Silesia, Whitsuntide King in, 156; Whitsuntide customs in, 159; ‘carrying out Death’ in, 372–4, 378, 736; bringing in Summer, 375; the Grandmother at harvest in, 483; names given to last sheaf in, 484; the Wheat Bride at harvest in, 492; harvest customs in, 514, 539, 542, 544, 549; expulsion of witches and evil spirits in,672, 673; need-fire in, 768
Silk-cotton trees reverenced, 135
Silkworms, taboos observed by breeders of, 263
Silvanus, the Roman wood-god, 169
Silvii, family name of kings of Alba, 179, 197
Simeon, prince of Bulgaria, 816
Similarity in magic, law of, 13
Singarmati Deva, Indian goddess, 263
Singhalese, the, 272
Sins, confession of, 239, 262, 648, 650, 664, 683; the remission of, through the shedding of blood, 429; transferred to a buffalo calf, 650; transferred vicariously to human beings, 651–2; of the Children of Israel transferred to scapegoat, 683
Sioux Indians, 597
Sirius, the Dog-star, 445–6, 462
Sisters, taboos observed by, 28, 30
Situa, annual festival of the Incas, 664
Siva and Pârvatî, marriage of the images of, 386
Skeat, W. W., 501
Skeleton drenched with water as a rain-charm, 85
Skin disease caused by eating a sacred animal, 568
Skins of sacrificed animals, uses made of, 560, 573, 599–602, 635; of human victims, 709
Skipping-rope played at bear-festival, 614
Skulls, of head-hunters’ victims preserved as relics, 521; of bears and foxes worshipped and consulted as oracles, 607; of turtles propitiated, 631
Sky, twins called children of the, 80; observation of the, for omens, 337
Skye, last sheaf called the Cripple Goat in, 547; the need-fire in, 741
Slave, charm to bring back a runaway, 38
Slave Coast of West Africa, negroes of the, 140; exorcism of demons from children on the, 236, 273; precautions as to the spittle of kings on the, 286
Slave priest at Nemi, 3
Slaves, licence granted to, at the Saturnalia, 190, 700–701
Slavonia, harvest customs in, 486; the Corn-spirit in, 538; custom of ‘carrying out Death’ in, 693; the Yule log in, 765; need-fire in, 769; stories of the external soul in, 805–6
Slavonians, South, 36, 38, 137, 144, 779. See also Slavs
Slavs, 133, 194, 335, 364, 482, 778, 798; of Carinthia, 152; South, 53, 763
Sleep, charms to cause, 36; absence of the soul in, 218–19; forbidden in house after a death, 219; sick people not allowed to, 232
Slovenes, 154; of Oberkrain, 161
Smallpox, 592; demon of, transferred to a sow, 649; blood of monkey used to exorcise the devil of, 659; flight from the evil spirit of, 660–61; demon of, expelled by means of an image, 675; expelled in a boat, 676
Smith’s craft sacred, 103
Smoke, in rain-making, 87; of cedar inhaled as means of inspiration, 114; of bonfires, 735, 747, 774; of need-fire, 768; used to stupefy witches in the clouds, 779
Smoking as a means of inducing a state of ecstasy, 581; in honour of slain bears, 626
Snail supposed to suck blood of cattle, 229
Snake, used in rain-charm, 87; respected by Indians of Carolina, 624; worshipped, 642, 643; said to wound a girl at puberty, 721; seven-headed, external soul of witch in a, 810–11
Snake-bite, charm against, 38; clan, exposed infants to snakes, 602; -god, married to women, 175; -stone, 41; tribe, in the Punjaub, 642–3
Snipe, fever transferred to a, 654
Snorri Sturluson, 456
Sochit or Socket, epithet of Isis, 460
Society, uniformity of occupation in primitive, 73; ancient, built on the principle of subordination of the individual to the community, 430
Sofala, kings of, put to death, 328
Sogamosa or Sogamoza, the pontiff of, 125; heir to the throne not allowed to see the sun, 714
Sokari (Seker), a title of Osiris, 451
Solar theory of the fires of the fire-festivals, 770, 771–7
Solomon Islands, the, disposal of cut hair in, 284; ceremony for getting rid of fatigue in, 648
Solstice, the summer, its importance for primitive man, 746; the winter, reckoned by the ancients the Nativity of the Sun, 431
Solstitial fires perhaps rain-charms, 846
Son of God, alleged incarnation of the, in America, 122; of the king, sacrificed for his father, 349
Songs of the corn-reapers, 510
Sopater accused of binding the winds, 97
Sorcerers, 102, 282, 285, 286; souls extracted or detained by, 225, 226; influence wielded by, 236; injure men through their names, 295; exorcise demons, 659
Sorcery, the dread of, 282, 829; protections against, 745, 755, 795
Sorrowful One, vaults of the, 447
Sothis, Egyptian name for Sirius, 446
Soul, burning a, 15; the perils of the, 214–33; as a mannikin, 214–16; absence and recall of the, 217–28; as a shadow . and a reflection, 228–33; in the blood, 274, 277; identified with the personal name, 295; of man-god, 320; succession to the, 353–6; of the rice, 497–9, 501; thought to be seated in the liver, 596; the notion of a, 827; the unity and indivisibility of the, 827. See also Souls
Soul, the external in folk-tales, 800–814; in inanimate things, 814–17; in plants, 817–19; in animals, 819–29; kept in totem, 828
