Abdullah, Imam (Callistus Bernard), 228, 230, 303
Abraham Lincoln (aircraft carrier), 298–99
Abu Ghraib, 313
Álvarez, Gustavo, 102
Achille Lauro hijacking, 269
Adams, Tom, 231
Adkin, Mark, 233
Adler, Julius, 140
anti-Soviet war in, 264–71, 309
consequences of intervention in, 307–11
democracy and, 316
election of Karzai in, 310
invasion of 2001, 260–62, 275–80, 300
Taliban and, 203, 260–63, 271–75
Agency for International Development, 185
Agrarian Reform Law (Guatemala, 1952), 133, 135, 203
Aguacate air base, 102
Aguinaldo, Emilio, 48–52
Akaka, Daniel, 88
Alessandri, Jorge, 178
Alexander, De Alva S., 86
Algeria, 154
Allawi, Ayad, 313
Allende Gossens, Salvador, 170–73, 175–80, 183–95, 197, 199, 210–14, 216, 226
Alliance for Progress, 174, 176
Al Qaeda, 273, 275–78, 280, 286, 289, 294, 298, 308, 310–11, 313
American Bank Note Company, 56, 58, 113–14
American banks, 74–76, 98–99, 113, 181, 185
American business (corporations), 3–5, 34, 104, 106, 215–16, 318–19. See also specific companies
Afghanistan and, 273–74
Chile and, 173–74, 176–78, 182, 186
Guatemala and, 129–30, 132–34, 207, 317
Hawaii and, 9–13
Honduras and, 71–74, 101, 107, 317
Iraq and, 291–92
McKinley and G. W. Bush and, 301
Nicaragua and, 3, 60, 63–66, 107
Panama and, 57–58
Puerto Rico and, 92
American exceptionalism, 34, 107
American & Foreign Power Company, 114
American Samoa, 104
Amin, Hafizullah, 266
Anaconda Copper Mining Company, 173–74, 186–87, 211
Anderson, Jack, 188
Anderson, Thomas, 48
Andropov, Yuri, 264–65
Anglo-American Oil Company (later British Petroleum), 117–18, 134, 200–201
Angola, 90
Annexation Club of Hawaii, 16–17, 19, 26
Anson, Cap, 38
anti-Americanism, 196, 200–202, 311–13, 317, 318
anti-apartheid movement, 224
anticolonialism, 118, 150, 154, 240
anti-Communism, 114–17, 121–24, 134–36, 139, 152–53, 156, 175, 178, 179, 182–83, 215
Antigua, 231
anti-imperialists, 82–85
antitrust, 206
anti-Vietnam war movement, 224
appeasement, 197
Aquino, Benigno, 96
Aquino, Corazon, 96–97
Arbenz Guzman, Jacobo, 129, 131–47, 157, 197, 204–6, 216, 226
Arevalo, Juan Jose, 131–32
Armitage, Richard, 278
arms and arms industry, 139–40, 154–55, 183, 241, 247, 250, 291–92
Arthur, Chester A., 81
Asia, U.S. power in, 86–88, 96
Austin, Hudson, 228–29, 233, 303
Aylwin, Patricio, 212
Azimi, Fakhreddin, 124
Aznar, Jose Maria, 295
Azores, 81
Bagrambase, 311
Bahamas, 223
Balangiga massacre, 52–53
Baldwin, Henry, 23
Ball George, 158–59
Baltimore American, 54
banana industry, 71–73, 76–77, 100–101, 103, 131–32, 203, 206
Bank of America, 186
Barbados, 220, 231, 232, 236, 237
Barletta, Nicolás Ardito, 245, 246, 248
Batista, Fulgencio, 89, 90, 174
Beard, Charles, 81
Bechtel corporation, 291
Beirut attacks, 222–23, 269, 302
Belgium, 212
Belize, 223
Bernays, Edward, 134
Bethlehem Steel, 186
Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, 265
“big stick” policy, 63
“Bin Laden Determined to Strike in U.S.” (August 2001 memo), 276
Bish, Milan, 220
Blaine, James G., 17, 24, 30, 85
Blaize, Herbert, 303
Blix, Hans, 295
Boeing, 291
Bonilla, Manuel, 71–73, 75, 76
Bonilla, Oscar, 210
Bosnia, 310
Boston (U.S. warship), 19, 20, 24, 29
Braden Copper Company (later Kennecott Copper Corporation), 173
Briggs, Everett, 246
British Honduras (later Belize), 73
British Petroleum (formerly Anglo-Iranian Oil Company), 200–201
Brown Brothers bank, 98–99, 113
Bryan, William Jennings, 113
Bryce, James, 80
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 267
Buckley, Tom, 250
Buddhist monks, 148–49, 156–58, 163
Bunau-Varilla, Philippe, 58
Bundy, McGeorge, 169
Bundy, William, 207
Burke, Edmund, 319
Bush, George H. W., 189, 221–22, 231, 245, 250–51, 253, 254, 256–57, 275, 287–88, 288
Bush, George W., 275–79, 285–86, 288–301, 307–9, 311–18
Butler, Smedley, 69–70
Cabot, John Moors, 130
Cabot, Thomas Dudley, 130
Cambodia, 210
Cam Ranh Bay base, 156
Canada, annexation of, 80
Cardenas, Lazaro, 130
Caribbean, 33, 42, 103–4, 220–21, 226, 232
Caribbean Peacekeeping Force, 237
Carlisle, John, 34
Carlyle Group, 291
Carnegie, Andrew, 82
Carnegie Steel, 64
Carter, Jimmy, 96, 202, 244, 250, 267, 275
Castillo Armas, Carlos, 138, 141–47, 203–4
Castle, William, 20, 21, 22, 26
Castle & Cooke, 13
