NOTES

Preface

1 Carson, B., Take the Risk, Zondervan, 2008

2 The exact number of estimated human genes keep changing – it may be closer to 23,000

3 Carey, N., The Epigenetics Revolution, Icon Books, 2011 (a good introduction to the recent science of epigenetics); Epigenetic Epidemiology, Int J Epidemiology, Feb 2012, 41; 1: 1327 (an entire volume on the latest epigenetics from an Epidemiological point of view)

Introduction

1 MacGregor, A. J., et al, Arthritis Rheum, January 2000; 43 (1): 30–7

2 Darwin, C., On the Origin of Species, 1859, John Murray, London

3 Jablonka, E., and Lamb, M. J., Evolution in Four Dimensions, 2005, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.

4 www.23andme.com; www.decodeme.com

5 Hindorff, L. A., et al, Carcinogenesis, 2011; 32 (7): 945–54; T. A. Manolio, N Engl J Med, 2010; 363 (2): 166–76

6 Krause, J., Nature, 2007; 449 (7164): 902–4; Scally, A., et al, Nature, 7 March 2012 online

7 Klein, R. J., et al, Science, 15 Apr 2005; 308 (5720): 385–9

8 Richards, J. B., et al, Nat Genet, 2008; 40 (11): 1282–4

9 Visscher, P. M., et al, Am J Hum Genet, 2012; 90 (1): 7–24

10 Speliotes, E. K., et al, Nat Genet, 2010; 42 (11): 937–48

11 Liu, F., et al, PLoS Genet, 6 May 2010; 6 (5): e1000934

12 Doll, R., Natl Cancer Inst, June 1981; 66 (6): 1191–1308

13 Scarborough, P., et al, J Public Health (Oxford), 11 May 2011

14 Segal, N., Entwined Lives, 2000, Plume, New York

15 ibid.; and Segal, N., Someone Else’s Twin, 2011, Prometheus, New York

Chapter 1 The gene myth

1 Packard, A. S., Lamarck, The Founder of Evolution: His Life and Work, Longmans, New York, 1901

2 Lamarck, J.-B., Philosophie Zoologique, Dentu, Paris, 1809

3 Packard, A. S., Lamarck, Longmans, 1901

4 ‘Scientist Tells of Success Where Darwin Met Failure’, New York Times, 3 June 1923, p. 2

5 Noble, G. K., Nature, 7 August 1926 209–11

6 Science, 19 November 1926; 64 (1664): 493–4

7 Koestler, A., The Case of the Midwife Toad, Hutchinson, London, 1971

8 Vargas, A., J Exp Zool Mol Dev Evol, 2009

9 Weissman, G., FASEB, 2010: 2592–4

10 Joravsky, D., The Lysenko Affair, 1986, University of Chicago Press

11 Holliday, R., Epigenetics, Apr–Jun 2006; 1 (2): 76–80

12 Bastow, R., et al, Nature, 2004; 427: 164–7

13 Cubas, P., et al, Nature, 1999; 401: 157–61

14 Bastow, R., et al, Nature, 2004; 427: 164–7

15 Schmitz, R. J., et al, Biochim Biophys Acta, 2007; 1769 (5–6): 269–75

16 Vandegehuchte, M. B., et al, Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol, 2009; 50: 343–8

17 Prudic, K. L., et al, Science, 7 January 2011; 331 (6013): 73–5

18 Nätt, D., et al, PLoS ONE, 2009; 4 (7): e6405. doi: 10. 1371

19 Waterland, R. A., and Jirtle, R. L., Mol Cell Biol, 2003; 23: 5293–5300

20 Haig, D., and Graham, C., Cell, 1991; 64: 1045–6

21 Nakabayashi, K., et al, Hum Mol Genet, 15 August 2011; 20 (16): 3188–97

22 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/8494966/Happiness–gene–discovered.html

23 Hammond, C. J., et al, N Engl J Med, 2000; 342 (24): 1786–90

24 Spector, T. D., et al, BMJ, 1996; 312 (7036): 940–3

25 Liew, S. H., et al, Twin Res Hum Genet, June 2005; 8 (3): 198–200

26 MacGregor, A. J., in Spector, T. D., et al, Advances in Twin and Sib-pair Analyses, GMMM, 2000, London

27 Parens, E., et al, Wrestling with Behavioral Genetics, 2006, Johns Hopkins University Press

28 Kamin, L., The Science and Politics of IQ, 1974, Routledge

29 Mackintosh, N. J., Cyril Burt: Fraud or Framed?, 1995, Oxford University Press, Oxford; Rose, S., Lewontin, R., Kamin, L., Not in Our Genes, Penguin, London, 1990

30 Blinkhorn, S., ‘Was Burt Stitched Up?’, Nature, 1989; 340: 439,

31 Novitski, E., Genetics, March 2004; 166: 1133–6

32 Bouchard, T. J., Science, 1994; 264 (5166): 1700–01

Chapter 2 ‘The happiness gene’

1 Provine, R., Laughter: A Scientific Investigation, 2001, Viking, Penguin

2 Kendler, K. S., et al, Psychological Medicine, 2008; 38: 1475–83

3 Fox, E., Cogn Emot, 1 January 2000; 14 (1): 61–92

4 Eysenck, H., British Journal of Psychology, 1942; 32: 295–309

5 Vernon, P. A., et al, Twin Res Hum Genet, February 2008; 11 (1): 44–7

6 Ibid.

7 Buijzen, M., et al, Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 2003; 24: 437–56

8 Giddens, J., et al, Personality and Individual Differences, 2009; 46 (4): 428–31

9 Sharot, T., The Optimism Bias, Pantheon, 2011

10 Diener, E., American Psychologist, 2000; 55: 34–43

11 Helliwell, J. F., Economic Modelling, 2003; 20 (2): 331–60

12 http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/2011/jan/05/nigeria-happiness-polls?intcmp=239

