Index
abstinence, sexual
Academy (gymnasion in Athens)
Actian Games
adaptation of sport facilities for spectacle
Aezani
age-classes, at athletic competitions
Agrippa
Agylla (Caere)
akoniti, definition of
Akragas
see also Emmenids
Akrotiri
Alcibiades
attempted seduction of Socrates
wins Olympic chariot racing victory
Alexander I of Macedon
Alexander III (the Great) of Macedon
Alexandria (in Egypt)
Alexandria Troas
Amphictyony of Anthela
Amphipolis
amphitheaters
see also Colosseum; Forum Romanum; Pompeii amphitheater
awnings in
combined with theater
construction
depictions of spectacle in
design of early versions
earliest permanent amphitheaters
eastern Roman empire
first permanent amphitheater in Rome
location
modified stadia and circuses used in place of
modified theaters used in place of
number of
religious elements
temporary in Rome
terminology
western Roman empire
amphora, Panathenaic,see Panathenaic amphora
anabates (type of horse race)
animal cruelty, see beast hunts staged by Romans
animal hunts,see beast hunts staged by Romans
anthippasia (mock cavalry battle)
Antoninus Pius
apene (mule-cart race)
Aphrodisias
apobates
definition of
apodyterion (locker room)
Archelaos (king of Macedonia)
arete (excellence)
Argos
Aristophanes
Arkteia
artificial lake, see stagnum
aryballos, definition of
Asia Minor
Asklepieia Games at Epidauros
associations, athletic
clubhouse in Rome
Astylos of Croton
Atalanta
Athens
see also Academy; Lyceum; Panathenaic Games
female athletes
athletes
see also social status of athletes
beauty
definition of
athletics, definition of
audience, see spectators
Augusta Emerita
Augustine on spectacle
Augustus
bans gladiatorial combats to the death
constructs facilities for spectacle
founds Actian Games, imposes imperial control over ludi
legislation on clothing of spectators
legislation on seating at spectacles
see also lex Iulia theatralis
Sebasta in Naples founded in honor of
stages beast hunts
stages naumachiae
stages spectacular public execution
supports athletic contests of Greek females
supports Greek athletic contests
Autolykos (Athenian athlete)
Autolykos (play by Eupolis)
Autolykos (play by Euripides)
Balboura
ball games
Galen advocates
played by ephebes
played by females
played by Romans
Sparta
baths
beast hunts staged by Romans
see also executions, public in Roman world; venator/venatores
animal cruelty, attitudes toward
decline of
depictions of
earliest known
exotic animals
expansion in scale
held with gladiatorial combats
imperial control
military supplies animals
origins and development
Romanization
sites of
supply of animals for
symbolic significance
terminology
timing of
beauty of athletes
Beroia gymnasion inscription from
betting
boat races
Bourdieu, Pierre
boxing
Etruscan, see Etruscans
Greek
Minoan
Mycenaean
boys’ sport
bread and circuses, see Juvenal
bull-leaping
byes
Byzantine spectacle
see also Byzantine under chariot racing; pantomimes
riots associated with
state controlled
Callimachus
Capitoline Games
Capua amphitheater
chariot drivers
Byzantine
Greek
Roman
chariot racing
Byzantine
see also Nika riot
decline of
factions
hippodrome
Kathisma
popularity of
Etruscan
Greek
see also Alcibiades; apobates; Kyniska of Sparta
Bronze Age
Deinomenids and Emmenids
depictions in vase painting
depictions on coins
elite activity
Homeric poems
opportunity for female athletic competition
owners as victors
Posidippos poems about
Ptolemies
Spartan females
Roman
see also ludi
decline of
depictions of
distances
factions (Reds, Blues, etc.)
popularity of
religious elements in
spectators at
support personnel
top speeds
Chiusi
choral dancing, see dance
choruses, see dance
chrematitic games
definition of
Christians
critics of Roman sport and spectacle
Greek sport
martyrdom in arena
victims in Roman sport and spectacle
Cicero
critique of Greek sport
involvement in procuring animals for beast hunts
on spectacle
Circus Flaminius in Rome
Circus Maximus in Rome
Agrippa’s renovations
Augustus’ renovations
coins showing
Etruscan influence
euripus (spina)
Julius Caesar’s renovations
obelisks
pulvinar
religious elements
seating capacity
site for varied events
size of track
Trajan’s renovations
circuses (Roman sites for equestrian contests)
see also Circus Maximus in Rome
euripus/spina
Lepcis Magna
modified to serve as amphitheaters
numbers of
obelisks
origins of
sites for varied events
size
starting gates
terminology
civic games
see also Panathenaic Games
coaches, see paidotribes/paidotribai; trainers, athletic
coercion through spectacle
coercion through sport
coins
showing spectacle and related facilities
showing sport
collegia iuvenum
Colosseum
awnings
capacity
coins showing
date of
decoration
dedicatory inscription
design and construction
Domitian finishes (?)
dramatic effects in
flooded?
