Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations.
anatomy, 7, 9, 11, 17, 88, 148, 198 seq.; visual representation of, 24, 41, 43–44, 46, 47, 51, 54, 55, 57, 75, 76, 269, 270, 271, 273, 273–74, 297, 298, 299, 417n106; Arabic illustrated anatomy, 46; Darmo Menrampa on, 194, 196, 272, 453n1, 453n19; measurements (yul thig), 46, 55, 87, 94; public anatomy lesson, 193, 442n1. See also anatomy, tantric; body, human; channels, bodily; corpse and anatomy; female anatomy; realism; specific organs
anatomy, tantric, 11, 13, 198–99, 204–208, 209, 211 seq., 221 seq., 247, 261; challenge to material existence of, 220 seq.; and Four Treatises, 247; and gender difference, 258–59. See also tantric channels; Zurkharwa Lodrö Gyelpo
Ancestors’ Advice (Zurkharwa), 83, 84, 85–87, 121, 146, 188, 271, 439n117; Darmo Menrampa’s completion of, 194; influence of, 86, 121, 146, 170, 268, 271, 276, 281, 385; on Buddha Word debate, 170–76; on female pathology branch, 295–96; on female anatomy and physiology, 316–17, 318, 320–22; on gender, 325, 331–39, 341; on Tanaduk, 166, 173–76; 453n7; on tantric and medical channels, 220–50; on tipping heart, 254–63
animals, depictions of, 26–27, 28, 31, 49, 411–12n10; as didactic illustrations, 57; idealized, 48; slaughter of, 37, 38
arteries, 89, 196, 203–204, 219, 222, 236, 237, 239–40, 249, 444n31, 449n167
Aṣṭāṅgahṛdaya [saṃhitā] (Vāgbhaṭa), 107, 112, 117, 118, 153, 161, 179, 194, 346, 355; and channels of being system, 239–40; channel system absent from, 444n25; on child conception, 318–21; on sex of embryo, 459n63; Tibetan translation of, 398; virility/fertility section, 303, 310, 311; on women’s medicine and female anatomy, 290–91, 293, 294, 295, 313, 314, 316
astrology, 6, 8, 41, 279, 410n10; Chinese, 144; the Desi’s writings on, 81, 94, 125, 127, 421n57 (see also White Beryl); planet of Rāhula, 228, 229
authority, epistemic and scriptural, 1, 5, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 18, 45, 77, 79, 83, 85, 87, 92, 123, 124, 125–26, 131, 134, 137, 143–45, 148, 155, 164, 167, 173, 182, 184, 190–200, 224, 228, 244, 248, 251, 261, 291, 366, 398, 399
Ayurveda, 2, 5, 12, 91, 100, 103, 117, 313; on arteries, 239–40; on bone count, 194; Brahmā as preacher of, 166; Buddha as preacher of, 150, 160–61; challenged by Tibetan medical writers, 291; and child conception, 319, 320–21; development by ṡramaṇas, 98–99; on fallopian tubes, 315; on menstruation, 315, 316, 317; and “mind-entrance opening” in heart, 260; professional ethics in, 344, 346, 351, 358, 360; on reproductive fluids, 321, 459n59; on third sex, 327, and women’s medicine, 290–91, 295–96, 301, 313–14. See also Aṣṭāṅgahṛdaya; Carakasamhitā; eight branches of Ayurveda; Suśrutasaṃhitā
Bencao gangmu (Li Shizhen), 61
Biji Tsenpa Shilaha (Bi ji Tsan pa shi la ha), 415n64
blood, 100, 215, 245, 316, 321, 460n83; and bodily channels, 201, 202, 203, 211; and female disorders, 457n22; as fourth humor, 289, 313; and hatred, 203, 237; 314; wind mixed with, 240. See also menses
Blue Beryl (Desi), 25, 33, 42, 68, 115, 412n27, 453n19; Ancestors’ Advice passages copied in, 86, 121, 170, 268, 271; and authorial intention, 44, 45; and Buddha Word debate, 277–78; on decline of morality, 418n127; on embryology, 456n69; on heart, 269–70; on history of medicine, 92; and innovation, 125–31, 305; on Tanaduk, 280; writing of, 43, 94, 421n58
bodhisattvas, 73, 103, 111, 135, 138, 150, 156; balance and flexibility associated with, 341; as doctors, 180; in female form, 301, 302; renunciation of self-interest on path of, 348; and third sex idea, 324, 329–33, 335, 337, 341, 464n176
Bodong Panchen Choklé Namgyel (Bo dong paṇ chen Phyogs las rnam rgyal), 160, 180
body, human, 3, 53, 263; embryonic, 209, 213, 233; empirical body, 11, 12, 196, 197, 208; everyday body, 208, 212, 213, 215, 222, 225–26, 235, 237, 238, 247, 272, 276, 398; imperfections of, 6; somatic modalities, 208–209. See also anatomy; channels, bodily; specific organs
botany, 7, 25, 26, 46, 168, 176, 414n50; botanical illustration, 24; didactic illustrations, 57; European botanical painting, 47; experts consulted for medical paintings, 44
brain, 200–203, 214, 216, 217, 237, 239, 249, 419n142, 448n135; central channel from, 205; connection to heart, 210; and embryonic vital channel, 234; and kyangma, 245
Bronkhorst, Johannes, 157
Buddha, the, 2, 3, 8, 16, 358; blessing or permission of, 177; buddhalogy, 163, 283, 437n94; compassion linked to medical science, 102–103; death of, 178; and the Four Treatises, 84, 108, 114, 119, 132, 133–34, 137, 176, 281; illustrated lives of, 49, 50, 416n84; as king of physicians, 98, 359; magical power of, 163, 167; and medicine, 17, 102, 132, 133–34, 135, 177; physiology of, 205; Śākyamuni, 156, 172; tantric teachings of, 206, 279; twelve deeds of, 136. See also Medicine Buddha (Bhaiṣajyaguru)
Buddha Word, 14, 16, 101, 124, 135; and Buddhist hermeneutics, 442n185; and channel system, 204; debate on status of, 147, 164–68, 189, 277–78, 282; the Desi on, 277–83; Four Treatises as, 14, 136–38, 143–44, 148–51; genre features and status of, 143–44; Mahāyāna scriptures, 156; and “permission” of the Buddha, 152; three types of, 152, 155–56; Zurkharwa on, 169–76, 181–84
buddhas, 51, 71, 161, 172, 275, 279, 372, 396, 403; responsibility of, 138; teachings in oral form, 159; vulnerability of, 101; Yutok as buddha, 155, 187
Buddhism, 3, 9, 10, 14, 15, 37, 77, 131; authority of revelation, 12, 13, 164; as a category, 13–15, 350–51, 406; as a civilization, 14–15, 17, 104, 406–407; decentering/relativizing of, 35–39, 68, 69–73, 79, 137, 176, 188, 406; epistemology of, 227, 288; gender prejudice in, 12, 287, 300, 340; and “insider” category, 14–15, 150, 161; Māhayāna, 93, 95, 98, 156, 205, 341, 438n106; medical critiques of, 64–66; and medicine, 1–3, 15–17, 96–104, 134–38, 187, 191, 404–407 et passim; and metaphysics, 67, 128–29; ordination in, 327, 330, 334, 463n59, 464n164; represented in medical paintings, 35–39, 64–66, 69–73; and science, 2, 13, 16–17, 197, 318, 362; technologies of the self in medicine, 360–66; Way of the Gods, 347–48. See also Dharma
