1. Testimony of Ernie Allen, president and CEO of the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, “Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking,” hearing of the US House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism and Homeland Security, September 15, 2010, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-111hhrg58250/html/CHRG-111hhrg58250.htm.
2. “Teen Girls’ Stories of Sex Trafficking in U.S.,” ABC News Primetime, February 9, 2006, http://abcnews.go.com/Primetime/story?id=1596778&page=1.
3. Kevin Bales, Disposable People (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 8.
4. US Department of Health and Human Services, “HHS Fights to Stem Human Trafficking,” news release, August 15, 2006, http://www.hhs.gov/news/factsheet/humantrafficking.html.
5. US Department of State, “Trafficking in Persons Report,” June 2005, http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/47255.pdf.
6. “Assessment of U.S. Activities to Combat Trafficking in Persons,” June 2004, http://www.justice.gov/archive/ag/annualreports/tr2004/us_assessment_2004.pdf.
7. Heather J. Clawson, Nicole Dutch, Amy Solomon, and Lisa Goldblatt Grace, “Human Trafficking Into and Within the United States: A Review of the Literature,” US Department of Health and Human Services, August 2009, http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/07/humantrafficking/litrev/.
8. Ibid.
9. Trafficking Victims Protection Act, http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/226850.pdf.
10. US Department of State, “Trafficking in Persons Report,” June 2004, http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/34158.pdf.
11. Linda A. Smith, Taryn Rachel Mastrean, and Samantha Healy Vardaman, “Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking: Child Sex Slavery in Arizona,” Shared Hope International, December 2010, http://sharedhope.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/ArizonaRA.pdf. See also J. Greene, S. Ennett, and C. Ringwalt, “Prevalence and Correlates of Survival Sex among Runaway and Homeless Youth,” American Journal of Public Health 89, no. 9 (1999): 1406.
12. Connecticut Department of Children and Families, “A Child Welfare Response to Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking,” n.d., http://www.ct.gov/dcf/lib/dcf/humantrafficing/pdf/response_to_domestic_minot_sex_trafficking.pdf.
13. US Department of Homeland Security Blue Campaign, “Human Trafficking 101 for School Administrators and Staff,” http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/blue-campaign/Blue%20Campaign%20-%20Human%20Trafficking%20101%20for%20School%20Administrators%20and%20Staff.pdf.
14. Memorandum by Christopher Carey and Lena Teplitsky, “Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC) in the Portland Metro Area,” August 5, 2013, http://www.justice.gov/usao/or/downloads/the_csec_report.pdf.
15. Ibid.
16. Heather J. Clawson et al, “What Is Human Trafficking?” in “Human Trafficking Into and Within the United States,” http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/07/humantrafficking/litrev/#What.
17. Email from Lauran Bethell, December 16, 2014. Used by permission.
18. “Forensic Traumatologist Goes High Tech to Fight Trafficking and Torture,” Technorazzi Magazine, June 17, 2014, http://technorazzi.com/forensic-traumatologist-goes-high-tech-to-fight-trafficking/.
19. Minnesota Indian Women’s Resource Center, “Early Intervention to Avoid Sex Trading and Trafficking of Minnesota’s Female Youth: A Benefit-Cost Analysis” (2012), http://www.castla.org/templates/files/miwrc-benefit-cost-study-summary.pdf.
20. “Key Facts,” National Center for Missing & Exploited Children, http://www.missingkids.com/KeyFacts.
21. Marc Klaas, interview with the author, February 3, 2009.
22. Allen testimony, “Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking.”
23. National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, “Human Trafficking Facts,” August 2006, http://www.ncadv.org/files/HumanTrafficking.pdf.
24. Kevin Bales and Ron Soodalter, The Slave Next Door (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009), 6.
25. Anonymous interview with the author, October 2010.
26. Anonymous interview with the author, October 2010.
27. Sara Jean Green, “McKenna, AGs Confront Backpage.com on Prostitution Ads,” Seattle Times, September 2, 2011, http://seattletimes.com/text/2016066045.html.
