Appendix: Popes and Rulers

Popes and Antipopes

• Peter (33-67)
• Linus (67-76)
• Anacletus (Cletus, 76-88)
• Clement (88-97)
• Evaristus (97-105)
• Alexander I (105-115)
• Sixtus I (115-125)
• Telesphorus (125-136)
• Hyginus (136-140)
• Pius I (140-155)
• Anicetus (155-166)
• Soter (166-175)
• Eleutherius (175-189)
• Victor I (189-199)
• Zephyrinus (199-217)
• Callistus I (217-222)
• Urban I (222-230)
• Pondian (230-235)
• Anterus (235-236)
• Fabian (236-250)
• Cornelius (251-253)
• Lucius I (253-254)
• Stephen I (254-257)
• Sixtus II (257-258)
• Dionysius (259-268)
• Felix I (269-274)
• Eutychian (275-283)
• Gaius (283-296)
• Marcellinus (296-304)
• Marcellus I (306-308)
• Eusebius (309-310)
• Miltiades (311-314)
• Sylvester I (314-335)
• Marcus (336)
• Julius I (337-352)
• Liberius (352-366)
• Damasus I (366-384)
• Siricius (384-399)
• Anastasius I (399-401)
• Innocent I (401-417)
• Zosimus (417—418)
• Boniface I (418-422)
• Celestine I (422-432)
• Sixtus III (432-440)
• Leo I (440-461)
• Hilary (461-468)
• Simplicius (468-483)
• Felix III (or II, 483-492)
• Gelasius I (492-496)
• Anastasius II (496-498)
• [antipope Lawrence (498-499, 501-506)]
• Symmachus (498-514)
• Hormisdas (514-523)
• John I (523-526)
• Felix IV (III) (526-530)
• [antipope Dioscorus (530)]
• Boniface II (530-532)
• John II (533-535)
• Agapitus I (535-536)
• Silverius (536-537)
• Vigilius (537-555)
• Pelagius I (556—561)
• John III (561-574)
• Benedict I (575-579)
• Pelagius II (579-590)
• Gregory I (590-604)
• Sabinian (604—606)
• Boniface III (607)
• Boniface IV (608-615)
• Deusdedit I (615-618)
• Boniface V (619-625)
• Honorius I (625-638)
• Severinus (640)
• John IV (640-642)
• Theodore I (642-649)
• Martin I (649-653)
• Eugenius I (654-657)
• Vitalian (657-672)
• Adeodatus II (672-676)
• Donus (676-678)
• Agatho (678-681)
• Leo II (682-683)
• Benedict II (684-685)
• John V (685-686)
• Conon (686-687)
• [antipope Theodore (687)]
• [antipope Paschal (687)]
• Sergius I (687-701)
• John VI (701-705)
• John VII (705-707)
• Sisinnius (708)
• Constantine I (708-715)
• Gregory II (715-731)
• Gregory III (731-741)
• Zacharias (741-752)
• Stephen II (752)
• Stephen II (or III, 752-757)
• Paul I (757-767)
• [antipope Constantine (767-768)]
• [antipope Philip (768)]
• Stephen III (or IV, 768-772)
• Hadrian I (772-795)
• Leo III (795-816)
• Stephen IV (or V, 816-817)
• Paschal I (817-824)
• Eugenius II (824-827)
• Valentine (827)
• Gregory IV (827-844)
• [antipope John (844)]
• Sergius II (844-847)
• Leo IV (847-855)
• [antipope Anastasius Bibliothecarius (855)]
• Benedict III (855-858)
• Nicholas I (858-867)
• Hadrian II (867-872)
• John VIII (872-882)
• Marinus I (882-884)
• Hadrian III (884-885)
• Stephen V (or VI, 885-891)
• Formosus (891-896)
• Boniface VI (896)
• Stephen VI (or VII, 896-897)
• Romanus (897)
• Theodore II (897)
• John IX (898-900)
• Benedict IV (900-903)
• Leo V (903-904)
• [antipope Christopher (903-904)]
• Sergius III (904-911)
• Anastasius III (911-913)
