page 1: A HELL OF A TIME UP AT THE PALACE
10 Colburn reports to Thurston: Thurston, Lorrin A., Memoirs of the Hawaiian Revolution (Honolulu: Advertiser Publishing, 1936), p. 245.
Hawaiian society very successful: Bushnell, O. A., The Gifts of Civilization: Germs and Genocide in Hawaii (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1993), p. 14.
11 Natives react to ships: Bushnell, p. 133.
Illnesses of Hawaiians: Bushnell, pp. 23, 131; Schmitt, Robert C, Historical Statistics of Hawaii (Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1977), p. 232.
12 Natives are ignorant and stupid: Bushnell, p. 16.
Streets now deserted: McKee, Linda, “Mad Jack and the Missionaries,” American Heritage, Apr. 1971, p. 33.
14 Treaty with President Grant: Russ, William Adam, The Hawaiian Revolution (1893–94) (Selinsgrove, Pa.: Susquehanna University Press, 1959), p. 11.
Treaty brings Hawaii under American influence: Russ, pp. 11–12.
Hawaiians infuriated: Dougherty, Michael, To Steal a Kingdom: Probing Hawaiian History (Waimanalo, Hawaii: Island Style, 1992), pp. 130–31.
Number of plantations tripled: Dougherty, p. 131.
Sugar exports soared: Schmitt, pp. 418–20.
15 Russ on influence of whites: Russ, pp. 15–17.
Planters in depths of despair: Dougherty, p. 163.
16 Queen on bayonet constitution: Allen, Helena G., The Betrayal of Liliuokalani: Last Queen of Hawaii, 1838–1917 (Honolulu: Mutual, 1982), p. 207.
Judd advice to queen: Allen, p. 233.
17 Thurston describes meeting in Washington: Thurston, pp. 231–32.
Navy will cooperate: Russ, p. 42.
Thurston doubts queen will quit: Thurston, p. 234–36.
18 Census of 1890: Russ, William A., “The Role of Sugar in Hawaiian Annexation,” The Pacific Historical Review, Dec. 1943, p. 341.
Queen addresses legislature: Allen, Helena G., Sanford Ballard Dole: Hawaii’s Only President, 1844–1926 (Glendale, Calif.: Arthur H. Clark, 1988), p. 184.
18 Ministers in a blue funk: Thurston, p. 247.
Intelligent part of the community: Allen, Betrayal, p. 287.
19 Committee of Safety formed: Twigg-Smith, Thurston, Hawaiian Sovereignty: Do the Facts Matter? (Honolulu: Goodale, 1998), p. 147.
Cooper urges annexation: Thurston, p. 250.
20 Queen sends supporters home: Daws, Gavan, Shoal of Time: A History of the Hawaiian Islands (Honolulu: University of Hawaii, 1968), pp. 271–72.
Sub-meeting: Thurston, p. 251.
Presidential inquiry: Blount, James H.; Report of U.S. Special Commissioner James H. Blount to U.S. Secretary of State Walter Q. Gresham Concerning the Hawaiian Kingdom Investigation, http://libweb.hawaii.edu/digicoll/annexation/blount.
21 Rebels won’t sit on a volcano: Russ, p. 75.
Thurston declines leadership: Allen, Betrayal, p. 289; Daws, p. 274.
22 Wilson fails to discourage rebels: Thurston, pp. 253–54.
Rebels write appeal to Stevens: Russ, Hawaiian Revolution, p. 77.
23 Queen promises no changes in constitution: Russ, Hawaiian Revolution, p. 80.
Male white foreign element: Allen, Betrayal, p. 290.
Thurston speech: Thurston, pp. 262–63.
Unanimous understanding: Thurston, p. 267.
Fit companion for a hog: Honolulu Daily Bulletin, Jan. 17, 1893.
24 Peterson and Parker visit Stevens: Russ, Hawaiian Revolution, p. 76.
Stevens will land troops: Russ, Hawaiian Revolution, p. 81.
Stevens’s note to Wiltse: House Executive Document 48, 53rd Congress, Second Session, p. 487.
25 Rickard argues with Thurston: Thurston, p. 270.
Parker appeal: Russ, Hawaiian Revolution, p. 83.
26 Immediate approval of Dole: Damon, Ethel M., Sanford Ballard Dole and His Hawaii (Palo Alto, Calif.: Pacific Books, 1957), p. 248.
27 Dole recalls offer: Allen, Sanford Ballard Dole, p. 188.
Dole expects short presidency: Allen, Sanford Ballard Dole, p. 189.
Stevens tells Dole he has great opportunity: Damon, p. 250.
28 Stevens warns against attack by queen’s forces: Blount. Rebel proclamation: Damon, pp. 191–95.
Ministers write about treasonable persons: Russ, Hawaiian Revolution, p. 92.
29 Stevens recognizes new regime: Russ, Hawaiian Revolution, p. 105.
Queen’s resignation statement: Allen, Betrayal, p. 294.
2: BOUND FOR GOO-GOO LAND
31 Cubans forbidden to celebrate independence: New York Times, Dec. 28–29, 1898.
32 1898 was watershed year: Pérez, Louis A., Jr., The War of 1898: The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), p. ix.
Cleveland on seizing territory: Nevins, Allan (ed.), Letters ofGrover Cleveland, 1850–1908 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1933), pp. 491–92.
32 Turner on expansion: Turner, Frederick Jackson, “The Problem of the West,” Atlantic Monthly, Sept. 1896.
33 Mahan says America must look outward: Mahan, Alfred Thayer, “The United States Looking Outward,” Atlantic Monthly, Dec. 1890.
34 Gresham sees symptoms of revolution: LaFeber, Walter, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism, 1860–1898 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University, 1963), p. 200.
Carlisle on selling surplus: LaFeber, p. 181.
35 Martí warns of United States: Foner, Philip S., The Spanish-Cuban-American War and the Birth of American Imperialism, 1895–1902 (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1972), p. 13.
36 New York Journal on Weyler: Walker, Dale L., The Boys of‘98: Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders (New York: Tom Dougherty, 1998), p. 37.
37 Any president with a backbone: Pérez, p. 80.
Maceo and Rubens oppose intervention: Pérez, p. 20.
38 Teller Amendment: Pérez, p. 21.
García on Teller Amendment: Healy, David F., The United States in Cuba, 1898–1902 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1963), p. 31.
Newspapers embrace cause: Dierks, Jack Cameron, A Leap to Arms: The Cuban Campaign of 1898 (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1970), pp. 25–26; Walker, p. 85.
39 War without misgivings: Millis, Walter, The Martial Spirit: A Study of Our War with Spain (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1931), p. 160.
Splendid little war: Boot, Max, The Savage Wars of Peace: Small Wars and the Rise of American Power (New York: Basic Books, 2002), p. 102.
Newspapers favor violating Teller Amendment: Pérez, p. 28.
40 Misconceptions of Cuban rebels: Pérez, pp. 81–97.
41 Shafter on self-government: Healy, p. 36.
42 Gómez laments intervention: Pérez, p. 23.
Wood on delegates: Healy, p. 148.
43 Editorial on violating promise: New York Evening Post, Feb. 1, 1901.
Havana was in turmoil: Healy, p. 169.
44 Wood sees no independence left: Healy, p. 178.
Roosevelt and Lodge on taking Puerto Rico: Carrión, Arturo Morales, Puerto Rico: A Political and Cultural History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1983), p. 134.
Hanna reports Puerto Ricans are jubilant: Carrión, p. 133.
45 Puerto Rico has eight days of independence: Carrión, p. 125.
Miles reassures Puerto Ricans: Barnes, Mark R., “The American Army Moves on Puerto Rico,” www.spanamwar.com/puerto.
46 Casualties in Puerto Rico: Barnes.
Davis says war was a picnic: Barnes.
