ACT ONE
“Memory is like…”: Joseph M. Marshall III, The Journey of Crazy Horse: A Lakota History (New York: Viking Press, 2004), 57.
ALLIANCE
Old Man Hayes Chandler: Knight Museum Board and Partners, Images of America: Alliance Nebraska (Mt. Pleasant, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2000), 55.
only significant minority: Mark Monroe, An Indian in White America (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994).
Sioux, slang for “snake”: Stacy Makes Good, “Sioux Is Not Even a Word,” Lakota Country Times, March 12, 2009, http://www.lakotacountrytimes.com/news/2009-03-12/guest/021.html.
Arthur Gene Black Horse: Hugh Bunnell, “Citizens Question Indian Jail Suicides,” Kansas City Star, September 15, 1971, 1. (Hugh Bunnell Archives, Knight Museum, Alliance, NE.)
“He may have hidden…”: Ibid.
“The Elks Club has a tendency…”: Ibid.
“Some of our jail guards…”: Ibid.
“those noisy squaw…”: Hugh Bunnell, “More Repercussions from Indian Jail Suicides,” Lincoln Journal Star, October 24, 1971, 5. (Hugh Bunnell Archives, Knight Museum, Alliance, NE.)
“God, we’re not doctors!”: Hugh Bunnell, “Nebraska Police Chief on the Hot Spot,” Kansas City Times, September 18, 1971, 7. (Hugh Bunnell Archives, Knight Museum, Alliance, NE.)
from 160 acres: Kathy Weiser-Alexander, “American History: The Homestead Act—Creating Prosperity in America,” Legends of America, http://www.legendsofamerica.com/ah-homestead.html.
Nebraska Sandhills, twenty thousand: “About the Sandhills,” West Central Research and Extension Center, http://extension.unl.edu/statewide/westcentral/gudmundsen/sandhills/.
Warren Buffett purchased: W. Hanson, “Buffett Buying Burlington Northern Railroad,” NBCNews.com, November 3, 2009.
“America’s Top Roadside Attractions”: TripAdvisor, March 3, 2015, http://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowUserReviews-g29693-d209202-r257457838-Carhenge-Alliance_Nebraska.html.
HAY SPRINGS
Great Sioux Reservation: “Establishment of the Great Sioux Reservation,” the Web site of North Dakota State Government, http://www.ndstudies.org/resources/IndianStudies/standingrock/historical_gs_reservation.html.
“the country north of…”: Transcript of Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868), Our Documents, http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=42&page=transcript.
“scientific mapping expedition”: Brian Dippie, Beyond Lewis and Clark: A Symposium on Army Exploration and National Expansion, Washington State History Museum, Tacoma, WA, September 27, 2004, http://www.friendslittlebighorn.com/Georgecuster.htm.
GOLD!: T. J. Stiles, Custer’s Trials: A Life on the Frontier of a New America (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2015).
Elder warriors from the Lakota: Helen Winter Stauffer, Mari Sandoz: Story Catcher of the Plains (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982), 25.
three-thousand-mile trip: Ibid.
Crazy Horse “surrendered”: Thomas Powers, The Killing of Crazy Horse (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010).
damn thing about: George E. Hyde, Spotted Tail’s Folk: A History of the Brulé Sioux (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961).
American Indian Religious Freedom: L. Irvin, “Freedom, Law, and Prophecy: A Brief History of Native American Religious Resistance,” American Indian Quarterly 21, no. 1 (1977): 35–55.
“Light-in-the-Lodge”: Hyde, Spotted Tail’s Folk, 333–34.
hated Spotted Tail: Ibid., 313–15.
night of August 5, 1881: Ibid., 332.
case against Black Crow: Sidney L. Harring, Crow Dog’s Case: American Indian Sovereignty, Tribal Law and United States Law in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
RUSHVILLE
“The whole country…”: American Civil War: The Shenandoah Valley, HistoryOfWar.org, http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/wars_american_civil_war04_shenandoah.html#intro.
“Find and destroy…”: Stiles, Custer’s Trials.