Chapter 2 Eyes That See, Hearts That Care, Hands That Help
1. Given’s story has been compiled from personal interviews and emails, which are used by permission of Given Kachepa and Sandy Shepherd. His story is also told in Q. L. Pearce, Given Kachepa: Advocate for Human Trafficking Victims, Young Heroes series (Farmington Hills, MI: Kidhaven Press, 2007).
2. DVD of Skype interview with Jesse Arnold and Given Kachepa, Crawford High School, San Diego, CA, August 12, 2014.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Dunbar Rowland, Jefferson Davis, Constitutionalist: His Letters, Papers and Speeches (J. J. Little & Ives Company, 1923), 286.
8. “Rev. Dr. Richard Furman’s Exposition of the Views of the Baptists, Relative to the Coloured Population in the United States in a Communication to the Governor of South-Carolina,” 2nd ed. (Charleston, SC, 1838). Transcribed by T. Lloyd Benson from the original text in the South Carolina Baptist Historical Collection, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina. Online at http://eweb.furman.edu/~benson/docs/rcd-fmn1.htm.
9. Global Forum on Human Trafficking, attended by the author, Carlsbad, CA, October 8, 2009.
10. “Harriet Tubman,” Africans in America, part 4, “Judgment Day,” resource bank, PBS Online, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1535.html.
11. Sarah H. Bradford, Harriet: The Moses of Her People, (New York: Lockwood & Son, 1886), electronic edition, 15, http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/harriet/harriet.html.
12. The Freeman Institute Black History Collection, http://www.freemaninstitute.com/Tubman.htm.
13. Dan Graves, “Harriet Tubman,” Christianity.com, http://www.christianhistorytimeline.com/GLIMPSEF/Glimpses/glmps130.shtml.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. “Harriet Tubman,” PBS Online, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1535.html.
17. http://www.christianhistorytimeline.com/GLIMPSEF/Glimpses/glmps130.shtml.
18. Bradford, Harriet, 61.
19. Ibid.
20. Quoted in Jean M. Humez, Harriet Tubman: The Life and the Life Stories (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003), 151–2.
Chapter 3 From Farm to Factory
1. Malia Zimmerman, “Celebrating Freedom: Justice Finally Achieved for Victims of Human Trafficking in American-Samoa Garment Factory Case,” July 3, 2005, Vietnamese Professionals Society website, http://www.vps.org/namcali/gala2005/news_celebratingfreedom.html.
2. Debra Barayuga, “Victims Call Factory ‘Slavery,’” Honolulu Star-Bulletin News, July 3, 2005, http://archives.starbulletin.com/2005/07/03/news/story1.html.
3. Zimmerman, “Celebrating Freedom.”http://www.vps.org/namcali/gala2005/news_celebratingfreedom.html.
4. Barayuga, “Victims Call Factory ‘Slavery.’”
5. “Slave Wages” (reprinted from the January 27, 2007, Wall Street Journal), Hawaii Reporter, December 22, 2010, http://www.hawaiireporter.com/slave-wages-from-the-saturday-january-27-2007-wall-street-journal.
6. “Made in the USA?” Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights, February 13, 2001, http://www.globallabourrights.org/reports/made-in-the-u-s-a.
7. Zimmerman, “Celebrating Freedom.”
8. Ibid.
9. Barayuga, “Victims Call Factory ‘Slavery.’”
10. United States v. Kil Soo Lee, 472 F.3d 638 (9th Cir. 2006), http://cases.justia.com/us-court-of-appeals/F3/472/638/473342/.
11. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Anatomy of an International Human Trafficking Case, Pt. 1,” July 16, 2004, http://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2004/july/kilsoolee_071604.
12. Linda M. Woolf, “Women and Sweatshops,” http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/sweatshops.html.
13. Barayuga, “Victims Call Factory ‘Slavery.’”
14. Ibid.
15. http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/app/briefs/lee.pdf.
16. FBI, “Anatomy of an International Human Trafficking Case.”
17. “Made in the USA?” The National Labor Committee, February 13, 2001,http://www.globallabourrights.org/reports/made-in-the-u-s-a.
18. Barayuga, “Victims Call Factory ‘Slavery.’”
19. FBI, “Anatomy of an International Human Trafficking Case.”
20. US v. Kil Soo Lee, No. 05-10478, 2006 US App. (9th Cir. May 31, 2006), http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/app/briefs/lee.pdf.