Davis calls it a féte de fleurs: Carrión, p. 136.
Evening Post report: Carrión, p. 140.
47 McKinley’s views obscured in fog: Smith, Ephraim K., “William McKinley’s Historical Legacy: The Historiographical Debate on the Taking of the Philippine Islands,” in Bradford, James C. (ed.), Crucible of Empire: The Spanish-American War and Its Aftermath (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1993), p. 205.
47 God guides McKinley to take Philippines: Boot, p. 105; Millis, pp. 525–26.
McKinley knew Filipinos not at all: Welch, Richard E., Jr., Response to Imperialism: The United States and the Philippine-American War, 1899–1902 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979), p. 10.
McKinley on darned islands: Kohlsaat, H. H., From McKinley to Harding: Personal Recollections of Our Presidents (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1923), p. 68.
Karnow on pivotal point: Karnow, Stanley, In Our Image: America’s Empire in the Philippines (New York: Ballantine, 1990), p. 79.
Dewey meets Aguinaldo: Karnow, pp. 13—14.
48 Anderson wishes amicable relations: Nearing, Scott, and Joseph Freeman, Dollar Diplomacy: A Study in American Imperialism (New York: Modern Reader, 1969), p. 197.
Welch on McKinley and Aguinaldo: Welch, pp. 15–16.
49 Hoar sees vulgar empire: Karnow, p. 113.
Amazing coincidence: Welch, p. 19.
We come as ministering angels: Congressional Record, 55th Congress, Third Session, p. 838.
50 McKinley cannot turn Philippines over: LaFeber, Walter, “That ’Splendid Little War’ in Perspective,” Texas Quarterly, no. 11 (1968), pp. 97–98; Welch, pp. 5–10.
Letters home: Poole, Fred, and Max Vanzi, Revolution in the Philippines: The United States in a Hall of Cracked Mirrors (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984), p. 171.
51 Philadelphia Ledger report: Poole and Vanzi, p. 180.
Capture of Aguinaldo: Boot, pp. 117–19.
52 Bound for goo-goo land: Boot, p. 99.
Balangiga massacre: Boot, p. 120; Linn, Brian McAllister, The Philippine War, 1899–1902 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000), pp. 305–21.
53 Smith wants no prisoners: Poole and Vanzi, p. 184.
Water cure: Linn, p. 223.
54 Plain Dealer on water cure: Welch, p. 146.
Criticism of U.S. actions in the Philippines: Karnow, pp. 191–93; Welch, pp. 121–25, 138, 141.
Mark Twain on redesigning flag: North American Review, Feb. 1901.
Actions defended: Welch, pp. 140–44.
55 Torture inquiry was sleight of hand: Welch, p. 145.
Death toll in Philippines: Nearing and Freeman, p. 199.
3: FROM A WHOREHOUSE TO A WHITE HOUSE
57 Report favoring Nicaragua route: U.S. Senate, Report of the Inter-Oceanic Canal Commission, Senate Executive Document 15, 46th Congress, First Session, pp. 1–2.
58 Cromwell can smile sweetly: New York World, Oct. 4, 1908.
58 Cromwell donates to Republican Party: McCullough, David, The Path Between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal, 1870–1914 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1977), p. 291; DuVal, Miles P., Jr., Cádiz to Cathay: The Story of the Long Diplomatic Struggle for the Panama Canal (New York: Glenwood Press, 1968), p. 147.
Momotombo stamp: Image at www.iomoon.com/momotombo.
59 Leaflets sent to senators: Image in DuVal, p. 163; McCullough, pp. 147–48.
Cromwell’s fee: DuVal, p. 121; McCullough, p. 291.
Canal price reduced to $40 million: Dobson, John M., America’s Ascent: The United States Becomes a Great Power, 1880–1914 (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1978), p. 155.
60 Stamp played decisive role: McCullough, p. 152.
Morgan cites corrupt lobby: New York Times, June 26, 1902.
American officials praise Zelaya: Berman, Karl, Under the Big Stick: Nicaragua and the United States Since 1848 (Boston: South End Press, 1986), p. 142.
Findling on Zelaya: Findling, John Ellis, “The United States and Zelaya: A Study in the Diplomacy of Expediency” (Doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 1972), p. 133.
Roosevelt sees two alternatives: Brands, H. W., T. R.: The Last Romantic (New York: Basic Books, 1997), p. 483.
61 Intervention in Panama was brazen and successful: Boot, p. 134.
Roosevelt’s explanations: Boot, pp. 133–34; Brands, p. 488.
62 Zelaya’s complacency: Findling, p. 132.
63 Emery concession: Findling, p. 184; Berman, p. 143.
64 Roosevelt praises Zelaya: Berman, p. 142.
Roosevelt Corollary: Zimmerman, Warren, First Great Triumph: How Five Americans Made Their Country a World Power (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002), pp. 440–41.
65 Emery claim resolved: Findling, pp. 83–84; Berman, pp. 143–44.
Zelaya seeks loan from Europe: Findling, p. 189.
Zelaya on beggarly Peru: Musicant, Ivan, The Banana Wars: A History of United States Military Intervention in Latin America from the Spanish-American War to the Invasion of Panama (New York: Macmillan, 1960), p. 138.
American campaign against Zelaya: Musicant, p. 137; Findling, pp. 209, 215.
66 Cost of revolution: Denny, Harold Norman, Dollars for Bullets: The Story of American Rule in Nicaragua (New York: Dial Press, 1929), p. 79.
Cannon and Groce: Denny, pp. 79–80; Berman, pp. 145–46; Findling, pp. 212–14.
67 Knox asks Central American countries to invade Nicaragua: Findling, pp. 214–15.
68 Nicaraguan response to Knox Note: Findling, pp. 218–19.
Taft sends warships and marines: Berman, p. 147.
Zelaya resignation speech: Selser, Gregorio, La restauración conservadora y la gesta de Benjamin Zeledón: Nicaragua-USA, 1909–1916 (Managua: Aldilá, 2001), p. 105.
69 Moffett bans righting: Denny, pp. 85–87.
Butler at Bluefields and Rama: Musicant, p. 141; Schmidt, Hans, Maverick Marine: General Smedley Butler and the Contradictions of American Military History (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1987), pp. 41–42.
70 Denny on beginning of American rule: Denny, p. 90.
71 Lee Christmas is a Dumas hero: New York Times, Jan. 15, 1911.
72 Christmas and Bonilla speed away: Langley, Lester D., and Thomas Schoonover, The Banana Men: American Mercenaries and Entrepreneurs in Central America, 1880–1930 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1995), p. 128.
Zemurray background: Whitrield, Stephen J., Strange Fruit: The Career of Samuel Zemurray, in American Jewish History, March 1984, pp. 307–23.
73 Bonilla needs help from El Amigo: Langley and Schoonover, p. 119.
Zemurray would unlikely stop intrigues: Langley and Schoonover, pp. 123–24.
74 Military campaign in Honduras: Langley and Schoonover, pp. 114–40; LaFeber, Walter, Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America (New York: W. W. Norton, 1983), pp. 43–45.
75 Cooper cable to Washington: Langley and Schoonover, p. 134.
76 Historian on bankers and banana men: Marvin Barahona, quoted in Langley and Schoonover, p. 144.
Bonilla, Christmas, and Zemurray after charges are dropped: Langley and Schoonover, pp. 148–49.
77 United Fruit throttled competitors: Kepner, Charles David, Jr., and Jay Henry Soothill, The Banana Empire: A Case Study of Economic Imperialism (New York: Russell & Russell, 1935), p. 336.