13 Lykken, D., and Tellegen, A., Psychological Science, 1996; 7 (3): 186–9

14 Weiss, A., et al, Psychol Sci, March 2008; 19 (3): 205–10

15 McGue, M., Psychol Aging, March 1993; 8 (1): 72–80

16 Plomin, R., et al, Personality and Individual Differences, 1992; 13: 921–30

17 Chida, Y., et al, Psychosomatic Medicine, 2008; 70 (7): 741–56

18 Rasmussen, H., et al, Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 2009; 37 (3): 239–56

19 Puri, M., Journal of Financial Economics, 2007; 86: 71–99

20 Friedman, H. S., and Martin, L. R., The Longevity Project, Hay House, London, 2011

21 Collins, J., Good to Great, 2001, HarperCollins, New York

22 Ryan, L., et al, Br J Psychiatry, June 2006; 188: 560–6

23 Laje, G., Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 2011; 35 (7): 1553–7

24 Sullivan, P. F., et al, Am J Psychiatry, 2000; 157 (10): 1552–62

25 Lesch, K. P., et al, Science, 1996; 274: 1527–31

26 Hariri, A. R., et al, Science, 2002; 297: 400–04; A. Caspi et al, Am J Psychiatry, 2010; 167 (5): 509–27

27 Karg, K., et al, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2011; 68 (5): 444–54

28 Kinnally, E. L., et al, Genes Brain Behav, 2010; (6): 575–82

29 Fox, E., et al, Proc Biol Sci, 22 May 2009; 276 (1663): 1747–51

30 Dweck, C., Mindset: The New Psychology of Success, Ballantine Books, 2008; Dweck, C., Mindset: How you can fufill your potential, Constable, 2012

31 Steele, C. M., et al, J Pers Soc Psychol, 1995; 69 (5): 797–811

32 Seligman, M. E., et al, Am Psychol, 2006; 61 (8): 774–88; Seligman, M. E., (1991), Learned Optimism: How to Change Your Mind and Your Life, Penguin, New York, 1998; Seligman, M. E., Flourish, Random House, 2011

33 Lutz, A., et al, PNAS, 2004; 101 (46): 16369–73

34 Ott, U., et al, Studies in Neuroscience, Consciousness and Spirituality, 2011; 1: 119–28

35 Fowler, J. H., et al, BMJ, 2008; 337: a2338

Chapter 3 ‘The talent gene’

1 http://cygene.infinityarts.com/browse-10873/Optimum-Athletic-Performance-Dna-Analysis.html

2 www.atlasgene.com

3 Montgomery, H. E., et al, Nature, 1998; 393: 221–2

4 Montgomery, H. E., et al, Circulation, 1997; 96: 741–7

5 Yang, N., et al, Am J Hum Genet, 2003; 73 (3): 627–31

6 MacArthur, D. G., et al, Exerc Sport Sci Rev, January 2007; 35 (1): 30–4

7 Puthucheary, Z., et al, Sports Med, 1 Jun 2011; 41 (6): 433–48; Döring, F., et al., Journal of Sports Sciences, 28, 12: 1355–9; Hagberg, J. M., Med Sci Sports Exerc, May 2011; 43 (5): 743–52

8 Theusch, E., et al, Twin Res Hum Genet, April 2011; 14 (2): 173–8

9 Gladwell, M., Outliers, Penguin, 2009; Syed, M., Bounce, Fourth Estate, 2010; Colvin, G., Talent Is Overrated, Nicholas Brealey, 2008; Shenk, D., The Genius in All of Us, Icon, 2010; Coyle, D., The Talent Code, Arrow Books, 2010

10 Ericsson, K. A., et al, Harvard Business Review, July–August 2007: 115–21

11 Ericsson, K. A., et al, Psychological Review, 1993; 100: 363–406

12 Pott, J., ‘The Triumph of Genius: Celebrating Mozart’, Books and Culture, November–December 2006

13 Syed, M., Bounce, Fourth Estate, London, 2010; Epstein, D., ‘Sports Genes’ in Sports Illustrated, May 2010

14 Bramble, D. M., et al, Nature, 2004; 432: 345–52

15 Maguire, E. A., et al, The Journal of Neuroscience, 1997; 17 (18): 7103–10; Maguire, E. A., et al, Science, 280 (5365): 921–4

16 Woollett, K., et al, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 2009; 364 (1522): 1407–16

17 Ericcson, K. A., et al, Science, 1980; 208 (4448): 1181–2

18 Forbes, C., The Polgar Sisters: Training or Genius?, Henry Holt, New York, 1992

19 Galton, F., Hereditary Genius, Macmillan, London, 1869

20 Stubbe, J. H., et al, PLoS ONE, 20 Dec 2006; 1: e22

21 Bouchard, C., et al, J Appl Physiol, May 2011; 110: 1160–70; North, K. N., et al, Nature Genetics, 21: 353–4; Bouchard, C., et al, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,1998; 30: 252–8

22 De Moor, M. H., et al, Twin Res Hum Genet, Dec 2007; 10 (6): 812–20

23 Arden, N. K. and Spector, T. D., J Bone and Mineral Research, 1997; 12: 2076–81; Vink, J. M., Twin Res Hum Genet, Feb 2011; 14 (1): 25–34

24 Drayna, D., et al, Science, 2001; 291 (5510): 1969–72

25 Peretz. I., et al, Am J Hum Genet, 2007; 81: 582–8

26 Ukkola-Vuoti, L., et al, J Hum Genet, Apr 2011; 56 (4): 324–9

27 Loui, P., et al, J Cogn Neurosci, 2011; 23 (4): 1015–26

28 Miyazaki, K., Percept Psychophys, 1988; 44 (6): 501–12

29 Theusch, E., et al, Twin Res Hum Genet, Apr 2011; 14 (2): 173–8

30 Nisbett, R. E., et al, Am Psychol, 2 Jan 2012 (epub)

31 Duckworth, A. L., et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 10 May 2011; 108 (19): 7716–20

32 Dr James Thompson, of UCL London, said: ‘Life is an IQ test and a personality test and an IQ result contains elements of both (but mostly intelligence). If an IQ test doesn’t motivate someone then that is a good predictor in itself.’