Buddhism, Indian, 2, 9, 13, 99, 102, 107, 398; Tibetan histories of, 131, 132
Buddhism, Tibetan, 1, 13, 48, 92; and art, 48–53; introduction to Tibet, 104, 120, 132, 348; guru devotion in, 405; scholasticism in, 167, 212, 334, 398; and the state, 3, 7, 11, 40, 80, 81, 93, 96, 98, 103, 110, 111, 138, 169, 266, 399. See also Old School
central channel, tantric, 205, 206–208, 211–16, 218, 219–20, 262, 444n38, 445n49; and embryonic channel, 225, 228–29, 230–38, 448n135; in medical paintings, 273, 274; outer, 212–13, 242, 244, 275; and vital channels, 229, 231, 246, 447n112
Chakpa Chömpel (Chags pa chos ’phel), 97, 126
Chakpori Medical College [Chakpori Rikché Dropenling] (Lcags po ri Rig byed ’gro phan gling), 4, 6, 41, 61, 69, 114, 115; medical paintings exhibited annually at, 62; students and curriculum at, 115–16
channels, bodily, 196–97, 200–204, 206, 209, 210–20, 249, 314; Ayurvedic, 239–40; in tantric anatomy, 204–13. See also central channel, tantric; channels of being; connecting channels; growth channels; life channels, kyangma, roma, tantric channels, water channels, wind channels, vital channels
channels of being, 200, 201, 214–15, 239–41, 260, 274, 275; and Great Perfection tradition, 211; and tantric channels, 210, 221; and yogic cakras, 203, 230, 239–41, 249
Chejé Zhangtön Zhikpo (Che rje Zhang ston zhig po), 132
Chensel Podrang (Spyan gsal pho brang), 413n34
China, 8, 9, 46, 96, 132, 163; Dalai Lama in, 116; Qianlong emperor, 47, 61, 63, 74, 118; science and state control, 68; Shunzhi emperor, 110, 110
Chinese medical illustration, 47, 61, 63, 74
Codex Kentmanus (Kentmann), 47, 56
compassion, 165, 179, 279, 353–54, 364, 380, 392, 405, 467n40; of the Buddha, 102, 163, 170, 280, 361; and Buddhist training techniques and, 363; and Dalai Lama, 96; of the Desi, 89; and human dharma (way of humans), 12, 347; physician as repository of, 344, 354, 364, 371; as “white mind,” 360
competitiveness, 6, 86, 92, 154, 194, 266, 268, 283, 344, 346, 346, 360, 380–82, 383, 398, 402
connecting channels, 89, 200–204, 211, 212, 450n182; in embryonic body, 209, 216, 218, 229; location of, 210; and medical practice, 243–49; and tantric channels, 215, 219, 221–22, 230. See also vital channels, black and white
consciousness, foundational, 231
corpse and anatomy, 11, 55, 99, 193, 194, 205, 220, 227, 248, 261, 269, 402; 418n121
Dalai Lama, Fifth (Ngawang Lozang Gyatso), 3, 6, 9, 24, 50, 63, 71–72, 71, 90, 97, 102, 109, 110, 193; apotheosis of, 7, 103, 137, 266; cataracts of, 116, 426n175; consolidation of rule over central Tibet, 40; Desi Sangyé Gyatso’s relationship with, 95–96, 97, 111, 123; death of, 40, 94, 111, 125, 421n59; degenerate age in reign of, 91–92; the Desi’s biography of, 81, 135; and foreign medicine, 289; and Four Treatises, 122–23, 433n22; and Jesuits, 8, 410n16; Karma Kagyü lords of Tsang defeated by, 146; and magic rituals, 52; as medical impresario, 108, 110–18; as the Medicine Buddha, 112–13; mission to Manchu court, 8; and physicians, 88, 106; preservation/creation of medical tradition, 118–24; Scenes from the Life of Fifth Dalai Lama, 109; and Tanaduk, 281; and Treasure literature, 104
Darmo Menrampa Lozang Chödrak (Dar mo sman rams ps Blo bzang chos grags), 89, 112, 113, 116, 117, 119, 121, 281, 282, 366, 407, 427n195, 428n199, 429n206; bone counting by, 193–95, 272, 241, 402, 442n3; career of, 193–94; Eighteen Pieces from Yutok and, 119, 194; on the female and gender, 301, 449n153, 458n36, 463n146; Instructional Treatise commentary, 453n19; and limits of materialist description, 241; and Tanaduk, 281; and tantric channels’ material existence, 453n1; on textual knowledge, 366. See also anatomy
Darwa Lotsawa Ngawang Püntsok Lhündrup (’Dar ba Ngag dbang phun tshogs lhun grub), 117
death, 16, 29, 69, 72, 209, 227, 357, 362; absoluteness of, 12; corpses fed to vultures, 205; and central channel, 276; dead bodies illustrated, 55, 269; and Four Noble Truths of Buddhism, 98; human dharma and horizon of, 392–96; and medical ethics, 131; timelessness and absence of, 173; and “transference” rite, 129–30; uncertainties of life and death, 382–84, 471n153; Yama, god of, 27, 30
De humani corporis fabrica librorum epitome (Vesalius), 63
demons, 93, 103, 290; disease caused by, 5, 101, 393, 409n7, 423n102; rituals to protect against, 35–36, 96
Denpa Dargye (Bstan pa dar rgyas), x
desire, affliction of, 203, 300
Desi Sangyé Gyatso [the Desi] (Sde srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho), 3, 12, 47, 51, 81–83, 82, 123–24, 188; autobiographical murals of, 91, 420n42; and Buddha Word debate, 277–78, 454n34; Chakpori Medical College established by, 41, 63, 69, 114–15; on channels of the body, 199, 270–75, 450n175; Dalai Lama biographies by, 81, 110; Dalai Lama’s relationship with, 95–96, 97, 111, 123; Four Treatises edition of, 121–24; father of, 96, 422n73; and innovation, 81, 83, 125–31, 407; on male and female genitalia, 323; and medical historiography, 131–37, 139; medical commitment, 93–95; paintings offered to Dalai Lama by, 62–63, 74; and production of medical paintings, 10, 24, 40, 43, 44–46, 55–57, 61–63, 68, 74, 411n1; on Tanaduk, 280–81, 456n65; Zurkharwa biography by, 83–86, 91, 419n3. See also Blue Beryl; White Beryl
Dharma, 35, 37, 38, 70, 136, 176, 375; decline of, 103; and medical ethics, 401; True Dharma (True Way), 156, 345, 348, 353–54, 394, 395; True Dharma of the Gods, 355–56. See also Buddhism; chos; human dharma
diagnosis, 9, 15, 23, 46, 364, 397; in Ayurvedic texts, 98; Chinese pulse diagnostics, 252; on pulse and urine, 180, 187