4: A BREAK IN THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD
78 Roosevelt feels proud: New York Times, Dec. 17, 1907.
Great White Fleet: Hart, Robert A., The Great White Fleet: Our Nation’s Attempt at Global Diplomacy in the Twilight of Its Innocence, 1907–1909 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1965); McKinley, Mike, The Cruise of the Great White Fleet (Washington: Naval Historical Center, at www.history.navy.mil); New York Times, Dec. 15, 1907; Zimmerman, Warren, First Great Triumph: How Five Americans Made Their Country a World Power (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002), pp. 2–6.
80 Lodge wants large policy: Foner, Philip S., The Spanish-Cuban-American War and the Birth of American Imperialism, 1895–1902 (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1972), p. 304.
Bryce sees stupendous change: Cabán, Pedro A., Constructing a Colónial People: Puerto Rico and the United States, 1898–1932 (Boulder: Westview, 1999), p. 34.
Lodge urges annexation of Canada: Pratt, Julius W., Expansionists of 1898: The Acquisition of Hawaii and the Spanish Islands (Chicago: Quadrangle, 1964), p. 207.
Roosevelt muses about attacking Spain: Phillips, Kevin, William McKinley (New York: Times Books, 2002), p. 92.
81 Portuguese leaders worry about Azores: Dell’Orto, Giovanna, “We Are All Americans” (Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, 2004), p. 108.
Beard on realpolitik: Beard, Charles A., The Idea of National Interest (Chicago: Quadrangle, 1934), p. 107.
Reports from European correspondents: Dell’Orto, pp. 82–84.
Americans never worried about diplomatic questions: Frankfurter Zeitung, Jan. 2, 1899, quoted in Dell’Orto, p. 94.
82 Godkin on imperialism: Beisner, Robert L., Twelve Against Empire: The Anti-Imperialists, 1898–1900 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968), pp. 74–75.
Roosevelt calls Godkin a liar: Beisner, p. 56.
Roosevelt letter to Lodge: Tuchman, Barbara, The Proud Tower: A Portrait of the World Before the War, 1890–1914 (New York: Ballantine, 1962), p. 147.
Roosevelt on unhung traitors: Beisner, p. 237.
83 Aggressive national egoism: Smith, Joseph, The Spanish-American War: Conflict in the Caribbean and Pacific, 1895–1902 (London: Longman, 1994), p. 217.
Kipling poem: McClure’s Magazine, Feb. 1, 1899.
McKinley on oppression at our very doors: Pérez, Louis A., Jr., The War of 1898: The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), p. 111.
84 Beveridge on disappearance of debased civilizations: Stephanson, Anders, Manifest Destiny: American Expansion and the Empire of Right (New York: Hill and Wang, 1995), p. 98.
Cochrane on Aryan races: Stephanson, p. 89.
Clark on enduring our shame: Russ, William Adam, The Hawaiian Republic (1894–98) audits Struggle to Win Annexation (Selinsgrove, Pa.: Susquehanna University Press, 1992), p. 318.
85 Newspapers react to Hawaiian revolution: Russ, Hawaiian Republic, pp. 113–17.
New government takes power: Russ, Hawaiian Revolution, pp. 100–11;
Allen, Helena G., Sanford Ballard Dole: Hawaii’s Only President, 1844–1926 (Glendale, Calif.: Arthur H. Clark, 1988), pp. 198–200.
Proclamation by Stevens: Russ, Hawaiian Revolution, p. 128.
Queen’s report to Foster: Russ, Hawaiian Revolution, p. 145.
86 Alexander on war necessity: Russ, Hawaiian Republic, p. 305.
87 Russ on why Hawaii was annexed: Russ, Hawaiian Republic, pp. 300, 372.
88 Akaka on Senate resolution: Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Nov. 23, 1993. Gorton on Senate resolution: Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Nov. 1, 1993.
89 American policy makers delude themselves: Benjamin, Jules R., The United States and the Origins of the Cuban Revolution: An Empire of Liberty in an Age of National Liberation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), p. 99.
90 Castro speech: Benjamin, p. 215.
Eisenhower is baffled: Benjamin, p. 216.
91 Muñoz Rivera on invasion of Puerto Rico: Trías Monge, José, Puerto Rico: The Trials of the Oldest Colóny in the World (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), p. 52.
92 Henna on Mr. Nobody: Trías Monge, p. 40.
92 Sugar and coffee exports: Brau, M. M., Island in the Crossroads: The History of Puerto Rico (Garden City, N.J.: Zenith, 1968), p. 88.
Puerto Ricans become steadily poorer: Trías Monge, p. 83.
Historian on foreign corporations: Caban, p. 217.
94 Islands or canned goods: Karnow, In Our Image: America’s Empire in the Philippines (New York: Ballantine, 1990), p. 129.
95 Eisenhower recommends withdrawal from Philippines: Bonner, Raymond, Waltzing with a Dictator: The Márcoses and the Making of American Policy (New York: Times Books, 1987), p. 32.
96 Manglapus blames United States: Poole, Fred, and Max Vanzi, Revolution in the Philippines: The United States in a Hall of Cracked Mirrors (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984), p. 341.
97 Reagan doesn’t know anything more important: Karnow, p. 414.
98 Zelaya dies in New York: New York Times, May 19, 1919.
99 Sandino on Zeledon’s death: Kinzer, Stephen, Blood of Brothers: Life and War in Nicaragua (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1991), p. 27.
State Department dismisses Sandino: Denny, Harold Norman, Dollars for Bullets: The Story of American Rule in Nicaragua (New York: Dial Press, 1929), pp. 324–25.
Sandino says he won’t live much longer: Kinzer, p. 31.
100 Mule costs more than a congressman: Langley, Lester D., and Thomas Schoonover, The Banana Men: American Mercenaries and Entrepreneurs in Central America, 1880–1930 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1995), p. 171.
Fruit companies own most land: Merrill, Tim L. (ed.), Honduras: A Country Study (Washington: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, 1993), p. 6.
101 1,000 miles of railroad: Acker, Alison, Honduras: The Making of a Banana Republic (Boston: South End Press, 1988), p. 24.
Country of the seventies: LaFeber, Walter, Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America (New York: W. W. Norton, 1983), p. 177.
102 Eli Black scandal and suicide: McCann, Thomas, An American Company: The Tragedy of United Fruit (New York: Crown, 1976), pp. 1–3.
103 Root on effect of building canal: LaFeber, p. 37.
104 Roosevelt says countries must behave: LaFeber, p. 37.
Lodge on consolidation: Pratt, p. 207.
5: DESPOTISM AND GODLESS TERRORISM
111 Dulles and Eisenhower examine world drama: Kluckhohn, Frank L., The Man Who Kept the Peace: A Study of John Foster Dulles (New York: Columbia Heights, 1968), p. 26.
112 Dulles habits at home: Kluckhohn, pp. 123–26.
Foster asks Cromwell to hire Dulles: Beal, John Robinson, John Foster Dulles: A Biography (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1957), p. 55.
113 Early foreign assignments for Dulles: Kluckhohn, p. 12.
Dulles may have been a world watcher: Pruessen, Ronald W., John Foster
Dulles: The Road to Power (New York: Free Press, 1982), pp. xiii-xiv, 104.
113 Clients at Sullivan & Cromwell: Preussen, pp. 60–69; Lisagor, Nancy, and Frank Lipsius, A Law unto Itself: The Untold Stoiy of the Law Firm Sullivan & Cromwell (New York: William Morrow, 1988), pp. 67, 100.
114 Sullivan & Cromwell ties to Nazis: Lisagor and Lipsius, pp. 32–33, 132–37; Mosley, Leonard, Dulles: A Biography of Eleanor, Allen, and John Foster Dulles and Their Family Network (New York: Dell, 1979), pp. 104–8.
Enemy of the Reds: Beal, photo of Dulles car.
115 Only religious leader to become secretary of state: Gearson, Louis L., John Foster Dulles (New York: Cooper Square, 1967), p. xi.
