Gentry, Dr.

Gideon, Russell/Larry

Glenn, Ida E.

Gradington, Sylvester

grand jury investigation (Greenwood race war)

blaming blacks for

indictments

Grant, Madison

Grant, U. S.

Great Land Rush of

Green, Wilson

Greenwood

affluence of

Christmas tree

Deep Greenwood

and jazz

promenading

prostitution

rebuilding

white hostility toward

See also Tulsa

Greenwood (destruction of)

airplanes strafing

black militancy and

blacks, internment of. See also Greenwood (aftermath): detention camps

blind black pencil seller, murder of

books and articles about

Detroit Avenue homes, destruction of

escape from

Klan and

looting and arson

Mount Zion Baptist Church, battle at

police and National Guard involvement

the press and. See also Greenwood (aftermath): press; Tulsa Tribune

race war

responsibility for, attempt at avoiding

rumors of a pending black invasion

Standpipe Hill, shooting from

Tulsa Race Riot Commission

Tulsa Tribune’s responsibility for

white attempts to warn, protect, and help

the whistle sounding

Greenwood (aftermath)

Arkansas River, disposing of bodies in

belief that destruction was land grab

blacks, official hostility toward

blacks blamed for

bodies, disposal of

coverup, conspiracy of silence, and reticence concerning

death toll

detention camps (Convention Hall)

detention camps (McNulty Park)

destruction and death, postcards celebrating

destruction, extent of

devastation

grand jury investigation

official attempt to abolish

pig and cow barns, housing blacks in

as a public relations problem

press and

recovery and rebuilding effort

Red Cross and

Tulsa Chamber of Commerce and

white remorse

whites trying to find their servants

Griffith, D. W.

Guess, Bernice (daughter)

and the Greenwood race war

internment of

Guess, H. A.

Guess, Minnie Mae Jackson (wife)

and the Greenwood race war

Guess, Wilhelmina (daughter). See Howell, Wilhelmina Guess

Gurley, Emma (wife)

Gurley, O. W.

affluence of

grand jury testimony

and the Greenwood race war

and the Greenwood race war aftermath

as a Greenwood race war survivor

internment

Dick Rowland, responding to lynching threats against

wife, reunion with

Gustafson, John

grand jury indictment, conviction, and fine

Guthrie, Oklahoma

Harding, Warren G.

Harris, Mattie

Heiring, Father John

Heironymous, Faith

and the Greenwood race war aftermath

heroin use and traffic

in Greenwood

Higgins, Thomas

Holden, William

Holway, W. R.

Holy Family Catholic School (Tulsa)

interment of blacks at

Hotel Tulsa

battle at

Houston Post

Howard, Mr. (victim)

Howell, Wilhelmina Guess

and the Greenwood race war

as a Greenwood race war survivor

interment of

Hudson, Washington

as Dick Rowland’s lawyer

Hughes, J. W.

and the Greenwood race war

as a Greenwood race war survivor

Hurley, Van B.

immigrants

intolerance of

internment of blacks

Convention Hall detention camp

Greenwood race war

McNulty Park detention camp

whites trying to find their servants

intolerance and racial hatred

atrocities (Greenwood race war)

Catholics, Ku Klux Klan’s hatred of

Rosewood (FL) massacre

lynchings

Dick Rowland, attempt to lynch

See also Ku Klux Klan; tar and feathering; vigilante violence

Irish, racism of

Irish, Leo

I.W.W. (Industrial Workers of the World)

Jackson, Dr. Andrew C. (son)

death, obituaries, and burial

fame as doctor

and the Greenwood race war

home, burning of

Jackson, Minnie Mae (daughter). See Guess, Minnie Mae Jackson

Jackson, S. M., (no relation)

embalming Dr. Andrew Jackson

embalming the Greenwood victims

as a Greenwood race war survivor

Jackson, Sophronia (wife)

Jackson, Townsend D.

attitude of

and the black militias

Civil War service

and the death of his son Andrew

Greenwood, life in

as a Greenwood race war survivor

Jackson, Townsend D., Jr. (son)

Jackson, Julia (Andrew’s wife)

“Jim Crow” laws

Jones, Georgia (wife)

Jones, Jenkins Lloyd (father)

Jones, Jimmie. See Rowland, Dick

Jones, Richard Lloyd

Comstock sex scandal

Greenwood, complicity in destruction of

Greenwood, opposition to rebuilding

Greenwood race war article

as Lincoln authority

racism of

and Tulsa

See also Tulsa Tribune

Keating, Frank

Tulsa Race Riot Commission final report

Kennedy, John

Kerr, Rev. Charles W.