direct observation, 18, 50, 55–56, 92, 99, 138, 174, 193–95, 196, 197–98, 201–202, 207–209, 213, 219, 221–22, 225, 227–28, 234, 238, 244, 248, 261, 271, 275, 341, 366, 443n21. See also empiricist aspirations; perception
disease, 6, 34, 53, 66, 93, 208, 357, 390, 423n95; and central channel, 232; classification in Four Treatises, 325; demon-caused, 5, 101, 393, 409n7, 423n102; and humoral excesses, 313; and karma, 100; male pathology, 296, 301; and religion, 64, 65; women’s greater vulnerability to, 300, 301. See also female pathology
Döndrop Pelwa (Don grub dpal ba), 122
Drangsong Düpé Ling (Drang srong ’dus pa’i gling), 113
Drangti (Brang ti) lineage, 84, 106, 118
Drangti Pelden Tsoché (Brang ti Dpal ldan ’tsho byed), 46, 134, 157–58
Drangti Sibu (Brang ti Srid bu), 373
Drigung Kagyü (’Bri gung bka’ brgyud), 112, 118
Drukpa Kagyü (’Brug pa bka’ brgyud), 205
Dunhuang murals/manuscripts, 46, 48, 347
Dzagön Gyawo (Rdza dgon Rgya bo), 160
É Chödra (E’i Chos grwa), 112
eight branches of Ayurveda, 94, 161, 162, 290–94, 302, 310–11, 346, 435n62, 466n6, 422n83
embryology, 98, 205, 221, 222, 225, 233, 235–36, 248, 264, 307, 318, 412n14; in Ayurveda, 290, 315, 461n96; and child conception, 319
empiricist aspirations, 5, 7, 8, 9–10, 16, 17–18, 56, 79, 124, 130, 137–40, 144, 159–64, 173–74, 180, 182–83, 189–91, 194–200, 208–209, 219, 220–23, 225–28, 234, 243–44, 248, 251, 261, 262, 264, 267, 270, 275–79, 317–20, 333, 338–39, 395–96, 398–403; cultural implications of, 91, 385. See also direct observation; postempirical turn
ethics, medical, 6, 16, 58, 120, 130, 343–45, 349, 360–66, 378–82, 384, 389, 393–96, 465n4; in Ayurveda, 344, 346, 351, 358, 360; and “deviations,” 364. See also artistry; familiarity; human dharma; physicians, education of; teacher-student relations
everyday, the, 23, 47, 199, 225, 465n199 27; representation of, 25–27, 28–29, 29, 48–54, 68, 174, 190, 198, 199; 207–208, 212–13, 215, 222, 249, 282, 283, 334, 394, 401, morals and behavior, 347, 355, 376; sex, 29, 31, 32, 33, 33, 412n16. See also body, everyday
female anatomy and physiology, 237–38, 294, 295, 312–18, 400, 401, 298, 299, 300–301, 414n45, 457n33; described in terms of lack, 322–23; and karma, 300–301, 303, 304, 305, 308–309, 313, 318; from tantric systems, 221, 237–38; and virility/fertility, 302–309. See also child conception; embryology; fallopian tubes; genitalia; menstruation; uterus
fetus, 202, 209, 238, 447n99; joint male and female contribution to, 321–22; sex of, 5, 64; tantric channels of, 221, 223, 224–33. See also embryology; growth (embryonic) channels
Four Treatises (Yutok), 4, 42, 55, 88, 96, 106, 121, 181–82, 310–11, 410n10; ambition of medical knowledge in, 67; audience of, 149–50, authorship of, 11, 107–108, 119, 139, 143 seq., 261, 277, 282, 361, 401, 440n160; and Ayurveda, 15, 100–101, 107, 148, 150, 160–61, 166–67, 180, 196, 202, 224, 239–40, 260, 289, 290–94, 295, 301–303, 310–16, 317, 318, 319–21, 346, 355, 360, 344, 346, 358, 360, 398; commentaries on, 157–64, 209–13, 430n228 (see also Ancestor’s Advice; Blue Beryl; Kyempa Tsewang; Small Myriad); Chinese medicine in 150, 162, 178, 252, 255, 321, 461n96 (see also black divination; light/shade binary; pulse diagnostics; samse’u); Chinese origin of, 178; on Dharma and physical well-being, 37; early reception, 151–56; editions of, 121–24, 429n210 (see also Degé edition; Dratang edition; Gampo edition; Takten[ma] edition); human way/True Way distinction in, 348–60; Indian origin of, 154, 157, 159, 160–63, 166, 167, 178, 180; material focus, 100–101; memorization of, 62, 87, 88, 89, 96, 97–98, 112, 113, 122, 367, 370; misogyny, androcentrism, and patriarchy in, 299–312, 313, 314, 340; ritual practice in, 5, 99–101, 162, 362, 371, 393, 409n7, 422n95, 423n102, 459n63; as śāstra, 166, 171, 175, 182–84, 279; tantric knowledge, lack of, 210, 216, 223–24, 225, 237, 247; Tibetanness of 161–64, 184, 187, 289; transmission history, 106–107, 150, 152–54, 156, 158, 160–61, 167, 177–80; women’s medicine in, 289, 290–99, 322 (see also female anatomy and physiology; female pathology). See also Buddha Word; “Thus have I heard”
Four Treatises (Yutok), Explanatory Treatise of, 121, 122, 126, 210, 233, 262, on channels of the body, 200–204; on human dharma, 345–51, 465n5; materia medica chapters, 279
Four Treatises (Yutok), Instructional Treatise of, 62, 90, 409n6, 418n129; authorship of, 429n206; on black and white channel, 203, 216–19, 235, 244; commentaries on, 128; and Desi Sangyé Gyatso, 94, 95, 272; female pathologies in, 294, 314; male pathologies in, 295; and Zurkharwa’s notes, 121
Ganden Menla (Dga’ ldan sman bla), 90
Gandenpa (Dga’ ldan pa) school, 81
Ganden Podrang (Dga’ ldan pho brang), 2, 7, 40, 63, 79, 97, 396, 399, 406; Buddhism and foundation of, 103; and Chakpori Medical College, 115; and monasteries, 111; move to White Palace, 110
Ganden Püntsok Ling (Dga’ ldan phun tshogs gling), 90
Gelong Zhenpen Nyingpo (Dge slong Gzhan phan snying po), 118
Gelukpa (Dge lugs pa), 13, 112
gender, 11–12, 54, 195, 287–88, 331–42, 400, 404, 456n1; egalitarian view of, 465n199; and heart position, 251–54, 258–64; and medical science, 339–42; “method” (or “skillful means”) associated with the male, 259, 263, 301, 337, 338; “primal awareness” associated with the female, 259, 263, 301, 337, 338; rhetorical agenda of Four Treatises and, 302–309. See also sexual identity; mind stream; pulse diagnostics
genital (reproductive) organs, 199, 201, 203, 214, 326, 301, 334; anomalies of, 323–24, 326, 327, 333, 334, 463n150, 464n164; as channels of being, 201, 239; female, 221, 237–38, 249, 321–23, 333; male, 295, 299, 323, 333
geography, empirical and mythologized, 114, 149, 173–75, 176, 183, 185, 188–90, 281, 402
Gozhi Retang (Sgo bzhi re thang), 441n180
gso ba’i lus, 208
Guru Chöwang (Gu ru chos dbang), 425n140
Gyelwang Dorjé Drakpa (Rgyal dbang Rdo rje grags pa), 438n117