Dulles sees religious heritage and duty to help others: Van Dusen, Henry P., The Spiritual Legacy of John Foster Dulles: Selections from His Articles and Addresses (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1960), pp. 80–87.
Dulles flies to Paris: Drummond, Roscoe, and Gaston Coblentz, Duel at the Brink: John Foster Dulles’ Command of American Power (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1960), p. 30.
Dulles was out of touch: Goold-Adams, Richard, The Time of Power: A Reappraisal of John Foster Dulles (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1962), p. 14.
116 Hoopes on Dulles: Hoopes, Townsend, The Devil and John Foster Dulles (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1973), p. 38.
Dulles scarcely knew meaning of compromise: Gaddis, John Lewis, Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), pp. 14, 160.
Dulles trained in adversarial terms: Gaddis, p. 136.
117 Dulles positions in 1952 campaign: New York Times, July 10, 1952.
118 Iran’s misery caused by oil company: Goode, James E, The United States and Iran: In the Shadow of Mussadiq (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997), p. 31.
We English have experience: Elm, Mostafa, Oil, Power, and Principle: Iran’s Oil Nationalization and Its Aftermath (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1992), p. 103.
119 Persian oil vital to our economy: Elm, p. 112.
Adjectives applied to Mossadegh: Abrahamian, Ervand, “The 1953 Coup in Iran,” Science and Society, Summer 2001.
120 Mossadegh is man of the year: Time, Jan. 7, 1952.
Roosevelt meets with British counterparts: Roosevelt, Kermit, Countercoup: The Struggle for the Control of Iran (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979), pp. 107–8.
121 Tudeh threat was not real: Behrooz, Maziar, “The 1953 Coup in Iran and the Legacy of the Tudeh,” in Gasiorowski, Mark J., and Malcolm Byrne, Mohammed Mossadeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2004), pp. 102–23; Abrahamian.
Coordination between Mossadegh and Tudeh could not have existed: Ghods, M. Reza, Iran in the Twentieth Century: A Political History (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1989), pp. 110, 125.
122 National Security Council meeting: Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952–1954. Vol. 10: Iran 1952–1954 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1989), p. 693.
122 Petroleum considerations were involved: Bill, James A., The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988), p. 81.
123 Coup plan: Accounts in Abrahamian; Bill; Diba, Farhad, Mohammad Mossadegh: A Political Biography (London: Croon Helm, 1986); Doril, Stephen, MI6: Inside the World of Her Majesty’s Secret Intelligence Service (New York: Free Press, 2000); Elm; Gasiorowski and Byrne; Goode; Katouzian, Homa, Mussadiq and the Struggle for Power in Iran (London: I. B. Tauris, 1999); Kinzer, Stephen, All the Shah’s Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror (New York: Wiley, 2003); Prados, John, Presidents’ Secret Wars: CIA and Pentagon Covert Operations Since World War II (New York: William Morrow, 1986); Roosevelt; Woodhouse, C. M., Something Ventured (London: Granada, 1982); and Zabih, Sepehr, The Mossadegh Era: Roots of the Iranian Revolution (Chicago: Lake View, 1982). The CIA’s long-secret internal report on the coup, “Overthrow of Premier Mossadeq of Iran, November 1952-August 1953,” is at www.nytimes.com.
Dulles on getting rid of that madman: Roosevelt, p. 8.
Goiran quits: Gasiorowski and Byrne, p. 231.
Dispatches from Grady and McGhee: Bill, James A., and William Roger Louis (eds.), Mussadiq, Iranian Nationalism, and Oil (London: I. B. Tauris, 1988), p. 302.
124 Press plays supporting role: Ghods, pp. 220, 245.
Mossadegh’s commitment to rights benefited his enemies: Ghods, p. 95.
126 First coup attempt fails: Gasiorowski and Byrne, pp. 248–49; Kinzer, pp. 5–16; Roosevelt, pp. 149–73.
127 Mossadegh refuses Communist help: Author’s interview with former Tehran mayor Nosratollah Azimi, June 23, 2002; Lapping, Brian, End of Empire (London: Granada, 1985), p. 215.
128 Roosevelt has farewell meeting with shah: Roosevelt, pp. 199–202.
6: GET RID OF THIS STINKER
129 People began dying: Reuters dispatch from Guatemala City, Oct. 20,1995.
United Fruit tied to United States government: Ambrose, Stephen E., Ike’s Spies: Eisenhower and the Espionage Establishment (Garden City, N.Y: Doubleday, 1981), p. 223; Immerman, Richard H., The CIA in Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1982), p. 125; Marchetti, Victor, and John Marks, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence (New York: Knopf, 1964), p. 376.
130 Ubico called anyone a Communist: Immerman, p. 33.
Ubico showers United Fruit with concessions: Ambrose, p. 218; Immerman, p. 124; Schlesinger, Stephen, and Stephen Kinzer, Bitter Fruit: The Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1982), p. 70; Rabe, Stephen G., Eisenhower and Latin America: The Foreign Policy of Anticommunism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), p. 45.
131 Arßvalo’s inaugural speech: Schlesinger and Kinzer, p. 34.
Arßvalo’s farewell: Schlesinger and Kinzer, p. 47.
132 Arbenz inaugural address: Schlesinger and Kinzer, p. 52.
133 Dispute over compensation for United Fruit: Gleijeses, Piero, Shattered Hope: The Guatemala Revolution and the United States, 1944–1954 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991), p. 164.
134 Bernays on public relations: Bernays, Edward, Biography of an Idea: Memoirs of a Public Relations Counsel (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965), pp. 745, 761.
Bernays on Guatemala: Bernays, pp. 9, 31.
Press campaign: Immerman, p. 113.
135 Lodge and McCormack: Immerman, p. 117.
Products of the Cold War ethos: Immerman, p. 81.
Communists in Guatemala: Rabe, pp. 48, 57.
136 Such a tie must exist: Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States 1952–54, vol. 4: The American Republics (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1984), doc. 30.
Ruthless agents: Rabe, p. 46.
137 Change in passivity: New York Times, Nov. 8, 1953.
Normal approaches will not work: Schlesinger and Kinzer, p. 139.
Start a civil war: Schlesinger and Kinzer, p. 117.
138 Hunt recruits Spellman: Interview with Hunt, at www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-18/huntl.html.
139 Toriello speech in Caracas: Schlesinger and Kinzer, pp. 143–44.
140 Arms from Czechoslovakia: Schlesinger and Kinzer, pp. 147–58; Immerman, pp. 155–60.
Gruson pulled out of Guatemala: Salisbury, Harrison, Without Fear or Favor (New York: Times Books, 1980), pp. 478–80.
O’Neill transferred: Wise, David, and Thomas B. Ross, The Invisible Government (New York: Random House, 1964), p. 194.
141 Murphy opposes coup: Immerman, p. 159.
We are on the road: Immerman, pp. 157–58.
142 Looks like this is it: Schlesinger and Kinzer, p. 15.
State Department statement: New York Times, June 20, 1954.
Arbenz radio speech: Schlesinger and Kinzer, pp. 19–20.
143 Eisenhower approves more planes: Ambrose, p. 230; Eisenhower, Dwight D., Mandate for Change: The White House Years, 1953–1956 (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1963), pp. 425–26; Wise and Ross, pp. 178–79.
144 Toriello cable to Dulles: Phillips, David A., The Night Watch: Twenty-five Years of Peculiar Service (New York: Atheneum, 1977) p. 46; Schlesinger and Kinzer, p. 184; Wise and Ross, pp. 190–91.
Peurifoy visits Díaz: Immerman, pp. 174–75; Schlesinger and Kinzer, pp. 195–96.
145 Arbenz radio speech: Schlesinger and Kinzer, pp. 199–200.
Peurifoy will crack down, arranges new regime: Schlesinger and Kinzer, pp. 205–16.
