Practice Exam 2

    1. SECTION I, PART A

      55 Minutes 55 Questions

    2. Directions: Section I, Part A of this exam contains 55 multiple-choice questions, organized into sets with corresponding historical sources. Each of the questions or incomplete statements is followed by four suggested answers or completions. Using both the provided sources and your own historical knowledge, select the best answer choice.

      1. Questions 1–3 refer to the following two images.

      2. Image 1

        ASTROLABE OF ‘UMAR IBN YUSUF, YEMENI PRINCE, 1291

        An astrolabe.

        Image 2

        “PREPARING MEDICINE FROM HONEY,” FROM AN ARABIC TRANSLATION OF A FIRST-CENTURY C.E. GREEK MEDICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA, 1224

        A depiction of two people preparing medicine in a large cauldron. There is arabic writing above and below the image.

      3. The details depicted in Image 1 best reflect which of the following characteristics of Islamic scholars in the period circa 1200 to 1450?

        1. Their reliance on the earlier works of astronomers Copernicus and Galileo
        2. Their belief that observation and record-keeping aid scientific investigation
        3. Their development of intellectual fields such as mathematics and navigation
        4. Their interest in spreading the Islamic faith throughout Southeast Asia

      4. Image 2 best illustrates which of the following long-term continuities in world history?

        1. The spread of Islamic cultural and religious traditions throughout Europe and Asia
        2. The development of medical science to enable humans to live healthier lives
        3. The influence of global economic factors on the spread of medical knowledge
        4. The interactions of Muslims and Christians in Europe and Asia

      5. The two images demonstrate which of the following regarding the history of technological and cultural transfers in the period 1200 to 1450?

        1. The origins of Islam and how it spread as a result of expanding exchange networks
        2. The transfer of science and technological innovation from Western Europe to the rest of the world
        3. The advancement of astronomy, science, and medicine in China and throughout East Asia
        4. The diffusion of medical and scientific knowledge from the Islamic world to Western Europe

        1. Questions 4–6 refer to the passage below.

        2. “I say, then, that the years [of the era] of the fruitful Incarnation of the Son of God had attained to the number of one thousand three hundred and forty-eight, when into the notable city of Florence, fair over every other of Italy, there came the death-dealing pestilence, which, through the operation of the heavenly bodies or of our own iniquitous dealings, being sent down upon us mortals by God . . . [It] had its origin some years before in the East, whence, after destroying an innumerable multitude of living beings, it had propagated itself without respite from place to place, and so calamitously, had spread into the West.”

          Giovanni Boccaccio, Decameron, 1353

        3. Which of the following best explains the overall demographic trend that resulted from the event described in the passage?

          1. Mortality rates increased due to the forced migrations of people from the East.
          2. Invasions by peoples from Asia into Italy led to a population decline.
          3. The unintentional spread of disease by European colonists to the Americas devastated native populations.
          4. The diffusion of disease resulted in massive population changes in Europe.

        4. Which of the following is most clearly reflected in Boccaccio’s views as expressed in the passage?

          1. Catholicism
          2. Nationalism
          3. Secularism
          4. Protestantism

        5. The passage is best understood in the context of which of the following?

          1. How religious traditions can be transformed as a result of epidemic disease
          2. How trade across extensive exchange networks can affect different types of societies
          3. How environmental and geographical factors have influenced the dissolution of states
          4. How travel and trade networks developed in Europe and Asia

      7. Questions 7–9 refer to the following two sources.

      8. Source 1

        MAP OF THE LANDHOLDINGS OF THE DAIMYO, CIRCA 1570

        A map shows the areas of Japan controlled by the clans Ryuzoji, Otomo, Shimazu, Chosokame, Mori, Amago, Miyoshi, Asakura, Azai, Oda, Tokugawa (originally Matsudaira), Takeda, Uesugi (originally Nagao), Hojo, Ashina, Satake, Date, Mogami, and Nanbu, as well as several areas controlled by other clans whose names are unspecified.

        Source 2

        SOCIAL HIERARCHY DURING THE TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE, 1600–1867

        A triangle diagram showing the court hierarchy. The emperor is at the top, followed by, in descending order, court nobility, shogun, daimyo, samurai, peasants, craftsmen, and merchants.

