Table 1.1 Correlations between personality variables and leadership (data from Mann, 1959)

Personality dimension	No. of tests	Direction of associationa	Median absolute correlationb (r)	Variance explainedc (r2)	Strength of associationd
Intelligence	196	positive	.25	5%	weak
Adjustment	164	positive	.15	2.3%	weak
Extroversion	119	positive	.15	2.3%	weak
Sensitivity	101	positive	(<.10)	(<1%)	weak
Masculinity	70	positive	(<.10)	(<1%)	weak
Conservatisme	62	negative	?	?	?
Dominance	39	positive	.20	4%	weak

Notes

a A positive association indicates that a higher score on the dimension in question is associated

with greater leadership. b Absolute correlations can vary between a minimum of 0.00 and a maximum of 1.00. c Mann does not provide median correlations for sensitivity or masculinity but describes these

associations as “low” and “weak” respectively. d According to Cohen’s (1977) criteria, correlations above .50 are strong, those between .50 and

.30 are moderate, and those below .30 are weak. e Mann does not present data for conservatism, but notes that only one measure, the F -scale,

reveals any consistent relationship with leadership.