Dulles radio address: Department of State, Intervention of International Communism in the Americas, Publication 5556 (Washington: Department of State, 1954), p. 32.
7: NOT THE PREFERRED WAY TO COMMIT SUICIDE
149 Monk’s suicide: Browne, Malcolm, Muddy Boots and Red Socks: A Reporter’s Life (New York: Times Books, 1993), pp. 8–12.
150 Ho declares independence: Langguth, A. J., Our Vietnam: The War, 1954–1975 (New York: Touchstone, 2000), p. 59.
Ho looks to United States: Langguth, p. 59.
151 Not unless autos collide: Langguth, p. 72.
152 Landsdale rescues Diem: Maitland, Terrence, and Stephen Weiss, The Vietnam Experience: Raising the Stakes (Boston: Boston Publishing, 1982), p. 126.
153 Campaign to entice Vietnamese southward: Karnow, Stanley, Vietnam: A History (New York: Viking, 1983), p. 221.
Kattenburg recalls Dulles meeting: Public Broadcasting System, Vietnam: A Television History, episode 2, “America’s Mandarin, 1954–1963.”
Diem family: Maitland and Weiss, pp. 2, 63–65.
154 Eisenhower never mentioned it: Maitland and Weiss, p. 169.
155 Aid was overwhelmingly military: Karnow, p. 259.
Johnson on Vietnam and Diem: Karnow, pp. 214, 250.
Diem complains: Hammer, Ellen J., A Death in November: America in Vietnam, 1963 (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1987), p. 37.
156 Reluctant protege: Karnow, p. 284.
Nhu wants to live in peace: PBS, Vietnam: A Television History.
Twentieth-century Asians protesting: New York Times, Sept. 11, 1963.
157 Let them burn: Karnow, p. 281.
Vietcong control in 1963: Langguth, p. 139.
158 Cable to Lodge: Karnow, p. 286–87.
159 Taylor would never have approved cable: Langguth, p. 225.
160 Government is coming apart: Karnow, p. 288.
Lodge sees no turning back: Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest (New York: Penguin, 1969), p. 324.
Kennedy interview on CBS: PBS, Vietnam: A Television History.
161 Kattenburg and Robert Kennedy doubt war can be won: Karnow, p. 292.
Conein: Halberstam, Best and Brightest, p. 350; Jones, Howard, Death of a Generation: How the Assassinations of Diem and JFK Prolonged the Vietnam War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 387, 392.
162 Conein had a lot of dental work: Karnow, p. 295.
163 Richardson has doubts and is transferred: Karnow, p. 297; Halberstam, Best and Brightest, p. 241.
Doubts expressed at October 29 meeting: Prados, John (ed.), The White House Tapes: Eavesdropping on the Presidents (New York: New Press, 2003), pp. 110–33.
165 Prados on meeting: Prados, pp. 95–96.
166 Conein arrives with cash and sends coded message: Karnow, p. 305.
Lodge telephone conversation with Diem: Hammer, pp. 288–89; Halberstam, Best and Brightest, p. 355.
167 Pull them up at the roots: Hammer, p. 297.
168 Nhu asks why soldiers use such a vehicle: Jones, p. 429.
168 Bodies arrive, Don asks why victims are dead: Halberstam, Best and Brightest, p. 298; Hammer, p. 298.
Conein does not want to see bodies: Karnow, p. 311.
169 Taylor on Kennedy’s reaction: Taylor, Maxwell D., Swords and Plowshares (Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo, 1990), p. 301.
169 Bundy on the preferred way: Jones, p. 434.
Forrestal on killings: Hammer, p. 301.
Hammer on killings: Hammer, p. 301.
They were in a difficult position: Collier, Peter, and David Horowitz, The Kennedys (New York: Summit, 1984), p. 309.
8: WE’RE GOING TO SMASH HIM
170 Edwards asks if U.S. will do anything: Kornbluh, Peter, “The El Mercurio File,” Columbia Journalism Review, Sept.-Oct. 2003.
171 Geneen proposes million-dollar contribution: U.S. Senate, Covert Action in Chile, 1963–1973, 94th Congress, 1st Session (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1975), p. 12.
McCone is conduit while on two payrolls: Hersh, Seymour, The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House (New York: Summit, 1983), p. 267; Uribe, Armando, The Black Book of American Intervention in Chile (Boston: Beacon, 1974), p. 40.
Edwards and Pepsi interests: Louis, J. C, Cola Wars (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1980), p. 222–25.
172 Nixon had been triggered into action: Kissinger, White House Years (Boston: Little, Brown, 1979), p. 673.
Nixon is anxious and frantic: Petras, James E, How Allende Fell: A Study in U.S.-Chilean Relations (Nottingham: Spokesman, 1974), p. 221.
173 Helms scribbles list: Kornbluh, Peter, The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability (New York: New Press, 2003), p. 36.
174 Background of ITT in Chile: New York Times, March 3, 1972.
Alliance for Progress settles on Chile: U.S. Senate, Covert Action, p. 4.
175 CIA spends $3 million for Frei: U.S. Senate, Covert Action, p. 1.
CIA activities after Frei’s election: U.S. Senate, Covert Action, pp. 17–19.
176 Chile receives military aid: Boorstein, Edward, Allende’s Chile: An Insider’s View (New York: International Publishers, 1977), p. 76.
Korry sees fiduciary responsibility: Korry testimony to U.S. Senate investigators, at www.aardibrary.org/publib/church/reports/vol7.
Nixon will not downgrade military: Kornbluh, p. 119.
Spoiling campaign: U.S. Senate, Covert Actions, pp. 19–23, 43; Kissinger, p. 666.
Rockefeller interest in Chile: Hersh, p. 266; Isaacson, Walter, Kissinger: A Biography (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), p. 289.
177 Rockefeller hears that Allende is Communist dupe: Rockefeller, David, Memoirs (New York: Random House, 2002), p. 432.
Eagleburger on American principles: Isaacson, p. 764.
Kissinger is not interested: Uribe, p. 33.
178 40 Committee meets on March 25: U.S. Senate, Covert Action, p. 20.
ITT donates to Alessandri campaign: U.S. Senate, Covert Action, p. 13.
President came down very hard: Hersh, p. 274.
179 Kissinger speech in Chicago: U.S. Senate, Covert Action, p. 27.
Allende would present massive problems: U.S. Senate, Covert Action, p. 27.
Frei is a too gentle soul: Kornbluh, p. 13.
Track II: Kornbluh, pp. 38–39; U.S. Senate, Covert Action, pp. 25–26.
Contact the military: Kornbluh, pp. 58–59.
180 Don’t stand by and watch country go Communist: New York Times, Sept. 11, 1974.
Several express doubts: Kornbluh, pp. 8–11.
Constant pressure from White House: Kornbluh, p. 14.
181 CIA cable suggests three tools: Kornbluh, pp. 49–56.
We provide formula for chaos: Kornbluh, p. 1.
182 Not a nut or a bolt: Kornbluh, pp. 17–18; U.S. Senate, Covert Action, p. 33.
CIA inquires about removing Schneider: United States Senate, Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, Report 94–465, 94th Congress, 1st Session (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1975), p. 241.
Viaux paid to buy arms: Isaacson, p. 282; Kornbluh, p. 23.
Nixon went out of his way: Kornbluh, p. 24.
That son of a bitch: Kornbluh, p. 25; Hersh, p. 284.
183 Kissinger claims he called off Track II: Kissinger, pp. 674–77.
Kissinger approves message to Viaux: Kornbluh, p. 25.
184 Station has done an excellent job: Kornbluh, p. 73.
Sigmund on policy making: Sigmund, Paul E., The Overthrow of Allende and the Politics of Chile, 1964–1976 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1977), p. 48.
Nixon meets National Security Council: Kornbluh, pp. 119–20.