      9. Based on the map in Source 1 and your knowledge of world history, which of the following could best be inferred about sixteenth-century Japan?   

        1. Japan was politically fragmented under the authority of feudal lords.
        2. Japan’s emperor evolved from a figurehead role to a dictatorial role.
        3. Japan was governed under a policy of isolationism, closing off most trade with Europe.
        4. Japanese clans were able to unify Japan through a century-long era of peace.

      10. Based on Source 2, a historian interested in world cultures of the seventeenth and eighteen centuries would most reasonably conclude that 

        1. the Japanese emperor who was both the figurehead and military leader commanded the shogun and daimyo
        2. the samurai lost their previous respectability and were relegated to a low social status
        3. the samurai made up the largest proportion of society
        4. merchants were viewed less favorably by the Japanese than by the Europeans

      11. Taken together, the images best illustrate which of the following?

        1. The way in which the power of political elites can fluctuate over time
        2. The economic dependence of lower social classes on the ruling class
        3. The widening of economic opportunities due to ending isolationism
        4. The way in which a stable political system can challenge social hierarchies

      1. Questions 10–13 refer to the passage below.

      2. “Some years ago, as Your Serene Highness well knows, I discovered in the heavens many things that had not been seen before our own age. The novelty of these things, as well as some consequences which followed from them in contradiction to the physical notions commonly held among academic philosophers, stirred up against me no small number of professors—as if I had placed these things in the sky with my own hands in order to upset nature and overturn the sciences. They seemed to forget that the increase of known truths stimulates the investigation, establishment, and growth of the arts; not their diminution or destruction. 

        Persisting in their original resolve to destroy me, . . . these men are aware of my views in astronomy and philosophy. They know that as to the arrangement of the parts of the universe, I hold the sun to be situated motionless in the center of the revolution of the celestial orbs while the earth revolves about the sun. They know also that I support this position not only by refuting the arguments of Ptolemy and Aristotle, but by producing many counter-arguments. . . they have endeavored to spread the opinion that such propositions in general are contrary to the Bible and are consequently heretical.”

        Galileo Galilei, letter to Grand Duchess Christina, 1615

      3. The discoveries such as those described in the passage were most directly facilitated by which of the following developments in Europe?

        1. The emergence of large-scale industrial economies
        2. The break with the Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation
        3. The decline of significant bouts of epidemic disease
        4. The diffusion of Greco-Islamic science knowledge

      4. Based the passage and your understanding of world history, those who opposed Galileo’s views would most likely have advocated for an approach to science that reflected

        1. a reconciliation between the teachings of the Church and the teachings of classical scholars
        2. an acceptance that the sun is a motionless celestial orb around which the Earth revolves
        3. the Church’s counterarguments to the work of Ptolemy and Aristotle  
        4. an observation-based inquiry method that relied on collecting, organizing, and measuring data

      5. Which of the following best characterizes the Roman Catholic Church’s view of Galileo’s work?

        1. Fear that new scientific understanding would stimulate a renewed interest in classical learning
        2. Concern that most devout Catholics would stop accepting the Church’s interpretation of the Bible
        3. Worry that newly formed Protestant churches would embrace Galileo’s scientific discoveries
        4. Resistance to any notion that would potentially undermine Church teachings

      6. The revelations that Galileo says “stirred up against me no small number of professors” can best be understood in the context of which of the following? 

        1. An era in which scientific understanding was advanced primarily through argument and counterargument
        2. A departure from some of the previous Greco-Roman classical teachings
        3. The gradual acceptance of the views of Ptolemy and Aristotle by Church leadership
        4. The Church’s reluctance to accept the geocentric theory

              1. Questions 14–17 refer to the passage below.

              2. “Thus the barbarians from beyond the seas, though their countries are truly distant, have come to audience bearing precious objects and presents.

                The Emperor, approving of their loyalty and sincerity, has ordered us [Zheng] He and others at the head of several tens of thousands of officers and flag-troops to [use] more than one hundred large ships to go and confer presents on them in order to make manifest the transforming power of the imperial virtue and to treat distant people with kindness.”