Hallisey, Charles, x, 406
heart, 198, 203, 249, 269, 270, 271, 448n135; connection to brain, 210; fire as element of, 266–67; and gender difference, 251–54, 258–64, 400, 453n9; and karmic mind, 236–37; “mind-entrance opening” in, 237, 258–61, 262, 453n9; position in body, 251–64; tantric channels around, 221, 229; tip of, 251–56, 258–59, 260–61, 264, 451n5
historical thinking, 8, 11, 134, 135, 143, 144, 150, 154, 156, 157–64, 166–67, 168, 169, 177, 182, 185–86, 189–90, 224, 278, 280–83, 402–404. See also timelessness
History Museum of Buryatia, 41
Huangdi (the “Yellow Emperor”), 105
human dharma [mi chos] (way of humans), 12–13, 37, 345–60; and artistry, 377; and deception, 358, 468n50; and fame/fortune, 378–82; and horizon of death, 392–96; steps toward mastering, 351–54; True Dharma combined with, 354–60
humors, 98, 341, 400; imbalance of, 67, 100, 202–203, 214, 289, 313, 314–15, 393, 419n142; and pulse theory, 335; fourth humor, 289, 313; three humors, 100, 101, 214. See also bile; phlegm; wind
ideal system, 79, 197, 240–41, 256, 257, 267, 313, 316, 318, 325, 378, 400
ideals, 4, 5, 6, 14, 48, 47, 79, 342, 370, 397–98, 401
Imperially Commissioned Golden Mirror of the Orthodox Lineage of Medicine (Yuzuan yizongjin-jian). See Golden Mirror
individuality/idiosyncrasy, 55, 74–80, 75, 76, 77, 91, 195, 257, 288, 313, 318, 339, 397
innovation/newness, 8, 9, 10, 11, 44–45, 116–80, 56, 124–31, 295, 305, 415n62. See also past knowledge, status of
Intelligent Gnosis, Sage, 149, 152, 153; empowered by Medicine Buddha, 157; and Four Treatises, 171, 172; as manifestation of the Buddha, 161, 166; and Yutok, 185, 186, 278, 441n183
Jagowa Lozang Wangchuk (Bya go ba Blo bzang dbang phyug), 56
Ja Mipam Chökyi Lama (Bya Mi pham chos kyi bla ma), 180
Jampa Trinlé (’Byams pa’phrin las), 41, 46, 414n41
Jamyang (’Jam dbyangs), 414n50
Jango Nangso Dargyé (Byang ngos Nang so dar rgyas), 88, 112, 113, 122
Jangpa Tashi Namgyel (Byang pa Bkra shis rnam rgyal), 328
Jangpa Tashi Pelzang (Byang pa Bkra shis dpal bzang). See Tashi Pelzang
Jarpo Penchen Dorjé Palam (Byar po paṇ chen Rdo rje pha lam), 431n277
Jé Trinlé Zhap (Rje Phrin las zhabs), 184, 185
Jetsūn Drakpa Gyeltsen (Rje btsun Grags pa rgyal mtshan), 107
Jetsünpa Chökyi Gyeltsen (Rje btsun pa Chos kyi rgyal mtshan), 420n20
Jokhang (Jo khang) Temple, 42
Jonangpa (Jo nang pa), 112
Jowo Lhündrup Tashi (Jo bo Lhun grub bkra bshis), 428n198
Jowo (Jo bo) Ṡakyamuni statue, 114
Kālacakratantra, 52–53, 87, 162, 189, 194, 235, 241, 422n4, 447n108, 454n20
karma, 10, 13, 100, 300, 306, 308–309; conditionality of, 405; as contributor to illness, 393; and menstruation, 318; and prognosis, 387; and pulse theory, 335; and uncertainties in life, 382
Karma Tenkyong Wangpo (Kar ma bstan skyong dbang po), 146
Karma Tensung Wangpo (Kar ma bstan srung dbang po), 146
Karma Trinlé (Kar ma ’phrin las), 83
Khyenrap Norbu (Mkhyen rab nor bu), 41
Khyenzig Rinpoché (Mkhyen gzigs rin po che), 454n29
knowledge, 4, 10, 13, 18, 40, 44, 54, 283, 340; accuracy of, 55, 92, 195, 260, 280, 288, 299, 392, 429n213; accountability of, 18, 145, 170, 198, 220, 223, 238, 264, 265, 266, 396, 400; ambitious reach of, 67, 73; and anatomical and botanical illustration, 24; book learning, 366–71; changes in, 1; documentary, 8, 63; folk knowledge, 105; and Ganden Podrang government aims, 97; hybridity of, 15; improvement of, 91, 93, 105, 116, 124, 128, 137; and male privilege, 340; mixture of streams feeding, 225–26; preservation of, 11, 119–25; relativity of, 267; ritual transmission of, 6; seven sources of, 132; social issues in formation of, 288; and text-image discrepancy, 42; textual knowledge, 366, 378, 400, 468n75; Tibet lagging in, 117; visual rendering of, 48, 56, ways of knowing, 4, 5, 17, 197, 406. See also empiricist aspirations; familiarity; innovation/newness; sciences, five
knowledge, rhetorical dimensions of, 14–15, 17–18, 83–93, 104, 112, 137, 145, 153, 190, 199, 265–66 passim, 283, 299, 302–309, 345, 350, 366, 411n4
Kongpo Menlung (Kong po Sman lung), 424n133
Kongtrül Lodrö Tayé (Kong sprul Blo gros mtha’ yas), 276, 425n135
Kumbun (Sku ’bum) Monastery, 433n22
kyangma channel (rkyang ma), 205, 211–13, 219, 234, 274; and channels of being, 239; and gender difference, 258, 263, 267, 452n22; and life channels, 241; male refined substance in, 238; outer, 244; as water channel, 235, 236; and white vital channel, 245; as wind channel, 272
Kyempa Tsewang (Skyem pa Tshe dbang), 85, 146, 164–68, 173, 224, 246, 430n228, 437n96, 438n106; on child conception, 319–20; on embryonic and tantric channels, 231; as exegete, 213–20; and female anatomy, 316–18, 339; and gender, 289; on illnesses of men and women, 301; on juxtaposition, 214, 215, 223; location of tantric channels and, 225; on “outflows,” 366; on pulse examination, 253
Labrang (Bla brang) Monastery, 41
Lamp to Dispel Darkness, A (Zurkharwa), 181–91
Latok Zurkhar (La thog zur mkhar), 112
Lekshé Ling (Legs bshad gling), 83
Lha Totori Nyentsen (Lha Tho ri gnyan btsan), 105
Lhatsün Tashi Pelzang (Lha btsun Bkra shis dpal bzang). See Tashi Pelzang
Lhawang Chok (Lha dbang lcog), 113
Lhazang Khan (Lha bzang Khan), 89–90
Lhepa Genyen (Lhas pa Dge bsnyen), 44
Lhodrak Menlha Döndrup (Lho brag Sman lha don grub), 415n69
Lhodrak Norbu Gyatso (Lho brag Nor bu rgya mtsho), 44
Lhodrak Tendzin Norbu (Lho brag Bstan ’dzin nor bu), 55
Lhokha Dratang (Lho kha grwa thang), 84
Lhünding Dütsi Gyurmé (Lhun sdings Bdud rtsi ’gyur med), 46, 417n106
Lhünding Ganden Menla (Lhun sdings Dga’ ldan sman bla), 114
Lhünding Namgyel Dorjé (Lhun sdings Rnam rgyal rdo rje), 43, 46, 86–88, 94, 105, 417n106; and the Desi’s commentaries, 129; grant of grain to, 113
Lhündingpa Namdor (Lhun ldings pa Rnam rdor), 88
life channels, 89, 200, 204, 210–13, 218, 219, 221, 239, 241–43, 274, 275
Lingbu Chöjé (Gling bu chos rje), 84