First blows were economic: U.S. Senate, Covert Actions, pp. 33–35.
185 Americans seek removal of IDB chairman: Kornbluh, p. 83.
186 Catalogue of covert operations: Kornbluh, p. 88.
Ad hoc committee: United States Senate, The International Telephone and Telegraph Company and Chile, 1970–1971 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1973), p. 12.
Buses and taxis out of service: U.S. Senate, Covert Action, p. 33.
We will pay if it is just: New York Times, July 12, 1971.
187 Anaconda lawyer’s lament: Moran, Theodore H., Multinational Corporations and the Politics of Dependence: Copper in Chile (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974), p. 153.
Merriam sends list to White House: Sobel, Lester A. (ed.), Chile and Allende. New York: Facts on File, 1974, p. 118.
Allende condemns leftists: Sobel, p. 47.
188 No one can dream that we will pay: Davis, Nathaniel, The Last Two Years of Salvador Allende (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985), p. 288.
How could it be so?: Kornbluh, p. 97.
Senate subcommittee report: U.S. Senate, ITT and Chile, p. 18.
190 Helms considers conviction a badge of honor: New York Times, Sept. 7,1991.
190 Induce as much of the military as possible: Kornbluh, p. 106.
CIA seeks accelerated efforts: Kornbluh, pp. 108–9.
Prats suppresses uprising: Boorstein, p. 231; Sobel, p. 131; Rojas Sandford, Robinson, The Murder of Allende and the End of the Chilean Way to Socialism (New York: Harper & Row, 1975), pp. 162–63.
191 CIA knew Pinochet as friend: Kornbluh, pp. 136–37.
40 Committee approves another $1 million: Kornbluh, pp. 144, 152.
CIA and Senate estimates of anti-Allende spending: Central Intelligence Agency, CIA Activities in Chile (Washington: Central Intelligence Agency, 2000), at www.derechos.org/nizkor/chile/doc/hinchey.html; U.S. Senate, Covert Action, p. 42.
Final act begins to unfold: Birns, Laurence (ed.), The End of Chilean Democracy: An IDOC Dossier on the Coup and Its Aftermath (New York: Seabury, 1973), p. 194; Kornbluh, p. 111.
CIA supports trucker strike: New York Times, Sept. 20, 1974; U.S. Senate, Covert Action, pp. 2, 31.
192 Devine reports coup will happen: Kornbluh, p. 112.
Davis on how decision was made: Davis, p. 222.
Events of September 11, 1973: Birns, pp. 35–41; Davis, pp. 231–306; Dorfman, Ariel, Exorcising Terror: The Incredible Unending Trial of General Augusto Pinochet (New York: Seven Stories, 2002), pp. 35–41; Sigmund, pp. 3–8, 242–47; Verdugo, Patricia, Interferencia secreta: 11 Septiembre de 1973 (Santiago: Editorial Sudamericana, 1998), pp. 47–196; Vergara, José Manuel, and Florencio Varas, Coup: Allende’s Last Day (New York: Stein & Day, 1975), pp. 38–90; Rojas Sandford, pp. 1–5, 37–47, 190–219.
194 Allende’s last words to his people: Birns, pp. 31–32.
Mission accomplished: Vergara and Varas, p. 95.
9: A GRAVEYARD SMELL
195 Phillips told to understand what the president ordered: Phillips, David A., The Night Watch: Twenty-five Years of Peculiar Service (New York: Atheneum, 1977), pp. 222–23.
196 Goldwater on pointing the finger: Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri, The CIA and American Democracy (New Haven: Yale University, 1989), p. 248.
Peurifoy on Kremlin: Eisenhower, Dwight D., Mandate for Change: The White House Years, 1953–1956 (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1963), p. 424.
197 Korry cable as Allende takes power: New York Times, Sept. 13, 1998.
198 Nothing important can come from the south: Hersh, Seymour, The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House (New York: Summit, 1983), p. 263.
Doolittle report: www.foia.cia.gov/browse_docs_full.asp?doc_no=0000627859.
200 Douglas on basic reforms: Bill, James A., The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988), p. 94.
201 Dulles commissions his old law firm: Lisagor, Nancy, and Frank Lipsius, A Law unto Itself: The Untold Story of the Law Firm Sullivan & Cromwell (New York: William Morrow, 1988), p. 210.
201 Operation Ajax locked the United States in: Bill, p. 94.
CIA predicts no radical changes: Sick, Gary, All Fall Down: America’s Tragic Encounter with Iran (New York: Penguin, 1986), p. 92.
202 Carter toasts shah: Washington Post, Nov. 18, 1977.
Militant explains hostage taking: Zahrani, Mostafa T, “The Coup That Changed the Middle East: Mossadegh v. the CIA in Retrospect,” World Policy Journal, Summer 2002.
203 Iran would be a mature democracy: Zahrani.
204 Reforms could not be translated into Cold War vocabulary: Immerman,
Richard, The CIA in Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1982), p. 186.
205 Assessment of CIA’s independent historian: Cullather, Nick, Secret History: The CIA’s Classified Account of Its Operations in Guatemala, 1952–1954 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1999), pp. 8–9.
206 Guevara influenced by events in Guatemala: Immerman, pp. 186–96; La Hora Cultural (Guatemala City), June 26, 2004.
207 Clinton says support for repression was wrong: Washington Post, March 11, 1999.
Taylor, Landsdale, and Colby regret coup: Jones, Howard, Death of a Generation: How the Assassins of Diem and JFK Prolonged the Vietnam War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 428.
208 Nobody was behind it: Hammer, Ellen ]., A Death in November: America in Vietnam, 1963 (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1987), p. 185.
We had a hand in killing him: Hammer, p. 309.
America’s responsibility haunted U.S. leaders: Karnow, Stanley, Vietnam: A History (New York: Viking, 1983), p. 278.
209 Kennedy’s central tragedy: Jones, p. 456.
Shaplen blamed the Americans: Maitland, Terrence, and Stephen Weiss, The Vietnam Experience: Raising the Stakes (Boston: Boston Publishing, 1982), p. 89.
Most bizarre performance by Dulles: Drummond, Roscoe, and Gaston Coblentz, Duel at the Brink: John Foster Dulles’ Command of American Power (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1960), p. 120.
210 Sihanouk on Americans: New York Times, Sept. 9, 1964.
211 Kissinger tells Pinochet he is victim of left-wing groups: Rogers, William D., and Maxwell, Kenneth, “Fleeing the Chilean Coup: The Debate over U.S. Complicity,” Foreign Affairs, Jan.-Feb. 2004.
213 Extreme fears were ill-founded: U.S. Senate, Covert Actions, p. 28.
214 Chileans might have found good sense: Maxwell, Kenneth, “The Other 9/11: The United States and Chile, 1973,” Foreign Affairs, Nov.-Dec. 2003. Not a part we are proud of: Washington Post, Feb. 21, 2003.
215 Two kinds of people: Dulles Oral History Project, Princeton University, interview with former French foreign minister Christian Pineau; cited in Morgan, Roger, The United States and West Germany, 1945–1973: A Study in Alliance Politics (London: Oxford University Press, 1974), p. 54.
216 Our fall from grace: Davis, Nathaniel, The Last Two Years of Salvador Allende (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985), p. xi.
10: OUR DAYS OF WEAKNESS ARE OVER
219 There are not going to be any landings: O’Shaughnessy, Hugh, Grenada: Revolution, Invasion and Aftermath (London: Sphere, 1984), p. 158.
221 I want to play another round: O’Shaughnessy, p. 162.
222 Do all that needs to be done: Adkin, Mark, Urgent Fury: The Battle for Grenada (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington, 1989), p. 120.
Reagan looks like a man under siege: New York Times, Oct. 24, 1983.