Soul-boxes, amulets as, 815; -stone, 815–16
Souls, and the placenta, 48; of the dead in trees, 138; every man thought to have four, 216; light and heavy, thin and fat, 216; transference of, 222–3; abducted by demons, 223; extracted or detained by sorcerers, 225, 226; supposed to be in portraits, 232; of slain enemies propitiated, 256; of beasts respected, 268; of the dead transmitted to successors, 354–5; immortal, attributed to animals, 622; the plurality of, 827
South Sea Islands, human gods in the, 116
Sow, corn-spirit as, 553; the cropped black, at Hallowe’en, 762–3
Sowing, homoeopathic magic at, 34; sexual intercourse before, 164; continence at, 166; rites of, in Egypt, 447; and ploughing, ceremony of, in the rites of Osiris, 452; expulsion of demons at, 690
Spain, belief as to death at ebb tide in, 42; Midsummer fires in, 757
Spark Sunday in Switzerland, 736
Sparrows, charm to keep them from the corn, 636
Sparta, state sacrifices at, 11; sacrifices to the sun at, 95; king not to be touched, 270; warned by oracle against a lame reign, 329; octennial tenure of kingship at, 337
Speke, Captain J. H., 237
Spells, cast by strangers, 238; at hair-cutting, 281; cast by witches on union of man and wife, 780
Spelt-goat, last sheaf called the, 548
Spices used in exorcism of demons, 236
Spiders in homoeopathic magic, 37–8; ceremony at killing, 629
Spindles not to be carried openly on the highroads, 24; not to be twirled while men are in council, 25
Spinning forbidden to women under certain circumstances, 24–5
Spirit, Brethren and Sisters of the Free, 122; of vegetation, see Vegetation; the Great, of American Indians, 319
Spirits, in trees, 135; water, 175; averse to iron, 271; evil, fear of attracting the attention of, 300; distinguished from gods, 494; of the woods, 558–9; retreat of the army of, 656
Spitting, forbidden, 263; upon knots as a charm, 291; at ceremony of expulsion of evils, 682
Spittle used in magic, 15, 16, 282, 286; tabooed, 286; used in making a covenant, 286–7; magical virtue of, 523, 525
Sprenger, the inquisitor, 816
Spring, magical ceremonies for the revival of nature in, 386; ceremony at the beginning of, in China, 562
Spring, oracular, at Dodona, 177
Spring customs and harvest customs compared, 493
Springbok, not eaten by Bushmen, 594–5
Squirrels burnt in Easter bonfires, 739, 787
Stabbing men’s shadows in order to injure the men, 228
Standing on one foot, custom of, 343, 344, 348
Star, falling, in magic, 20; the Evening, in Keats’s last sonnet, 41; of Salvation, 417; of Bethlehem, 418; the Morning, 519
Stars, shooting, superstitions as to, 337
Stella Maris, an epithet of the Virgin Mary, 462
Stepping over persons forbidden, 254; over dead panther, 267
Sticks, charred, uses of, 737, 739, 748, 751; and stones, evils transferred to, 648; whittled, 610, 615
Stiens of Cambodia, the, 629
Stinging with ants as a form of purification, 722
Stone, used in ceremony to facilitate childbirth, 17; supposed to cure jaundice, 19; treading on a, as a homoeopathic charm, 39; (lapis manalis) used in rain-making at Rome, 93; holed, in magic, to make sunshine, 94; external soul in a, 815–16; magical, put into body of novice at initiation, 838–9
Stone-throwing as a fertility charm, 8; -curlew as a cure for jaundice, 19
Stones anointed in order to avert bullets from warriors, 31; homoeopathic magic of, 40; precious, magical qualities of, 40; rain-making by means of, 91, 102; in charms to make the sun shine, 94; in wind charms, 96, 97; ghosts in, 228; sacred, 283; in last sheaf, 484; criminal crushed between, 519; fatigue transferred to, 648
Stoning human scapegoats, 694–5
Storms, Catholic priests thought to possess the power of averting, 64; caused by cutting or combing the hair, 282–3
Stow, in Suffolk, witch at, 53
Strangers, taboos on intercourse with, 234–9; suspected of practising magic arts, 234; ceremonies at reception of, 235; slain as representatives of the corn-spirit, 512; regarded as representatives of the corn-spirit, 516, 518, 528
Straw, wrapt round fruit-trees as a protection against evil spirits, 673; tied round trees to make them fruitful, 734
Straw-bull at harvest, 550; -goat, 548
Strength of people bound up with their hair, 816
Strings, knotted, as amulets, 293
Strudeli and Strätelli, female spirits of the wood, 674
Stseelis Indians of British Columbia, 726
Stubbes, Phillip, his Anatomie of Abuses, 148
Stubble-cock, name of harvest supper, 542
Styx, passage of Aeneas across the, 848
Substitutes, put to death instead of kings, 336, 340, 348; temporary, for the Shah of Persia, 348; for human sacrifices, 427
Substitution for human victims, of animals, 352, 471, 525; of rice-cakes, 588–9; of effigies, 589
Suffocation as a mode of executing royal criminals, 275
Sulka, the, of New Britain, 77, 91, 298
Sulla at the temple of Diana, 198
‘Sultan of the Scribes’, at Fez, 345