Castro, Fidel, 89–91, 105, 180, 154, 170, 193, 205, 206, 226, 228
Catholics, 152–53
Central America. See also specific countries
Contadora peace plan and, 249
impact of overthrow in, 104–5, 133–34, 137–38, 226
Platt Amendment and, 42
Reagan and, 219
reform movements in, 56
unity conference of 1902, 62
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 4, 89, 102, 216
Afghanistan and, 261–63, 265–73, 275, 277, 279–80
Chile and, 171, 173–76, 178–86, 188–95, 213
Guatemala and, 6, 129, 136–47, 204–5
Iran and, 120, 121–28, 200, 201
Pakistan and, 265–66, 268, 270, 272–73
Panama and, 239, 245–47, 250, 256
presidents and, 195–96, 198–99
Vietnam and, 152, 157, 159–69, 207
Cerro Mining Corporation, 186–87
Céspedes, Carlos Manuel de, 90
Ceylon (later Sri Lanka), 79
Chase Manhattan Bank, 172, 176
Cheney, Dick, 237, 251, 275, 285, 288, 291
Cheyre, Juan Emilia, 213
commission on Pinochet, 213
consequences of intervention in, 185–86, 210–14, 216, 316
coup of 1971, 2, 170–73, 182, 184–98
economic interests and, 215
election of 1970, 170–73, 175–84, 188
election of 1990, 212
history of, 173–76
National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation, 212
nationalism in, 198, 199, 214–16
plebiscite of 1988, 212
Chile Ad Hoc Committee, 186
Chilean Congress, 170, 172, 175, 178, 179, 182, 184, 186, 211
Chilean military, 175–76, 179, 190–94, 213
Chilean secret police, 211–12
Chile Task Force (CIA), 180
Chile Telephone Company, 174, 187, 211
China, 50, 79, 116, 117, 150, 151, 197, 199, 264, 320
Chirac, Jacques, 296
Christian Democratic Party of Chile, 175, 212
Christian messianic mission, 11–13, 16, 33–34, 47, 49–50, 83–84, 114–15, 215, 278, 319
Christmas, Lee, 71, 74, 75, 76
Chuquicamata copper mine, 173, 174
Churchill, Winston, 120
civic movements, 3
civilizing mission, 33, 49, 84–85. See also Christian messianic mission
civil society, 320
Civil War, U.S., 24, 38–39, 54, 106
Clark, Champ, 84
Clarke, Richard, 286, 288–89, 295
Clay, Lucius, 115
Cleveland, Grover, 24, 32, 34, 82, 86, 107, 112
Cleveland Plain Dealer, 54
Clinton, Bill, 88, 207, 274–76
Coard, Bernard, 224, 227–31, 303–4
Cochrane, Charles, 84
Cody, Buffalo Bill, 38–39
Cogan, Chuck, 265
Colburn, John, 10
Colburn, John, 21
Colby, William, 207
Cold War, 5, 90, 93, 117, 121, 135, 136, 196–200, 204, 212, 215–16, 220, 264–65
end of, 321
Coll, Steve, 274
Colombia, 60–62, 114, 174, 239
Communism, 114–17, 122, 129–30, 134–35, 139, 176, 196–98, 204–5, 209–10, 215–16
Guatemala and, 130, 133–41, 143, 147, 204–5
Vietnam and, 150–51, 153–56, 160–61, 163, 209–10
Conein, Lucien, 161–62, 165–66, 168–69
Conservative Party of Nicaragua, 56–57
Contadora peace plan, 249
Cook, James, 11
Cooke, Amos Starr, 13
Cooper, George, 75
copper industry, 173–74, 186–87
Corbett, “Gentleman” Jim, 38
Córdoba, Luis, 244–45
corporations. See American business; multinational corporations; and specific companies
Costa Rica, 59, 62, 67, 68, 101, 130, 243
counterinsurgency, 301
Credit Lyonnais, 113
Crisis Pre-Planning Group, 230–31
Cromwell, William Nelson, 57–59, 64, 112
Cronkite, Walter, 160
Castro revolution in, 89–91, 93, 94, 154, 174, 205
Chile and, 172
constitution of 1900, 42–43
economic interests and, 215
elections of 1901, 44
Grenada and, 220, 221, 226, 227, 236, 304
Guatemala and, 206
intelligence service, 239
Panama and, 246
reform movements in, 105
Spanish-American War and takeover of, 31–32, 37–44, 46, 48, 63, 83, 87–89, 300
threats and isolation of, 320
U.S. ignores opinion in, 108
wars of independence in, 31–32, 35–38, 40–43, 80
Cuban Cane Sugar Corporation, 113
Cullather, Nick, 204–5
Cutler, Robert, 130
Cuyamel Fruit Company, 100
Damon, Samuel, 29
Darbyshire, Norman, 123
Dávadi, Florian, 71
Dávila, Miguel, 73–75, 76, 104, 134
Davis, Arthur, 247
Davis, Nathaniel, 189, 192, 216
Davis, Richard Harding, 46
Dawson, Thomas, 76
Declaration of Caracas (1954), 139
Defense Intelligence Agency, 191
de Gaulle, Charles, 160
DeLarm, Jerry, 146
Del Monte, 206
democracy. See also liberation rhetoric
Afghanistan and, 310
capitalism and, 315–17
Chile and, 173–75, 182, 184, 193, 197, 212–14
Cuba and, 40
expansionism and, 34
Guatemala and, 129–36, 139–40, 147, 203–4, 206
Hawaii and, 18–19
Honduras and, 102–3
Iran and, 118, 124–25, 127, 129, 200, 201, 203