• Lando (913-914)
• John X (914-928)
• Leo VI (928)
• Stephen VII (or VIII, 928-931)
• John XI (931-936)
• Leo VII (936-939)
• Stephen VIII (or IX, 939-942)
• Marinus II (942-946)
• Agapitus II (946-955)
• John XII (955-964)
• Leo VIII (963-965)
• Benedict V (964)
• John XIII (965-972)
• Benedict VI (973-974)
• [antipope Boniface VII (974, 984-985)]
• Benedict VII (974-983)
• John XIV (983-984)
• John XV (985-996)
• Gregory V (996-999)
• [antipope John XVI (997-998)]
• Sylvester II (999-1003)
• John XVII (1003)
• John XVIII (1003-1009)
• Sergius IV (1009-1012)
• Benedict VIII (1012-1024)
• [antipope Gregory (1012)]
• John XIX (1024-1032)
• Benedict IX (1032-1044, 1045, 1047-1048)
• [antipope Silvester III (1045)]
• Gregory VI (1045-1046)
• Clement II (1046-1047)
• Damasus II (1048)
• Leo IX (1049-1054)
• Victor II (1055-1057)
• Stephen IX (or X, 1057-1058)
• [antipope Benedict X (1058-1059)]
• Nicholas II (1058-1061)
• [antipope Honorius II (1061-1064)]
• Alexander II (1061-1073)
• Gregory VII (1073-1085)
• [antipope Clement III (1080, 1084-1100)]
• Victor III (1086-1087)
• Urban II (1088-1099)
• Paschal II (1099-1118)
• [antipope Theodoric (1100-1101)]
• [antipope Albert (1101)]
• [antipope Silvester IV (1105-1111)]
• Gelasius II (1118-1119)
• [antipope Gregory VIII (1118-1121)]
• Calixtus II (1119-1124)
• Honorius II (1124-1130)
• [antipope Celestine II (1124)]
• Innocent II (1130-1143)
• [antipope Anacletus II (1130-1138)]
• [antipope Victor (1138)]
• Celestine II (1143-1144)
• Lucius II (1144-1145)
• Eugenius III (1145-1153)
• Anastasius IV (1153-1154)
• Hadrian IV (1154-1159)
• Alexander III (1159-1181)
• [antipope Victor IV (1159-1164)]
• [antipope Paschal III (1164-1168)]
• [antipope Calixtus III (1168-1178)]
• [antipope Innocent III (1179-1180)]
• Lucius III (1181-1185)
• Urban III (1185-1187)
• Gregory VIII (1187)
• Clement III (1187-1191)
• Celestine III (1191-1198)
• Innocent III (1198-1216)
• Honorius III (1216-1227)
• Gregory IX (1227-1241)
• Celestine IV (1241)
• Innocent IV (1243-1254)
• Alexander IV (1254-1261)
• Urban IV (1261-1264)
• Clement IV (1265-1268)
• Gregory X (1271-1276)
• Innocent V (1276)
• Hadrian V (1276)
• John XXI (1276-1277)
• Nicholas III (1277-1280)
• Martin IV (1281-1285)
• Honorius IV (1285-1287)
• Nicholas IV (1288-1292)
• Celestine V (1294)
• Boniface VIII (1294-1303)
• Benedict XI (1303-1304)
• Clement V (1305-1314)
• John XXII (1316-1334)
• [antipope Nicholas V (1328-1330)]
• Benedict XII (1334-1342)
• Clement VI (1342-1352)
• Innocent VI (1352-1362)
• Urban V (1362-1370)
• Gregory XI (1370-1378)
• Roman Line:
  • Urban VI (1378-1389)
  • Boniface IX (1389-1404)
  • Innocent VII (1404-1406)
  • Gregory XII (1406-1415)
• Avignon Line:
  • Clement VII (1378-1394)
  • Benedict XIII (1394-1417)
  • Clement VIII (1423-1429)
• Pisa Line:
  • Alexander V (1409-1410)
  • John XXIII (1410-1415)
• Martin V (1417-1431)
• Eugenius IV (1431-1447)
• [antipope Felix V (1439-1449)]
• Nicholas V (1447-1455)