                Zheng He, Fujian province temple inscription, 1431

              3. Based on the passage, the voyages of Zheng He illustrate which of the following continuities in world history?

                1. How environmental factors can shape transportation methods
                2. How diverse technology can affect maritime activity
                3. How maritime and trade activity can encourage cultural transfers
                4. How interregional contact and conflict can discourage exchange

              4. The events described in the passage represent a reaction most directly against which of the following beliefs?

                1. Capitalism
                2. Colonialism
                3. Imperialism
                4. Isolationism

              5. Which of the following best explains why the Ming Dynasty halted the voyages of Zheng He?

                1. The Chinese had a difficult time competing with European technology.
                2. The Chinese had an unfavorable balance of trade with foreign powers.
                3. The voyages were expensive and the world beyond China was deemed of little value.
                4. Many of Zheng He’s ships had been greatly damaged during his earlier expeditions.

              6. The Emperor’s order in the second paragraph can be best understood in context of which of the following?

                1. State policies contributing to the development of exchange networks
                2. Existing trade routes along the Silk Road through Central Asia to Europe enabling China to flourish
                3. State policies to abandon overland trade routes from China to Europe  
                4. Internal political factors influencing state expansion 

                1. Questions 18–20 refer to the map below.

                2. A map of the Ming and Qing dynasties of China from 16 44 to 17 60. The original Manchu territory was located just off the sea of Japan above the Korean peninsula. The expansion to 16 44 encompassed all of modern Manchuria. The expansion from 16 45 to 16 59 encompassed all the way down to modern Thailand and brought Beijing into the region. The expansion from 16 59 to 17 60 moved west, encompassing Mongolia, Sinklang, and Xinjiang. The Manchu vassal state included all surrounding regions, including Siam, Korea, and Japan.

                3. China’s control of Korea during the time period mentioned in the map can most likely be attributed to which of the following?

                  1. China’s goal to regain original Manchu territory that was lost prior to 1644
                  2. China’s desire to set up a trading post empire in Korea
                  3. China’s active resistance of the spread of Islam in East Asia
                  4. China’s efforts to establish tributary relationships with neighboring states

                4. Based on the map, which of the following factors contributed most strongly to the downfall of the Ming Dynasty and transition to rule by the Qing Dynasty, founded by the Manchus, in the seventeenth century?

                  1. The Ming’s inability to slow Islam’s expansion in Central Asia
                  2. The lack of modern ships to compete for trade throughout the Indian Ocean region 
                  3. The lack of a taxation system to fund its military 
                  4. The growing military aggression of northern people

                5. Which of the following represents a similarity in the way the Mongol Empire and the Manchu Empire interacted with the Chinese?

                  1. Each encouraged intermarriage with ethnic Han Chinese
                  2. Each sought to preserve its own ethnic and cultural identity
                  3. Each forced the ethnic Han Chinese to learn its language  
                  4. Each adopted the Confucian civil service examination system

              1. Questions 21–23 refer to the map below.

              2. A map showing the slave trade out of Africa to various parts of the word. The vast majority of the enslaved Africans were taken from Western Africa to South America and the Caribbean. Smaller numbers were taken to other locations, including North America, Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa.

              3. Based on the map and your knowledge of world history, the forced migration of enslaved Africans to the Americas in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries resulted in

                1. a higher number of enslaved Africans going to the United States than to South America 
                2. a decline in the slave trade to Western Asia and the Mediterranean
                3. lower agricultural yields in the Caribbean and Latin America
                4. altered male-to-female ratios in sub-Saharan Africa

              4. Based on the map, which of the following could best be inferred about the African slave trade?

                1. It was under the direct political control of Europe.
                2. The demand for slaves from eastern Africa was greater than for slaves from western Africa.
                3. It produced the primary source of labor in Europe.
                4. Both Christian and Islamic states demanded slaves.

              5. More slaves were transported to Brazil than to any other country because

                1. it was the shortest sea voyage from west central Africa to a large area of cultivable land
                2. North and Central America had relatively few slave-owning European colonies
                3. Portugal’s laws allowed slavery with no interference by royal or church authorities
                4. slaves needed to be replaced more often due to high mortality rates from disease and the labor-intensive sugar production process 

            1. Questions 24–27 refer to the passage below.

            2. “We stayed one night in this island [Mombasa], and then pursued our journey to Kulwa [Kilwa], which is a large town on the coast. The majority of its inhabitants are Zanj, jet-black in colour, and with tattoo marks on their faces. I was told by a merchant that the town of Sufala lies a fortnight’s journey [south] from Kulwa [Kilwa] and that gold dust is brought to Sufala from Yufi in the country of the Limis, which is a month’s journey distant from it. Kulwa [Kilwa] is a very fine and substantially built town, and all its buildings are of wood. Its inhabitants are constantly engaged in military expeditions, for their country is contiguous to the heathen Zanj.

