1 See Dio Cassius 72.31.3, Philostratus Vit. Soph. 2.2 (566), Lucian Eunuchus 3, with Birley, Marcus Aurelius, p. 195.

² The following story derives from Lucian’s Eunuchus and is generally agreed to be fictional.

³ See Lucian Eunuchus 8: ‘One [of the judges] said that presence and a fine physical endowment should be among the attributes of a philosopher, and that above all else he should have a long beard that would inspire confidence in those who visited him and sought to become his pupils’ (trans. Harmon).

⁴ See Eunuchus 9.

⁵ See Eunuchus 12.

⁶ See e.g. Lucian Demonax 13, Cynicus 1.