33 Scarr, S., Child Development, 1966; 37 (3): 663–73

34 Terruzzi, I., et al, Physiol Genomics, 2011; 43 (16): 965–73

35 Zhang, F. F., et al, Epigenetics, 1 March 2011; 6 (3): 293–9; Yuasa, Y., et al, Int J Cancer, 2009; 124 (11): 2677–82; Nakajima, K., et al, Int J Sports Med, 2010; 31 (9): 671–5

36 Collins, A., et al, PLoS ONE, 2009; 4 (1): e4330

37 Lightfoot, J. T., et al, Physiological Genomics, 2004; 19: 270–6

38 Brigati, C., et al, Frontiers in Genetics, 12 January 2012 (online)

39 Day, J. J., et al, Neurobiol Learn Mem, July 2011; 96 (1): 2–12

40 Baumeister, R. F., and Tiereny, J., Willpower, Allen Lane, 2011

41 Sharp, N. C., Epigenetics, 2011; 6 (3): 293–9

42 Day, J.J., et al, Neuropsychopharmacology, Jan 2012; 37 (1): 247–60

43 Mill, J., Neurobiol Aging, Jul 2011; 32 (7): 1188–91

Chapter 4 ‘The God gene’

1 Leege, D. C., et al, Rediscovering the Religious Factor in American Politics, NY, 1993, M. E. Sharpe

2 Diener, E., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2011; 101 (6): 1278–90

3 Hebrews, 11:1, KJV

4 Bishop, G. F., et al, Americans’ Scientific Knowledge, 2010; National Center for Science Education (NCSE)

5 Balmer, R., www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2007/0704.balmer.html

6 Koenig, J., and Bouchard, T., in McNamara, Where God and Science Meet, Praeger, 2006

7 Park, A., et al, Religion in Britain and the US: British Social Attitudes 2009–10, Sage, 2010

8 Kirk, K. M., et al, Twin Res, June 1999; 2 (2): 81–7

9 Vance, T., et al, J Nerv Ment Dis, 2010; 198 (10): 755–61

10 Koenig, L. B., et al, J Pers, 2005; 73 (2): 471–88

11 Collins, F., The Language of God, Simon and Schuster, London, 2007

12 Barlow, D., The Autobiography of Charles Darwin, 1809–1882, Collins, London, 1958, pp. 92–4

13 Culotta, E., Science, 6 November 2009; 326 (5954): 784–7

14 Dennett, D., Breaking the Spell, Penguin, London, 2007

15 Nicholson, A., et al, Soc Sci Med, August 2009; 69 (4): 519–28

16 Lin, K., et al, Epilepsy Behav, February 2009; 14 (2): 400–3

17 Kapogiannis, D., et al, PLoS ONE, 28 September 2009; 4 (9): e7180

18 Ackland, G., PNAS, 2007; 8714–19

19 Ramsey, S., et al, J Sex Med, 2009; 6 (8): 2102–10

20 Herbenick, D., et al, J Sex Med, 2010; 7 (10): 3322–30

21 Schick, V. R., J Sex Res, 2011; 48 (1): 74–81

22 Hirschle, J., J Scientific Study of Religion, 2010; 673–87

23 http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1942665,00.html#ixzz1D0zwbDSv

24 McAndrew, S., ‘Religious Faith and contemporary attitudes’, in Park et al, British Social Attitudes, 2009–2010, Sage, 2010

25 Greely, J., J Scientific Study of Religion, 1994, 253–72

26 Greksa, L. P., et al, Ann Hum Biol, 2002; 29 (2): 192–201

27 Rowthorn, R., Proc Biol Sci, 22 August 2011; 278 (1717): 2519–27

28 Park et al, British Social Attitudes, 2009–10; http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article5621482.ece

29 Hamer, D., The God Gene, Doubleday, New York, 2004

30 Koenig, J., et al in McNamara, P., Where God and Science Meet, Praeger, 2006, 31–50

31 Irwin, H. J., The Psychology of Paranormal Belief: A Researcher’s Handbook, Univ Herts Press, 2009

32 Ridolfo, H., et al, Current Research in Social Psychology, 2010; 15: 33–41

33 Bering, J., The God Instinct, Nicholas Brealey, London, 2011

Chapter 5 ‘The parenting gene’

1 Hardyment, C., Dream Babies: Childcare Advice from John Locke to Gina Ford, Frances Lincoln, London, 2007

2 Aries, P., Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life, Random House, 1965

3 Caplan, B., Selfish Reasons to Have More Kids, Basic Books, New York, 2011

4 Chua, A., Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother, Bloomsbury, 2011

5 Spock, B., Dr. Spock’s Baby and Childcare, Seventh Edition, Pocket, 1998

6 Ford, G., The Contented Little Baby, NAL, New York, 2001

7 Sears, M., and Sears, W., The Complete Book of Christian Parenting and Child Care, Broadman and Holman, Nashville, 1997