Sumatra, magical image to obtain offspring in, 16; pregnant woman not to stand at the door in, 25; homoeopathic magic at sowing rice in, 33; rain-charm by means of a black cat in, 87; personification of the rice in, 499; tigers respected in, 623, human scapegoat in, 684
Summer, bringing in the, 375–81; and Winter, battle of, 381–2
Sun, prayers offered to the, 16, 31, 94; magical control of the, 93–6; ceremonies at eclipses of the, 93–4; ancient Egyptian ceremony for the regulation of the, 94; sacrifices to the, 95; chief deity of the Rhodians, 95; supposed to drive in a chariot, 95; caught by net or string, 95–6; father of the Incas, 125; Parthian monarchs the brothers of the, 126; and Earth, marriage of the, 164, 174; not allowed to shine on sacred persons, 203, 204; represented as a man with a bull’s head; 338; Adonis as the, 406; Nativity of the, 431; the Unconquered, Mithra identified with, 432; Osiris as the, 462; first-fruits offered to the, 519; ceremony at the reappearance of the, in the Arctic regions, 662; hearts of human victims offered to the, 706; rule not to see the, 714; not to shine on girls at puberty, 714–20, 723; symbolised by a wheel, 772; fern-seed procured by shooting at the, 846; the ultimate cooling of the, 855
Sundanese, 35–6
Sunflower roots, ceremony at eating, 585
Sun-god, the, 87, 126; - goddess, 202–3
Sunshine, use of fire as a charm to produce, 777
Surinam, the Bush negroes of, 200, 568
Swabia, the Harvest-May in, 143; May-trees in, 148–9; disposal of cut hair in, 284; Whitsuntide mummers in, 358; Shrovetide or Lenten ceremonies in, 370; the Old Woman at harvest in, 483; harvest customs in, 546, 549, 550, 553; Lenten fires in, 735; Easter fires in, 740; Midsummer fires in, 749; ‘fire of heaven’ in, 773
Swallows as scapegoats, 649–50
Swami Bhaskaranandaji Saraswati, 121
Swan-woman, Tartar story of the, 811
Swazieland, knots as charms in, 292
Swearing on stones, 39–40
Sweat, contagious magic of, 52
Sweating as a purification, 249
Sweden, sacred grove in, 133; peasants stick leafy branches in cornfields in, 142; guardian trees in, 144; birch twigs on the eve of May Day in, 147; bonfires and May-poles at Midsummer in, 147; Midsummer Bride and Bridegroom in, 160–61; Frey and his priestess in, 172–3; dramatic contest between Summer and Winter on May Day in, 381; harvest custom in, 488; custom at threshing in, 518; Yule Boar in, 554–5; Christmas custom in, 555; Easter bonfires in, 740; May Day bonfires in, 745–6, 774; Midsummer fires in, 750; the need-fire in, 769; the mistletoe in, 793, 795, 796, 846; Balder’s balefires in, 796; superstitions about a parasitic rowan in, 842; the divining rod in, 846
Swedish kings, traces of nine years’ reign of, 336
‘Sweethearts of St John’, 414–15
Swineherds forbidden to enter Egyptian temples, 568
Swine’s flesh, sacramentally eaten, 565, 567; not eaten by worshippers of Attis, 566
Swinging, at ploughing rite in Siam, 343, 348; to make the flax grow high, 348
Switzerland, harvest customs in, 546, 548, 549–50; frightening away the spirits of the wood in, 673–4; Lenten fires in, 734; the need-fire in, 769, 773–4; the mistletoe in, 793, 795; fern-seed on St John’s Night in, 845
Sword, a magical, 131
Swords used to ward off or expel demons, 659, 661
Sycamore at doors on May Day, 145; effigy of Osiris placed on boughs of, 452
Syleus, the legend of, 531
Sylvan deities in classical art, 141
Sympathy, magical, 45
Syrians, their religious attitude to pigs, 566; esteemed fish sacred, 568
Syria, 290–91; Adonis in, 394; precaution against caterpillars in, 638
Szis, the, of Upper Burmah, 503
Tabali, chief of, 286
Taboo, or negative magic, xxiii, 23–7, 34; of chiefs and kings, 246; the meaning of, 269–70; conceived as a dangerous physical substance which needs to be insulated, 713. See also Taboos
Taboo rajah and chief, 214
Tabooed acts, 234–43; hands, 245–51, 254, 258, 281; persons, 244–69, 711–14; things, 269–94; words, 294–316
Taboos, on food, 26, 287; on parents of twins, 79; royal and priestly, 202–11; on intercourse with strangers, 234–9; on eating and drinking, 239–40; on show-ing the face, 240–41; on quitting the house, 241–2; on leaving food over, 242–3; on chiefs and kings, 244–7; on mourners, 247–50; on women, 250–53; on warriors, 253–5; on man-slayers, 255–61; on hunters and fishers, 261–9; as spiritual insulators, 269–70; on iron, 270–73; on sharp weapons, 273–4; on blood, 274–7; relating to the head, 277–9; on hair, 279–86; on spittle, 286–7; on knots and rings, 287–94; on words, 294–316; on personal names, 294–300; on names of relations, 300–303; on names of the dead, 303–9; on names of kings and other sacred persons, 309–13; on names of gods, 313–16; regulating the lives of divine kings, 711–12
Taboos observed in fishing and hunting, 24; by children in the absence of their fathers, 26–7, 31; by wives in the absence of their husbands, 26–30; by sisters in the absence of their brothers, 30; after house-building, 141; for the sake of the crops, 166; by the Mikado, 205; by headmen in Assam, 208; by ancient kings of Ireland, 208; by the Flamen Dialis, 209–10; by the Bodia, 210–11; by sacred milkmen among the Todas, 211; by priest of Earth in Southern Nigeria, 712–13