Martial’s poems for dedication
protection for spectators
seating
Titus dedicates
Vespasian begins
combat sports
see also boxing; pankration; wrestling
Commodus
competitions, athletic
see also Olympics, ancient
number of
timing of
competitiveness
condemned criminals
consensus achieved through sport
Constantinople
hippodrome
Corinth
amphitheater at
circus at
curse tablets from
relationship with Isthmia and Isthmian Games
theater flooded for spectacles
vase painting at
critics of spectacle
critics of sport
Croton
crowd, see spectators
crown games, definition of
crucifixion
curse tablets
Cyrene
damnati, see condemned criminals
damnatio ad bestias, see executions, public in Roman world
dance
Deinomenids
Delphi
see also oracles; Pythian Games
dedications at
western Greek involvement at
Delphi charioteer
Demetrias (city in Macedonia)
democracy, see democratization
democratization
see also social status of athletes
in society
in sport
Diagoras of Rhodes
diaulos (type of footrace)
diet
Dipylon oinochoe
discus throw
see also pentathlon
doctor/doctores (trainers for gladiators)
doctors, see medicine, sports
dolichos (type of footrace)
Domitian
builds stadium in Rome
completes Colosseum (?)
floods Colosseum for spectacle
founds Capitoline Games
punishes spectators
stages naumachia
stages public executions
stages spectacle involving females
supports athletic contests for females
drama
Byzantine
not discussed in detail
Roman
dwarfs, in Roman spectacle
education
in Sparta for females
in Sparta for males
Egypt, Greek sport in
eiselastic games
Elis, relationship with Olympia and the Olympic games
Emmenids
emperors, Roman
cult of
involvement with Greek sport
involvement with spectacle
ephebeia
ephebes, see ephebeia
ephedros (bye)
Ephesos
gladiatorial cemetery
Epidauros
see also Asklepieia Games at Epidauros
epigrams
definition of
epinikia, see epinikian poetry
epinikian poetry
definition of
Epitaphia
equestrianism, see chariot racing; hippic events; horse racing
erastes/erastai, definition of
eromenos/eromenoi, definition of
eros, see pederasty
ethnicity and spectacle
ethnicity and sport
Etruscans
see also entries for specific tombs
boxing
chariot racing
dedications at Delphi
desultores
facilities
funeral games
influence of Greek sport
influence on Roman spectacle and sport
nudity
pentathlon
Phersu game
prizes
religious elements in
social context of contests
social status of athletes
spectators
wrestling
euandria (contest in manly excellence)
Euripides
executions, public in Roman world
see also prisoners of war
condemned criminals (noxii)
damnatio ad bestias
depictions of
female victims
forms of
functions of
later history of
mythological re-enactments
popularity
Romanization through
facilities, for spectacle
see also amphitheater; circuses; Forum Romanum
facilities, for sport
see also gymnasion/gymnasia; palaistra/palaistrai; stadium/stadia
factions, see Roman under chariot racing
familiae, see gladiatorial troupes
fans
female athletes
female gladiators and venatores
female spectators
Flavian Amphitheater, see Colosseum
flogging, see punishments
footraces
Forum Romanum
awnings over
spectacle site
Foucault, Michel
funeral games
Etruscan
Greek
Galen
Geertz, Clifford
Gela, see Deinomenids
Gelon (Sicilian tyrant), see Deinomenids
girls, see female athletes; initiation rites
gladiatorial combat (munus/munera)
see also gladiators
decline of
depictions of
form of sport
held with beast hunts
origins of
religious elements in
restrictions on expenses
rules
support personnel
gladiatorial troupes (familiae)
gladiators
as athletes
burials, cemeteries, epitaphs
depictions in art
dwarfs
equipment
exemplars of Roman virtues
fatality rates
female
freeing of
graffiti about
injuries
missio
prizes for
rankings of
religious beliefs
Romanization through
social status of
sources of
training of
types of
Glaukos of Karystos
gloios, definition and use of
graffiti, Greek, from Nemea
graffiti, Latin, see inscriptions as evidence
group closure, achieved through sport
