Table 4.1 Group performance and group maintenance as a function of the process of leader selection (data from Haslam et al., 1998)

Leader selection process
Measure		Random		Formal		None
Group performance		46.2		51.7		52.1
Group maintenance		4.4		6.1		7.2

Note: On both measures a superior outcome is indicated by a lower score (less deviation from expert rankings; less deviation from group rankings). Groups with randomly selected leaders performed significantly better than those with formally selected or no leaders, and were also more likely to abide by group decisions.