Tahiti, seclusion of women after childbirth in, 251; king and queen of, 270, 712; sanctity of the head in, 278–9; names of kings not to be pronounced in, 312
Talismans possessed by the Fire King of Cambodia, 130–31
Talmud, the, on menstruous women, 725
Talos, legend of, 338
Tamarind tree, sacred, 142
Tammuz, or Adonis, 392; the lover of Ishtar, 392; laments for, 393; mourned for at Jerusalem, 394; as a corn-spirit, 407; his bones ground in a mill, 407, 532; perhaps represented by the mock king of Sacaea, 532
Tana (Tanna), one of the New Hebrides, contagious magic of clothes in, 52–3; magic practised on refuse of food in, 242–3
Tapio, woodland god in Finland, 169
Tar barrel, burning, swung round pole at Midsummer, 749
Tara, capital of ancient Ireland, 208, 329
Tari Pennu, earth goddess, 522
Taro plants beaten to make them grow, 697
Tarquin the Elder, 183
Tarquin the Proud, 180
Tartar Khan, ceremony at visiting a, 238
Tartar stories of the external soul, 810, 811
Tartars, the Buddhist, 123
Tasmania, 304
Ta-ta-thi tribe of New South Wales, 91
Tatius, king of Rome, 183, 190
Tattoo marks of priests of Attis, 425
Tattooing in the Punjaub, 216
Tauric Diana, her image brought by Orestes to Italy, 3; only to be appeased with human blood, 7
Tâ-uz (Tammaz), 407
Taygetus, Mount, sacrifices to the sun on, 95
Taylor, Rev. J. C., 683–4
Teeth, contagious magic of, 45–6; of rats and mice in magic, 46–7; of ancestor in magical ceremony, 94; of sacred kings preserved as amulets, 131; loss of, supposed effect of breaking a taboo, 249; as a rain-charm, 283; extracted, kept against the resurrection, 285
Tegner, Swedish poet, 796
Tein-eigin, need-fire, in Scotland, 741
Telepathy, magical, 27, 29, 30
Telugus, their way of stopping rain, 77
Temple at Jerusalem, built without iron, 271
Temples built in honour of living kings of Babylon, and of Egypt, 125–6
Tepehuanes of Mexico, 232–3
Teton Indians, 629
Teutonic kings as priests, 11; stories of the external soul, 806–7; thunder-god, 193
Tezcatlipoco, Mexican god, 705
Thargelia, Greek festival of the, 695, 698
Thebes, the Boeotian, grave of Dionysus at, 468
Thebes, in Egypt, 171, 209; Valley of the Kings at, 453; annual sacrifice of ram to Ammon at, 573, 601
Theddora tribe of South-east Australia, 598
Theocracies in America, 205
Theogamy, divine marriage, 169
Theology distinguished from religion, 60
Theseus and Hippolytus, 5
Thesmophoria, ancient Greek festival, 425, 447, 468, 563–5
Thevet, F. A., 106
Thlinkeet or Tlingit Indians, 282–3, 634, 720
Thompson Indians of British Columbia, 32, 54, 585, 849
Thonga, Bantu tribe of South Africa, 849
Thor, the Norse thunder-god, 193
Thorn bushes to keep off ghosts, 249
Thorns, wreaths of, hung up as a sign to warn off strangers, 669
Thoth, Egyptian god of wisdom, 436, 438
Thrace, worship of Dionysus in, 465; the Bacchanals of, 469; human scapegoat in, 694–5
Thracian gods ruddy and blue-eyed, 313
Thread, use of, in magic, 217, 292, 654–5
Thresher of the last corn, 481, 483, 538, 546–51, 553
Thresher-cow, in the Canton of Zurich, 551
Threshing, customs at, 481, 487–8, 503, 514–15, 518, 538, 539, 541, 545, 548–9, 550, 551, 553
Threshing-dog, 538
Thrumalun, mythical being in Australia, 831
Thunar or Donar, German thunder-god, 193
Thunder, imitation of, 75; kings expected to make, 179; expiation for hearing, 210; Midsummer fires a protection against, 752, 755
Thunder-beings, 629; -besom, 795, 851; -bird, the mythical, 719; -god, 194
Thunderbolt, Zeus surnamed the, 192
Thuremlin, a mythical being, 830
Thüringen, homoeopathic magic at sowing flax in, 33; May King in, 156; Whitsuntide mummers in, 359, 362; carrying out Death in, 371; customs at threshing in, 488, 551; the Harvest-cock in, 542; ‘the Boar in the corn’ in, 553; Midsummer fires in, 787
Tiber, puppets thrown into the, 592
Tibet, the Grand Lamas of, 123–4; incarnate human gods in, 124; vicarious use of images in, 591; human scapegoats in, 686
Tibetan new year, 686
Tides, homoeopathic magic of the, 41–2
Tigers, respected in Sumatra, 623
Timmes, the, of Sierra Leone, 212
Timor, island of, telepathy in, 31; fetish or taboo rajah in, 214; war customs in, 256; transference of fatigue to leaves in, 648
Tinneh or Déné Indians, 250; of North-west America, 584
Titans kill Dionysus, 467
Tiyans of Malabar, 722
Tlingit or Thlinkeet Indians, 282–3, 634, 720
Tlokoala, a secret society of the Nootka Indians, 838–9
Toads in relation to rain, 88
Tobacco, used as an emetic, 582–3
Tobacco smoke, priest inspired by, 114
Toboongkoo, the, of Central Celebes, 140
Todas, a tribe of Southern India, 120, 211, 641
Togoland, expulsion of devils in, 666–7
Tolalaki, the, of Central Celebes, 598
Tolampoos, the, of Central Celebes, 295
Tomori, the, of Central Celebes, 140, 500–501