Roman Emperors from Constantine the Great

• Constantine I (306-337)
• Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans (337-340)
• Constantius II (340-361)
• Julian (361-363)
• Jovian (363-364)
• Valentinian I and Valens (364-375) with Valens from 367
• Valens, Gratian, and Valentinian II (375-378)
• Tbeodosius I the Great (378-395)
  • with Gratian and Valentian II (378-383)
  • with Valentian II and Arcadius (383-392)
  • with Arcadius and Honorius (392-395)
• Split between Western and Eastern Empires (395)

Western Emperors

• Honorius (395-423)
• Valentinian III (425-455)
• Petronius Maximus (455)
• Avitus (455-456)
• Majorian (457-461)
• Libius Severus (461-472)
• Anthimus (467-472)
• Olybrius (472)
• Glycerius (473-474)
• Julius Nepos (474—475)
• Romulus Augustulus (475-476)

Byzantine (Eastern) Emperors

• Valens 364-378)
• Theodosius I (378-395)
• Arcadius (395-408)
• Theodosius II (408-450)
• Marcianus (450-457)
• Leo I (457-474)
• Leo II (474)
• Zeno I (474-491)
• Basiliscus (475-476)
• Anastasius I (491-518)
• Justin I (518-527)
• Justinian I (527-565)
• Justin II (565-578)
• Tiberius II, Constantine (578-582)
• Maurice I (582-602)
• Phocas (602-610)
• Heraclius (610-641)
• Constantine III (641)
• Heraclonas (641)
• Constans II "Pogonatus" (641-668)
• Constantine IV (668-685)
• Justinian II, "Rhinotmetus" (685-695)
• Leontius II (695-698)
• Tiberius III (698-705)
• Justinian II (restored, 705-711)
• Philippicus (711-713)
• Anastasius II (713-715)
• Theodosius III (715-717)
• Leo III, the Isaurian (717-741)
• Constantine V, Copronymus (741)
• Artabasdus (742)
• Constantine V, Copronymus (743-775)
• Leo IV (775-780)
• Constantine VI (780-797)
• Irene (797-802)
• Nicephorus I (802-811)
• Stauracius (811)
• Michael I, Rhangabe (811-813)
• Leo V, the Armenian (813-820)
• Michael II (820-829)
• Theophilus II (829-842)
• Michael III (842-867)
• Bardas (842-866)
• Theophilus II (867)
• Basil I, the Macedonian (867-886)
• Leo VI, the Wise (886-912)
• Alexander III (912-913)
• Constantine VII, Porphyrogenitus (913-959)
• Romanus I, Lecapenus (919-944)
• Romanus II (959-963)
• Nicephorus II, Phocas (963-969)
• John I, Tzimisces (969—976)
• Basil II, Bulgaroktonus (976-1025)
• Constantine VIII (1025-1028)
• Zoë (1028-1050)
• Romanus III, Argyrus (1028-1034)
• Michael IV, the Paphlagonian (1034-1041)
• Michael V, Calaphates (1041-1042)
• Constantine IX, Monomachus (1042-1054)
• Theodora (1054-1056)
• Michael VI, Stratioticus (1056-1057)
• Isaac I, Comnenus (1057-1059)
• Constantine X, Dukas (1059-1067)
• Andronicus (1067)
• Constantine XI (1067)
• Romanus IV, Diogenes (1067-1071)
• Michael VII, Parapinakes (1071-1078)
• Nicephorus III, Botaniates (1078-1081)
• Alexius I, Comnenus (1081-1118)
• John II, Comnenus (1118—1143)
• Manuel I, Comnenus (1143—1180)
• Alexius II, Comnenus (1180-1183)
• Andronicus I, Comnenus (1182-1185)
• Isaac II, Angelus (1185-1195)
• Alexius III, Angelus (1195-1203)
• Alexius IV, Angelus (1203-1204)
• Isaac II, Angelus (1203-1204)
• Alexius V, Murzuphlus (1204)
• Theodore I, Lascaris (1204-1222)
• John III, Ducas Vatatzes (1222-1254)
• Theodore II, Lascaris (1254-1258)
• John IV, Lascaris (1258-1261)
• Michael VIII, Palaeologus (1259-1282)
• Andronicus II, Palaeologus (1282-1328)
• Andronicus III, Palaeologus (1328-1341)
• John V, Palaeologus (1341-1391)
• John VI, Cantacuzenus (1347-1354)
• Andronicus IV, Palaeologus (1376-1379)
• John VII, Palaeologus (1390, 1399-1402)
• Manuel II, Palaeologus (1391-1425)

Kings of the Visigoths

• Alaric (395-410; m. Galla Placidia, daughter of Theodosius I)
• Athaulf (410-415)
• Theodoric I (419-451)
• Theodoric II (453-466)

Kings of the Vandals Gaiseric (428-477)

• Hunneric (477-484; m. Eudoxia, daughter of Valentinian III)

Kings of the Ostrogoths

• Theodoric the Great (471-526)
• Amalasuntha (regent 526-534)
• Athaiaric (536—534)
• Theodahad (534-536)
• Witigis (536-540)

Lombard Kings

• Alboin (567-572)
• Cleph (572-574)
• Authari (584-590)
• Agilulf (590-616)
• Adaloald (616-626)
• Arioald (626-636)
• Rothari (636-652)
• Rodoald (652-653)
• Aripert I (653-661)
• Godipert (661-662)
• Grimoald (662-671)
• Garibald (671)
• Pertari (671-688)
• Cunipert (688-700)
• Liutpert (700-701)
• Raginpert (701)
• Aripert II (701-712)
• Liudprand (712-744)
• Aistulf (749-756)
• Desiderius (756-774)