              The sultan at the time of my visit was Abu’l-Muzaffar Hasan, who was noted for his gifts and generosity. He used to devote the fifth part of the booty made on his expeditions to pious and charitable purposes, as is prescribed in the Koran, and I have seen him give the clothes off his back to a mendicant who asked him for them. When this liberal and virtuous sultan died, he was succeeded by his brother Dawud, who was at the opposite pole from him in this respect. Whenever a petitioner came to him, he would say, ‘He who gave is dead, and left nothing behind him to be given.’ Visitors would stay at his court for months on end, and finally he would make them some small gift, so that at last people gave up going to his gate.”

              Ibn Battuta, describing his visit to port city of Kilwa in Eastern Africa, Travels in Asia and Africa, circa 1330

            3. All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which best explains the actions of Sultan Abu’l-Muzaffar Hasan described in the second paragraph?

              1. One of the Five Pillars of Islam is to pray five times a day facing Mecca.
              2. According to the Quran, a Muslim should fast during the holy month of Ramadan.
              3. In the Islamic faith, it is a duty to give alms or charity to the poor.
              4. The Quran provides guidance on inheritance.

            4. Which of the following can be inferred about the East African society described in the first paragraph of the passage?

              1. Islam failed to spread to East African cities along trading networks.
              2. The majority of Zanj people from the neighboring country converted to Islam.
              3. English was a commonly spoken language in eastern Africa.
              4. Some merchants prospered through trade and the gold exchange.

            5. Which of the following describes a significant transformation that occurred in Kilwa and in other East African locations on the Indian Ocean in the sixteenth century?

              1. The Swahili mixture of African and Arabian culture weakened the region’s cultural unity and caused an economic collapse.
              2. Portuguese traders used military force to take control of East Africa in order to advance their trade with the East.
              3. Trade along the Indian Ocean routes diminished after the Silk Road was created, leading to economic ruin. 
              4. Natural disasters such as volcanic eruptions and drought severely diminished East Africa’s population.

            6. Which of the following is true of trade in Kilwa as well as throughout the Indian Ocean region during the period circa 1200 to 1450?

              1. Europeans played a dominant role as ship builders and maritime traders.
              2. Due to nomadic invasions from groups in Central Asia, economic activity slowed considerably.
              3. Chinese merchants were the only major participants from Asia in the trade.
              4. Trade flourished with a mix of African, South Asian, and Middle Eastern merchants.

      1. Questions 28–30 refer to the passage below.

      2. “Legislatures and other agencies of government directly representative of the people did not exist in Spanish or Portuguese America. The Spanish cabildo, or town council, however, afforded an opportunity for the expression of the popular will and often proved intractable. Its membership was appointive, elective, hereditary, and even purchasable, but the form did not affect the substance. The Spanish Americans had an instinct for politics. ‘Here all men govern,’ declared one of the viceroys; ‘the people have more part in political discussions than in any other provinces in the world; a council of war sits in every house.’

        The movement which led eventually to the emancipation of the colonies differed from the local uprisings which had occurred in various parts of South America during the eighteenth century. Either the arbitrary conduct of individual governors or excessive taxation had caused the earlier revolts. To the final revolution foreign nations and foreign ideas gave the necessary impulse. A few members of the intellectual class had read in secret the writings of French and English philosophers.”

        William R. Shepherd, Hispanic Nations of the New World, 1919

      3. The reference in the first paragraph to the hereditary nature of membership in the cabildos is best understood in the context of which of the following?

        1. The development of hierarchical social structures with new political elites
        2. The monarchical rule that predominated in Europe in the fifteenth through eighteenth centuries
        3. The eventual decline of Spanish dominance among European nations in overseas colonial empires
        4. The merit-based economic systems that predominated in other European colonial holdings

      4. In the second paragraph, Shepherd is claiming that the “final revolution” was influenced by ideas from which of the following?