Tonapoo, the, of Central Celebes, 141
Tonga, chief’s touch thought to heal scrofula in, 108; veneration paid to divine chiefs in, 213; kings of, 245, 278; tabooed persons not allowed to handle food in, 249; ceremony performed after contact with a sacred chief in, 569
Tonquin, division of monarchy in, 213; annual expulsion of demons in, 669–70
Toothache, transferred to enemies, 647; remedy for, 653
Toradjas of Central Celebes, 21, 25, 82, 86, 90–91, 141, 237–8, 280, 501, 697
Torches, offered by women to Diana, 3; used to mimic lightning, 93; used in expulsion of demons, 657, 660, 665, 666, 669, 672, 673, 674; in expulsion of witches, 672, 673; processions with lighted, 732, 733, 776; carried round folds, 757; applied to fruit trees to fertilise them, 776
Torres Straits Islands, 724; magic in the, 21; personal names tabooed in, 302; seclusion of girls at puberty in, 717–18
Tortoises in magic, 44; reasons for not eating, 594
Totem, skin disease supposed to be caused by eating, 568; supposed effect of killing, 826–7; receptacle for a man’s external soul, 828; transference of soul to, 830, 839–40
Totem animal, artificial, 839; clans, 20, 605, 839
Totemism, in Australia and America, 639; suggested theory of, 826
Totems, magical ceremonies for the multiplication of the, 20–21, 103
Toumbuluh tribe of North Celebes, 288, 289
Toxcatl, old Mexican festival, 705
Transmigration of human souls, into turtles, 605; into bears, 614; into totem animals, 828
Transubstantiation, 588
Transylvania, rain-making in, 85; festival of Green George in, 152; continence at sowing in, 166; saying as to sleeping child in, 219; harvest customs in, 542, 543, 548; customs at sowing in, 636; story of the external soul in, 806
Transylvania, the Germans of, 289; the Roumanians of, 231, 274, 411; the Saxons of, 288, 289, 369, 376, 381, 548, 636, 806
Travancore, the Rajah of, 651
Tree, that has been struck by lightning, 96, 849; decked with sham bracelets, etc., 412; burnt in the Midsummer bonfire, 751, 753; external soul in a, 803, 815. See also Trees
Tree-agates, 40–41
Trees, worship of, 131; oracular, 133; regarded as animate, 134, 137; sacrifices offered to, 135, 136, 139, 140, 143; sensitive, 135–6; apologies offered to, for cutting them down, 136; bleeding, 136; threatened to make them bear fruit, 137; married to each other, 137–8; in blossom treated like pregnant women, 138; animated by the souls of the dead, 138; planted on graves, 139; demons in, 140; ceremonies at cutting down, 140; grant women an easy delivery, 144; sacred, 144; represented on the monuments of Osiris, 458; in relation to Dionysus, 466; evils transferred to, 655; burnt in bonfires, 734–5, 739, 751, 755, 781; lives of people bound up with, 817–18; passing through cleft trees as a cure for various maladies, 818–19; fire thought by savages to be stored like sap in, 846
Tree-spirit, represented simultaneously in vegetable and human form, 150; representative of, thrown into water to ensure rain, 151; killing of the, 356–90; resurrection of the, 361; in relation to the vegetation-spirit, 380; Attis as a, 424; Osiris as a, 458; effigies of, burnt in bonfires, 781; human representatives of, put to death, 782, 798
Tree-spirits, 131–41; beneficent powers of, 141–4, 781; in human form or embodied in living people, 150
Tree-worship, 131–44; among the ancient Germans, 132; among European families of the Aryan stock, 132; among the Lithuanians, 133; in ancient Greece and Italy, 133; among the Finnish-Ugrian stock in Europe, 133–4; notions at the root of, 134; in modern Europe, relics of, 145–63
Tribute of youths and maidens sent to the Minotaur, 338
Trinity, the Hindoo, 62
Triptolemus, prince of Eleusis, 475, 476, 565
Troezen, sanctuary of Hippolytus at, 7–8
Tsetsaut Indians of British Columbia, 719
Tshi-speaking peoples of the Gold Coast, 31
Tsimshian Indians of British Columbia, 79
Tsuen-cheu-fu, in China, geomancy at, 43
Tuaregs of the Sahara, 304
Tubingen, burying the Carnival near, 369
Tuhoe tribe of Maoris, 143–4
Tullus Hostilius, king of Rome, 170, 190, 191
Tumleo, island of, 52
Tuña, a spirit, expulsion of, 662
Turcoman cure for fever, 292
Turkestan, human scapegoat in, 652
Turks, Bosnian, 17; exorcism practised by the, 235; preserve their nail-parings for use at the resurrection, 285; of Central Asia, 596
Turner’s picture of the Golden Bough, 1
‘Turquoise, Mistress of’, at Sinai, 398
Turtle, magical models of, 22
Turtles, killing the sacred, 603–6; transmigration of human souls into, 605
Twanyirika, an Australian spirit, 831
Twelfth Day, ceremony of the King at Carcassone on, 645; the Eve of, 674, 731, 776
Twelfth Night, expulsion of the powers of evil on, 673; the King of the Bean on, 704; the Yule log on, 764
Twelve Days from Christmas to Twelfth Night, precautions against witches during the, 673; Nights, remains of Yule log scattered over the fields during the, 764