21. US Department of Justice, “Garment Factory Owner Convicted in Largest Ever Human Trafficking Case Prosecuted by the Department of Justice,” February 21, 2003, http://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/2003/February/03_crt_108.htm.
22. Ramin Pejan, “Laogai: ‘Reform through Labor’ in China,” Human Rights Brief: A Legal Resource for the International Human Rights Community 7, no. 2 (winter 2000), http://www.wcl.american.edu/hrbrief/v7i2/laogai.htm.
23. Ibid.
24. Madison Park, “China Eases One-Child Policy, Ends Education through Labor Camps,” CNN World, December 28, 2013, http://www.cnn.com/2013/12/28/world/asia/china-one-child-policy-official/.
25. Kate McGeown, “China’s Christians Suffer for Their Faith,” BBC News, November 9, 2004, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3993857.stm.
26. Pejan, “Laogai.”
27. David Batstone, Not for Sale (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), 237.
28. Bales and Soodalter, The Slave Next Door, 51.
29. Ronnie Greene, “A Crop of Abuse,” Miami Herald, September 1, 2003, http://www.miamiherald.com/2003/09/01/56983/a-crop-of-abuse.html.
30. Bales and Soodalter, The Slave Next Door, 49.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. Greene, “A Crop of Abuse.”
37. Ibid.
38. Bales and Soodalter, The Slave Next Door, 49.
39. “Dying to Leave,” Wide Angle special, PBS, 2003.
40. Greene, “A Crop of Abuse.”
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid.
43. Bales and Soodalter, The Slave Next Door, 49.
44. Ibid., 50.
45. Ibid.
46. Ronnie Greene, “Brutal Farm Labor Bosses Punished, but Not Growers Who Hire Them,” Miami Herald, September 1, 2003, http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/immigration/farmhands-bosses.htm.
47. Bales and Soodalter, The Slave Next Door, 50.
48. Ibid.
49. Ronnie Greene, “Brutal Farm Labor Bosses Punished, but Not Growers Who Hire Them,” http://www.fachc.org/pdf/mig_Brutal%20farm%20labor%20bosses%20punished,%20but%20not%20growers%20who%20hire%20them.pdf.
50. Greene, “A Crop of Abuse.”
51. Ibid.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid.
56. “What Is Fair Trade?” Fair Trade USA, 2015, http://fairtradeusa.org/what-is-fair-trade.
1. Associated Press, “Child ‘Slavery’ Now Being Imported to U.S.,” NBCNews.com, December 29, 2008, www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28415693/ns/us_news-life/.
2. Mary A. Fischer, “The Slave in the Garage,” Reader’s Digest, May 2008, http://www.rd.com/your-america-inspiring-people-and-stories/slave-in-the-garage/article55737.html.
3. Ibid.
4. AP, “Child ‘Slavery’ Now Being Imported.”
5. Rukmini Callimachi, “Child Maid Trafficking Spreads from Africa to US,” Truthout, December 29, 2008, http://www.truth-out.org/122908O.
6. Fischer, “The Slave in the Garage.”
7. Ibid.
8. Rukmini Callimachi, “Shyima’s Story: Now a Teen, a Former Slave Copes with Her Past,” January 2, 2009, http://www.heraldnet.com/article/20090102/NEWS02/701029924.
9. Ibid.
10. See Johnny Dodd, “Shyima Hall: My Escape from Slavery,” People 81, no. 8 (Feb. 24, 2014), http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20789118,00.html.
11. Yvette Cabrera, “Child Trafficking Victim Speaks Out,” Orange County Register, September 14, 2009, http://www.ocregister.com/articles/hall-211109-trafficking-pertierra.html?pic=1.
12. Shyima Hall with Lisa Wysocky, Hidden Girl: The True Story of a Modern-Day Child Slave (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014).
13. US Department of State, “Trafficking in Persons Report,” June 2004, http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/34158.pdf.
14. “Charito,” interview with the author, July 19, 2010.
15. US Department of Homeland Security, “Eight Arrested on RICO Charges for Visa Fraud, Human Trafficking Conspiracy,” news release, May 27, 2009, http://www.ice.gov/news/releases/0905/090527kansascity.htm.