Greek sport in Rome
see also Capitoline Games
attitudes toward
Augustus
criticized
deleterious effects of athletic training
depictions of
Domitian
earliest Greek athletic contests in Rome
effeminacy associated with
Julius Caesar
Nero
nudity as problem
pederasty as problem
popularity
venues
guilds, athletic, see associations, athletic
gymnasiarch
see also Beroia gymnasion, inscription from
females as
gymnasion/gymnasia
design of
Egypt
site of homoeroticism
slaves at
gymnikos agon, definition of
Gymnopaidiai
Hadrian
founds city and athletic contest in Egypt
games at Puteoli in honor of
gives land to association of athletes
letters from Alexandria Troas
regulations on gladiators
stages giveaways at spectacles
Halicarnassos, gladiatorial relief from
halteres (jumping weights)
heavy events, definition of
Hellenization, see ethnicity and sport
Hellanodikai (judges at Olympia)
see also officials
Heraia games at Olympia
Herod
Herodes Atticus
heroization of athletes
Hieron, see Deinomenids
hieros games, definition of
himantes (thongs worn by boxers)
hippic events
see also chariot racing; horse racing
hippikos agon, definition of
hippios (footrace)
Hippocratic writers
hippodrome, see circuses
Constantinople
Delphi
design of
Isthmia
Mount Lykaion
Nemea
Olympia
terminology of hippodrome vs circus
hippotrophy as elite activity
Homeric poems
date of
homoeroticism
hoplite (type of soldier)
hoplites (type of footrace)
hoplitodromos (type of footrace)
horse racing
see also chariot racing
as elite activity
Deinomenids and Emmenids
owners as victors
Posidippos poems about
Ptolemies
venue for female athletic competition
House of the Tragic Poet in Pompeii
houses, Roman, depictions of spectacle in
hunters (at staged beast hunts), see venator/venatores
hunting corporations
hysplex (starting gate in stadium)
Iberia, popularity of chariot racing in
Iliad, see Homeric poems
infibulation
initiation rites
inscriptions as evidence
spectacle
see also Pompeii
sport
intellectuals at athletic festivals
isolympic games, definition of
isopythian games, definition of
Isthmia
see also Isthmian Games
Isthmian Games
Romans allowed to participate
javelin throw
see also pentathlon
Jews
Jockey of Artemision
jockeys
Julius Caesar
builds temporary stadium in Rome
installs temporary awnings in Forum
renovates Circus Maximus
stages beast hunts
stages first naumachia
stages Greek athletic contests
stages multi-faceted spectacle in 46 BCE
jumping
see also pentathlon
Justinian
Juvenal
bread and circuses
critique of performers
on females
on spectacle
kalos (tag on vases)
kalpe (type of horse race)
keles (type of horse race)
Kimon (Delian League general)
Kimon (sixth-century Olympic victor)
Kleonai
kleos (fame after death)
Knossos
Koroibos of Elis (first Olympic victor)
Kos
Kyniska of Sparta
Ladas
Lagos, son of Ptolemy
lamps, clay, Roman, showing spectacle
lanista/lanistae
see also gladiatorial troupes; ludus
definition of
social status
Laodicea ad Lycum
Larinum, senatus consultum from
lebetes (cauldrons)
Lepcis Magna
lex Iulia theatralis
Lichas of Sparta
light events, definition of
Livy on spectacle
local games, see civic games
locker rooms
ludi (festival games)
ludi circenses, see Roman under chariot racing
ludi Romani
ludus (gladiatorial school)
definition of
personnel
see also lanista/lanistae
Ludus Matutinus
Lugdunum
Lyceum (gymnasion in Athens)
Lykaian Games
Macedonia
spectacle in
Magerius mosaic
Magnesia-on-Maeander
marathon race
Marcus Aurelius
critique of spectacle
imposes restrictions on gladiatorial shows
Martial on spectacle
medicine, sports
meritocratic status competition
Miletos
military elements in Greek sport
Milo of Croton
Minoan sport
missio
definition of
mock naval battles,see naumachia/naumachiae
money games, see chrematitic games
moral excellence of athletes
moral exemplars in spectacle
Motya charioteer
Mount Lykaion, sanctuary of Zeus at
mule-cart race (apene)
munus/munera,seegladiatorial combat
munus legitimum, definition of
music contests
Greek