        1. Marxism
        2. The Enlightenment
        3. Mercantilism
        4. Industrial capitalism

      5. A present-day historian would most likely link the historical interpretation advanced in the passage to which of the following early twentieth-century developments in Latin America?

        1. Attempts to make Latin American countries successful in the world economy by industrializing
        2. The interruption of continued colonial independence uprisings due to World War I
        3. Resistance movements against neocolonialist economic and political policies
        4. Export-led economic growth dependent on transportation and communication advances originating in Europe and North America

      1. Questions 31–34 refer to the following two tables.

      2. Table 1

        RAW COTTON CONSUMPTION IN GREAT BRITAIN, SELECTED YEARS

        Year Cotton in Millions of Pounds
        1787 22
        1800 52
        1850 588

        Table 2

        COKE IRON PRODUCTION IN GREAT BRITAIN, SELECTED YEARS

        Year Coke Iron Produced in Tons
        1720 400
        1750 2,500
        1788 54,000
        1806 250,000

      3. The two tables serve best as evidence for which of the following in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?

        1. The dominance of Great Britain as an exporter
        2. The growth of industrial production
        3. The concentration of populations in urban areas
        4. The high demand for iron for military purposes

      4. Which of the following was a result of the trend illustrated by the tables?

        1. The decrease in demand for agricultural products
        2. The typical family unit ceasing to serve as the center of economic production
        3. The improvement of sanitation in urban worker neighborhoods over that in agricultural dwellings
        4. The decline of the middle class that had been developing during the period of mercantilism

      5. Which of the following was a factor that impacted Great Britain’s capacity to produce coke iron during the years depicted in Table 2?

        1. The development of electric-powered engines and new processes for steel production
        2. An overuse of resources that forced agricultural workers to find jobs in factories
        3. Britain’s economy being more regulated than other countries’ economies
        4. Rivers that supplied water power and material transportation for early factories

      6. Which of the following describes an impact of the trends depicted in the tables on other parts of the world?

        1. The beginning of the transatlantic slave trade
        2. Increased demand for commodities 
        3. A massive influx of migrants into Europe
        4. The abolition of slavery in British colonial holdings

      1. Questions 35–38 refer to the passage below.

      2. “It used to take ten days to get the twenty baskets of rubber—we were always in the forest to find the rubber vines, to go without food, and our women had to give up cultivating the fields and gardens. Then we starved. Leopards killed some of us while we were working away in the forest and others got lost or died from exposure and starvation. We begged the white man to leave us alone, saying we could get no more rubber, but the white men and their soldiers said: ‘Go. You are only beasts yourselves, you are only nyama (meat).’ We tried, always going further into the forest, and when we failed and our rubber was short, the soldiers came to our towns and killed us. Many were shot, some had their ears cut off; others were tied up with ropes round their necks and taken away.”

        Joseph Conrad, description of conditions in Congo Free State under Belgium rule, Heart of Darkness, 1899

      3. Which of the following historical developments is reflected in the conditions described in the passage?

        1. The partitioning of Africa among European imperial powers
        2. The outbreak of regional proxy wars in African territories
        3. The attempts to redistribute land among native Africans
        4. The raiding of Africa for plantation slave labor 

      4. Which of the following factors most directly enabled European actions such as those described in the passage?

        1. The expansion of the slave trade under the Atlantic network of trade among Africa, Europe, and the Americas
        2. Decreasing populations in Europe, which forced European nations to turn to other world regions for labor
        3. The development of steamships, which improved the speed and navigation capabilities of European naval vessels
        4. The weakening of the power of monarchs and land-holding aristocrats throughout Europe

      5. Which of the following was an eventual outcome of the actions of European nations as reflected in the passage?

        1. Continued competition for resources and land-holdings helped instigate World War I.
        2. Although initially exploited, most African colonies took control over their economic resources in the early twentieth century.
        3. The United States loosened its protectionism in Latin America, and European colonization resumed.
        4. The economic drain created in Europe as a result of imperialism led to the Great Depression.