Latin American and, 176
not necessarily pro-American, 104–5, 317–18
Philippines and, 97
Vietnam and, 153
Denmark, 139
Denny, Harold, 70
depessions and panics, 105
DeRiggs, Chris “Kojo,” 227
Devine, Jack, 192
Diamante (Nicaraguan vessel), 67
Díaz, Carlos Enrique, 144–46
Díaz Herrera, Roberto, 247–49
Diem, Ngo Dinh, 149, 152–69, 207–10
Dixie (U.S. warship), 61
Dole, James, 26
Dole, Sanford, 26–29, 30, 85, 86
Dole fruit company, 26
dollar diplomacy, 98
Dominican Republic, 2, 80, 93, 226
domino theory, 155
Don, Tran Van, 162, 165–68, 208
Doolittle, James, 198
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 203
Dostum, Abdul Rashid, 274, 279
Douglas, William O., 200
Dow Chemical, 186
Downing, Wayne, 263
Dresdner Bank, 113
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), 239, 245, 247
drug trafficking, 239, 241, 245, 247, 249–50, 306, 310
Dubuque (U.S. warship), 69
Dulles, Allen, 89, 122–24, 130, 136–41
Dulles, John Foster, 4, 111–17, 120–24, 129–30, 133, 135–44, 147, 151–54, 157, 199–201, 204, 209–10, 215–16, 294–95
Dunne, Finley Peter, 94
Duong Van Minh (“Big Minh”), 162, 165–69, 208
Eagleburger, Lawrence, 177, 258
Eastern Caribbean Court of Appeals, 304
East Germany, 227
East Timor, 310
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 90, 95, 111, 115–17, 120–21, 133, 136–38, 140, 143, 150, 153, 154, 198–99
El Al attacks, 269
ElBaradei, Mohammed, 295
Electoral College, 107
Electric Bond & Share, 132, 133
Elizabeth II, queen of England, 233
El Mercurio, 170, 175, 177, 186, 190
El Salvador, 62, 66, 67, 101, 146, 239, 302
El Siglo (newspaper), 192
El Teniente mine, 173, 174, 186
Endara, Guillermo, 250, 256, 306–7
Escobar, Pablo, 249
Estrada, Juan José, 66–68, 70, 98
Estrada Palma, Tomás, 44
Eurocentrism, 198
European immigrants, 82
Evans, May, 71
Evans, Robley, 79
Ewans, Martin, 273
expansionism, 32–34, 37, 44, 80–85, 104–5
Export-Import Bank, 185
Fatemi, Hussein, 200
Fatherland and Liberty, 181
Firestone Tire & Rubber, 186
Fletcher, Henry, 64–65
Florida, 141
Foraker Act, 91–92
foreign markets, 33, 34, 81, 105–6, 316, 321
Fort Amador, 254
France, 65, 97, 98, 117, 149–52, 160, 162, 204, 212, 296, 309
France Field, 137
Frankfurter Zeitung, 81
Franks, Tommy, 285, 294, 296–98, 314
free market capitalism, 101, 315, 320
free-trade agreements, 13–14
Freud, Sigmund, 134
Funston, Frederick, 51–52
“Future of Iraq” project, 314
Gairy, Eric, 223–25
Garzon, Baltasar, 212
Generation of ‘98, 108
Geneva Agreement of 1954, 150–51, 209–10
Geneva Conventions, 313
Germany, Nazi, 114
Gillespie, Charles, 220
Gilpatrick, Roswell, 159
Giroldi, Moises, 251–53
Glaspie, April, 287
Gloucester (U.S. gunboat), 45
Godkin, E. L., 82
gold mining, 64
Goldwater, Barry, 196
Good, John, 27–28
Goodson, Larry, 308
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 270
Gorton, Slade, 88
Grady, Henry, 123
Great Britain, 65, 97, 117–21, 123, 126, 150, 200–201, 212–13, 223, 225, 233–34, 263–64, 291, 296, 297, 309, 313–15
Great White Fleet, 78–80
Green Berets, 205
consequences of intervention in, 302–5
constitution, 225
election of 1984 in, 303
history of, 223–30
invasion of, 5, 219–23, 230–38
Gresham, Walter, 34
Griggs, John, 41
Gruson, Sydney, 140
Guam, 104
Guam, USS (ship), 231–32, 234, 237
Guantánamo prisoners, 311
Guatemala, 5, 66, 67, 101, 157, 189
Central American unity conference and, 62
CIA warns against coup in, 198
consequences of intervention in, 141, 203–7, 216, 302, 316
coup of 1954 in, 4, 129–47, 195–98
Grenada and, 226
nationalism in, 150, 198, 214–16
peace treaty of 1996, 206–7
Reagan and, 239
Guatemalan Commission on Historical Clarification, 207
Guatemalan exiles, 138–41
Guatemalan National Assembly, 131, 133, 135
Guinea-Bissau (formerly Portuguese Guinea), 240
Gulf Oil, 202
Gulf War of 1991, 272, 287–88, 292, 296
gunboat diplomacy, 61
Haass, Richard, 293
habeas corpus, 85
Halberstam, David, 156
Hale, Eugene, 79
Halle, Louis, 140–41
Halliburton company, 291
Hammer, Ellen, 169
Haney, Al, 137–38, 141, 143–44, 146
Hanna, Philip, 44
Haq, Abdul, 260–63, 267–68, 271, 274–75, 278–79
Harkins, Paul, 164
Harriman, Averell, 158, 163–64
Harrison, Benjamin, 17, 24, 30, 107, 112, 215
annexation of, 14–18, 24, 30, 32, 38, 85–87, 107–8
“bayonet constitution” of, 15, 16, 18