Carolingian Dynasty

• Pepin, king of the Franks (751-768)
• Carloman (768-771)
• Charlemagne, king of the Franks (768-814), emperor (800-814)
• Louis I, the Pious, emperor (814-840)
• Lothair, emperor (840-855)
• Louis II, emperor (855-875)
• Charles the Bald (843-877), emperor (875-877)

Holy Roman Emperors

• Carolingian Dynasty:
  • Charlemagne (800-814)
  • Louis I (814-840)
  • Lothair I (843-855)
  • Louis II (855-875)
  • Charles II (875-877)
  • Charles III (881-887)
• House of Spoleto:
  • Guy (Guido di Spoleto, 891-894)
  • Lambert (Lamberto di Spoleto, 894-898)
• Carolingian Dynasty:
  • Arnulf of Carinthia (896-899)
  • Louis III (901-905)
• House of Franconia:
  • Conrad I (911-918)
• Carolingian Dynasty:
  • Berengar (Bergario I, 915-924)
• House of Saxony:
  • Henry I (919-936)
  • Otto I (936-973)
  • Otto II (973-983)
  • Otto III (983-1002)
  • Henry II (1002-1124)
• Salian Dynasty:
  • Conrad II (1024-1039)
  • Henry III (1039-1056)
  • Henry IV (1056-1106)
• Rival Claimants:
  • Rudolf (Rudolf of Swabia, 1077-1080)
  • Hermann (1081—1093)
  • Conrad (1093-1101)
  • Henry V (1111-1125)
• House of Supplinburg:
  • Lothar II (1125-1137)
• House of Hohenstaufen:
  • Conrad III (1138-1152)
  • Frederick I, Barbarossa (1152-1190)
  • Henry VI (1190-1197)
  • Philip (1198-1208)
• Welf Dynasty:
  • Otto IV (1198-1214)
• House of Hohenstaufen:
  • Frederick II (1215-1250)
• Rival Claimants:
  • Henry (VII, 1220-1235)
  • Henry Raspe (1246-1247)
  • William of Holland (1247-1256)
  • Conrad IV (Conradin, 1250-1254)
• Great Interregnum:
  • Richard (1257-1272)
  • Alfonso (Alfonso X of Castile, 1257-1275)
• House of Haps burg:
  • Rudolf I (1273-1291)
• House of Nassau:
  • Adolf (1292-1298)
• House of Hapsburg:
  • Albert I (1298-1308)
• House of Luxembourg:
  • Henry VII (1308-1313)
• House of Hapsburg:
  • Frederick (III, 1314-1326)
• House of Wittelsbach:
  • Louis IV (1314-1346)

Normans

• I ancred of Hauteville (-1041)
• Richard I, count of Aversa (-1078)
• Robert Guiscard, duke of Apulia (1057-1085, m. Sykelgaita)
• Bohemond I, patriarch of Antioch (1098-1111)
• Bohemond II, patriarch of Antioch (1111-1131)
• Roger I, count of Sicily (1061-1101, m. Adelaide)
• Roger Borsa, duke of Apulia (1085-1111)
• William, duke of Apulia (1111-1127)
• Roger, duke of Apulia (-1149)
• Tancred of Lecce, king of Sicily (1190-1194)
• Roger II, count of Sicily (1105), duke of Apulia (1127-1154), king of Sicily (1130-1154)
• William I, the Bad (1154-1166)
• William II, the Good (1166-1189)
• Roger III (1194)
• William III (1194)
• Constance (1194-1198, m. Henry VI)

Hohenstaufen

• Frederick I, Barbarossa, emperor (1152-1190)
• Henry VI, king of Sicily (1190-1197), emperor (1197, m. Constance of Sicily)
• Frederick II, king of Sicily (1197-1250), emperor (1220-1250)
• Conrad IV (1250-1254)
• Manfred (1250-1266)
• Conradin (1266-1268)

Angevins

• Charles I, of Anjou, king of Naples and Sicily (1266-1285)
• Charles II, king of Naples (1285-1309)
• Robert I, king of Naples (1309-1343)
• Johanna I, queen of Naples (Joanna, 1343-1382)
• Charles III, king of Naples (1382-1386)
• Ladislas I, king of Naples (1386-1414)

Aragonese Kings

• James I, the Conqueror (1213-1276)
• Peter III, the Great (1276-1285), also king of Sicily (m. Constance)
• James II, the Just (1291-1327), also king of Sicily
• Alfonso IV, the Benign (1327-1336)
• Peter IV, the Ceremonius (1336-1387)
• Juan I, the Hunter (1387-1395)
• Martin, the Humane (1395-1410), also king of Sicily
• Fernando I (1412-1416)