Lingtö Chöjé Lozang Gyatso (Gling stod chos rje Blo bzang rgya mtsho), 420n34
Longchen Rapjampa (Klong chen rab ’byams pa), 445n54
Lukhang (Klu khang) Temple, 52
Lumshak Genyen (Lum shag dge snyen), 44
Lungmar Gönpo Rinchen (Lung mar Mgon po rin chen), 428n198
ma ning, 319, 320, 324–34, 326, 329, 330, 335, 337, 340, 341, 462n135–36, 463n146, 463n156, 464n164. See also sexual identity
Mahāparinirvāṇasūtra, 100
Mahāyānasūtrālaṅkāra, 102
male medicine, 12, 75, 76, 294–97, 297; genitalia, 295, 323, 333; sexual maladies, 309–12; virility/fertility, 302–309. See also androcentrism
manifestation/emanation, of a buddha, 111, 149, 150, 152, 155, 156, 158–59, 161, 166, 168, 172–73, 174, 175, 176, 183, 185, 186–87, 190, 278–80, 301, 442n196, 456n65
Manṣūr ibn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Yūsuf ibn Ilyās, 416n77
materiality and medicine, 16, 27, 55, 67, 68, 100–101, 134, 176, 195, 198, 199, 220, 226, 248, 288, 343, 376, 393, 394, 396, 398, 400, 402, 409n7; and channel system, 206–207; limits of materialist description, 241; materialist conception of the body, 276, 454n29; subtle materiality, 205–208, 247–48, 444n39
materia medica, 9, 10, 28, 41, 124, 128, 279, 313, 422n85, 430n239; and commentaries of the Desi, 43, 128; generic nature of, 51; in Ming China, 47; in tangka scrolls, 23
Mé Aktsom (Meg ag tshoms), 106
medical instruments, 57, 376
medical science (sman dpyad; gso dpyad; Skt. cikitsam), 3, 5, 85, 87, 89, 150, 199, 223, 242, 247, 291, 328, 339, 341, 356, 357, 360, 368, 432n15. See also Ayurveda; eight branches; medicine; science; Sowa Rikpa
medicine, and Buddhism, 1–3, 15–17, 96–104, 134–38, 187, 191, 404–407 et passim; Central Asian, 288; Chinese, 2, 4, 47, 105–106, 150, 166, 255, 288, 415n75; East Asian, 238, 289, 398; examinations, 112, 115, foods and brews, 25, 28–29; Galenic, 2; Greco-Arab, 46, 106, 134, 316; history in Tibet, 80, 102–108, 112–24; historiography (Tibetan) of 106, 131–37 (see also khokbuk); Indian, 46, 92, 98–99, 105, 106, 116, 117, 131, 132, 134, 135, 150, 153, 166, 180, 194, 205, 278, 322, 323, 398 (see also Ayurveda); Islamic, 2, 416n77; modern, 7, 17, 19, 199, 203, 261, 267, 270, 276, 315, 320, 444n1; Old School lineages, 108, 425n140, 452n22; state patronage of, 3, 40, 98, 103–108, 113–24. See also eight branches of Ayurveda; medical science; Sowa Rikpa
Medicine Buddha (Bhaiṣajyaguru), 3, 35, 36, 149, 179, 434n45; and Buddha Śākyamuni, 136, 149; Dalai Lama as, 112–13; and Four Treatises, 152, 291, 361; and physicians, 344, 349, 361, 393, 422n95; ritual healing powers of, 98 (lack thereof, 386, 393); and Sage Intelligent Gnosis, 157; in Tanaduk, 36, 168, 281, 282; Yutok the Younger as, 278, 455n56
Medieval House-Book, 24–25
meditation, 69, 99, 139, 196, 198, 206, 223, 225–26, 276, 349, 361–62, 365–66, 371, 405, 406. See also visualization; yogic practice.
memorization, 62, 87, 88, 89, 96, 97–98, 112, 113, 122, 367, 370
Mendrongpa (Sman grong pa), 56
Mengi Drongkhyer Tanaduk (Sman gyi grong khyer Lta na sdug), 424n133. See also Tanaduk
Mengom Drangyepa (Sman sgom ’Brang rgyas pa), 420n34
Mengongpa (Sman gong pa), 89
menstruation, 238, 294, 300, 301, 314–18, 400, 449n153; and child conception, 321, 324, 461n118; problems with, 327; and sex of offspring, 319, 320
mentality, medical/critical, 6–7, 13, 16, 17, 83–93, 124, 129, 130, 139, 158, 164, 182, 183–84, 188–90, 195, 197, 222, 266, 344
Mentangpa (Sman thang pa), 46
Mentsikhang (Sman rtsis khang) Medical School, 41, 42, 413n30
Mermowa Lodrö Chömpel (Mer mo ba Blo gros chos ’phel), 427n195, 428n198
Metok Küntu Gyepa (Me tog kun tu rgyas pa), 470n130
mind, 14, 95, 365; of enlightenment, 227; and heart, 236–37; opening in heart for entrance of, 237, 258–61, 262; “white mind” of physician, 349, 360, 363; and wind, 206, 207, 215, 216, 229
Ming dynasty (China), 9, 46, 47
Mi Nyima Tongwa Dönden (Mi’i nyi ma mthong ba don ldan), 128
modernity, x, 9, 10, 18, 79, 88, 118, 168–69, 188, 406; alternative, 9; early, 2, 79, 124, 275, 288, 301, 366, 403, 406, 409n1; and Buddhism, 17, 403; indigenous, 10; medical training in, 366; scientific illustration in, 79; in South Asian intellectual history, 24, 83. See also past knowledge, status of
monasticism, and medical practice, 99; sex and monastic law, 334; and third sex, 327–28, 330; Tibetan monastic debate, 18
monks, 39, 39, 52, 65, 66; with Dharma book, 72, 72; and medicine, 99, 101; physicians as, 39
Muné Tsenpo (Mu ne bstan po), 111–12
Museum of Medicine (Ulan Baator, Mongolia), 413n39
Nālandā monastic college, 99
Namling Panchen Könchok Chödrak (Rnam gling paṇ chen Dkon mchog chos grags), 88, 121, 129
Nandagarbhāvakrāntisūtra, 98
Nangso Dönyö (Nang so don yod), 146
navel, 218–19, 240; and channels of being, 201, 203, 239, 249; and growth (embryonic) channels, 200, 202, 235; and vital channels, 225, 229
Naza Lingpa (Na bza’ gling pa), 113
Nechu Lhakhang (Gnas bcu lha khang) library, 427n182
Ngawang Jikten Drakpa (Ngag dbang ’jig rten grags pa), 85
Nītiśāstra literature, 344
Nomonhan Trülku (No mon han Sprul sku), 442n196
Norbulingkha (Nor bu gling kha) (summer residence of Dalai Lama), 41
Nya Kongten (Gnya’ dkong rten), 373
nyams yig (“writing from experience”), 128, 409n3
Nyanang Namkha Lha (Gnya’ nang Nam mkha’ lha), 116–17
Nyang Tömé (Nyang stod smad) (birthplace of Yutok), 441n180
Nyemo Tseden (Snye mo Tshad ldan), 88, 129
Nyitang Drungchen Lozang Gyatso (Nyi thang drung chen Blo bzang rgya mtso), 113
Old School, 104, 108, 151, 153, 154, 177, 425n140, 433n29, 437n82, 452n22. See also Treasure tradition
Orgyenpa Rinchen Pel (O rgyan Rin chen dpal), 117
Orygen Lingpa (O rgyan gling pa), 440n147