8 James, O., How Not to F*** Them Up, Vermillion, 2011; Leach, P., Your Baby and Child, Knopf, 2010

9 Bettelheim, B., A Good Enough Parent: A Book on Child-Rearing, Vintage, 1988

10 Harris, J. R., The Nurture Assumption, Free Press, 2009

11 Dunn, J., and Plomin, R., Separate Lives: Why siblings are so different, Basic Books, 1990

12 Turkheimer, E., et al, Psychol Bull, January 2000; 126 (1): 78–108

13 Neiderhiser, J. M., et al, Twin Res Hum Genet, 2007; 10 (1): 74–83

14 Reiss, D., et al, Am J Psychiatry, 1991; 148 (3): 283–91

15 Reiss, D., Acta Psychol Sinica, 2000; 40 (10): 1099–1105

16 Schulz-Heik, R. J., Behav Genet, May 2010; 40 (3): 338–48

17 Pike, A., et al, Dev Psychol, 1996; 32: 590–603

18 Plomin, R., et al, Int J Epidemiol, 2011, 40 (3): 563–82

19 Asbury, K., et al, Twin Research and Human Genetics, 2008; 11: 586–95

20 Harlow, H. F., et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, July 1965; 54 (1): 90–7

21 Van Cleve, T. C., Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen: Immutator Mundi, OUP, 1972

22 Rutter, M. L., et al, The British Journal of Psychiatry, 2001; 179: 97–103

23 Rutter, M. L., et al, Dev Psychol, 2004; 40: 81–94

24 Schulz-Heik, R. J., et al, Behavior Genetics, 2010; 40: 338–48

25 Stevens, S., et al, Am J Med Genet Part B, 2009; 150B: 753–61

26 Cirulli, F., et al, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 2009; 33: 573–85

27 Weaver, I. C., et al, Nature Neuroscience, 2004; 7: 847–54

28 McGowan, P. O., et al, PLoS ONE, 28 Feb 2011; 6 (2): e14739

29 Shahrokh, D. K., et al, Endocrinology, 2010; 151: 2276–86

30 Febo, M., et al, J Neuroscience, 2005; 25: 11637–44

31 Cameron, N. M., et al, J Neuroendocrinol, 2008; 20: 795–801

32 Champagne, F. A., et al, J Behavioral Neuroscience, 2007; 121 (6): 1353–63; Champagne, F. A., et al, Biol Psych, 2006; 59: 1227–35

33 Bowes, L., et al, J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 2010; 51 (7): 809–17

34 Ball, H. A., et al, J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 2008; 49 (1): 104–12

35 Burt, S. A., et al, Psychological Bulletin, 2009; 135, 608–37

36 Eaves, L. J., et al, Behav Genet, 2010; 40 (4): 425–37

Chapter 6 ‘Bad genes’

1 Gorey, K. M., et al, Child Abuse and Neglect, 1997; 21 (4): 391– 8; Finkelhor, D., The Future of Children, 1994; 4 (2): 31–53

2 Baker, A. W., et al, Child Abuse and Neglect, 1985; 9 (4): 457–67; Rind, B., et al, Psychological Bulletin, 1998; 124 (1): 22–53; ‘Child Maltreatment 2005’. Administration on Children and Families. US Department of Health and Human Services, 26 December 2007

3 Gorey, K. M., et al, Child Abuse and Neglect, 1997; 21 (4): 391–8

4 Lascaratos, J., et al, Child Abuse and Neglect, 2000; 24, 8: 1085–1090

5 Rezmovic, E. L., et al, 1996, http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=165912

6 Ball, H. A., et al, J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 2008; 49 (1): 104–12

7 Dinwiddie, S., et al, Psychological Medicine, 2000; 30: 41–52

8 Schulz-Heik, R. J., et al, Behav Genet, 2009; 39: 265–76

9 Kendler, K. S., et al, Archives of General Psychiatry, 2000; 57 (10): 953–9

10 Weich, S., et al, The British Journal of Psychiatry, 2009, 194: 392–8; Hill, J., et al, The British Journal of Psychiatry, 2001, 179: 104–9

11 Kendler, K. S., et al, Archives of General Psychiatry, 2000; 57 (10): 953–9

12 Rind, B., et al, Journal of Sex Research, 1997; 34 (3): 237–55

13 Dallam, S. J., et al, Psychological Bulletin, 2001; 127 (6): 715–33

14 US Congress (1999). ‘Whereas no segment of our society is more critical to the future of human survival than our children’ (PDF). 106th Congress, Resolution 107

15 Ulrich, H. A., ‘Replication of the Meta-analytic Examination of Child Sexual Abuse by Rind, Tromovitch, and Bauserman (1998)’ PhD thesis, 2004 http://worldcat.org/oclc/55532119

16 Kar, N., et al, Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, 2011; 7: 167–81

17 LeardMann, C. A., et al, BMJ, 2009; 338: b1273

18 Loftus, E. F., and Pickrell, J. E., Psychiatric Annals, 1995; 25: 720–5

19 Spitzer, R. L., et al, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 2007; 21 (2): 233–41

20 Rosen, G. M., et al, Clinical Psychology Review, 2008; 28 (5): 837–68

21 Erbes, C., et al, Military Medicine, 2007; 172: 359–63; Hoge, C. W., et al, New England Journal of Medicine, 2004; 351: 13–22

22 Heath, A. C., et al, Psychol Med, 1997; 27 (6): 1381–96

23 Machado, H., and Prainsack, B., Tracing Technologies: Prisoners’ Views in the Era of CSI, Ashgate, 2012. http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item5562820/

24 Vaughn, M. G., et al, Criminal Justice and Behavior, 2009; 36 (11): 1113–24; DeLisi, M., et al, Criminal Justice and Behavior, 2009; 36 (11): 1241–52

25 Baron-Cohen, S., Zero Degrees of Empathy, Allen Lane, London, 2011

26 Zanarini, M. C., Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 2000; 23: 89–101; Bryer, J., Am J Psych, 1987; 1426–30; Caspi, A., et al, Science, 2002; 297 (5582): 851–4

27 Francis, K. J., et al, Child Abuse Negl, 2008; 32 (12): 1127–37

28 Centerwall, B. S., et al, Compr Psychiatry, 1989; 30 (5): 442–6

29 Lyons, M. J., et al, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1995; 52 (11): 906–15

30 Lichtenstein, P., et al, Twin Res Hum Genet, 2007; 10 (1): 67–73

31 Lyons, M. J., ‘A Twin Study of Self-Reported Criminal Behaviour’ in Ciba Foundation Symposium 194 – Genetics of Criminal and Antisocial Behaviour (eds G. R. Bock and J. A. Goode), John Wiley and Sons, 2007

