12. Louis S. Gerteis, From Contraband to Freedman: Federal Policy toward Southern Blacks, 1861–1865 (Westport, Conn., 1973); Herman Belz, A New Birth of Freedom: The Republican Party and Freedmen’s Rights, 1861–1866 (Westport, Conn., 1976); Allen C. Guelzo, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America (New York, 2004).