constitution of 1893, 9–10, 18–20
culture and isolation of, 10–12
economic interests and, 4, 13, 215
monarchy overthrown in, 2–4, 14–22, 24–30, 85–86
Nicaragua and, 70
Hawaiian Committee of Safety, 19, 21–27, 30
Hawaiian Household Guards, 18, 27
Hawaiian Patriotic Association, 18
Hawaiian reciprocity treaty (1876), 13–15
Hawaiian Supreme Court, 16, 27
Hearst, William R., 36–37, 106
Hekmatyar, Gulbeddin, 267, 268, 272, 274
Helms, Richard, 171–73, 178–79, 181, 189, 195
Henderson, Loy, 123
Henna, Julio, 92
Hersh, Seymour, 246–47
Hill, Robert, 130
Hoar, George Frisbie, 49
Ho Chi Minh, 150, 151, 153, 154
Honduran Congress, dissolved, 101
Honduran customs service, 74
Honduran National Assembly, 76
Honduran Treasury, 74
consequences of intervention in, 100–105, 134
Central American unity conference and, 62
contra war and, 102–3
coup of 1963 in, 101
economic interests and, 71–75, 107, 215
election of 1981, 102
overthrow of 1910–1911, 71–77
Hoopes, Townsend, 116
Hoover, Herbert, 99
Hopkins, Archibald, 17
Ho Tan Quyen, 165
Howard Air Force Base, 245–46, 256
“How the West Indian Child Is Made Educationally Sub-Normal” (Coard), 224
Hugo, Victor, 203
humanitarian motives, 315–17, 319
Hunt, Howard, 138
Hussein, Saddam, 272, 281–99, 311, 312, 314
identity politics, 224
Indianapolis News, 54
Indonesia, 2, 97, 98, 177, 313
industrialization, 82
Influence of Sea Power upon History, The (Mahan), 33
Intelligence Authorization Act (1986), 247
Inter-American Development Bank, 185
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 295
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 130
International Court of Justice, 119
International Nickel Company, 114
International Railways of Central America, 113, 132, 133
International Telephone & Telegraph Corporation (ITT), 171, 174, 178, 186–88, 211
Interoceanic Canal Museum, 60
Inter-Services Intelligence Agency (ISI) of Pakistan, 266–68, 270
Iowa (U.S. battleship), 45
Iran, 305
Afghanistan and, 264
G. W. Bush and, 293–94
CIA warns against coup in, 198
consequences of intervention in, 200–203, 216
coup of 1953, 5, 117–28, 136, 140, 147, 195–96
economic interests and, 4, 215
Helms and, 189–90
isolation of, 320
Kissinger and, 177
nationalism in, 150, 198, 214–16
revolution of 1978–79, 201–3, 264, 292, 298–99, 302
Soviet Union and, 197
Iran-contra scandal, 249
Iranian dissidents, 201
Iranian hostage crisis, 202–3, 220
Iranian parliament, 118–19, 124–25
Iraq, 5–6
anti-Americanism in, 318
British rule of, 314–15
G. W. Bush and, 276, 280, 301, 309–10
consequences of intervention in, 314, 316–18
election of January 2005 in, 313
insurgency in, 311–15
invasion of 2003, 1, 281–85, 288–301
Kuwait invaded by, 287–88
oil reserves of, 291
Iraq Governing Council, 313
Iraqi army, dissolution of, 311, 314
Islamic fundamentalism, 202–3, 264, 266–75, 290–91, 302
Islamic terrorists, 269–75, 278
Isthmian Canal Commission, 59
Italy, 117
“ITT Papers,” 188
Jaafari, Ibrahim al-, 313
Jamaica, 93, 224, 226, 236, 302
James, William, 54
J. and W. Seligman bank, 98–99, 113
Jefferson, Thomas, 46
Johnson, Lyndon B., 95, 155, 157, 159, 176, 208, 209
Jones, Howard, 209
Jordan, David Starr, 54
J.P. Morgan bank, 74–76
Judd, Albert, 16
Kalakaua, king of Hawaii, 14–16
Kamehameha III, king of Hawaii, 13
Karamessines, Tom, 183
Karnow, Stanley, 47–48, 154–55, 209
Karzai, Hamid, 309–10
Kay, David, 312
Kempe, Frederick, 241–42
Kendall, Donald, 171–72
Kennecott Copper Corporation, 173–74, 186–87, 211
Kennedy, John E, 149, 152, 154–55, 157–65, 168–69, 174, 176, 208–10
assassination of, 208
Kennedy, Robert E, 161, 164, 208
Kenya, embassy bombing, 274
Kettle Hill (San Juan Hill), 39
Khalilzad, Zalmay, 310
Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 202
King, J. C., 137–38
Kipling, Rudyard, 83
Kissinger, Henry, 170–73, 176–81, 183, 198, 199, 201–2, 211, 216
Knox, Philander, 62, 64–68, 70, 74, 98, 107
Knox Note, 67–68
Korea, 81
Kornbluh, Peter, 186
Korry, Edward, 170–71, 176, 181–83, 189, 197
Kosovo, 310
Laboa, José Sebastián, 257–59
labor, 3, 14–15, 18, 34, 82, 130, 175, 191, 203, 211, 223, 226
La Ceiba, battle of (1911), 75–76
La Democracia, 44
Laden, Osama bin, 270, 272–74, 276, 277, 279–80, 286, 290, 292, 307–10
Laird, Melvin, 184