Knights of Liberty

Ku Klux Klan

Catholics

enrollment post-Greenwood race war

and the Greenwood race war

origin and banning of

rebirth of

rituals

in Tulsa. See also Tulsa Benevolent Association

La Follette, Robert

Landon, Alf

Langley, Minnie Lee

and the Rosewood reparations

Lester, John

Lincoln, Abraham

Lincoln birthplace

protection of

Lind, Virginia

Long, Cowboy

grand jury indictment against

looting and arson

Greenwood race war

Lorton, Eugene

lynchings

Roy Belton

Dick Rowland, attempt to lynch

See also tar and feathering; vigilante violence

McCanee, Sam

McCondichie, Eldoris Ector

as a Greenwood race war survivor

McCullough, William

first hanging, involvement and reaction to

Dick Rowland, rescuing

Dick Rowland, responding to lynching threats against

McMullen (friend of Fritz Dunn)

McNulty Park (Tulsa)

baseball at

blacks detained at

whites trying to find their servants

Majestic Theater (Tulsa)

Mammy (Gary wet nurse)

Mann, McKinley (brother)

Mann, O. B.

Christmas tree

grand jury indictment against

and the Greenwood race war

as a Greenwood race war survivor

Mount Zion Baptist Church, battle at

Dick Rowland, responding to lynching threats against

Mann, Pleasant (father)

Mann Brothers Grocery Store (Greenwood)

Martin, Loyal J.

Mason, Charlie

Maxwell, James

May, Jake

MeGee’s Hardware (Tulsa)

whites looting of

Meharry Medical College (Nashville, TN)

Memorial Day

black veterans and

Memphis (TN)

Mid-Continent Oil Field

Moise, Irene

Monroe, George

and the blackened penny

and the burning of Greenwood

as a Greenwood race war survivor

Monroe, Michael (son)

Morley, Julia

Mount Zion Baptist Church (Greenwood)

atrocities at

battle at

building of

destruction of

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

National Guard

arrival and complacency of

Greenwood race war, local Guard members involvement

National Guard Armory (Tulsa)

as a makeshift hospital

white assault on

“nativism” movement

Netherland, C. L.

as a Greenwood race war survivor

New York Post

New York Times

Nida, Homer

Niles, Alva

O’Bannon, James

Oklahoma

Alfred Murrah Federal Building, bombing at

Great Land Rush of 1889

oil strikes in

See also Greenwood; Tulsa

Oklahoma Historical Society

Oklahoma House of Representatives

and the Greenwood reparations

Oklahoma Impact magazine

and Ed Wheeler’s Greenwood article

Old James

Oliphant, John

Detroit Avenue homes, attempting to protect

Oliver (Dr. Jackson’s basement tenant)

One Stop Garage (Greenwood)

Owen, Robert L.

Pack, H. C.

Page, Charles

Page, Sarah

Patton, James

Perry, Oklahoma

Phelps, Ruth

Phelps, Merrill

Philadelphia Bulletin

Philips, Choc

robbing blacks

Porter (slave owner)

Posey (Williams’s house guest)

and the Greenwood race war

and the Greenwood race war aftermath

postcards

Greenwood race war, celebrating the destruction and death during

race riots and atrocities

Greenwood race war

Rosewood (FL) massacre

See also Greenwood (aftermath); Greenwood (destruction of)

racism

intolerance and racial hatred

postcards celebrating Greenwood race war

See also Ku Klux Klan; whites

Red Cross

Christmas tree

and the Greenwood race war aftermath

“Red Scare,”

Rhees, Philip

Ridley, Caleb

Robertson, J. B. A.

Greenwood race war, grand jury investigation

Robinson, Will

grand jury indictment against

Rogers, Callie

Rolliston sisters

Rooney, J. F.

