First published in Great Britain in 2004 by Osprey Publishing,
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© 2004 Osprey Publishing Ltd.
All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrical, chemical, mechanical, optical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Enquiries should be addressed to the Publishers.
Transferred to digital print on demand 2011
First published 2004
5th impression 2008
Printed and bound by PrintOnDemand-Worldwide.com, Peterborough, UK
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Print ISBN: 978 1 84176 761 1
PDF e-book ISBN: 978 1 84908 022 4
ePub e-book ISBN: 978 1 78200 464 6
Editorial by Ilios Publishing, Oxford, UK (www.iliospublishing.com)
Cartography by Map Studio, Romsey, Hants
Design by Ken Vail Graphic Design, Cambridge, UK
Index by Alison Worthington
Originated by The Electronic Page Company, Cwmbran, UK
Typeset in Monotype Gill Sans and ITC Stone Serif
Image credits
Unless otherwise indicated, all photographic images and line drawings are from the author’s collection.
Measurements
Distances, ranges and dimensions are given in metric values in this volume:
| 1 millimetre (mm) | 0.04 inches |
| 1 centimetre (cm) | 0.39 inches |
| 1 metre (m) | 1.09 yards |
| 1 kilometre (km) | 0.62 miles |
| 1 kilogram (kg) | 2.20 pounds |
| 1 tonne (t) | 0.98 long ton (UK) |
The Fortress Study Group (FSG)
The object of the FSG is to advance the education of the public in the study of all aspects of fortifications and their armaments, especially works constructed to mount or resist artillery. The FSG holds an annual conference in September over a long weekend with visits and evening lectures, an annual tour abroad lasting about eight days, and an annual Members’ Day.
The FSG journal FORT is published annually, and its newsletter Casemate is published three times a year. Membership is international. For further details, please contact:
The Secretary, c/o 6 Lanark Place, London W9 1BS, UK
The Woodland Trust
Osprey Publishing is supporting the Woodland Trust, the UK’s leading woodland conservation charity, by funding the dedication of trees.
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Every effort has been made by the Publisher to secure permissions to use the images in this publication. If there has been any oversight we would be happy to rectify the situation and written submission should be made to Osprey Publishing.