32 Christiansen, K. O., Int J of Criminology and Penology, 1973; 1, 1: 31–45; Lyons, M. J., et al, Arch Gen Psychiatry, November 1995; 52 (11): 906–15

33 Rhee, S. H., and Waldman, I. D., Psychol Bull, 2002; 128: 490–529

34 Bohman, M., ‘Predisposition to Criminality: Swedish Adoption Studies in Retrospect’, in Ciba Foundation Symposium 194 – Genetics of Criminal and Antisocial Behaviour (eds G. R. Bock and J. A. Goode), John Wiley and Sons, 2007

35 Brambilla, P., Psychiatry Res, 2004; 131 (2): 125–33

36 Rijsdijsk, F. V., et al, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2010; 67 (4): 406–13

37 McGowan, P. O., et al, PLoS ONE, 28 February 2011; 6 (2): e14739

38 Ernst, C., et al, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2009; 66 (1): 22–32

39 McGowan, P. O., et al, Neurobiol Dis, 2010; 39 (1): 66–72

40 McGowan, P. O., et al, Nat Neurosci, 2009; 12: 342–48

41 Ponseti, J., et al, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2012; 69 (2): 187–94

42 Maes, H. H., et al, Twin Res Hum Genet, 2007; 10 (1): 136–50

43 Essex, M. J., et al, Child Dev, 2011, doi. 0.1111

44 Tarantino, L. M., et al, Front Psychiatry, 2011; 2: 44

45 Allen, G., and Duncan-Smith, I., Early Intervention: Good Parents, Great Kids, Better Citizens, The Centre for Social Justice and the SMITH Institute, 2008

46 ‘Fair Society, Healthy Lives’, The Marmot Review, The Dept of Health, 2010

47 Olds, D., Prevention Science, 2002; 3: 153–72; Olds, D., et al, JAMA, 1998; 278: 637–43

48 Kendrick., D, et al, Evidence-Based Child Health, 2009; 4: 1005–39

49 Dretzke, J., et al, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 2009; 3: 7

50 McMunn, A. M., Social Science and Medicine, 2001; 53: 423–40

51 Belsky, J., and Beaver, K. M., J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 2011; 52 (5): 619–26

Chapter 7 ‘The mortality gene’

1 Zdravkovic, S., et al, Journal of Internal Medicine, 2002; 252: 247–54

2 Noble, D., The Music of Life, Oxford University Press, 2006

3 Barker, D. J. P., et al, The Lancet, 1989; 334: p. 577–80

4 Dikötter, F., Mao’s Great Famine: The History of China’s Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–62, Walker & Company, 2010

5 Bygren, L. O., et al, Acta Biotheoretica, 2001; 49: 53–9; Kaati, G., et al, Eur J Hum Genet, 2002; 10: 682–8

6 Kaati, G., et al, Eur J Hum Genet, 2007; 15: 784–90

7 Pembrey, M. E., et al, Eur J Hum Genet, 2006; 14: 159–166

8 Chen, T. H., et al, Am J Clin Nutr, 2006; 83 (3): 688–92; Lin, W. Y., et al, Obesity, 2009; 17 (6): 1247 –54

9 Boucher, B. J., et al, Diabetologia, 1994; 37: 49–55

10 Heijmans, B. T. J., et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2008; 105: 17046–9

11 Hughes, L. A., et al, Int J Epidemiol, 2010; 39 (5): 1333–44; epub, 28 April 2010

12 Cherkas, L. F., et al, Aging Cell, 2006; 5 (5): 361–5

13 Marmot, M.G., et al, The Lancet, 1991; 337: 1387–93

14 Sapolsky, R., Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: An Updated Guide To Stress, Stress Related Diseases, and Coping, Scientific American Library, 1998

15 Tung, J., et al, PNAS, epub, 9 April 2012

16 Valdes, A. M., et al, The Lancet, 2005; 366 (9486): 662–4

17 Epel, E. S., et al, Hormones, 2009; 8 (1): 7–22

18 Marmot, M. G., et al, JAMA, 2009; 301 (11): 1169–71

Chapter 8 ‘The fat gene’

1 Swami, V., J of Sex Research, 2009; 46 (1): 89–96

2 CDC 2004 and NHANES surveys

3 Scuteri, A., et al, PLoS Genet, July 2007; 3 (7): e115; Willer, C. J., et al, Nat Genet, January 2009; 41 (1): 25–34

4 Church, C., et al, Nat Genet, 2010; 42 (12): 1086; Cecil, J. E., et al, N Engl J Med, 2008; 359 (24): 2558–66; Timpson, N. J., et al, Am J Clin Nutr, 2008; 88 (4): 971–8; Olszewski, P. K., et al, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2011; 408 (3): 422–6; McTaggert, J. S., PLoS ONE, 2011; 6 (11): e27968

5 Falchi, M., et al, 2012 (submitted)

6 Kilpeläinen, T. O., et al, PLoS Med, 2011; 8 (11): e1001116

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31 Mozaffarian, D., et al, N Engl J Med, 2011; 364: 2392–404

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33 Sumithran, P., et al, N Engl J Med, 2011; 365 (17): 1597–1604

34 Levine, J. A., Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2004; 286 (5): E675–85

35 Bouchard, C., et al, N Engl J Med, 1990; 322 (21): 1477–82

36 Hainer, V., et al, Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, August 2000; 24 (8): 1051–7

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44 Kanfi, Y., et al, Nature, 22 February 2012, 438 (7388): 218–21

45 Markert, C. D., et al, J Med Food, 2010; 13 (5): 1081–5

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54 Bjelakovic, G., et al, JAMA, 2007; 297: 842–857; Bjelakovic, G., et al, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2008; 2: Art No: CD007176

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Chapter 9 ‘The cancer gene’

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10 Velentzis, L. S., et al, Br J Cancer, 2009; 100 (9): 1492–8