“me Tosawi … were dead”: Dee Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1970).
rich ranchers, the Modisett: Katie Gardner, “Extra Innings: The Story of the Modisett Ball Park,” Donning Company Publishers, January 27, 2015, http://www.donning.com/2015/01/27/extra-innings-story-modisett-ball-park/.
porcupine quillwork: Royal B. Hassbrick, The Sioux: Life and Customs of a Warrior Society (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1964), 223.
Edward Curtis’s: Gilbert King, “Edward Curtis’ Epic Project to Photograph Native Americans,” Smithsonian.com, March 21, 2012, http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/edward-curtis-epic-project-to-photograph-native-americans-162523282/?no-ist.
Sitting Bull danced: Ernie LaPointe, Sitting Bull: His Life and Legacy (Layton, UT: Gibbs Smith, 2009).
WHITECLAY
four liquor stores that sell: Paul Hammel, “Nebraska Governor, Attorney General Turn Their Attention to Whiteclay,” Omaha World-Herald, October 14, 2015.
Whiteclay on-premises: David Kelly, “In Nebraska, Ministry Reaches Out to Lakota on an Alcohol-Ravaged Skid Row,” Los Angeles Times, September 13, 2015.
Lakota Women’s Day of Peace: Vincent Schilling, “Whiteclay Fallout: Women’s Day of Peace March Ends with Arrests and Youth Being Maced,” Indian Country Today Media Network, August 29, 2012.
calling the women “white bitches”: Debra White Plume, “Solidarity Gathering, Horse Trailers, and the Lakota Women’s Day of Peace,” Censored News, August 29, 2012.
pulling a horse trailer: Plume, “Solidarity Gathering.”
stone monument on the edge: Alan Hafer, Descendants of Wounded Knee: The Ultimate Sacrifice on the Pine Ridge Reservation (Boulder: Johnson Books, 2015).
Toad Frohman, a solid: “Leo J. ‘Toad’ Frohman,” Scottsbluff StarHerald.com, July 5, 2001.
Roosevelt rescinded: The Battle for Whiteclay (documentary film), http://battleforwhiteclay.org/?page_id=140.
PINE RIDGE
de facto capital: Matthew Williams, “Urban Jungle on the Reservation,” Time, http://content.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,2048598_2235609,00.html.
original Big Bat could speak: Hafer, Descendants of Wounded Knee, 94–95.
In 1964, when he: Roger Robinson, “Billy Mills’ Amazing Olympic 10K Win Was 50 Years Ago Today,” Runner’s World, October 14, 2014.
“I’m going to burn … change the name”: Tim Giago, “Billy Mills, the Pride of the Lakota Nation,” The Huffington Post, accessed November 11, 2001. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tim-giago/billy-mills-the-pride-of_b_116612.html
tribe tried to shut: Daniel Simmons-Richie, “Anger at Tribe’s Decision to Close Pine Ridge’s Sole Supermarket,” Rapid City Journal, May 26, 2013.
BIG FOOT TRAIL
the great Tatanka Iyotake: LaPointe, Sitting Bull.
huge nonstop ghost dance: Hafer, Descendants of Wounded Knee.
“Lock the savages up … necessary”: Ojibwa, “Before Wounded Knee,” Native American Netroots, October 13, 2011.
“What is your name … shook hands”: Richard E. Jensen, ed., Voices of the American West, Volume 1: The Indian Interviews of Eli S. Ricker, 1903–1919 (Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, 2005).
Forsyth told Whitside: Brown, Bury My Heart, 441-42.
James Asay: James E. Titsworth, Wounded Knee: A Lakota Journey from Passive Resistance to a Mass Grave and the Seventh Cavalry’s Failure of Command (master’s thesis, University of Nebraska at Kearney, 2008). Google Books: https://books.google.com/books?id=N1h-RNojOoMC&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=liquor+dealer+at+Wounded+Knee+James+Asay&source=bl&ots=eI-f2uZajv&sig=zaM6WZgch1prtlUa9jiLrwR3Lcw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjvpJ_C5fDLAhWlnYMKHTEKAoMQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=liquor%20dealer%20at%20Wounded%20Knee%20James%20Asay&f=false.