16. “Maria Alvarez,” interview with the author, June 21, 2010.
17. Bales and Soodalter, The Slave Next Door, 165.
18. “Pocket Assessment Card,” Rescue & Restore Campaign Tool Kits, Office of Refugee Resettlement, US Department of Health and Human Services, http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/orr/resource/rescue-restore-campaign-tool-kits. Accessed January 13, 2015.
Chapter 5 An Illusion of Pleasure
1. “DEMAND: A Comparative Examination of Sex Tourism and Trafficking in Jamaica, Japan, the Netherlands, and the United States,” Shared Hope International, http://sharedhope.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/DEMAND.pdf. Accessed January 13, 2015.
2. Catharine A. Mackinnon, “Pornography as Trafficking,” in Pornography: Driving the Demand in International Sex Trafficking, ed. David E. Guinn and Julie DiCaro (Los Angeles: Captive Daughters Media, 2007).
3. Ibid.
4. Melissa Farley, “‘Renting an Organ for Ten Minutes’: What Tricks Tell Us about Prostitution, Pornography, and Trafficking,” in Guinn and DiCaro, Pornography, 5, http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/FarleyRentinganOrgan11-06.pdf.
5. Ibid., 1.
6. Ibid., 2.
7. Seth Lubove, “Sex, Lies and Statistics,” Forbes, November 23, 2005, http://www.forbes.com/2005/11/22/internet-pornography-children-cz_sl_1123internet.html.
8. Victor Malarek, The Johns: Sex for Sale and the Men Who Buy It (New York: Arcade, 2009), 205.
9. McAfee, “The Digital Divide: How the Online Behavior of Teens Is Getting Past Parents,” June 30, 2012, http://pornharmsresearch.com/2014/01/mcafee-study-on-parental-involvement-teen-internet-usage/.
10. Office of Refugee Resettlement, “Fact Sheet: Sex Trafficking,” August 2, 2012, http://www.acf.hhs.gov/trafficking/about/fact_sex.html.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. “H.R.2012: End Demand for Sex Trafficking Act of 2005,” Library of Congress, http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c109:H.R.2012:. Accessed January 13, 2015.
14. Shelley Lubben, “Ex-Porn Star Tells the Truth about the Porn Industry,” CovenantEyes (blog), October 28, 2008, http://www.covenanteyes.com/2008/10/28/ex-porn-star-tells-the-truth-about-the-porn-industry/.
15. Jersey Jaxin, “Former Porn Star Jersey Jaxin Story,” The Pink Cross Foundation, accessed August 9, 2013, https://www.thepinkcross.org/pinkcross-articles/september-2008/former-porn-star-jersey-jaxin-story.
16. Anonymous interview with the author, Febuary 2010.
17. Anonymous interview with the author, February 2010.
18. Ibid.
19. Gail Dines, Pornland (Boston: Beacon Press, 2010), 29.
20. Rebecca Carden, “Panel Discusses Human Trafficking, Sex Work in U.S.,” The Brandeis Hoot, April 23, 2010, http://thebrandeishoot.com/articles/8000.
21. Tony Jones interview with Gail Dines, “Pornland Author Joins Lateline,” Lateline, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, June 10, 2010, http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2010/s3031471.htm.
22. Raymond and Hughes, “Sex Trafficking of Women in the United States.”
23. Wendy Kaminer, “Sex-Trafficking, Porn, and the Perils of Legislation,” The Atlantic, June 9, 2011,http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2011/06/sex-trafficking-porn-and-the-perils-of-legislation/240175/.
24. “Porn Profits: Corporate America’s Secret,” ABC News, May 27, 2004, http://abcnews.go.com/Primetime/story?id=132370&page=1.
25. Dustin Kass, “Porn Ban: Winona County Adopts ‘Clean Hotel’ Policy,” Winona Daily News, September 8, 2010, http://www.winonadailynews.com/news/local/article_b669f574-bb01-11df-87e7-001cc4c002e0.html.
Chapter 6 What’s Love Got to Do with It? Absolutely Nothing!