not discussed in detail
Roman
musicians
Etruscan contests
Greek athletic contests
spectacles
Mycenaean sport
naumachia/naumachiae (mock naval battles; for artificial lakes, see stagnum)
Augustus
Claudius
Colosseum
Domitian
first staged by Julius Caesar
Nero
participants
see also prisoners of war
terminology
Titus
Trajan
Naples
see also Sebasta Games
Nemea
see also Nemean Games
Nemean Games
Nero
see also Neroneia Games
constructs wooden amphitheater in Rome
executes Christians
fan of Greek sport
founds Neroneia Games
idolizes charioteers
stages beast hunts
stages giveaways at spectacles
stages naumachiae
stages spectacles involving females
stages spectacular public executions
supports contests for female athletes
Neroneia Games
New Historicism
Nika riot
Nikopolis
see also Actian Games
noxii, see condemned criminals
nudity, athletic
obelisks in circuses
Odyssey, see Homeric poems
officials
see also gymnasiarch;spondophoroi; xystarch
administrators responsible for arranging spectacle
administrators responsible for arranging sport
athletic association
athletic contests
see also Hellanodikai
gladiatorial combats
Oinoanda
Old Oligarch
Olympia
dedications at
treasuries
western Greek involvement
Olympics, ancient
see also Elis, relationship with Olympia and the Olympic games; Hellanodikai; Olympia; statues, victor; victors, Olympic
age-classes
date of first
eligibility requirements
end of
females at
see also Heraia Games at Olympia
origins
Panhellenic?
political elements
prizes at
program of events
ritual elements in
Rome, held in
timing of
truce
western Greek involvement
Olympics, modern, relationship to ancient
oracles
see also Delphi
Oschophoria
Ostia
baths with mosaics
inscription about female gladiators from
theater
Ovid on spectacle
paiderastia
definition of
paidotribes/paidotribai (athletic trainer)
palaistra/palaistrai
definition of
design of
pale, see wrestling
Panathenaic amphora
Panathenaic Games
see also amphora, Panathenaic
panem et circenses, see Juvenal
Panhellenic, definition of
pankration (type of combat sport)
pantomimes
Patroklos, funeral games of
pederasty (paiderastia)
Peisistratos (Athenian tyrant)
Pella
pentathlon
Perge
Pericles
periodonikes
definition of
periodos
definition of
formation of
hierarchy within
Petronius on spectacle
Phaiakians
Phayllos of Croton
Phersu game
Philip II of Macedon
Piazza Armerina
“Bikini girls,”
Great Hunt Mosaic
Pindar
Platanistas (in Sparta)
Pliny the Younger
critique of Greek sport
letter about gymnasion
letters about prizes
on spectacle
Polyzalos, see Deinomenids
Pompeii
amphitheater
depictions of spectacle in
graffiti and inscriptions
riot
Pompey
stages beast hunt
stages Greek athletic contests
stages musical contests
Porta Marina bath in Ostia
Posidippos of Pella
pre-nuptial rites, see initiation rites
prisoners of war
execution of
gladiatorial combats
naumachiae
triumphs
prizes for athletic contests
see also chrematitic games; Diplyon oinochoe; lebetes; Panathenaic amphora; stephanitic games, definition of; tripods
civic games
Homeric poems
Olympic games
Panathenaic Games
Ptolemaia Games
Ptolemies
pulvinar (seating for emperor)
punishments
Puteoli
pygmachia, see boxing, Greek
pygme, see Greek under boxing
pyrrhic dance
Pythagoreans
Pythian Games
pyx, see Greek under boxing
record-breaking
referees, see Hellanodikai; officials
religion
Etruscan sport
spectacle
sport
Rescritto di Spello
rewards, financial
criticisms of
riots at spectacles
see also Nika riot
ritual elements in sport
Roman attitudes toward Greek sport, see Greek sport in Rome
Roman forum, see Forum Romanum
Romanization through spectacle
sacred games, definition of
sarcophagi, Roman, showing spectacle
Sebasta Games (in Naples)
secularization, of Roman spectacle
Seneca
on spectacle
on sport
Septimius Severus
bans female gladiators
changes legal status of communities in Egypt
rebuilds Byzantion
stages Secular Games
supports athletic contests for females
slaves, involvement in sport
social capital
social history of ancient sport