One survivor: Charles A. Eastman, The Soul of the Indian: An Interpretation (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1911).
As prophesied by: John G. Neihardt, Black Elk Speaks (New York: William Morrow, 1932). Black Elk’s Vision online: http://www.welcomehome.org/rainbow/prophecy/BlackElk.html.
Memorial Ride, seven: Roseanna Renaud, “Big Foot Memorial Ride: 23 Years,” Lakota Country Times, January 5, 2010.
his final interview: SacredScienceDoc, “Russell Means Final Interview—The Sacred Feminine and Gender Roles,” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eFt6XRyQhD8.
KYLE
pole of inaccessibility: Jerry Penry, “Pole of Inaccessibility for North America,” 2014, http://www.penryfamily.com/surveying/poleofinaccessibility.html.
ACT THREE
“The Great Spirit…”: Peter Matthiessen, In the Spirit of Crazy Horse (New York: Viking Press, 1983), 137.
WHITE THUNDER RANCH
move the sacred arrows: Ojibwa, “Cheyenne Medicine Bundles,” Native American Netroots, March 6, 2011.
medicine man named Bull: Ibid.
good day to die: Ibid.
Red Cloud was fond: Bon Drury and Tom Clavin, The Heart of Everything That Is: The Untold Story of Red Cloud, an American Legend (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2013).
“We always had gay…”: Beatrice Medicine, “Directions in Gender Research in American Indian Societies: Two Spirits and Other Categories,” Online Readers in Psychology and Culture (2002): Unit 3, Article 2.
BOMBING RANGE
Karlene Hunter: For more on Karlene Hunter and Tanka Bars, see http://www.tankabar.com/cgi-bin/nanf/public/main.cvw?sessionid=8288ba4e5864894bd6b43b87615bc0be0f981137e46c
they had thirty days: “World War II Comes to the Badlands,” the Web site of the National Park Service, http://www.nps.gov/badl/planyourvisit/upload/Badlands-Gunnery-Range-Bulletin.pdf.
250 car bodies: Ibid.
YELLOW BEAR CANYON
George Poor Thunder lived: Vernell White Thunder, author interviews, October 12–14, 2014.
“Grandfather would tell him … two hundred and fifty”: Ibid.
Poor Thunder’s arrival: Ibid.
“If we lose the…”: Ibid.
RETURN OF THE BUFFALO
most numerous: Shepard Krech III, “Buffalo Tales: The Near-Extermination of the American Bison,” National Humanities Center, July 2001, http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/nattrans/ntecoindian/essays/buffalod.htm.
“I am safe … ride through it”: Jed Portman, “5 Things You Need to Know About the American Bison,” the Web site of PBS, May 3, 2011, http://www.pbs.org/wnet/need-to-know/five-things/the-great-american-bison/8950/.
“Buffalo hunters are doing…”: William T. Hornaday, The Extermination of the American Bison (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1889), 225.
Millions of buffalo robes: Ibid.
grand buffalo hunt: Douglas D. Scott, Peter Bleed, and Stephen Damm, Custer, Cody, and Grand Duke Alexis: Historical Archaeology of the Royal Buffalo Hunt (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013), 315.
touring train pulled: “Old West Legends: The Plight of the Buffalo,” Legends of America, excerpted from The Old Santa Fe Trail by Colonel Henry Inman (New York: Macmillan, 1897), http://www.legendsofamerica.com/we-buffaloplight.html
most famous match: Scott, Bleed, and Damm, Custer, Cody, 320.
“For the sake of…”: David D. Smits, “The Frontier Army and the Destruction of the Buffalo: 1865–1883,” Western Historical Quarterly 25, no. 3 (Autumn 1994), 313–38.
Yellowstone herd: Laura Zuckerman, “Conservationists Demand Halt to Killing of Yellowstone Bison,” Reuters, September 15, 2014.