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12 Hansen, K. D., et al, Nat Genet, 2011; 43 (8): 768–75

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14 Boumber, Y., and Issa, J. P., Oncology, March 2011; 25 (3): 220–6, 228

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16 Wu, H., et al, Nature, 19 May 2011; 473 (7347): 389–93

17 Hansen, K. D., et al, Nat Genet, 2011; 43 (8): 768–75

18 www.epigenomics.com; Ladabaum, U., et al, Digestive Disease Week, 7–10 May 2011, Chicago, IL (Abstract #220)

19 Heyn, H., et al, PLoS Genetics, submitted 2012

20 Assis, S., ‘Transgenerational inheritance of breast cancer’, 2011, Abstract, March, Keystone, p. 73

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25 Kim, Y. S., et al, Am J Psychiatry, 9 May 2011 (epub)

26 Hallmayer, J., et al, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 4 July 2011 (epub)

27 Wang, K., et al, Nature, 28 May 2009; 459 (7246): 528–33

28 Berkel, S., et al, Nature Genetics, 2010; 42: 489–91

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34 Ramachandran, V. S., and Seckel, E. L., Med Hypotheses, January 2011; 76 (1): 150–1

35 Healey, K., Two Brothers, Worlds Apart, SAAS, 2011

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37 Newschaffer, C. J., et al, Pediatrics, 2005; 115 No. 3 e277–e282

38 Croen, L. A., et al, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2011; 68 (11): 1104–12

39 Wakefield, A. J., et al, The Lancet, 17 April 2004; 363 (9417): 1327–8

40 Baron-Cohen, S., PLoS Biol, June 2011; 9 (6): e1001081

41 Skuse, D. H., Pediatric Research, 2000; 47: Issue 1, p. 9

42 Stoltenberg, C., Epidemiology, 2011; 22: Issue 4, pp. 489–90

43 Nguyen, A., et al, FASEB, August 2010; 24 (8): 3036–51

44 Golding, J., et al, PLoS ONE, 2010; 5 (4): e9939

45 Foldi, C. J., et al, Front Behav Neurosci, 2011; 5: 32; (epub 23 June 2011)

46 Zerbo, O., et al, Epidemiology, 2011; 22: 469–75

47 http://www.trccorp.com/faq_root_disease6.php

48 Schmidt, R. J., et al, Epidemiology, 2011; 22: 476–85

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50 Wolstenholme, J. T., et al, Horm Behav, March 2011; 59 (3): 296–305

51 Dolinoy, D. C., et al, PNAS, 2007; 104 (32): 13056

52 Palanza, P., et al, Environ Res, 2008; 108: 150–7

53 Nakagami, A., et al, Psychoneuroendocrinology, September 2009; 34 (8): 1189–97

54 Xu, X. H., et al, Hormone Behaviour, July 2010; 58 (2): 326–33

55 Jasarevic, E., et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 12 July 2011; 108 (28): 11715–20

56 Salian, S., et al, Life Sci, 2009; 85 (1–2): 11–18

57 Vallero, R., and LaSalle, J. M., ‘Epigenetics at the interface of Genetic and Environmental risk factors for ASD,’ Abstract, Keystone, March 2011, p. 60

58 Anway, M. D., et al, Endocrinology, 2006; 147: 5515–23

59 Vandenberg, L. N., et al, Reprod Toxicol, August–September 2007; 24 (2): 139–77

60 Lang, I. A., et al, JAMA, 2008; 300 (11): 1303–10

61 Melzer, D., et al, PLoS ONE, 2010; 5 (1): e8673

62 Clayton, E. M., et al, Environ Health Perspect, 2011; 119: 390–6

63 Ugiura-ogasawara, M., et al, Human reproduction, 2005; 20 (8): 2325–9; Braun, J., et al, Environmental Health Perspectives, 2009; 117 (12): 1945–52; Nanjappa, M. K., et al, Biol Reprod, 1 Feb 2012 (epub)

Chapter 10 ‘The gay gene’

1 Bonde, J. P., et al, Epidemiology, September 2011; 22 (5): 617–19

2 Li, D. K., et al, Fertil Steril, February 2011; 95 (2): 625–30

3 Ravnborg, T. L., et al, Hum Reprod, May 2011; 26 (5): 1000–11

4 Fowler, P. A., et al, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 13 July 2011 (epub)

5 Prudic, K. L., et al, Science, 2011; 331 (6013): 73–5

6 Georges, A., et al, Sex Dev, 2010; 4: 7–15; Crain, D.A., et al, Reproductive Toxicology, 2007; 24: 225–39

7 Wibbels, T., et al, J of Experimental Zoology, 1991; 260 (1): 130–4

8 Grech, V., et al, J Epidemiol Community Health, August 2003; 57 (8): 612–15

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10 Ogas, O., and Gaddam, S. A., Billion wicked thoughts, Dutton, New York, 2011

11 http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/sep/26/iran.gender

12 Olyslager, F., et al, http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/Prevalence/Reports/Prevalence%20of%20Transsexualism.pdf

13 Segal, N., Arch Sex Behav, June 2006; 35 (3): 347–58

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16 Eisenberg, M. L., et al, PLoS ONE, 11 May 2011; 6 (5): e18973

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23 Choi, I. H., et al, Asian J Androl, 4 July 2011 (epub)

24 Paul, S. N., et al, Twin Res Hum Genet, 2006; 9: 215–19

25 Medland, S. E., et al, Am J Hum Genet, 2010; 86 (4): 519–25

26 Oinonen, K. A., Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2009, 34: 713–26

27 Sanders, G., et al, Arch Sex Behav, October 1997; 26 (5): 463–80; Hall, J. A., et al, Archives of Sexual Behavior, 1995; 24 (4): 395–407

28 Grov, C., et al, Arch Sex Behaviour, June 2010; 39 (3): 788–97

29 Jordan-Young, R. M., Brain Storm: The Flaws in the Science of Sex Differences, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 2010