      6. The passage reflects which of the following justifications for imperialism? 

        1. The struggle and toil required during the Industrial Revolution
        2. The duty of European people to bring order and enlightenment to distant lands
        3. The responsibility of men to take care of their wives and children
        4. The guilt faced by Western civilizations for their role in creating systems of slavery

      1. Questions 39–41 refer to the passage below.

      2. “Our relations with socialist countries, including the allies of the Warsaw Treaty Organization, entered a difficult, critical stage. . . . Perestroika, the development of democratization, [and] glasnost, confirmed the role of the Soviet Union as the leader in the process of socialist renewal. . . .

        The European socialist countries found themselves in a powerful magnetic field of the economic growth and social well-being of the Western European states. . . . The constant comparing and contrasting of the two worlds, of their ways of life, production, intellectual cultures, entered our daily life thanks to the mass media, and there is no way around it. . . .

        As a consequence, in a number of socialist countries, the process of rejection of the existing political institutions and the ideological values by the societies is already underway now.”

        Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, communication with Alexander Yakovlev, Strategy of Relations with European Socialist Countries, February 1989

      3. The passage is best understood in the context of which of the following?

        1. The use of propaganda by totalitarian regimes to influence the ideologies of their citizens
        2. Russia’s tumultuous transition from a traditional tsarist land empire to a socialist state
        3. Governments seeking policies of economic and political liberalization at the end of the Cold War era
        4. The emergence of influential international organizations after World War II

      4. The “rejection of the existing political institutions” referenced in the passage was most likely the result of which of the following?

        1. The prevalent economic deprivation and lack of consumer goods that resulted from the Soviet government’s planned economy
        2. The concentration of land holdings in the hands of a few wealthy Soviet communist elites
        3. The widely unpopular moves by the Soviet government to borrow democratic principles from foreign governments
        4. The pressure from former Soviet republics to be permitted to rejoin the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

      5. The passage implies that the policies of glasnost and perestroika contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union by  

        1. stabilizing the economy, allowing citizens to abandon socialist theory
        2. exposing citizens to ethnic tensions that ultimately caused the USSR’s division
        3. allowing citizens to voice dissent and undermine the Communist Party’s power
        4. acquiescing to growing anti-communist rhetoric coming from the United States

      1. Questions 42–44 refer to the image below.

      2. JAPANESE PERIOD PRINT, 1861

        Japanese art print depicting modern American ship arriving at a Japanese harbor while Japanese citizens look on..

      3. The scene depicted in the print best illustrates which significant development in Japan in the mid-nineteenth century?

        1. The Japanese military’s first defeat of a Western power
        2. The first wave of migration of Americans to Japan
        3. The arrival of the first Christian missionaries in Japan 
        4. The end of isolationism and start of modernization

      4. The policies begun in Japan during the Meiji Era are most similar to policies begun in the late nineteenth century in which of the following states?

        1. The United States
        2. China
        3. India
        4. Great Britain

      5. The changes in Japan that are reflected in the scene in the print most directly resulted in which of the following?

        1. Japan’s socialist movements resulting in the overthrow of the emperor
        2. A resurgence of conservatism resulting in the reinstatement of isolationism
        3. Japan’s need for raw materials resulting in imperialist expansion
        4. A rebellion against foreign influence resulting in an international military response

      1. Questions 45–47 refer to the passage below.

      2. “The peace conditions imposed upon Germany are so hard, so humiliating, that even those who have the smallest expectation of a ‘peace of justice’ are bound to be deeply disappointed. . . . 

        The financial burden is so heavy that it is no exaggeration to say that Germany is reduced to economic bondage. The Germans will have to work hard and incessantly for foreign masters, without any chance of personal gain, or any prospect of regaining liberty or economic independence. . . .

        These conditions will never give peace. All Germans must feel that they wish to shake off the heavy yoke imposed by the cajoling Entente, and we fear very much that that opportunity will soon present itself. For has not the Entente recognized in the proposed so-called ‘League of Nations’ the evident right to conquer and possess countries for economic and imperialistic purposes? Fettered and enslaved, Germany will always remain a menace to Europe.”

        Dutch editorial on Treaty of Versailles, Algemeen Handelsblad, June 1919

      3. According to the passage, the Treaty of Versailles would contribute to which of the following factors that led to World War II?