paintings, Tibetan medical, 25, 41, 188, 241, 412n18; androcentrism in, 294–97, 297, 299; animals depicted in, 26–27, 28, 411–12n10; authorial intention of, 44–45; copies of, 41–42; compared with other Tibetan, Asian, and European illustration, 45–53; decentering of Buddhism in, 35–39, 69–73; details that exceed the didactic, 25–27, 38–39, 49–51, 66, 74–78; differences in versions, 42; everyday life represented in, 25–27, 28–29, 29, 48–54; generic depiction in 50–55, 70–74, 76, 397; genesis of, 40–44; individual/universal dynamics in, 74–80, 75, 76, 77; nonindicative illustrations, 57–62, 58, 59, 60; as object of prestige, 63, 68, 74; range of topics covered by, 66–68; religion represented in, 23, 34–39, 64–66, 69–73; sexual relations depicted in, 27, 29, 31–35, 33–34, 412n16; as simulacrum of the state, 69–80; social and cultural framework of, 62–64, 64, 65, 66; tantric channels in, 272–75, 273; Ulan Ude set, 41, 42, 411n1. See also realism
Pajoding (Pha jo ldings) manuscript, 444n45
Pakmodrupa (Phag mo gru pa), 104
Panchen Lozang Chögyan (Paṇ chen Blo bzang cho rgyan), 426n156
Panchen Lozang Pelden Yeshé (Paṇ chen Blo bzang dpal ldan ye shes), 189–90
past knowledge, status of, 8, 9, 45, 56, 85, 93, 103–104, 108, 111, 113, 117–19, 121, 124, 125–27, 128, 137, 188–89, 194, 199, 233–34, 403. See also innovation/newness
patronage, 7, 9, 40, 84, 106–108, 112, 113, 146, 198, 340, 342, 353, 395, 399, 407, 413n28, 438n117,
Pawo Tsuklak Trengwa (Dpa’ bo gtsug la phreng ba), 184, 186–87, 282
Pelkhang Lotsawa (Dpal khang lo tsa ba), 441n178
perception, 9, 11, 18, 57, 189, 198, 203, 227–28, 287, 363, 363, 366, 371, 384–85, 398, 403. See also direct observation; empiricist aspirations
Perfection of Wisdom sūtra, 73
physicians, 59, 60, 364, 372, 379; and artistry, 376–78; bad and good doctors, 346, 349, 363–64, 369–71, 372, 378, 380–82; and death of patient, 363, 364, 380, 382–96; depiction of, 38–39, 58; education of, 102, 351–78, 405; family pedigree of, 87, 378–79, 379; female, 54; linguistic strategies of, 382–92; prognoses of, 382–92; requisites, 349–50, 360, 363, 365, 367, 374, 380; subject to unpredictable realities, 382–96; virtues of, 349, 362–66 (see also artistry; familiarity; toughness); visualizations used by, 36, 361–62, 393. See also human dharma; teacher-student relation
physiology, 2, 27, 148, 202, 205, 208, 210, 212, 222, 229, 294, 300, 449n153
Pitched Interior of General Knowledge, The (Zurkharwa), 177–81, 439n117
plants, medicinal, 47, 48, 49, 88; accuracy in portrayal of, 50, 55–56; classification (’khrungs dpe), 51, 52, 124, 414n50, 416n92, 417n95; habitats of, 122; recognition of, 87, 127, 194
Pollock, Sheldon, x, 9, 24
Pöntsang Tsarongpa Tsewang Namgyel (Dpon tshang tsha rong pa Tshe dbang rnam rgyal), 113
Pöntsang Tseten Dorjé (Dpon tshang Tshe brtan rdo rje), 113
Potala Palace, 4, 49, 69, 81, 113; archives of, 111; murals in, 42, 50, 91, 420n42; Red Palace construction, 94; White Palace, 110
Practical Manual (the Desi), 115
Prajñāśataja (attrib. Nāgārjuna), 347, 466n12
predominance (adhipati), 337
prognosis, 59, 377, 382, 384–85, 390; death as limit case of, 392; doctor unable to give, 60, 60; double, 385–89, 388; public announcement of, 385–86, 386; triple, 385, 389–92
pulse diagnostics, 37, 57, 58, 58, 59, 67, 106, 150, 180, 187, 203–204, 247, 400 passim, 418n129, 440n160, 450n193, 451n1; Chinese-Tibetan influences and differences, 162, 184, 252, 289; and diagnosis of disease, 179, 279; and gender difference, 253–58, 260, 263, 328–39, 329–30, 341; pulse combinations in couples, 64, 65; and sex of offspring, 321–22; and third sex idea, 328–39
Qing [Manchu] dynasty (China), 7, 8, 9, 24, 407; Dalai Lama’s relationship with, 110, 110, 112; and Golden Mirror, 74
realism, 47, 49, 50–51, 53, 54–58, 90, 91, 124, 130, 185, 189, 355, 392, 412n12, 417n108, 432n5
religion, 2, 4–5, 6, 15, 19, 34–39, 64, 76, 96, 345, 406; at a distance, 69–73; authority of, 79; but one part of the world, 35–39, 68, 79; causing contagious diseases, 64–66, 64–65; good for health, 64, 69–70, 73; and the state, 63, 76–77, 79, 96, 275, 277, 406; science vis-à-vis, 16–17, 100, 133, 144, 145, 189, 196, 197–98, 220, 249, 275, 277, 395–96, 403–404. See also Buddhism
Remen Gönpo (Ras sman mgon po), 427n192
representation, Buddhological studies of, 24; and connotation, 54, 66–78, 134, 322; visual vs. textual, 25–27, 42–43, 45, 56–62. See also generic representation; paintings, Tibetan medical
reputation, 89, 93, 95, 153, 344, 350, 352–54, 356–58, 378–82, 384–85, 395, 400, 405
Rinchending Lozang Gyatso (Rin chen sdings Blo bzang rgya mtsho), 431n277
Rinchen Mingyur Gyeltsen (Rin chen mi ’gyur rgyal mtshan), Ngor Abbot, 50
Rinchen Zangpo (Rin chen bzang po), 107
Rinpungpa (Rin spungs), 86
roma (ro ma) channel, 205, 218, 230, 234–36, 274; and black vital channel, 219, 245; and channels of being, 239; female refined substance in, 238; and gender difference, 255, 257, 267, 452n22; inner, 212; and life channels, 241; location in body, 234; outer, 211–12, 213, 244
Sakya Mendrong (Sa skya sman grong), 84, 107, 112
Sakyapa Gyeltsen Pelzang (Sa skya ba Rgyal mtshan dpal bzang), 444n43
Sakya temple complex, 49, 118
Samdruptsé (Bsam grub rtse) fortress, 113
samse’u (bsam se’u), 238, 246, 253, 255, 289, 459n69; common to both sexes, 292, 315, 322; location in body, 460–61n96; and menstruation, 315–16
Sanskrit, noun gender in, 328; terms for sexual identity, 234, 323, 325, 327; text titles, 144, 438n109; title of Four Treatises, 167, 171
śāstra, 152, 155, 157, 158, 177, 278; Buddha Word scriptures in relation to, 161, 163, 164, 165, 282; Four Treatises as, 156, 166, 171, 175, 179, 180, 182–84
Schaeffer, Kurtis, x, 366
Schall von Bell, Johann Adam, 8
science, 4, 5–6, 8, 48, 91, 93, 117, 145, 164, 176, 190; and accountability, 170, 264, 265; and accuracy, 92, 191, 260, 270, 277, 280, 290, 316, 340, 342; and classification, 51; and credibility, 164; and the XIVth Dalai Lama, 197, 298; and disputation, 92; European, 7, 8, 9, 10, 18, 79, 92, 123, 410n12; feminist history of, 296; history of, 1, 19, 24, 193, 275, 406; and illustration, 54, 55, 79; and innovation, 157; modern science, 5, 10, 12, 79, 118; and religion, 1–2, 16, 19, 100, 144, 170, 196, 197–98, 220, 268, 277, 288, 396, 406; and the state, 68, 95, 118. See also Buddhism and science; medical science; medicine