30 Sell, R. L., et al, Arch Sex Behav, June 1995; 24 (3): 235–48

31 Rosenthal, A. M., et al. Biol Psychol, September 2011; 88 (1): 112–15; Rosenthal, A. M., et al, Arch Sex Behav, 23 December 2011 (epub); Rieger, G., et al, Psychological Science, 2005; 16: 579–84

32 Långström, N., et al, Arch Sex Behav, February 2010; 39 (1): 75–80

33 Hamer, D., and Copeland, P., The Science of Desire: The Search for the Gay Gene and the Biology of Behavior, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1994; Hamer, D. H., et al, Science, 16 July 1993; 261 (5119): 321–7

34 Hu, S., et al, Nat Genet, 1995; 11 (3): 248–56; Rice, G., et al, Science, 1999; 23; 284 (5414): 665–7

35 LeVay, S., Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality, MIT Press, Cambridge, 1996

36 Camperio-Ciani, A., et al, Proc Biol Sci, 7 November 2004; 271 (1554): 2217–21

37 Blanchard, R., Horm Behav, September 2001; 40 (2): 105–14

38 Green, R., Psychological Medicine, 2000; 30: 789–95

39 Blanchard, R., and Lippa, R., Archives of Sexual Behavior, December 2008; 37 (6): 970–6

40 Bogaert, A. F., et al, Front Neuroendocrinol, April 2011; 32 (2): 247–54

41 Struckman-Johnson, C., et al, J Interpers Violence, December 2006; 21 (12): 1591–1615

42 Stoller, R. J., et al, Arch Gen Psychiatry, April 1985; 42 (4): 399–404

43 Kendler, K. S., et al, Am J Psychiatry, 2000; 157 (11): 1843–6; Case, L. K., et al, Med Hypotheses, 2012, 78 (5), 626–31

44 http://www.alternet.org/story/146557/?page=entire

45 Diamond, L. M., Sexual Fluidity, Harvard University Press, 2008

46 Diamond, L. M., and Butterworth, M., Sex Roles, 2008; 59 (5–6): 365–76

47 Bailey, J. M., and Zucker, K. J., Developmental Psychology, 1995; 31: 43–55; Diamond, L. M., Dev Psychol, September 1998; 34 (5): 1085–95

48 Burri, A., et al, PLoS ONE, 2011; 6 (7): e21982

49 Långström, N., et al, Arch Sex Behav, 2010; 39 (1): 75–80

50 Bocklandt, S., et al, Hum Genet, 2006; 118 (6): 691–4

51 Diamond, M., et al, Horm Behav, 1996; 30 (4): 333–53

52 Crews, D., et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci, 2007; 104 (14): 5942–6

53 Farabollini, F., et al, Environ Health Perspect, 2002; 110 (Suppl3): 409–14; Quignot, N., et al, Reprod Toxicol, 21 Jan 2012 (epub)

Chapter 11 ‘The fidelity gene’

1 Prause, N., et al, Archives of Sexual Behavior, 2004; 36 (3): 341–56; Bogaert, A. F., Journal of Sex Research, 2004; 41: 279–87

2 Aron, E. N., and Aron, A. J., Pers Soc Psychol, August 1997; 73 (2): 345–68

3 Jagiellowicz, J., et al, Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci; Jan 2011; 6 (1): 38–47; Belsky J., and Pluess, M., Psychol Bull, 2009; 135 (6): 885–908

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6 Cherkas, L. F., et al, Twin Res, 2004; 7 (6): 649–58

7 Brouwer, L., et al, Mol Ecol, August 2010; 19 (16): 3444–55

8 Forstmeier, W., et al, Proc of the Nat Acad Sciences, 2011; 108 (26): 10608–13

9 Mark, K. P., et al, Arch Sex Behav, 2011; 40 (5): 971–82

10 de Bono, M., et al, Cell, 1998; 94 (5): 679–89

11 Wang, Z. X., et al, J Neuroendocrinol, 2000; 12 (2): 111–20

12 Pitkow, L. J., et al, J Neurosci, 2001; 21 (18): 7392–6

13 Shahrokh, D. K., et al, Endocrinology, 2010; 151 (5): 2276–86

14 Walum, H., et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci, 2008; 105 (37): 14153–6

15 Hurlemann, R., et al, J Neurosci, 2010; 30 (14): 4999–5007

16 Waldinger, M. D., et al, J Sex Med, 2009; 6 (10): 2778–87

17 Winkelmann, J., et al, Nature Genetics, 2007; 39 (8): 1000–6

18 Dunn, K. M., et al, Biol Lett, 2005; 1 (3): 260–3

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20 Perry, J. D., and Whipple, B. J., Sex Res, 1981; 17: 22–39

21 Burri, A. V., et al, J Sex Med, 2010; 7 (5): 1842–52

22 Jannini, E. A., et al, J Sex Med, 2010; 7: 2292–4

23 http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20770-sex-on-the-brain-what-turns-women-on-mapped-out.html

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25 Lloyd, J., et al, Br J Obstetrics Gynaecol, 2005; 112: 643–6

26 Lloyd, E. A., The Case of the Female Orgasm: Bias in the Science of Evolution, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 2005; Wallen, K., and Lloyd, E. A., Evolution and Development, 2008; 10: 1, 1–2

27 Komisaruk, B. R., et al, J Sex Med, 2011; 8 (10): 2822–30

28 Burri, A. V., and Spector, T., J Sex Med, 2011; 8 (9): 2420–30

29 Burri, A. V., et al, J Sex Med, 2009; 6 (7): 1930–7

30 Burri, A. V., et al, J Sex Med, 2012; 9 (1): 198–206

31 Hawkes, N., BMJ, 5 October 2010; 341: c5532

32 Goldfischer, E. R., et al, J Sex Med, 2011; 8 (11): 3160–70

33 Rowe, A. C., et al, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2011; 36 (8): 1257–60

34 Meston, C. M., et al, Annu Rev Sex Res, 2004; 15: 173–257

35 Komisaruk, B. R., and Whipple B., Annu Rev Sex Res, 2005; 16: 62–86

36 Georgiadis, J. R., et al, Hum Brain Mapp, October 2009; 30 (10): 3089–3101

37 Komisaruk, B., Beyer, C., Whipple, B., The Science of Orgasm, JHU Press, 2006

38 Wilson, L. A., et al, J Sex Med, April 2009; 6 (4): 947–57; Komisaruk, B., and Whipple, B., Annu Rev Sex Res, 2005; 16: 62–86