La Luz and Los Angeles Mining
land reform, 36, 101, 132–35, 176, 206
Landsdale, Edward, 151–53, 157, 207
Lansing, Robert, 113
Laos, 154
La Prensa, 243
“large policy,” 80
La Stampa, 81
“Last Cowboy, The” (DeRiggs), 227
Latin America, 176, 206. See also specific countries
nationalism in, 89
racism toward, 84
Lawn, Jack, 247
Leddy, Raymond, 141
Lehder, Carlos, 306
Lehman, Herbert, 114
Leigh, Gustavo, 192
Leninism, 224–26
Letelier, Orlando, 211–12
Le Temps, 81
Lewis, Rudyard, 237
Liberal Fusion Party of Puerto Rico, 44
Liberal Party of Honduras, 73–75, 101
Liberal Party of Nicaragua, 56–57
liberal reform movements, 108
liberation rhetoric, 3, 107, 117, 141, 293, 301, 307, 315–16, 322
Libya, 227
Life Pictorial Atlas of the World, 101
Liliuokalani, queen of Hawaii, 9–10, 15–30, 85–86
Lindsay, James, 255
Little Big Horn, Battle of, 39
loans, 65, 74, 113, 162, 185–86
local industry, suppression of, 106
Lockheed Martin, 291
Lodge, Henry Cabot (first), 33, 37, 44, 55, 80, 82, 83, 104
Lodge, Henry Cabot (grandson), 135, 143, 157–58, 160–63, 165–67
London Times, 81
López Arellano, Oswaldo, 101–2
Los Angeles Times, 284
MacArthur, Arthur, 52
McCarthy, Joseph, 117
McCloy, John J., 130
McClure’s Magazine, 83
McCone, John, 159, 164, 171, 178
McCurdy, Dave, 253
McCurley, Felix, 17
McDonnell-Douglas, 291
McFarlane, Robert, 219–22, 263, 268
McGhee, George, 124
Machado, Gerardo, 89
Machiavelli, Niccoló, 153
McKinley, William, 35–38, 40–43, 46–50, 83, 86–87, 107–8, 112, 300
democracy and, 315–16
McKinley Tariff (1890), 15
McLaughlin, John, 286
McNamara, Robert, 158, 159, 162
McNeil, Francis, 246
Magsaysay, Ramon, 152
Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 33, 37, 83
Mai Huu Xuan, 168
Maine (U.S. battleship), 36, 86
Malcolm X, 224
Manchester Guardian, 81
Manglapus, Raúl, 96
manifest destiny, 32, 82, 104, 215
battle for (1899), 50
Manley, Michael, 224
Marcos, Ferdinand, 95–97
Marietta (U.S. gunboat), 74, 75, 76
Marshall, George, 150
Martí, José, 35
Martinique, volcano eruption of 1902, 58
Marxism-Leninism, 227
Massoud, Ahmad Shah, 271, 274, 275, 279
Maxwell, Kenneth, 214
Medellin cartel, 245, 248–50, 306
Mein, John Gordon, 206
Mein Kampf (Hitler), 114
Melville, Herman, 315
Menges, Constantine, 231
Merino, José, 192
Merriam, William, 187
Metternich, Klemens, 177
Mexico, 2, 68, 78, 130, 139, 145, 204, 257, 296
Texas revolution vs., 299
utility concessions, 114
Meyer, Charles, 180
Midway, 104
Miles, Nelson, 45
Millis, Walter, 39
Mindszenty, Josef Cardinal, 258
Minh, Duong Van, 162, 165–69, 208
Mitchell, John, 172–73
Mitchell, Keith, 304
Mobil Oil, 202
Moffitt, Ronni, 212
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (shah of Iran), 118, 125–26, 128, 200–202
Momotombo volcano, 58–60
Monroe Doctrine, 82
Roosevelt Corollary to, 64
Monzón, Elfegio, 145–47
Morgan, John T, 59
Morison, Samuel Eliot, 37
Morrison, Herbert, 119
Moscoso, Mireya, 307
Mossadegh, Mohammad, 118–29, 134, 189, 197, 200–203, 216
Mossad (Israeli intelligence agency), 200
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 237
multinational corporations, 3–4, 113–14, 122–23, 171, 319
Muñoz Marín, Luis, 92–93
Muñoz Rivera, Luis, 44, 45, 91
Murphy, Robert, 141
Musharraf, Pervez, 276
Mussolini, Benito, 258–59
Najibullah, Mohammed, 270, 272–74
narcoterrorism, 310
Nashville (U.S. gunboat), 61
Nation, The, 82
“National Dignity Day” (Chilean), 186
national interests, 315–18
National Iranian Oil Company, 201
nationalism, 89, 105, 107, 118, 140–41, 147, 150, 155, 161, 197–200, 213–16, 244
Nationalist Party of Philippines, 94
nationalization, 118–19, 121–23, 134, 171, 172, 186–87, 216
National Liberation Front (NLF), 154, 160, 197
National Railroad of Haiti, 114
National Security Council (NSC), 89, 123, 130, 159, 161, 176, 184–85, 188, 231, 247, 278, 285
National Security Decision Directive on Grenada, 219, 231
national security rhetoric, 3, 204
National Security Study Memorandum on Chile, 180
natural resources, 1, 33, 34, 114, 147, 173–74, 197–99, 214–16, 223, 316, 321. See also specific resources
Negroponte, John, 102
Nelson, Knute, 49
neocolonialism, 80
neutrality laws, 76
New Jewel Movement of Grenada, 224–29, 304
New Yorker, 209
New York Post, 54
New York Sun, 59