223 If this was right yesterday: Adkin, p. 121.
Gairy regime: Payne, Anthony, et al., Grenada: Revolution and Invasion (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1984), pp. 5–9; Schoenhals, Kai P., and Richard A. Melanson, Revolution and Intervention in Grenada: The New Jewel Movement, the United States, and the Caribbean (Boulder: Westview, 1985), pp. 13–32.
224 Gairy’s interest in strange phenomena: Searle, Chris, Grenada: The Struggle Against Destabilization (London: Writers and Readers, 1983), p. 11.
Irresponsible malcontents: Searle, p. 15.
225 Radio Grenada announces coup: O’Shaughnessy, p. 77.
Only sixty rebels: Deskin, Martin (ed.), Trouble in Our Backyard (New York: Pantheon, 1983), p. 13.
Bishop promises democracy: O’Shaughnessy, p. 79; Scoon, Paul, Survival for Service: My Experiences as Governor of Grenada (London: Macmillan Caribbean, 2003), p. 36.
Gairy had few friends left: Scoon, pp. 39–40.
Just consider how laws are made: Seabury, Paul, and Walter A. McDougall (eds.), The Grenada Papers: The Inside Story of the Grenadian Revolution and the Making of a Totalitarian State—as Told in Captured Documents (San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies, 1984), p. 71.
226 Think of history of U.S. imperialism: Searle, p. 33.
227 Vicious beasts of imperialism: Kinzer, Stephen, “Report from Grenada: Little Country, Big Revolution,” The Nation, Feb. 7, 1981.
Last cowboy: Searle, pp. 97–98.
Split in New Jewel: Adkin, pp. 13–29; Payne, pp. 105–31; Seabury, pp. 281–321; Schoenhals and Melanson, pp. 60–77.
230 Shooting of Bishop and others: Adkin, pp. 59–81; O’Shaughnessy, pp. 114–41; Payne, pp. 135–44; Schoenhals and Melanson, pp. 77–81.
231 No maps or aerial photos: Spector, Ronald H., U.S. Marines in Grenada, 1983 (Washington: History and Museums Division, Marine Corps, 1987), p. 2.
CIA unprepared: Adkin, pp. 118–19, 129–30.
Marines board in North Carolina: Spector, p. 1.
Erie receives message: Spector, p. 2.
232 Reagan signs smooth copy: Adkin, p. 106.
Vessey briefs Reagan: Adkin, p. 126.
233 Austin and others guarantee students’ safety: New York Times, Oct. 28,1983. A fleeting opportunity presented itself: Adkin, pp. 106–9, 115.
234 Walking Track Shoes: Spector, p. 6.
Invasion: Adkin, pp. 167–312; Harding, Stephen, Air War Grenada (Missoula, Mont.: Pictorial Histories, 1984), pp. 21–48; Newsweek, Nov. 7, 1983; Payne, pp. 148–61; Russell, Lee E., Grenada 1983 (London: Osprey, 1985), pp. 9–35; Spector, pp. 6–25; Schwarzkopf, Norman, It Doesn’t Take a Hero: The Autobiography of General Norman Schwarzkopf (New York: Bantam, 1992), pp. 244–58; Time, Nov. 7, 1983.
236 Reagan and Shultz explain invasion: New York Times, Oct. 25, 1983.
237 Scoon signs backdated letter: Adkin, pp. 99, 256, 365; Scoon, p. 145.
Things were coming unstuck: Time, Nov. 7, 1983.
We are more steady and reliable: New York Times, Oct. 29, 1983.
238 Reagan gives emotional speech: New York Times, Dec. 13, 1983.
11: YOU’RE NO GOOD
240 Noriega performance in American courses: Dinges, John, Our Man in Panama: How General Noriega Used the U.S.—and Made Millions in Drugs and Arms (New York: Random House, 1990), pp. 38–89.
241 Spadafora accuses Noriega, Kempe comments: Kempe, Fred, Divorcing the Dictator: America’s Tangled Affair with Noriega (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1990), p. 128.
242 Rivalry intensifies: Buckley, Tom, Panama: The Whole Story (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991), p. 26; Dinges, pp. 182–83; Kempe, pp. 129–30.
243 Killing of Spadafora: Buckley, pp. 26–29; Dinges, pp. 217–39; Kempe, pp. 132–50; Weeks, John, and Phil Gunson, Panama: Made in the USA (London: Latin America Bureau, 1991), pp. 59–60.
1964 riots: Martinez Ortega, Aristides, “Panama Explodes: The 1964 Flag Riots,” in Wheaton, Philip E., Panama Invaded: Imperial Occupation Versus Struggle for Sovereignty (Trenton, N.J.: Red Sea, 1992), pp. 68–76.
244 We have the rabid dog: Dinges, p. 239.
245 The day will come when you are sorry: Kempe, p. 143.
Noriega stipend reaches $110,000: Newsweek, Jan. 15, 1990.
Noriega allows use of bases to aid contras: Newsweek, Jan. 15, 1990.
246 He let Noriega off the hook: Dinges, p. 233.
Noriega involved in drug traffic: Dinges, pp. 14–16, 133–34, 149–50, 184–85; Kempe; pp. 75–80; Weeks and Gunson, pp. 50–55.
247 Panamanians have promised to help with the contras: Dinges, p. 237.
You are destroying our policy: Dinges, p. 253.
Panamanians interested in occult: New York Times, June 18, 1987.
248 Díaz Herrera: Buckley, pp. 68–75; Dinges, pp. 261–63; Kempe, pp. 207–11.
249 I am a criminal: Buckley, p. 84.
White House offers to drop indictments: Gilboa, Eytan, “The Panama Invasion Revisited: Lessons for the Use of Force in the Post-Cold War Era,” Political Science Quarterly, vol. 110, no. 4, p. 539.
250 Why Noriega can’t retire: Buckley, p. 97.
Carter blocked Noriega indictment: Gilboa.
Injuries inflicted by Panamanian soldiers: Buckley, p. 161.
251 We’re going to go: Buckley, p. 193.
252 Reduce the PDF to nothing: Panama Deception, Rhino Video, 1993.
Giroldi coup: Buckley, pp. 197–220; Dinges, 369–94; Weeks and Gunson, pp. 86–88.
Some wanted to shoot him on the spot: Buckley, p. 202.
253 Giroldi’s widow blames U.S.: Dinges, p. 393.
Summers and McCurdy reactions: Washington Post, Oct. 7, 1989.
254 This guy is not going to lay off: Buckley, p. 231; Dinges, p. 99.
255 Blue Spoon becomes Just Cause: Dinges, p. 101.
Indications point to major military action: Murillo. L. E., The Noriega Mess: The Drugs, the Canal, and Why America Invaded (Berkeley: Video Books, 1995), p. 27.
256 Invasion: Briggs, Clarence E., Operation Just Cause: Panama, December 1989: A Soldier’s Eyewitness Account (Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole, 1990), pp. 48–137; Donnelly, Thomas, et al., Operation Just Cause: The Storming of Panama (New York: Lexington, 1991), pp. 135–379; McConnell, Malcolm, Just Cause: The Real Story of America’s High-Tech Invasion of Panama (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991), pp. 23–300; Taw, Jennifer Morrison, Operation Just Cause: Lessons for Operations Other Than War (Santa Monica: Rand, 1996), pp. 3–29.
Endara takes oath of office: Buckley, p. 234; McConnell, p. 100; Time, Jan. 1, 1990; Weeks and Gunson, p. 13.
257 Noriega enters Vatican embassy and surrenders: Buckley, pp. 243–54; Dinges, pp. 364–65; Kempe, pp. 398–417; Newsweek, Jan. 8 and 15, 1990; Time, Jan. 8 and 15, 1990.