Twins, 35, 274; taboos laid on parents of, 79; supposed to possess magical powers, 79; associated with salmon, and the grizzly bear, 79–80; called children of the sky, 80; water poured on graves of, 80; parents of, thought to be able to fertilise plantain trees, 165
‘Two Brothers, The’, Egyptian tale of, 808
Tycoons, the, 212
Typhon, or Set, the brother of Osiris, 437, 439, 570
Tyrol, the, witches in, 282; disposal of loose hair in, 285; wedding-ring as amulet in, 294; customs at threshing in, 516; the last thresher in, 539, 548; ‘burning out the witches’ in, 672–3, 746; Lenten fires in, 735; Midsummer fires in, 750; fern-seed in, 845
Ualaroi, the, of the Darling River, 831
Uap, island of, taboos observed by fishermen in, 262
Uea, one of the Loyalty Islands, 223
Uganda, 250; priest inspired by tobacco smoke in, 114; taboos observed by father of twins in, 274; king’s brothers burnt in, 345; human scapegoats in, 652, 678; king of, 652, 678, 712
Ukraine, ceremony to fertilise the fields on St George’s Day in the, 165
Uliase, East Indian island, 230, 236
Ulster, taboos observed by the ancient kings of, 208
Umbrians, ordeal of battle among the, 191
Unconquered Sun, Mithra identified with the, 432
Universal healer, mistletoe called, 791–2
Unmatjera tribe of Central Australia, 831
Unreason, Abbot of, 704
Upsala, sacred grove at, 133; festival at, 336; sacrifice of king’s sons at, 349; human sacrifices at, 427
Upulero, the spirit of the sun, 16–17
Ur, the fourth dynasty of, 125–6
Urua, divinity claimed by the chief of, 118
Valerius Soranus, 316
Vampyres, need-fire kindled as a safeguard against, 769, 778
Vancouver Island, 719
Vedijovis, she-goat sacrificed to, 472
Vegetable and animal life associated in the primitive mind, 391–2
Vegetation, homoeopathic influence of persons on, 35; spirit of, 150, 151, 153–6, 158; influence of the sexes on, 163–8; men and women masquerading as the spirits of, 168; marriage of the powers of, 176; death and revival of the spirit of, 361, 380–81, 384–5; perhaps general-ised from a tree-spirit, 380–81, 409; growth and decay of, 391, 464; decay and revival of, in the rites of Adonis, 406; gardens of Adonis charms to promote the growth of, 411, 412; Attis as a god of, 424–5; Osiris as a god of, 458, 463; decay and growth of, conceived as the death and resurrection of gods, 463; ancient deities of, as animals, 558–76; Mars a deity of, 693; spirit of, burnt in effigy, 781; reasons for burning a deity of, 781–2; leaf-clad representative of the spirit of, burnt, 783; view that victims of the Druids represented spirits of, 789
‘ Veins of the Nile’, 446
Veleda, a deified woman, 117
Vendée, custom at threshing in, 488
Venison, ill-effect of eating, 595
Venus, the planet, identified with Astarte, 417, 446
Venus (Aphrodite) and Adonis, 6, 9, 10
Vermin, from hair returned to their owner, 284; propitiated by farmers, 636; exorcised with torches, 776
Verres, Roman governor, 477
Vesta, temple of, 4, 5, 844; perpetual fire of, 4, 798
Vestal Virgins, 4, 184, 284, 574, 592
Victoria, aborigines of, 54, 304–5; sex totems in, 825
Victoria, Queen, worshipped in Orissa, 120
Victoria Nyanza, Lake, 104
Vine, the cultivation of, introduced by Osiris, 437, 458; in relation to Dionysus, 465
Vintage song, Phoenician, 511, 531
Violets sprung from the blood of Attis, 420
Virbius, 5–6, 7, 9, 10, 170, 196, 197, 363, 572–3, 848
Virgin, the Heavenly, mother of the Sun, 431–2
Virgin Mary and Isis, 461–2
Virgin mothers, tales of, 418
Virgins, sacrifice of, 176, 446
Vitu Levu, Fijian island, 834
Vitzilipuztli, a great Mexican god, 586
Voigtland, locks unlocked at childbirth in, 289; bonfires on Walpurgis Night in, 746
Volga, sacred groves among the tribes of the, 134
Vomiting, homoeopathic cure for, 19–20; as a religious rite, 583
Vosges, the, disposal of cut hair and nails in, 285; harvest customs in, 539; Midsummer fires in, 755, 774; cats burnt alive on Shrove Tuesday in, 787
Vosges Mountains, the, May customs in, 146; ‘catching the cat’ in, 545
Voyages, telepathy in, 29
Wageia of East Africa, 259
Wagogo of East Africa, 27, 87, 102, 595
Wagtail, the yellow, in magic, 19
Waizganthos, an old Prussian god, 348
Wajagga of East Africa, 286–7
Wakanda, a spirit, 261
Wakelbura of Australia, 217, 724
Wakondyo of Central Africa, 91
Waldemar I, King of Denmark, 107
Wales, belief as to death at ebb tide in, 42; harvest customs in, 485–6; falling sickness transferred to fowls in, 654; Beltane fires in, 744–5; Midsummer fires in, 756, 775; Hallowe’en fires in, 762–3; mistletoe in, 793, 795
Walhalla, mistletoe growing east of, 729
Wallachia, crown of last ears of corn worn by girl at harvest in, 411–12
Walos of Senegambia, 792
Walpurgis Day in Upper Franken, 739
Walpurgis Night, witches abroad on, 672, 746; annual expulsion of witches on, 673
Wambugwe of East Africa, 87, 101–2
Wandorobo of East Africa, 264
Wanika of East Africa, 134
War, telepathy in, 30–32; rules of ceremonial purity observed in, 253; continence in, 253, 255