39 Bell, J., et al, PLoS Gen, 2012; 8 (4): e1002629 (epub)

Chapter 12 Bacteria genes

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2 Lugli, A., et al, Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2007; 4: 52–7

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4 Dingle, K. E., PLoS ONE, 2011; 6 (5): e19993

5 Brown, L. M., Epidemiol Rev, 2000; 22 (2): 283–97

6 Strachan, D. P., Thorax, August 2000; 55 (Suppl 1): S2–S10

7 Blaser, M. J., et al, Gut, 2008; 57 (5): 561–7; Azad, M. B., and Kozyrskyj, A. L., Clin Dev Immunol, 2012; 932072 online

8 Wang, K. Y., et al, Am J of Clinical Nutrition, 2004; 80 (3): 737–41

9 Maslova, E., et al, Abstract Presented at European Respiratory Society Conference, 2011

10 Robinson, M. K., N Engl J Med, 2009; 361: 520

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12 Li, J. V., et al, Gut, September 2011; 60 (9): 1214–23

13 Furet, J. P., et al, Diabetes, December 2010; 59 (12): 3049–57

14 Casadesús, J., et al, Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, 2006; 70 (3): 830–56

15 Collier, J., Curr Opin Microbiol, December 2009; 12 (6): 722–9

16 Gonda, T. A., et al, Gastroenterology, 13 January 2012 (epub)

17 Sepulveda, A. R., et al, Gastroenterology, 2010; 138: 1836–44

18 Wang, Z., et al, Nature, 2011; 472 (7341): 57–63

19 Koren, O., et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2011; 108 (Suppl 1): 4592–8

20 Bahekar, A. A., et al, Am Heart J, 2007; 154 (5): 830–7

21 D’Costa, V. M., et al, Nature, 2011; 477 (7365): 757–61

22 Mohammed, I., et al, Am J Gastroenterol, June 2005; 100 (6): 1340–4

23 Bengtson, M. B., et al, Gut, 2006; 55: 1754–1759

24 Relman, D. A., N Engl J Med, 2011; 365: 347–57

25 Arumugam, M., et al, Nature, 2011; 473 (7346): 174–80

26 Costello, E. K., et al, Science, 2009; 326 (5960): 1694–7

27 Holdeman, L. V., et al, Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976; 31 (3): 359–75

28 Qin, J., et al, Nature, 4 March 2010; 464 (7285): 59–65

29 Arumugam, M., et al, Nature, 12 May 2011; 473 (7346): 174–80

30 Turnbaugh, P. J., et al, Nature, 2006; 444: 1027–31

31 Bäckhed, F., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2007; 104 (3): 979–84

32 McGarr, S. E., et al, Curr Gastroenterol Rep, 2009; 11 (4): 307–13

33 Moore, W. E., et al, Appl Environ Microbiol, September 1995; 61 (9): 3202–7; Kostic, A. D., et al, Genome Res, February 2012; 22 (2): 292–8; Castellarin, M., et al, Nutr Rev, September 2009; 67 (9): 509–26

34 van Baarlen, P., et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci, 2009; 106 (7): 2371–6; Kellermayer, R., et al, FASEB, May 2011; 25 (5): 1449–60

35 Marchesi, J. R., et al, PLoS ONE, 2011; 6 (5)

36 Neufeld, K. M., et al, Neurogastroenterol Motil, 2011; 23: 255e264, e119; Heijtz, R. D., et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci, 2011; 108: 3047e3052; Lyte, M., et al, Physiol Behav, 2006; 89: 350e357

37 Bravo, J. A., et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci, 29 August 2011 (epub)

38 Karczewski, J., et al, Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2010; 298 (6): G851–6; Kau, A. L., et al, Nature, 2011; 474 (7351): 327–36

39 Grehan, M. J., et al, Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 2010; 44 (8): 551–61

40 Borody, T., Am J Gastroenterol, 2000; 95 (11): 3028–9

41 Pimentel, M., et al, N Engl J Med, 6 Jan 2011; 364 (1): 22–32

42 Guilloteau, P., et al, Nutr Res Rev, 2010; 23 (2): 366–84

43 Blaser, M., Nature, 2011; 476: 393–4; Cho, I., and Blaser, M. J., Nat Rev Genet, 2012; 13 (4): 260–70; Clemente, J. C., et al, Cell, 2012; 148: 125870

44 Pauline, T., et al, Biomed Environ Sci, 2001; 14 (3): 207–13

45 Jia, J., et al, FEMS Microbiol Ecol, 2011; 78 (2): 395–404

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Chapter 13 Identical genes

1 Gurdon, J. B., et al, Nature, 1958; 182 (4627): 64–5

2 Takahashi, K., and Yamanaka, S., Cell, 2006; 126 (4): 663–6

3 Ebben, J. D., et al, World Neurosurg, 2011; 76 (3–4): 270–5; Makkar, R. R., et al, Lancet, 14 February 2012 (epub)

4 Berdasco, M., and Esteller, M., Stem Cell Res Ther, 31 October 2011; 2 (5): 42

5 Reefhuis, J., et al, Hum Reprod, 2009; 24 (2): 360–6

6 Strawn, E. Y., et al, Fertil Steril, July 2010; 94 (2): 754. e1–2

7 Rajender, S., et al, Mutat Res, May–Jun 2011; 727 (3): 62–71

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