sciences (vidyāsthāna), five, 5, 84, 87, 94, 99, 102, 133, 135, 136, 138, 152, 165, 359, 418n22, 422n90
Secret Explanation of the Vajra Body (Yangönpa), 205
Secret Mantra, 15, 155, 206, 214, 215, 223–24, 258, 259, 332, 401; central channel in, 218; and everyday body, 225; and Four Treatises, 213–15, 224, 279; and tantric channels, 247. See also tantra
semen, 100, 212, 300, 319, 321, 452n24; and tantric channels, 212; treatment of female maladies with, 314; and virility/fertility, 303, 305, 311
sex, 6, 31, 32, 68, 199, 288, 310, 311, 314, 400, 404; and depletion of vital fluids, 33–34, 34–35; illustration of, 27, 29–34; of newlyweds, 33, 33, 412n15; male performance, 306, 308, 311; part of everyday life, 33–34; reproductive fluids, 100, 212, 237, 292, 300, 307, 309, 315, 317, 321, 452n24, 459n59 (see also semen; menses); and rotsa medicine, 302–12, 312, 458n41; sexual desire, 234, 238, 314; sexual yoga, 27, 301; treatment of male sexual maladies, 309–12, 312; in wheel of life, 27, 29, 30, 31. See also virility/fertility
sexual identity, 6, 287, 322–28, 326, 331–36, 339; changing, 5, 325–27, 326, 334, 339; of offspring, 64, 304, 308–309, 318–20, 329–30, 335, 339; as “receptacle,” 324, 325; result of karma, 303, 305; third sex (ma ning), 12, 319, 320, 324–34, 326, 329, 330, 335, 337, 340, 341, 401, 462nn135–36, 463n146, 463n156, 464n164. See also gender; genital (reproductive) organs
Sharchen Chok (Shar chen lcog), 113
Shelkar Dzong (Shel dkar rdzong), 118
Situ Panchen Chökyi Jungné (Si tu paṇ chen Chos kyi ’byung gnas), 50–51, 185
Small Myriad (Sumtön), 210, 346–47, 351–53, 358, 359, 381–82; on artistry and human dharma, 377; on book learning, 367, 368, 369–70; on death and dying patients, 393; on family lineage of doctors, 378–79; and “four boundless minds,” 363; on prognosis, 386–88, 391–92; on unpredictable forces in medical practice, 383–84; on virtue of familiarity, 372, 374–76
Sman dpyad ba’i rgyal po (Somarāja), 148
Sokdokpa (Sog bzlog pa), 456n65
Sönam Chime (Bsod nams ’chi med), ix–x
Sönam Yeshé Gyeltsen (Bsod nams ye shes rgyal mtshan), 219, 225, 234, 241
Songtsen Gampo (Srong btsan sgam po), 105, 347
Sorik Dropen Ling (Gso rig ’gro phan gling), 113, 266
soteriology, 15, 67, 98, 102, 198, 212, 288, 328, 359, 362, 395, 404, 405; and familiarization, 373; and human dharma, 350; and medical historiography, 134; and medical method, 366; tantric, 212; and Zurkharwa, 170
Sowa Rikpa [Gso ba rig pa] (“science of healing”), 2, 4, 7, 10, 13, 101, 379; and culture of Tibetan capital, 93; definition of, 4, 5; external therapies in, 409n6; female practitioners of, 54; as heterogeneous endeavor, 406; and materiality/material conditions, 393; preservation of, 113; and Buddha Word, 16. See also medicine
spine/spinal cord, 203, 206, 444n34, 446n87; in medical paintings, 273, 273; as tantric central channel, 220, 228–29; and vital channels, 210, 217, 243
Sumga Lhaksam (Sum dga’ lhag bsam), 89, 113, 117
Sumpa Khenpo (Sum pa mkhan po), 437n94
Sumtön Yeshé Zung (Sum ston Ye shes gzung), 107, 132, 152, 153, 425n140, 456n6; on human dharma, 346; medical commentaries by, 210–13; as sole inheritor of Four Treatises, 155, 160
Takten(ma) (Rtag brtan [ma]) edition of Four Treatises, 436n68, 459n55
Taktsang Lotsawa Sherap Rinchen (Stag tshang lo tsa ba Shes rab rin chen), 160, 180
Tanaduk [Lta na sdug] (city of medicine), 35, 149, 168, 175, 189, 385, 441n169, 455n48; debate on nature and location of, 157–58, 161, 166, 173, 176, 182, 184, 281–82, 402; Desi Sangyé Gyatso on, 114, 280–82, 456n65; Four Treatises taught in, 149, 152–53; and Chakpori, 114; as manifestation, 161, 174, 183, 190; Medicine Buddha in, 36; Zurkharwa Lodrö Gyelpo on, 166, 173–76, 182–85, 189–90, 252, 441n169
Tangtong Gyelpo (Thang stong rgyal po), 71, 72
Tangut/Xixia medicine, 132
tantra/tantric practice, 3, 11, 37, 135; cakras, 203, 205, 230–31, 240, 241; and effigies, 52; and interpretation of Four Treatises, 213–15, 224–33, 243–49, 279, 402–403; monastic control of, 189; tāntrikas, 64, 66, 226, 227, 230; yab yum deities, 27. See also Secret Mantra; tantric channels, yogic practice
tantric channels, 196–99, 201, 202, 204–13, 256, 402–403; absent from human corpse, 205, 227, 248; and connecting channels, 215, 221–22; reception of Zurkharwa’s views on, 270–77; of fetus, 224–33; and heart, 258; material existence of, 207, 222, 276, 338, 453n1; and medical practice, 243–49; “outer,” 211–13, 234, 241, 242, 244, 275; physical location of, 197, 198, 208–13, 219, 221; and pulse theory, 338. See also anatomy, tantric; central channel, tantric; kyangma; roma; Zurkharwa Lodrö Gyelpo
Tashilhünpo (Bkra shis lhun po), 53
Tashi Pelzang (Bkra shis dpal bzang), 145, 147, 159, 160, 161–63, 164, 167, 222, 247, 272, 258, 436n78, 432n11; and diagnosis of disease, 180; on gender, 289; on heart tip and gender difference, 253–58, 259, 262, 266–68, 451n6; on hollow and solid organs, 257, 451n17; on Indic origin of Four Treatises, 228, 279; as nemesis of Zurkharwa, 147, 211; and pulse theory, 331–39; on Tanaduk, 161, 174
Tazhi Ngarpo (Mtha’ bzhi ngar po), 373
ten negative misdeeds, 355
Tendzin Norbu (Bstan ’dzin nor bu), 44
Tengyur (Bstan ’gyur), 94
textual authority, 11, 18, 87, 123, 124, 125, 137, 143, 144, 147, 148, 166, 167, 172, 173, 175, 182–83, 190, 193–97, 199, 224, 228, 234, 244, 251–52, 261, 264, 398, 399. See also Buddha Word
Tibet, Buddhist state in, 3, 7, 11, 40, 80, 81, 93, 96, 98, 103, 110, 111, 138, 169, 266, 399; and dress styles, 78, 419n144; European missionaries in, 8, 112, 410nn16–18; history of medicine in, 102–108, 112–24; Indian sacred geography in, 189; introduction of Buddhism to, 104, 120, 132, 348; study of, 24. See also Buddhism, Tibetan; Ganden Podrang; kings and emperors, Tibetan