12: THEY WILL HAVE FLIES WALKING ACROSS THEIR EYEBALLS
261 We want friendship with you: British Broadcasting Corporation, Afghan Warrior: The Life and Death of Abdul Haq.
262 Commander has entered Afghanistan: Wall Street Journal, Oct. 24, 2001.
263 Haq is trapped: Author’s interviews with Joseph Ritchie Qune 13, 2005) and Robert McFarlane (July 1, 2005).
264 Under no circumstances can we lose: Coll, Steve, Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001 (New York: Penguin, 2004), p. 40.
265 We had just come off this tragedy: BBC.
266 CIA knew what its role was: BBC.
267 Essential that resistance continues: Coll, p. 51.
Hekmatyar ruthless and anti-American: BBC; Ewans, Martin, Afghanistan: A Short History of Its People and Politics (New York: HarperCollins, 2002), p. 213.
268 This was the essential proposition: BBC.
269 Hundreds of millions to guerrillas: Coll, p. 151.
Financing your own assassins: Coll, p. 182.
270 No less than twenty-eight countries: BBC.
War had become a bleeding wound: Ewans, p. 233.
271 Bearden cable: Coll, p. 185.
Najibullah warns of terrorism: Coll, p. 234.
Haq foresees terrorists and poppy field: BBC.
272 Long-term future of Nangarhar: Coll, p. 173.
273 U.S. maintains good relations with Taliban: Ewans, p. 256.
274 State Department takes up Unocal agenda: Coll, p. 330.
275 We’re going to find out who did this: Woodward, Bob, Bush at War (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002), p. 18.
Wanted dead or alive: Woodward, p. 97.
We’ll rout ’em out: Woodward, p. 52.
276 I thought you said some band: New York Times, June 16, 2000.
Bush sent a message to the group: Woodward, p. 85.
277 I want his head in a box: Woodward, p. 141.
278 U.S. locked in momentous struggle: Woodward, pp. 35, 45, 131.
Why enemies hate us: Tanner, Stephen, The Wars of the Bushes: A Father and Son as Military Leaders (Philadelphia: Casemate, 2004), p. 164.
Armitage on what I’m hearing: Woodward, p. 244.
279 Haq’s last moments: BBC; New York Times, Oct. 26–28, 2001; Wall Street Journal, Oct. 24, 2001; Washington Post, Oct. 29, 2001.
News commentators were grumbling: Woodward, p. 279.
Rule out going after Afghans: Woodward, p. 275.
13: THUNDER RUN
281 If the condition’s right: Perkins interview on Frontline, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/invasion/interviews/perkins.html.
282 We have set the conditions: Zucchino, David, Thunder Run: The Armored Strike to Capture Baghdad (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2004), p. 80.
283 Going straight into Baghdad: Zucchino, p. 87.
Heart of Saddam’s regime: Zucchino, p. 90.
284 Once Baghdad fell; Zucchino, p. 82.
285 Franks visit: New York Times, Oct. 19, 2004.
Sanctions are fine: Suskind, Ron, The Price of Loyalty: George W. Bush, the White House, and the Education of Paul O’Neill (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004), p. 85.
286 Never any rigorous talk: Suskind, p. 86.
Wolfowitz disagrees with Clarke: Clarke, Richard A., Against All Enemies: Inside America’s War on Terror (New York: Free Press, 2004), pp. 231–32.
287 Ambassador meets with Saddam: New York Times, Nov. 23, 1990.
289 Horrible poisons and diseases: Washington Post, Oct. 8, 2002.
Worst thing that could happen: Woodward, Bob, Plan of Attack (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004), p. 120.
290 Scowcroft warns against attack: Wall Street Journal, Aug. 25, 2002.
291 Nothing to do with oil: Purdum, Todd, A Time of Our Choosing: America’s War in Iraq (New York: Times Books, 2003), p. 245.
$41 billion in contacts: Hartung, William D., How Much Money Are You Making on the War, Daddy?: A Quick and Dirty Guide to War Profiteering in the Bush Administration (New York: Nation Books, 2003), p. 120.
292 Wolfowitz on protecting Saudi royal family: Newsday, Aug. 28, 2003; Vanity Fair, July 2003.
293 I will go to my grave: Lemann, Nicholas, “Remember the Alamo: How George Bush Reinvented Himself,” The New Yorker, Oct. 18, 2004.
294 Cheney opposes return of inspectors: Woodward, Plan, pp. 165, 195.
294 Franks hasn’t found any yet: Woodward, Plan, p. 173.
Bush passes over this warning: Suskind, p. 73.
War on terror is going okay: Woodward, Plan, p. 186.
295 Bush calls himself a gut player: Prados, John, Hoodwinked: The Documents That Reveal How Bush Sold Us a War (New York: New Press, 2004), p. 12.
Instinct told him Iraq has weapons: Woodward, Plan, p. 195.
I doubt anyone had the chance: Clarke, p. 244.
A country devoid of weapons: Keegan, John, The Iraq War (New York: Knopf, 2004), p. 112.
The declaration is empty: Woodward, Plan, p. 240.
296 It’s a slam-dunk case: Woodward, Plan, p. 249.
Chirac sees alternative ways: Woodward, Plan, p. 313.
297 Bush approves plan to attack Saddam’s farm: Woodward, Plan, p. 384.
Use a sword: Purdum, p. 111.
298 Touch me: Purdum, p. 210.
14: CATASTROPHIC SUCCESS
301 To make the world more peaceful: Prados, John, Hoodwinked: The Documents That Reveal How Bush Sold Us a War (New York: New Press, 2004), p. 32.
303 Open letter to ex-detainees: www.pipeline.com/~rgibson/grenada.
304 Cost of Spectre: http://www.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?fsID=71. Looting and fires in Panama City: Panama Deception, Wheaton, Philip E. (ed.), Panama Invaded: Imperial Occupation Versus Struggle for Sovereignty (Trenton, N.J.: Red Sea, 1992), pp. 13–34.
306 Looters shout Viva Bush!: Time, Jan. 1, 1990.
American tally of death toll in Panama: Dinges, John, Our Man in Panama: How General Noriega Used the U.S.—and Made Millions in Drugs and Arms (New York: Random House, 1990), pp. 287, 298.
307 Some want day of mourning; Endara calls day of reflection: Buckley, Tom, Panama: The Whole Story (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991), pp. 258, 263.
308 Ounce of prevention: Goodson, Larry, “Afghanistan’s Long Road to Reconstruction,” Journal of Democracy, vol. 14, no. 1 (2003).
It was clear as early as 2001: Goodson.
310 Eighty-seven percent of world poppy production: Goodson.
311 122 Americans killed: Keegan, John, The Iraq War (New York: Knopf, 2004), p. 204.
312 Had we to do it over again: Time, Sept. 6, 2004.
313 People we supported are in power: Galbraith, Peter, “Bush’s Islamic Republic,” New York Review of Books, Aug. 11, 2005.
314 Future of Iraq project: Phillips, David L., Losing Iraq: Inside the Postwar Reconstruction Fiasco (Boulder: Westview, 2005), pp. 35–40.
There was never a buildup of intelligence: New York Times, Oct. 20, 2004.
315 Ferguson on parallels to 1920: London Sunday Telegraph, Oct. 4, 2004.
A peculiar, chosen people: Melville, Herman, White-Jacket (Oxford: Oxford University, 2000), p. 151.
315 Right and true for every person: New York Times, Sept. 20, 2002. Washington on self-interest: Monten, Jonathan, “The Roots of the Bush Doctrine: Power, Nationalism, and Democracy Promotion in U.S. Strategy,” International Security, Spring 2005.
316 Self-evident truths are true for all: Federal News Service, May 21, 2003.
318 At this moment in history: Jervis, Robert, “Understanding the Bush Doctrine,” Political Science Quarterly, Autumn 2003.
319 I dread being too much dreaded: Morgenthau, Hans, Politics Among Nations (New York: Knopf, 1979), pp. 169–70.