New York Times, 40, 70, 71, 85, 124, 134, 137, 140, 156, 172, 211, 222, 246
New Zealand, 79
Ngo Dinh Diem. See Diem, Ngo Dinh
Ngo Dinh Luyen, 153
Ngo Dinh Nhu, Madame. See Nhu, Madame
Ngo Dinh Nhu (Diem’s brother), 153–54, 156–58, 160, 162–63, 166–69, 208
Nguyen Cao Ky, 208
Nguyen Van Nhung, 167–68
Nguyen Van Thieu, 208
Nhu, Ngo Dinh. See Ngo Dinh Nhu
American rule of, 70
consequences of intervention in, 98–100, 317, 318
Cuba and, 90
economic interests and, 64–66, 74, 99, 107, 113, 215
Grenada and, 226
overthrow of Zelaya in, 56–72
Panama and, 239, 241–42, 245–46, 307
rebellion of 1912, 99
reform suppressed in, 105
Sandinista rebellion and contra war in, 99–100, 102, 302, 307
Sandino rebellion in, 99
Somoza coup of 1933, 99
U.S. ignores opinion of, 108
as U.S. protectorate, 104
Nicaraguan contras. See also Irancontra scandal, 102, 242, 245–46, 249, 250
Nicaraguan National Assembly, 68
Nixon, Richard M., 96, 157, 171–73, 176–80, 182–85, 188, 189–90, 199, 201–2, 213–15
Nolting, Frederick, 155–56, 157
Noriega, Manuel Antonio, 239–59, 305–7
North American Treaty Organization (NATO), 115
Northern Alliance of Afghanistan, 275, 277, 278, 280
North Vietnam, 151, 153, 154, 197
nuclear weapons, 265, 271. See also weapons of mass destruction
Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 121
oil, 4, 117–19, 121–23, 134, 200–201, 264, 269, 273–74, 287, 291, 310, 314, 317
Olympia (U.S. flagship), 48
Omar, Mullah Mohammed, 273, 276, 280
O’Neill, Birch, 140
O’Neill, Paul, 286
Opa-Locka base, 137, 138, 141, 143 “open door” policy, 105–6
Operation Ajax, 124, 136, 200–3
Operation Blue Spoon (later Just Cause), 254–55
Operation Condor, 212
Operation Enduring Freedom, 277–78
Operation Iraqi Freedom, 285, 296–97, 312, 314
Operation Just Cause (formerly Blue Spoon), 255, 258, 306
Operation Success, 136–47, 142–45, 204–6
Operation Urgent Fury, 232, 233, 236, 302, 305
Organization of American States (OAS), 139, 211
Organization of Eastern Caribbean States, 232–33, 236
Ortega y Gasset, José, 108
Ossa, Sergio, 182
Paducah (U.S. warship), 69
Pakistan, 260, 262, 265–73, 276–77
Palacios, Javier, 194
anti-Noriega protests in, 249
consequences of intervention in, 305–7
contras and, 245–46
election of 1989, 250
election of 2004, 307
history of, 240–45
invasion of 1989, 250–59
intervention of 1903
uprising of 1964, 243–44
utility concessions in, 114
Panama canal, 112
Noriega and, 239–40
proposed and built, 57–61
Roosevelt Corollary and, 64
Zelaya and, 62–63
Panama Canal Zone, 137, 176, 205, 240, 245–46, 256
U.S. sovereignty over, 243–44
U.S. withdrawal of 2000, 244
Panama Defense Forces (PDF), 239, 242, 247, 252, 254, 255
Paris peace conference of 1898, 46–48, 108
Parker, Samuel, 25
Pashtun militias, 280
paternalism, 84
Paz, Robert, 253–54
attack on, and WWII, 87
Pentagon, 291–92
Pérez, Louis, 32
Pérez Balladares, Ernesto, 307
Perkins, David, 281–84
Perry, Matthew, 81
Peurifoy, John, 136–37, 141, 142, 144–47, 196
Pfizer, 186
Philadelphia Ledger, 51
Philippine Congress, closed, 95–96
Philippines, 39, 46–55, 79, 80, 86, 104, 135, 163, 278, 305
consequences of intervention in, 94–98
economic interests and, 107, 215
election and constitution of 1899, 48
election of 1986, 96–97
Hawaii and, 86–87
independence granted to, 92, 95
insurgency vs. Marcos in, 95–96
Iraq invasion of 2003
and, 301–2
Landsdale and, 151–52
Nicaragua and, 70
reform suppressed in, 105
torture scandal in, 106
U.S. ignores opinion of, 108
Phillips, David Atlee, 180–81, 195
Pinochet, Augusto, 191–94, 210–13
Platt, Orville, 42
Platt Amendment (1900), 42–44
Poland, 297
political parties
banned in Chile, 211
banned in Guatemala, 203
multinational corporations and, 3
Polynesians, 10
Popular Unity coalition of Chile, 176, 178, 212
Portugal, 81
poverty, 105–6, 129, 132–33, 175, 186, 198, 207
Powell, Colin, 214, 252, 254–55, 279, 285, 288–90, 296
“Powell Doctrine,” 292
Prados, John, 165
Prats, Carlos, 190–91
preemptive war doctrine, 290
press, 106
Cuba of 1898 and, 40–41
Dulles and China and, 116
expansionism and, 81
Hawaii and, 85
Iraq and, 284
Nicaragua and, 66
Noriega and, 248
Panama canal and, 59
Vietnam and, 160
Problems of Leninism (Stalin), 114
Providence Journal, 54
Pruessen, Ronald, 113
public relations, 134