1. Allen testimony, “Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking.”
2. Larry Neumeister, “Brothel Raids Expose Problem of Slavery in US,” Associated Press, September 3, 2006, http://www.humantrafficking.org/updates/423.
3. Adrienne Sanders, “The City Killed Tiffany Mason: Part 1,” San Francisco Examiner, May 22, 2002, http://groups.yahoo.com/group/hlf/message/3608.
4. Adrienne Sanders, “Poster Child for Broken Promises: Part 5,” San Francisco Examiner, May 26, 2002, http://groups.yahoo.com/group/hlf/message/3643.
5. Sanders, “The City Killed Tiffany Mason.”
6. Ibid.
7. Adrienne Sanders, “A City Pimp with Big Connections: Part 3,” San Francisco Examiner, May 22, 2002, http://groups.yahoo.com/group/hlf/message/3607.
8. US Department of Justice, Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section, 2007.
9. Sanders, “The City Killed Tiffany Mason.”
10. Ibid.
11. Sanders, “Poster Child for Broken Promises.”
12. Ibid.
13. Sanders, “The City Killed Tiffany Mason.”
14. Adrienne Sanders, “Pimps Thrive and Girls Die: Part 4,” San Francisco Examiner, May 24, 2002, http://groups.yahoo.com/group/hlf/message/3632.
15. Sanders, “A City Pimp with Big Connections.”
16. Sanders, “Pimps Thrive and Girls Die.”
17. Sanders, “Poster Child for Broken Promises.”
18. Sanders, “The City Killed Tiffany Mason.”
19. Ibid.
20. Sanders, “Poster Child for Broken Promises.”
21. Sanders, “Pimps Thrive and Girls Die.”
22. Sanders, “Poster Child for Broken Promises.”
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. Sanders, “Pimps Thrive and Girls Die.”
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. Raymond and Hughes, “Sex Trafficking of Women in the United States.”
32. Keith Bickford, interview with author, January 14, 2009.
33. Inez, quoted in Kevin Bales and Zoe Trodd, eds., To Plead Our Own Cause: Personal Stories by Today’s Slaves (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2008), 183.
34. Sanders, “The City Killed Tiffany Mason.”
35. Sanders, “Poster Child for Broken Promises.”
36. Anonymous interview with author.
37. AAP, “Pimps Use Social Media to Lure At-Risk Teens into Prostitution,” SBS News, August 29, 2014, http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2014/08/29/pimps-use-social-media-lure-risk-teens-prostitution.
38. Jonathan Tran, “Sold into Slavery,” The Christian Century, November 27, 2008, 22–26.
39. Adrianne Jeffries, “Advocates Want Craigslist to Stop Making Money on ‘Adult Services’ Ads,” September 8, 2010, http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/advocates_want_craigslist_to_stop_making_money_on.php.
40. Raymond and Hughes, “Sex Trafficking of Women in the United States.”
41. Michael B. Farrell, “Global Campaign to Police Child Sex Tourism,” Christian Science Monitor, April 22, 2004, http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0422/p11s01-wogi.html.
42. Ibid.
43. Allen testimony, “Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking.”
44. Ibid.
45. Anonymous interview with the author, October 2008.
46. Ibid.
47. Anonymous interview with the author, August 20, 2014
48. See for example Evelina Giobbe, “Juvenile Prostitution: Profile of Recruitment” in Ann W. Burgess, ed., Child Trauma: Issues & Research (New York: Garland Publishing, 1992); Evelina Giobbe, Mary Harrigan, Jayme Ryan, and Denise Gamache, Prostitution: A Matter of Violence against Women (Minneapolis: Whisper, 1990); and Susan Kay Hunter, “Prostitution Is Cruelty and Abuse to Women and Children,” Michigan Journal of Gender and Law 1(1994):1–14.
49. Anonymous interview with author, February 2010.
Chapter 7 To the Super Bowl and Beyond
1. Kathleen Madigan, “Number of the Week: How Much Is Super Bowl Really Worth?” Wall Street Journal, February 1, 2014, http://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2014/02/01/number-of-the-week-how-much-is-super-bowl-really-worth/.