Warlock, the invulnerable, stories of, 802
Warramunga of Central Australia, 21
Warts, transferred to stones, 652; transferred to ash-tree, 655
Warua, the, 239
Washing, forbidden for magical reasons, 25, 28, 82; practised as a ceremonial purification by the Jews, and by the Greeks, 569
Wataturu of East Africa, 102
Watchdogs, charm to silence, 37
Water, used in charms, 31, 76, 80, 86, 411; kings of, 130; in Midsummer festival, 185, 750; of Life, Ishtar sprinkled with, 393; used to wash away sins, 651
Water-ousel, heart of, eaten to make eater wise and eloquent, 595
Water-spirits, propitiation of, 153; women married to, 175; sacrifices to, 176; danger of, 231
Wawamba of Central Africa, 91
Wax figures in magic, 652
Weapon and wound, contagious magic of, 49–52
Weapons, prayers to, 32; of warriors, purification of, 258; sharp, tabooed, 273–4
Weariness, transferred to stones, 648
Weather, magical control of the, 72–100
Weaving, charm to ensure skill in, 38–9
Wedding ring amulet against witchcraft, 294
Weevils spared by Esthonian peasants, 636
Wells, cleansed as rain-charm, 80; menstruous women kept from, 725, 727
Wends, the, 143, 484, 542; of Saxony, 849
Wermland in Sweden, treatment of strangers on the threshing-floor in, 518; grain of last sheaf baked in a girl-shaped loaf in, 576
Westermarck, Dr Edward, 770, 771
Westphalia, the Whitsuntide Bride in, 163; the last sheaf at harvest in, 482–3; the Harvest-cock in, 542; Easter fires in, 738; the Yule log in, 764
Wetar, East Indian island, stabbing people’s shadows in, 228; belief regarding leprosy in, 568
Whale, solemn burial of dead, 269
Whale’s ghost, fear of injuring, 266
Whalers, taboos observed by, 262, 266–7
Whales, ceremonies observed at the slaughter of, 628
Wheat and barley, the cultivation of, introduced by Osiris, 437; discovered by Isis, 460
Wheat Bride, 492; -cock, 542; -cow, 550; -dog, 539; -goat, 546; -man, 514; -mother, 482; -pug, 539; -sow, 553; -wolf, 540
Wheel, effigy of Death attached to a, 375; fire kindled by the rotation of a, 752–3, 767, 773; as a symbol of the sun, 772
Wheels, burning, rolled down hill, 735, 736, 738, 747–9, 751, 769, 772, 774, 775; rolled over fields at Midsummer to fertilise them, 755, 777; perhaps intended to burn witches, 779
Whit-Monday, custom observed by Russian girls on, 154; the Leaf King at Hildesheim on, 156–7; the king in Bohemia on, 157; the king’s game on, 159–60; pretence of beheading a leaf-clad man on, 358; pretence of beheading the king on, 360–61
Whitsun-Bride in Denmark, 160
Whitsuntide, races at, 149, 156; contests for the kingship at, 156, 159; drama of Summer and Winter at, 382
Whitsuntide Basket, 155; Bride, 159, 160, 163; Bridegroom, 160; crown, 159, 160; customs, 146–7, 149, 154–63; King, 155, 159, 160, 359–61; -lout, 155; mummers, 356–63; Queen, 158, 160, 360
Wicker giants at popular festivals in Europe, 785–6; burnt in summer bonfires, 786
Widows and widowers, mourning customs observed by, 249–50
Wife, the Old, name given to the last corn cut, 485
Wife’s infidelity thought to injure her absent husband, 28, 30
Wild animals, propitiated by hunters,622–38
Wild Man, a Whitsuntide mummer, 561
Willow, mistletoe growing on, 792
Willow-tree, 819; at festival of Green George among the gypsies, 152–3
Winamwanga of Northern Rhodesia, 849
Wind, the magical control of the, 96–100; of the Cross, 98; in the corn, sayings as to the, 480, 538, 545, 549, 552, 553, 556
Winds, charms to calm the, 96–7; tied up in knots, 97, 98; sold to sailors, 98; kept in jars, 204
Wine, the sacramental use of, 599
Winnowing basket, image of snake in, 642
Winnowing fan, in rain-making, 88; used to scatter ashes of human victims, 455, 533; an emblem of Dionysus, 466–7
Winter, ceremony at the end of, 662; general clearance of evils at the beginning or end of, 690
Winter and Summer, dramatic battle of, 381–2
Witch, burnt in Ireland, 67; burnt at St Andrews, 292–3; name given to last corn cut after sunset, 484–5; Old, burning the, 515. See also Witches
Witchcraft, dread of, 234, 285; strangers suspected of practising, 234; practised in Scotland, 651; protections against, 732, 744, 751–3, 778, 787, 795, 798, 842, 848; need-fire, a sovereign remedy for, 769; ailments attributed to, 779; fatal to milk and butter, 795
Witches, 53; raise the wind, 97, 98; make use of cut hair, 283, 286; protections against, 294, 744, 752; expulsion of, 672; burning of, 672–3, 745, 762, 790; shooting the, 673; effigies of, burnt in bonfires, 732, 735, 778, 789; charm to protect fields against, 737; cast spells on cattle, 744; steal milk from cows, 744, 752, 754, 778; abroad on Walpurgis Night, 672, 746; driving away, 672; resort to the Blocksberg, 749; abroad at Hallowe’en, 761; cause hail and thunderstorms, 778–9; burning missiles thrown at, 779; brought down from the clouds by shots and smoke, 779; thought to keep their strength in their hair, 816–17; tortured in India, 817; animal familiars of, 821