Puerto Rican House of Delegates, 91–92
Puerto Rican House of Representatives, 45
Puerto Rico, 104
citizenship rights and, 92
consequences of intervention in, 91–94
economic and military interests and, 107, 215
elections of 1898, 44–45
as “free associated state,” 92–94
McKinley and, 315
Nicaragua and, 70
reform suppressed in, 105
Spanish-American War and takeover of, 44–46, 48, 80, 300
U.S. ignores opinion of, 108
Pullman Palace Car Company, 63
Qifa (Iraqi), 298
Quayle, Dan, 254
Radio Agricultura, 193
Ralston Purina, 186
Raphel, Robin, 274
Rashid, Ahmed, 268
Razak, Mullah Abdul, 279
Afghanistan and, 261, 263, 267–69, 275
Grenada and, 219–23, 227, 231–38, 302–3, 304
Iran-Iraq war and, 286–87
Panama and, 239, 245–46, 249–50
Saudi Arabia and, 269
“Reflections on Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan” (Brzezinski), 267
Reid, Whitelaw, 40
religion, 301. See also Christian messianic mission
Republican Guard of Iraq, 311
Republican Party, 24, 35, 37, 43, 58, 86, 115, 117, 157, 288, 291
Republican Youth of South Vietnam, 167
Rice, Condoleezza, 286, 289, 290
Richardson, John “Jocko,” 163
Rickard, W. H., 25
Ritchie, Joseph, 262
Rockefeller, David, 172, 176–77
Rodríguez de Tió, Lola, 44
Rogers, William, 184
Roman Catholic clergy, 138
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 89, 130–31
Roosevelt, Kermit, 120, 124–28, 136
democracy and, 316
Great White Fleet and, 78–80
Nicaragua and, 63–64
Spanish-American War and, 33, 37, 39, 44, 55
U.S. as world power and, 80–83
Rubens, Horatio, 37
Rumsfeld, Donald, 276, 285–88, 291, 292, 311, 314
Russ, William Adam, 14, 15, 87
Russia. See Soviet Union
Rwanda, 310
Sahaf, Mohammed Said al-, 281, 284
Sai Baba (Indian holy man), 248
St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 54
St. Paul Pioneer Press, 54
Sandinista National Liberation Front, 99–100, 102, 103, 105, 226, 239, 241–42, 246, 307
Sandino, Augusto César, 99, 100, 226
Sands of lwo Jima (film), 234
San Juan, Puerto Rico, blockade, 45
San Juan Hill, battle of, 39, 41
Saudi Arabia, 268–69, 272–73, 275, 292
Savak (Iranian secret police), 200
Schneider, Rene, 182–94
Schwarzkopf, Norman, 125–26
Scowcroft, Brent, 290
Securities and Exchange Commission, 101–2
September 11, 2001, attacks, 203, 275–76, 278, 280, 288–91, 308
Shackley, Theodore, 190
Shaplen, Robert, 209
Sharon, Ariel, 292
Shiites, 313
Shinseki, Eric, 292
Sigmund, Paul, 184
Sihanouk, prince of Cambodia, 210
Smith, Jacob, 53
Smith, Walter Bedell, 130
Smith, William, 16, 19, 20, 24, 27, 86
Socialist Party of Chile, 175, 176
social reform
Alliance for Progress and, 176
Guatemala and, 131–33, 141, 143, 146, 204, 207
Somoza García, Anastasio, 99, 241
Soraya, empress of Iran, 126
South Korea, 320
South Vietnam, 5, 148–49, 151–70
CIA warns vs. coup in, 198
consequences of intervention in, 207–10, 216
Diem assumes power in, 152–58
division of 1954
economic interests and, 214–15
South Vietnamese army, 157
South Vietnamese navy, 165
Afghanistan and, 264–71, 275, 298
Doolittle report on, 198–99
Eastern Europe and, 197
engagement and, 320
Grenada and, 227
Guatemala and, 135–36, 140, 197, 198
Iraq and, 287
North Vietnam and, 197
restricts U.S. interventions, 122
South Vietnam and, 198
spread of Communism and, 117, 197–200
Vietnam and, 150
Spadafora, Hugo, 239–45, 247–48, 257, 307
Al Qaeda attacks in, 313
Spanish-American War (1898), 2–3, 5, 31–55, 69
American presidents and, 107–8
expansionism and, 32–34
Hawaii and, 86–87
impact of, on Spain, 108
protocol of peace ending, 39, 300–301
Puerto Rico and, 44–46
T. Roosevelt and, 81
U.S. declares war, 37–38
Spanish Liberals, 37
Special Operations Command, 255
Special Situation Group (Grenada), 221, 231–32
Spellman, Francis Cardinal, 138, 152
Standard Fruit, 100–101
Standard Oil of New Jersey, 202
State Department
Afghanistan and, 268, 271, 274
Chile and, 188
Guatemala and, 130, 137, 140–42
Honduras and, 75
McCarthyism and, 117
Stevens, John L., 9, 10, 17, 20, 22, 24–30, 61, 69, 85
Suazo Cordova, Roberto, 102
Subic Bay Naval Station, 95, 96, 97
Sudan, 273
Suez Canal, 79
sugar industry, 9, 12–16, 22–23, 92, 106
Sullivan, Algernon, 112
Sullivan & Cromwell, 112–14, 116, 201
Sulzberger, Arthur Hays, 134, 140
Summers, Harry G., 253
Surinam, 302