        1. International alliances
        2. Containment policies
        3. Conflicting ideologies
        4. Financial hardships

      4. After the Treaty of Versailles was signed in 1919, the most imminent threat to peace in Europe was

        1. colonial independence in Africa and Asia
        2. unrest among veterans returning from war
        3. the lack of stable governments in war-torn nations
        4. the rise of ideological tension between world superpowers

      5. A present-day historian would most likely use the claims in the third paragraph as evidence that some contemporaries of the treaty anticipated which of the following?

        1. The relative ease with which countries displaying extreme nationalism could translate those motivations into territorial expansion
        2. The eventual rise of a new international organization, the United Nations, to replace the relatively weak League of Nations
        3. European states’ use of the principles of the League of Nations to justify their territorial acquisitions in Africa 
        4. The crash of the United States’ stock market that would contribute to a global economic depression

      1. Questions 48–51 refer to the following two passages.

      2. Passage 1

        “Ghana over the past few years has been able to finance the major portion of its development from its own resources. . . . However, this was accomplished mainly as a result of inflated world prices for cocoa in the period 1951–1955; those prices fell sharply thereafter. Thus Ghana’s economic position is heavily dependent on an export commodity which is vulnerable to severely fluctuating prices and to limitation of production by various diseases. Over half of the country’s export earnings were derived from cocoa in 1956. Timber, diamonds, gold, and manganese each accounted for roughly 10 percent of those earnings. But future prospects for greater yields of those commodities are not bright. . . . [The Volta River project]’s primary purpose is to provide electric power sufficient for production of over 20,000 tons of aluminum annually. . . .

        Nkrumah has an interest in promoting a West African federation initially composed of Ghana and the several British colonies in the region as they achieve independence. However, most Ghanaians are now preoccupied with domestic questions. Nkrumah will be further inhibited from any action in this realm by the present need to avoid conflict with the UK for economic reasons. . . .”

        The Outlook for Ghana, CIA report, 1957

        Passage 2

        “A great part of Tanzania’s land is fertile and gets sufficient rain. Our country can produce various crops for home consumption and for export. . . . From now on we shall stand upright and walk forward on our feet rather than look at this problem upside down. Industries will come and money will come, but their foundation is the people and their hard work, especially in agriculture. This is the meaning of self-reliance.”

        Julius Nyerere, Arusha Declaration, 1967

        Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana and Julius Nyerere of Tanzania were leaders in their countries’ independence movements, and they served terms as prime minister and president of their respective countries after independence from Britain.

      3. What did both the CIA and Nyerere identify as necessary in postcolonial African countries?

        1. The utilization of Africa’s abundant natural resources
        2. An alliance of African countries and their former colonial powers
        3. The development of a union of African countries
        4. The rise of strong military leaders in Africa

      4. Nkrumah’s goals for Africa as stated in Passage 1 are most similar to the goals of which of the following?

        1. The Declaration of Independence
        2. The “I Have a Dream” speech of Martin Luther King, Jr.
        3. Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations
        4. The Jamaica Letter

      5. Which of the following was a challenge faced by African countries in the postcolonial period?

        1. Pressure from the United States to disband their development of nuclear weapons
        2. Constant disagreement between the Organization of African Unity and the United Nations
        3. The outbreak of proxy wars associated with conflict between ideologies in the Cold War
        4. A lack of foreign activity in the economies of most independent African states

      6. The discussion of water power in the first paragraph of Passage 1 reflects which of the following characteristics of industry in the twentieth century?

        1. Water power’s use of fossil fuels made the energy source a controversial industrial power supply.
        2. Water power became the most commonly used energy source in industrial production.
        3. Improvements to energy technologies enabled increased industrial production.
        4. Renewable energy sources supplanted nonrenewable energy sources in industrial production.

      1. Questions 52–55 refer to the following two tables.

      2. Table 1

        INVENTIONS OF THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

        Innovation Year
        Steam engine 1775
        Puddling process for iron production 1784
        Cotton gin 1793
        Locomotive 1804

        Table 2

        INVENTIONS OF THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

        Innovation Year
        Bessemer process for steel production 1856
        Electrical current (DC) 1882
        Automobile 1885
        Diesel engine 1892

      3. Which of the following contributed to the rise of the innovations of the First Industrial Revolution as shown in Table 1?

        1. The abandonment of rural areas and resulting urbanization
        2. The backing of monarchs and new navigation technologies
        3. The decline in population and access to iron and coal from the Americas
        4. The accumulation of capital and the rise of the factory system

      4. Which of the following was an effect of the development of the innovations of the Second Industrial Revolution shown in Table 2?