2. Michael J. Mooney and Gus Garcia-Roberts, “Super Bowl Guide to Sex, Drugs, Gambling, and Living Large in South Florida,” Miami New Times, February 4, 2010, http://www.miaminewtimes.com/2010-02-04/news/new-times-super-bowl-xliv-guide-to-sex-drugs-gambling-and-living-large-in-south-florida/.
3. Patricia Hynes and Janice G. Raymond, “The Neglected Health Consequences of Sex Trafficking in the United States,” in Policing the National Body: Sex, Race, and Criminalization, ed. J. Sillman and A. Bhattacharjee (Cambridge, MA: South End, 2002), 1.
4. Dominique Roe-Sepowitz, James Gallagher, and Kristine Hickle, “Exploring Sex Trafficking and Prostitution Demand During the Super Bowl,” Arizona State University School of Social Work, March 2014, http://ssw.asu.edu/research/stir/exploring-sex-trafficking-and-prostitution-demand-during-the-super-bowl-2014.
5. Melissa Farley, Prostitution and Trafficking in Nevada (San Francisco: Prostitution Research and Education, 2007), 98.
6. US Department of State, “Trafficking in Persons Report,” June 2005, http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/47255.pdf.
7. “Teen Girls’ Stories of Sex Trafficking in U.S.,” ABC News, February 9, 2006, http://abcnews.go.com/Primetime/story?id=1596778&page=1.
8. Vednita Carter and Evelina Giobbe, “Duet: Prostitution, Racism and Feminist Discourse,” Hastings Women’s Law Journal 37 (1999): 46.
9. Quoted in Farley, Prostitution and Trafficking in Nevada, 35.
10. The Today Show, NBC, December 3, 2008.
11. Anonymous interview with the author, February 2010.
12. Farley, Prostitution and Trafficking in Nevada, 181.
13. Ibid., 185.
14. Sam Skolnik, “Do We Have a Human Trafficking Problem?” Las Vegas Sun, January 29, 2007,http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2007/jan/29/do-we-have-a-human-trafficking-problem/.
15. Leslie Bennetts, “The Growing Demand for Prostitution,” Newsweek, July 18, 2011, http://www.newsweek.com/growing-demand-prostitution-68493.
16. M. Monto and D. Julia, “Conceiving of Sex as a Commodity: A Study of Arrested Customers of Female Street Prostitutes,” Western Criminology Review 10 (2009), 1–14.
17. Gunilla Ekberg, “The Swedish Law That Prohibits the Purchase of Sexual Services,” Violence Against Women, October 2004, 1187.
18. “Nearly 500 Sex Buyers Arrested in National Sex Trafficking Sting Operation,” Cook County (Illinois) Sheriff’s Office, August 6, 2014, http://www.cookcountysheriff.com/press_page/press_NationalSexTraffickngSting2014_08_06_2014.html.
19. Ib http://www.enddemandillinois.org/sites/default/files/Unlocking_Options_for_Women.pdf.
20. US Department of State, “Trafficking in Persons Report,” June 2005, http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/47255.pdf.
21. J. Day, E. Vermilyea, J. Wilkerson, and E. Giller, Risking Connection in Faith Communities: A Training Curriculum for Faith-Leader Supporting Trauma Survivors (Baltimore: Sidran Institute Press, 2006).
22. The chart of “Preferred Terminology for Sex Trafficking and Prostitution” originally appeared in L. Thompson, “Introduction to the Global Issue of Human Trafficking” in B. Grant and C. Hudlin, eds., Hands That Heal: International Curriculum to Train Caregivers of Trafficking Survivors, academic ed., (Faith Alliance Against Slavery and Trafficking, 2007), 36–40. A revised version of the chart was published in L. Thompson, “Chart of Preferred Terminology for Sex Trafficking and Prostitution,” Social Work & Christianity 39, no. 4(2012): 484–87.
1. Uwe Ewald and Ksenija Turković, Large-Scale Victimization as a Potential Source of Terrorist Activities (Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2004), 18.
2. The account presented here is drawn from “The Name Is Bond (The Norrmalmstorg Robbery),” narrated by Joe Sinclair, http://www.nurturingpotential.net/Issue13/Name%20is%20Bond.htm.