Witchetty grubs, 21
‘Witch-shots’, 779
Wives, taboos observed by, 26–30
Wizards, 52; Finnish, 97; capture human souls, 226–7; thought to keep their strength in their hair, 816–17; animal familiars of, 819–20
Wolf, track of, in contagious magic, 53; corn-spirit as, 538–41; last sheaf at harvest called, 540; beast-god of Lycopolis in Egypt, 601; ceremonies at killing a, 624, 625; the Green, 754, 782, 797
Wolf society among the Nootka Indians, rite of initiation into, 838–9
Women, barren, charms to procure offspring, 16–17; sterilising influence ascribed to, 34, 165; thought to conceive through eating nuts of a palm-tree, 143; fertilised by trees, 143, 144; thought to blight the fruits of the earth, 165; fertilised by being struck with a certain stick, 697
Women, pregnant, forbidden to spin or twist ropes, 24–5; not to loiter in the doorways where there are, 25; employed to fertilise crops and fruit-trees, 34
Women, taboos observed by, 24, 30, 31; dances of, 31–3, 76; employed to sow fields on the principle of homoeopathic magic, 33; plough as a rain-charm, 85; worshipped by ancient Germans, 117; married to gods, 171–6; tabooed at menstruation and childbirth, 250–53, 714–28; not allowed to mention husbands’ names, 300; influence of corn-spirit on, 494; thought to have no soul, 597; ceremonies performed by, to rid fields of vermin, 638; put to death in the character of goddesses in Mexico, 709; impregnated by the sun, 723; dread of menstruous, 723–4
Wonghi tribe of New South Wales, 830
Wood, King of the, at Nemi, 1, 3, 7, 9, 10, 128, 169, 178, 196, 197, 201, 202, 325, 356, 362, 363, 704, 711, 843, 852
Wood-spirits in goat form, 558, 559
Woodmen, ceremonies observed by, at felling trees, 135–6
Words, tabooed, 294–316; savages take a materialistic view of, 298
World, as regarded by early man, 110
Wotjobaluk tribe in Victoria, 52, 824–5
Wotyaks, the, of Russia, 173, 671
Wound and weapon, contagious magic of, 49–52
Wrach (Hag), name given to last corn cut in Wales, 485–6
Wren, hunting the, 643–5
Wünsch, R., 415
Würtemberg, bushes set up on Palm Sunday in, 150; the thresher of the last corn at Tettnang in, 548; effigy of goat at Ellwangen in, 548; leaf-clad mummer at Midsummer in, 783
Wurunjeri tribe of Victoria, 220
Xerxes in Thessaly, 351
Xnumayo tribe of Zulus, 310
Yabim tribe of New Guinea, 257, 716, 832
Yakut shamans and their external souls, 819
Yakuts, 96
Yams, feast of, 241; ceremony at eating the new, 580
Yap, one of the Caroline Islands, 717
Yarilo, the, funeral of, celebrated in Russia, 383, 384
Year, the fixed Alexandrian, 449; the Caffre, 581; the Egyptian, a vague year, 443; the old Roman, 693; the Slavonic, 692
Years, cycle of eight, in ancient Greece,337–8; the King of the, in Tibet, 687, 688
Yellow colour in magic, 18–19
Yezo or Yesso, Japanese island, the Ainos of, 606, 609
Ynglingar family, 187
Yorkshire, ‘burning the Old Witch’ in, 515; clergyman cuts the first corn in, 578
Yorubas of West Africa, 277, 309, 330, 684
Youths and maidens, tribute of, sent to Minos, 338
Yuin tribe of New South Wales, 230
Yuki Indians of California, 32
Yukon River, the Lower, the Esquimaux of, 232
Yule Boar, 554–5, 575; log, 763–6, 769–70, 772, 774, 775
Yuracares of Eastern Bolivia, 721
Zafimanelo, the, of Madagascar, 239
Zagmuk, Babylonian festival, 339
Zagreus, a form of Dionysus, 467
Zaparo Indians of Ecuador, 594
Zapotecs of Central America, 823; the pontiff of the, 205, 711, 714
Zara-mama, Maize Mother, 496
Zemis of Assam, 299
Zeus, and Hera, 17, 172, 182, 191; rain made by, 86; the priest of, makes rain by an oak branch, 93; mimicked by King Salmoneus, 93; marriage with Demeter at Eleusis, 172; and Dione, 181, 199; as god of the oak, the rain, and the thunder, 191; his oracular oak at Dodona, 191; prayed to for rain, 192; Greek kings called, 192; surnamed Thunderbolt, 192; his resemblance to Donar, Thor, Perun, and Perkunas, 193–4; the grave of, 319; his oracular cave on Mount Ida, 338; his intrigue with Persephone, 467; said to have transferred the sceptre to young Dionysus, 467; father of Dionysus by Demeter, 468; his appearance to Hercules in the shape of a ram, 601; and Danae, 723
Zeus, the Descender, places struck by lightning, consecrated to, 192; Heavenly, at Sparta, 11; Lacedaemon, at Sparta, 11; Laphystian, 350–52; Lightning, sacrificial hearth of, 192; Polieus, 560
Zimbas, or Muzimbas, of South-east Africa, 117
Zoganes, temporary king at Babylon, put to death after a reign of five days, 340
Zoilus, priest of Dionysus at Orchomenus, 351
Zulu language, its diversity, 311
Zululand, rain-making by means of a ‘heaven-bird’ in, 90; children buried to the neck as a rain-charm in, 90; names of chiefs and kings tabooed in, 310–11; kings put to death in, 328; festival of first-fruits in, 581; seclusion of girls at puberty in, 714; gardens fumigated with medicated smoke in, 774
Zuni Indians of New Mexico, 603, 605, 685
Žytniamatka, the Corn-mother, 506