Tibetan Medical College (Lhasa), ix, x
tradition, status of, 9, 17, 18, 45, 82–83, 91, 118–28, 130, 132, 134–36, 143, 160, 164, 167, 188–89, 198, 199, 234, 251, 268, 283, 290, 305 seq.; invention of, 104, 119–21, 133, 281. See also pastness
Tratsang Lodrö Chokgi Dorjé (Khra tshang ba Blo gros mchog gi rdo rje), 426n156
Treasure tradition, 96, 103–104, 138, 147, 148, 186, 190, 440n145; compared with Buddha Word debate, 144, 151, 152, 164, 179, 190; and Four Treatises, 107–108, 120, 138, 144, 151–54, 156, 158, 160, 167, 177–80; and human dharma (mi chos), 347; as legitimating apparatus, 152, 154, 178, 425n140; and the Tibetan state, 111, 138. See also Heart Sphere of Yutok
Tri Desongten (Khri lde Srong btsan), 105
Tri Songdetsen (Khri Srong lde btsan), 87, 107, 178, 348
Troru Tsenam (Khro ru tshe rnam), ix–x
Tsang (Gtsang), King of, 108
Tsangtö Dargön (Gtsang stod Dar mgon), 457n23
Tsenpashilaha (Tsan pa shi la ha), 106, 178
Tsering Thar (Tshe ring thar), x
Tseten Dorjé (Tshe brtan rdo rje), King, 103–104, 146
Tsoché Lhünding (’Tsho byed Lhun sdings), 113
Tsomé Khenchen (Mtsho smad mkhan chen), 84
Tsültrim Gyeltsen (Tshul khrims rgyal mtshan), 276, 443n21
tulku [sprul ku] (manifested body), 187
Tupten Püntsok (Thub bstan phun tshogs), ix, 276
Üpa Dardrak (Dbus pa Dar grags), 179
uterus (bu snod; mngal), 293, 294, 300, 301, 457n17, 457n19; medical conditions of, 313; and menstrual cycle, 315–17, 319, 321
veins, 89, 196, 203, 208–209, 219, 222, 249, 313, 394, 444n25, 444n31
Vernant, Jean-Pierre, 397
Vesalius, Andreas, 47, 63
visualization, 36, 69, 70, 99–100, 198, 468n58, 422n95; and Medicine Buddha, 361, 362, 393
Visuddhimagga (Buddhaghosa), 99
vital channel, embryonic, 225, 273; distinction from black and white channels, 203, 229, 236; as “outer” central channel, 275; and sexual desire, 238; as tantric central channel, 214, 218, 231, 234, 235, 448n135
vital channels, black and white, 201, 203, 204, 210–12, 443n23, 445n49; ambiguity with embryonic vital channel, 401; black channel as “trunk,” 217, 446n92; and embryonic development, 236; and fetus, 225, 232–33; and growth (embryonic) channels, 237; and life channels, 449n167; and medical practice, 271; observability of, 234; and tantric channels, 228–29, 230, 239, 243–46. See also blood channels; connecting channels; water channel; wind channels
Wangyal Drakpa (Dbang rgyal grags pa), 84
Way That Medicine Arrived, The (Chejé), 132
weather, prediction of, 8
wheel of life (bhavacakra), 27, 30
wind, 202, 205, 215; and growth channels, 203; and heart, 162; and humoral imbalance, 100; resident in lower body, 201; and vital channels, 206, 207, 211; and yogic practice, 204. See also vital winds
women, 12, 287–90; creation of women’s medicine, 290–94; mothers with infants, 77–78, 77, 419n143; physicians, 54; Tibetan terms for, 322–23. See also androcentrism, bud med, female anatomy; female pathology; misogyny; patriarchy; skye dman
yidam (yi dam) deities, 155, 279
yogic practice, 66, 70, 196, 197, 405, 204–208, 220; and channels of body, 203, 212, 214, 328, 401; sexual, 27, 301; and tantric channels, 223, 237, 247; and vital winds, 204, 232, 405. See also tantra/tantric practice
Yonghe Gong Tibetan Buddhist temple (Beijing), 41, 413n37
Yutok Bumseng (G.yu thog ’Bum seng), 427n192
Yutok Gönrin (G.yu thog Mgon rin), 427n192
Yutok Khyungpo Dorjé (G.yu thog Khyung po rdo rje), 120
Yutok Pelzang (G.yu thog Dpal bzang), 427n192
Yutok Wönga (G.yu thog Dbon dga’), 427n192
Yutok Yönten Gönpo (G.yu thog Yon tan mgon po), 4, 5, 84, 96, 107, 119, 121, 397, 415n64, 425n135; and authorship of Four Treatises, 107–108, 153, 160, 180, 440n160; autobiographical writings, 155; bio/hagiography of, 119–21, 153–56, 185–87, 194, 428n195–201, 434n34; the Elder, 119–20, 135, 178, 196, 278, 281, 282, 427n195, 428nn198–203; home and birthplace of, 185, 441n180; as manifestation of the Buddha, 155, 186–87, 278–79; spiritual standing of, 156; the Younger, 119–20, 135, 151, 177–78, 278, 282, 427n195, 428nn198–203, 455n42. See also Four Treatises
Zhalu Rinchen Sönam Chokdrup (Zhwa lu Rin chen bsod nams mchog grub), 426n156
Zhelngo Sönam Chömpel (Zhal dngos Bsod nams chos ’phel), 108
Zhikatsé (Gshis ka rtse), fortress at, 113
Zhönnu Yeshé (Gzhon nu ye shes), 153
Zurkhar Nyamnyi Dorjé (Zur mkhar Mnyam nyid do rje). See Nyamnyi Dorjé
Zurkharwa Lodrö Gyelpo (Zur mkhar ba Blo gros rgyal po), ix, 11, 12, 90, 121, 160, 430n234, 451n6; autobiographical statements of, 145; blockprint edition of Four Treatises of, 84, 122, 146, 282, 429n212 (see also Dratang edition); on channels of being, 239–41; on channels of body, 199, 220–24, 401; on child conception, 319–21; contributions to Tibetan medicine, 268; and debate on Buddha Word, 144, 147, 164–65, 169–90, 212; deference and desire for credit, 265–66, 268; the Desi’s biography of, 83–86, 91, 145, 419n3; on embryonic channels, 233–39; on everyday body, 208; on female anatomy, 316–18; on female pathology branch, 295–96; on gender, 254–59, 331–42; on heart position and gender difference, 266–68; Karma Kagyü lineage of, 456n69; A Lamp to Dispel Darkness, 181–91; on life channels, 241–43; and medical historiography, 133, 134, 144; as nemesis of the Desi, 128, 136, 143; Old Man’s Testament, 145–46; The Pitched Interior of General Knowledge, 177–81, 439n117; and problems of science and religion, 138, 145; on prognosis, 385; on pulse diagnostic theory, 253, 254–58, 331–39; on Tanaduk, 166, 173–76, 182–85, 189–90, 252, 441n169; on tantric knowledge, 223–24; on tantric channels, 198–99, 220–39, 243–49, 258–59, 337–38, 402–403; on textual knowledge, 366; and Zur medical lineage, 147, 164. See also Ancestors’ Advice
Zurpa Chöying Rangdröl (Zur pa Chos dbyings rang grol), 426n156