social status, sport as source of
social status of athletes
see also Greek sport in Rome
Etruscan world, see Etruscans
Greek world
social status of performers in spectacle
socialization through sport
Solon
figure in Lucian’s Anacharsis
institutes political reforms
institutes rewards for Athenian athletic victors
sophists at athletic festivals
Spain
Sparta
banned from Olympia
females involved in sport
role in invention of athletic nudity
spectacle
see also Romanization through spectacle
Byzantine, see Byzantine spectacle
contrasted with sport
criticism of
definition of
effects on spectators
elite financing of
entertaining
literary representations of
moral exemplars in
popularity of
secularization of
support personnel
types in Rome
spectators
effects of sport and spectacle on
female
numbers of
participants in spectacle
protective measures for
provisions for
seating arrangements
sphairomachia (Spartan ball game)
spondophoroi
definition of
sport
compared or contrasted with spectacle
criticisms of
definition of
entertaining
popularity of
Roman world, see Greek sport in Rome
vs sports (definitional difference)
sport history, of the ancient world, development of
stadion (foot race)
stadion (measure of distance)
stadium/stadia
see also hysplex
built in Roman period
civic
Delphi
design of
Isthmia
lengths of
modified to serve as amphitheaters
Mount Lykaion
Naples
Nemea
Olympia
Perge
Puteoli
rare in western Roman empire
Rome
seating
temporary versions in Rome
western part of Roman empire
stadium of Domitian
stagnum (artificial lake)
see also naumachia/naumachiae
Augustus
Circus Flaminius
Colosseum
Domitian
Julius Caesar
terminology
theaters, in
Titus
Trajan
Statius
statues, victor
stephanitic games, definition of
Stoics, see critics of spectacle
strigil
definition of
support personnel for spectacles
swimming races (absence of)
synoris (two-horse chariot race)
see also Greek under chariot racing
Syracuse, see Deinomenids
Tacitus
Taras
Tarquinia
see also Etruscans
Tarraco
Termessos
tethrippon (four-horse chariot race)
see also Greek under chariot racing
Theagenes of Thasos
theaters
added to gymnasia
Aigai
Athens
awnings in
combined with amphitheater
Delphi
Demetrias
Dion
Etruscan structures
Isthmia
lacking at Olympia
lex Iulia theatralis
modified to serve as amphitheaters
Nikopolis
Ostia
Paphos
Rome
seating in Rome
Stobi
themides, definition of
see also chrematitic games
Theodora
theoroi, definition of
Thera, see Akrotiri
time (honor)
Titus (emperor)
dedicates Colosseum
floods Colosseum
punishes Jews for revolting
stages beast hunts
stages naumachiae
stages public executions
stages spectacle involving females
Tomb of Poggio al Moro at Chiusi
Tomb of Storax in Pompeii
Tomb of the Augurs at Tarquinia
Tomb of the Chariots at Tarquinia
Tomb of the Inscriptions at Tarquinia
Tomb of the Master of Olympiads at Tarquinia
Tomb of the Monkey at Chiusi
Tomb of the Olympics at Tarquinia
Tomb of Vestorius Priscus at Pompeii
tombs, Roman
depicting spectacle
spectacle performers
torch races
trainers, athletic
see also paidotribes/paidotribai
training
subsidizing of
treasuries
see also Delphi; Olympia
tripods
triumphs, Roman
truces for athletic contests
see also truce under Olympics, ancient
tunnels in stadia
tyrants
umpires, see Hellanodikai; officials
vase painting
Veii
vela/velaria (awnings), see amphitheaters
venatio/venationes, see beast hunts staged by Romans
venator/venatores (hunters in venationes)
depictions of
female
physicians for
training of
venues for spectacle
see also amphitheater, circuses
venues for sport
see also gymnasion/gymnasia, palaistra/palaistrai, stadium/stadia
Verona
victor statues, see statues, victor
victors, depictions of
victors, Olympic
females
heroization of
hippic
Ptolemaic Egypt
religious status of
social status of
see also social status of athletes
violence, allure of
vivaria (animal enclosures)
wreaths
wrestling
Xenophanes
xystarch
Zanes (statues at Olympia)
zeugos (type of equid race)
Zliten mosaic