Tacoma (U.S. gunboat), 74
Taft, William H., 3, 5, 64–68, 72, 74, 76, 84, 88–89, 98–99, 104, 107–8, 112, 316
Tagalogs, 51
Taliban, 203, 260–63, 272–80, 307–11
Tanzania, embassy bombing, 274
tariffs, 34
Taylor, Maxwell, 159, 164, 169, 207
Teller Amendment, 38–41
terrorism, 5, 203, 212, 260, 269–76, 286
Texaco, 202
Texas, 299
Thant, U, 160
Thatcher, Margaret, 233–34, 261
Thich Due Nghiep, 148
Thich Quang Due, 157
Thoughts and Experiences of a Medical
Guerrilla (Spadafora), 240
Thucydides, 318
Thurston, Lorrin, 10, 15–28, 30, 85–86, 112
Tiquisate land concession, 130, 133
Tora Bora, 280
Toriello, Guillermo, 139, 141–44
Torrijos, Martin, 307
Torrijos, Omar, 241–42, 244, 247, 307
torture, 53–55, 205, 213, 239, 245
Toynbee, Arnold, 116
Tracy, Benjamin, 17
trade, 33–34, 81, 107, 320. See also foreign markets
Treaty of Paris (1898), 48–50
Trinidad, 78
Truman, Harry, 115, 117, 119–21, 123, 150
Turkey, 297
Turkmenistan oil fields, 273
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 32–33
Twain, Mark, 54
Unamuno, Miguel de, 108
United Fruit, 4, 6, 77, 100–102, 129–31, 133–35, 137–38, 140–43, 145, 147, 204, 206
United Nations, 237, 157, 160, 189, 206–7, 272, 309
Security Council, 119, 142–44, 157, 288, 294–96
United States
continuum of regime change by, 1–6
election of 1884, 24
election of 1888, 107
election of 1960, 157
election of 1972, 190
election of 1980, 220
elections in, corporations and, 319
elections in, world and, 107–8
unsuited to ruling foreign lands, 309
as world power, 1, 32–34, 80–85, 103–4, 202, 318–22
School of the Americas, 176, 240
U.S. Congress, 24, 33, 37–39, 43–44, 57–60, 80, 84, 86–88, 91–92, 95, 134–35, 152, 237, 294–95
U.S. House of Representatives, 38, 43, 58, 59, 84, 135, 295
U.S. Marines, 14, 24–26, 61, 68–70, 76, 85, 99, 101, 234, 237, 253–54
Beirut attacks on, 219, 222–23
Saudi Arabian attacks on, 203
U.S. military
Chile and, 176
Cuba and, 37, 39–41, 43, 88–89
Grenada and, 219, 231, 234–37, 255
Guatemala and, 205–6
Hawaii and, 14, 24–26, 28–29, 30, 85
Pacific atolls and, 104
Panama and, 61, 250–51, 253–56
Puerto Rico and, 45–46
U.S. military aid, 96, 102, 176, 205–6, 267
U.S. military bases, 33–34, 37, 43, 47, 95–97, 104, 107, 156, 176
U.S. military training, 176, 205–6
U.S. Secret Service, 70–71, 74
U.S. Senate, 43, 49, 50, 55, 59–60, 114, 135, 191, 249, 295
Armed Services Committee, 312
Committee on Relations with Cuba, 42
Foreign Relations Committee, 59, 188
Naval Appropriations Committee, 79
Select Committee on Intelligence, 213, 253
subcommittee on Western Hemisphere affairs, 246–47
United States Steel, 64
Uruguay, 204
Vaky, Viron, 180
Valdés, Gabriel, 198
Valenzuela, Camilo, 183
Valle-Inclán, Ramón del, 108
Venezuela, 174
Venus (Nicaraguan ship), 68–69
Vessey, John, 232
Victoria, queen of England, 16
Vietcong, 154–57
Vietminh, 150–52
Vietnam, 176. See also South Vietnam
partition and elections of 1956, 151, 153–54, 210
Vietnam Interdepartmental Working Group, 161
Vietnam War, 95, 148–69, 208–9, 220, 233, 299, 302
Vilanova, María Cristina, 132
Villanueva, Javier, 249, 257, 259
Villeda Morales, Ramón, 101
“Voice of Liberation” radio, 141–42, 144, 180
W.R. Grace, 186
Wahhabi Islam, 268–69
Wailuku Sugar Company, 16
Wake, 104
Waldheim, Kurt, 224
Wall Street Journal, 241, 262, 290
Washington, George, 315
Washington Post, 188, 247, 276
Watergate burglary, 138
Waterhouse, Henry, 26
Wayne, John, 234
weapons of mass destruction, 289–91, 293–95, 312
Welch, Richard, 48
Weyler, Valeriano, 35–37
Wheaton, Lloyd, 50
Whiteman, Unison, 228–30
“White Man’s Burden” (Kipling), 83
Wilber, Donald, 123
Wilson, Charles, 21–22, 27, 28
Wiltse, Gilbert, 24
Wimert, Paul, 183
Winthrop, John, 83
Wolford, Philip, 283
Wolfowitz, Paul, 276, 286, 288, 291–92
Woodhouse, Christopher M., 121
World Bank, 185
World Trade Center attack of 1993, 286. See also September 11, 2001, attacks
World War I, 264
World War II, 5, 95, 114, 197, 264, 298
Wounded Knee massacre, 53
Xa Loi Pagoda, 148–49
Young, Julio Ow, 243
Zahedi, Fazlollah, 123, 125, 127–28, 200
Zahir Shah, King of Afghanistan, 260
Zaire, 177
Zelaya, José Santos, 3, 56–57, 60, 62–68, 70, 74, 98, 99, 104, 100, 107
Zemurray, Sam, 71–74, 76–77, 100, 101, 134, 206
ZhouEnlai, 151
Zucchino, David, 284