Roosevelt, Theodore

Rosewood, Florida, massacre

African American survivors of

reparations

Ross, Don

and the Greenwood race war

and the Greenwood reparations

and Ed Wheeler’s Greenwood article

See also Oklahoma Impact magazine

Rowland, Damie

Dick, reunion with

Greenwood’s destruction, blaming her and Dick for

Rowland, “Diamond” Dick

accusation against and arrest

charges against dropped

Damie, reunion with

grand jury indictment against

lynch threat, black attempts to protect from

lynch threat and rescue from

and Sarah Page

Savage, Susan

Short, Ira

Sigler, Jack (brother)

Sigler, Jessie (aunt)

Sigler, Ross (uncle)

Sigler, Ruth. See Avery, Ruth Sigler

Silvey, Larry

Simmons, William Joseph

Sinclair, Kathleen

Skelly, Carolyn

Smith, Ester

Smith, Green E.

internment of

Smitherman, Andrew J.

grand jury indictment against

Dick Rowland, responding to lynching threats against

See also Tulsa Star

Sowders, Henry C.

Spears (lawyer)

Standpipe Hill (Tulsa)

and the Greenwood race war

Stanley, Mr. (funeral director)

Stanley-McCune Funeral Home

Stick, A. B.

Stradford, John B.

grand jury indictment against

Dick Rowland, responding to lynching threats against

Stradford Hotel (Greenwood)

Taft, Howard

tar and feathering

See also lynchings; vigilante violence

Taylor, Fannie

and Rosewood, Florida, massacre

Taylor, Peg Leg

grand jury indictment against

Trail of Tears

Tulsa

affluence of

blacks working in

oil strikes and

police and the Greenwood race war

population boom

vice ring in

See also Greenwood

Tulsa Benevolent Association

Beno Hall

See also Ku Klux Klan

Tulsa Chamber of Commerce

and the Greenwood race war aftermath

Tulsa City Commission

Greenwood, official attempt to abolish

Tulsa County Fairgrounds

pig and cow barns, housing blacks in

Tulsa Democrat

Tulsa fair grounds

detention camp at

Tulsa Press Club

Tulsa Public Library

Tulsa Race Riot Commission

final report

investigation

Tulsa Race Riot of 1921. See Greenwood (destruction of)

Tulsa Star

See also Smitherman, Andrew J.

Tulsa Tribune

Greenwood race war and destruction, responsibility for of

Greenwood race war aftermath, coverage of

and the Ku Klux Klan

Tulsa Waffle House (Greenwood)

Tulsa World

Faith Heironymous Greenwood article

Ed Wheeler’s Greenwood article

Twain, Mark (Samuel Clemens)

vigilante violence

Dick Rowland, attempt to lynch

See also Greenwood (destruction of); lynchings; tar and feathering

Villard, Oswald Garrison

Wade, Wyn Craig

Warner, Dick

Washington, D.C.

racial atrocities in

Washington, Booker T.

Watterson, Henry

Webb (Gurley’s companion)

Wheeler, Ed

Arkansas River, disposing of bodies in

Greenwood article, press response to

Greenwood article, publication in Oklahoma Impact magazine

Greenwood race war, article on

threats against

Wheeler, Marcia (wife)

Whitaker, Pastor R. A.

White, Edward D.

whites

atrocities committed by

blacks, protecting, befriending, and helping

intolerance and racial hatred

Rosewood (FL) massacre

See also Greenwood (destruction of); Ku Klux Klan; lynchings

Wilbanks, Bill

Wilkes, Andre

Williams, Bill (son)

and the Greenwood race war

as a Greenwood race war survivor

internment of

rebuilding

reunion with family

Williams, Charlie (no relation)

Williams, John

and the aftermath

and the Greenwood race war

and the Greenwood race war aftermath

as a Greenwood race war survivor

rebuilding

See also Dreamland Theater

Williams, Loula (wife)

and the Greenwood race war

and the Greenwood race war aftermath

rebuilding

Williams, Seymour (no relation)

as a Greenwood race war survivor

Williams, Susie (no relation)

Williams Building

burning of

rebuilding

Williams’ Confectionary

Wilson, Woodrow

racism of

Wobblies. See I.W.W.

women

as looters

Southern respect for

Woodward, John R.

Wooley, Sheriff

World War I

effects on blacks serving in

Wright, Frank Lloyd

Wright, Orville