3. Ibid.
4. Dee L. R. Graham, Edna I. Rawlings, and Roberta K. Rigsby, Loving to Survive: Sexual Terror, Men’s Violence, and Women’s Lives (New York: New York University Press, 1994), 2.
5. Ibid., 1.
6. “The Peace FAQ: The Stockholm Syndrome,” http://www.peacefaq.com/stockholm.html.
7. StateMaster.com, s.v. “Norrmalmstorg Robbery,” last modified July 2007, http://www.statemaster.com/encyclopedia/Norrmalmstorg-robbery.
8. Graham, Rawlings, and Rigsby, Loving to Survive, 10.
9. Ibid., 5.
10. Ibid., 6.
11. Ibid., 7.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid., 9.
14. Ibid., 10.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid., 11.
17. Ibid.
18. Joseph M. Carver, “Love and Stockholm Syndrome: The Mystery of Loving an Abuser,” Counseling Resource, last modified April 27, 2011, http://counsellingresource.com/quizzes/stockholm/.
19. Shawn Hornbeck, “Shawn Hornbeck: Jaycee Dugard Brainwashed, in Shock,” People, September 4, 2009, http://www.people.com/people/news/category/0,,personsTax:ShawnHornbeck,00.html.
20. New World Encyclopedia, s.v. “Harriet Tubman,” last modified October 30, 2012, http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Harriet_Tubman.
21. Raymond and Hughes, “Sex Trafficking of Women in the United States.”
22. Farley, Prostitution and Trafficking in Nevada, 32.
23. “DSM IV Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Diagnostic Features,” European Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, https://www.estss.org/learn-about-trauma/dsm-iv-ptsd-diagnostic-features/. Accessed January 14, 2015.
24. Rachel Marcus, “Confessions of a Teenage Prostitute,” Portland Mercury, September 3, 2009, http://www.portlandmercury.com/portland/confessions-of-a-former-teen-rostitute/Content?oid=1623030.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Ian Urbina, “For Runaways, Sex Buys Survival,” New York Times, October 26, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/27/us/27runaways.html?_r=2&hp.
29. “Teen Girls’ Stories of Sex Trafficking in the US,” ABC News, February 9, 2006, http://abcnews.go.com/Primetime/story?id=1596778.
30. Judith Lewis Herman, Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence—from Domestic Abuse to Political Terror (New York: Basic Books, 1997), 92–93.
Chapter 9 Wolves in Sheep’s Clothing
1. Jody Raphael and Brenda Myers-Powell, “From Victims to Victimizers: Interviews with 25 Ex-Pimps in Chicago,” DePaul University College of Law, September 2010, http://newsroom.depaul.edu/pdf/family_law_center_report-final.pdf. Accessed January 14, 2015..
2. “Jason Foster,” anonymous interview with the author, April 2010.
3. Girl Scouts of the USA, “Girls and Body Image,” n.d., https://www.girlscouts.org/research/pdf/beauty_redefined_factsheet.pdf.
4. “It’s Hard out Here for a Pimp,” Wikipedia, last modified August 12, 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Hard_out_Here_for_a_Pimp.
5. “Hidden Slaves: Forced Labor in the United States,” a report by Free the Slaves (Washington, DC) and Human Rights Center (University of California at Berkeley), September 2004, http://www.law.berkeley.edu/files/hiddenslaves_report.pdf.
6. Anonymous interview with the author, April 2010
7. “Jason Foster,” anonymous interview with the author, April 2010
Chapter 10 On the Front Lines of Modern Slavery
1. Global Forum on Human Trafficking, Carlsbad, CA, October 8, 2009.
2. Keith Bickford, interview with the author, January 14, 2009.
3. Polaris Project, “Human Trafficking Trends in the United States,” http://www.polarisproject.org/resources/hotline-statistics/human-trafficking-trends-in-the-united-states.
4. Quotes and information in this section are derived from interviews with and emails to the author in September 2014.
5. Nicole Moler’s quote appears at http://www.truckersagainsttrafficking.org/making-an-impact/.
6. Bales, Disposable People, 8.
Appendix: Recognizing the Signs
1. The Polaris Project, “Recognizing the Signs,” http://www.polarisproject.org/human-trafficking/recognizing-the-signs. Used by permission.