“dehumanizing, derogatory…”: Robert Lipsyte, “Baseball; How Can Jane Fonda Be a Part of the Chop?,” The New York Times, October 18, 1991.
“pure ignorance…”: Ibid.
animal rights protesters: A. Wilson, “Protesters Down on Fonda,” La Crosse Tribune, July 31, 1993.
HORSE PASTURE
Spaniards brought horses: Dave Philipps, “As Wild Horses Overrun the West, Ranchers Fear Land Will Be Gobbled Up,” The New York Times, September 30, 2014.
run wild on: Ibid.
traded horses: “Lakota Horses,” the Web site of North Dakota State Government, http://ndstudies.gov/gr8/content/unit-ii-time-transformation-1201-1860/lesson-2-making-living/topic-2-horses-return/section-2-lakota-horses.
Lakota immediately saw: Elliott West, “The Impact of Horse Culture,” Journal of the Gilder Lehrman Institute, https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/early-settlements/essays/impact-horse-culture.
Mackenzie ordered his men: Andy Wilkinson: “Palo Duro Canyon Tragedy,” the Web site of Nebraska’s PBS and NPR stations, http://netnebraska.org/basic-page/television/wild-horses-palo-duro-canyon-tragedy.
GORDON
Raymond Yellow Thunder took: Stew Magnuson, The Death of Raymond Yellow Thunder: And Other True Stories from the Nebraska–Pine Ridge Border Towns (Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press, 2008).
“If Raymond had…”: Ibid.
Trips to the: Grant K. Anderson, “The Black Hills Exclusion Policy,” Nebraska History 58 (1977): 1–24.
Army had given up trying: Ibid.
coyote hunting that day: Hugh Bunnell, “The Yellow Thunder File.” (Hugh Bunnell Archives, Knight Museum, Alliance, NE.)
still driving around: Ibid.
“I got him good!”: Ibid.
“Come on, Butch…”: Ibid.
“Ain’t no way that…”: Ibid.
“You always have been.… I don’t mind”: Ibid.
“Hang on, Chief…”: Ibid.
“What the fuck … let me go”: Ibid.
“Jesus Christ, Les…”: Ibid.
last person to see: Magnuson, Death of Raymond Yellow Thunder.
Arlene hopped in: Ibid.
recognized him as Severt: David Melmer, “Wounded Knee ’73 Revisited,” Indian Country Today Media Network, March 23, 2005.
AIM wanted food: Bunnell, “The Yellow Thunder File.”
“We came today…”: Magnuson, Death of Raymond Yellow Thunder.
AMONG THE DOG EATERS
he created a Spade Ranch company town…: Ruth VanAckeren and Robert M. Howard, Lawrence Bixby: Preserver of the Old Spade Ranch (Lincoln: Nebraska State Historical Society, 1995).
“Life was opulent for Richards…”: Ibid.
he-said: Ibid.
white boy called him: Ibid.
go-to Indian: Ibid.
devoured the big platter: Ibid.
The city denied: Hugh Bunnell, “City Turns Down AIM Request for Free Food,” Alliance Times-Herald, May 24, 1972.
They began drumming: Bunnell, “The Yellow Thunder File.”
“Opportunity Room” at Grandview: Monroe, Indian in White America.
“the most racist town”: Hugh Bunnell, “AIM to Convene an ‘Indian Grand Jury,’” Alliance Times-Herald, May 25, 1972.
“Racists don’t convict…”: Ibid.
A crowd of: Hugh Bunnell, “Bellecourt Addresses Alliance High School Grads,” Alliance Times-Herald, May 26, 1972.
“You have prospered … all we ask”: Ibid.
“Dennis, cut the…”: Bunnell, “The Yellow Thunder File.”
“Bullshit … right now”: Ibid.
“Eyewitnesses will provide…”: Ibid.
Coors brewery right here: Knight Museum, Alliance, NE.
“This ‘Indian Gentleman’…”: Bunnell, “The Yellow Thunder File.”
“‘So you were being…’”: Ibid.
Each protester had: Ibid.