        1. Overseas migration declined due to greater access to domestic jobs.
        2. Global population fell with the use of new technologies in food production.
        3. The global economy grew rapidly due to innovations in transportation.
        4. European policy became increasingly driven by nationalist ideologies.

      5. A historian might argue that the inventions described in Table 2 reflected a turning point in world history primarily because the diesel engine and the automobile

        1. were signs of the growing influence of Marxism on the European and American proletariat
        2. made control of Middle East resources a matter of global geopolitical importance
        3. freed factories from relying on naturally occurring energy sources like rivers and wind
        4. directly led to the use of tanks throughout World War I

      6. Which of the following occurred in response to the expansion of industrializing states as a result of the innovations shown in both tables?

        1. The governments of the Ottoman Empire and Qing China sought to modernize their economies.
        2. Factory workers and peasants in Western Europe overthrew existing governments.
        3. Nationalist leaders in colonized areas adopted European economic and political methods.
        4. Reform movements in industrialized states failed to gain the support of government.

      1. SECTION I, PART B

        40 Minutes 3 Questions

      2. Directions: Section I, Part B of this exam consists of short-answer questions. You must respond to Questions 1 and 2. For your final response, you must choose to answer Question 3 or Question 4. In your responses, be sure to address all parts of the questions, using complete sentences.

      3. Use the passage below to answer all parts of the question that follows.

        “Europe’s Dutch and English East India Companies are often viewed as prototypes of modern multinational corporations. The scholarly literature recognizes that huge quantities of silver flowed to Asia, but this phenomenon is considered a reflection of Europe’s balance-of-trade deficit with east Asia; Europeans developed a far greater taste for Asian finery than the other way around, according to conventional wisdom, so treasure had to flow from west to east to pay for Europe’s trade deficit. In short, all the key issues are normally framed in terms of European perspectives. Acceptance of a global perspective instead of the predominant Eurocentric view outlined above yields a startlingly different view. It becomes clear that Europeans did indeed play an important role in the birth of world trade, but their role was as middlemen in the vast silver trade; they were prime movers on neither the supply side (except Spain in America) nor the demand side of the worldwide silver market. Europeans were intermediaries in the trade between the New World and China. Massive amounts of silver traversed the Atlantic. After it had reached European soil, the Portuguese in the sixteenth century and Dutch in the seventeenth century became dominant distributors of silver by a multitude of routes into Asia.”

        Dennis O. Flynn and Arturo Giráldez, Born with a “Silver Spoon”: The Origin of World Trade in 1571, 1994

        1. Explain ONE specific historical example of Europeans’ role in global trade in the period 1450–1750 that would support the authors’ argument in the passage.
        2. Explain ANOTHER specific historical example of Europeans’ role in global trade in the period 1450–1750 that would support the authors’ argument in the passage.
        3. Explain ONE piece of evidence about global trade in the period 1450–1750 that would  challenge the authors’ argument regarding the role of Europe in world trade.

      4. Use the map below to answer all parts of the question that follows.

        ZHENG HE’S VOYAGES, 1405–1433

        A map shows Zheng He's routes from China to southeast Asia, southern Asia, the Middle East, and eastern Africa.
        1. Describe ONE change that resulted from the voyages depicted on the map.
        2. Describe ONE continuity in the Indian Ocean basin from 1200–1450.
        3. Describe ONE way the decision to end voyages like the one depicted in the map impacted China in the period 1450–1900.

      5. Choose EITHER Question 3 OR Question 4.

      6. Answer all parts of the question that follows.

        1. Identify ONE similarity in the administrative techniques used by imperial states in the period 1200–1450. 
        2. Explain ONE reason for the use of similar administrative techniques of imperial states in the period 1200–1450.
        3. Identify ONE difference between the political systems of imperial states and those of decentralized regions in the period 1200–1450. 

      7. Answer all parts of the question that follows.

        1. Identify ONE economic challenge of the twentieth century that led governments to take a more active role in economic life.
        2. Explain ONE difference between economic policies of communist states and newly independent states following World War II.
        3. Explain ONE similarity in the economic policies of governments in the period following the end of the Cold War.