SOURCES

Aside from my many years of training in law enforcement and numerous interviews with other law enforcement officials, the research for this book encompassed an in-depth look at health care, psychology, sociology, and history in the United States. My coauthor and I spoke with heads of departments of housing as well as sociologists and social scientists.

More specifically, we found resources for Baltimore, St. Louis, and Washington, D.C. at the United States Department of Health and Human Services. We pored through mounds of information regarding police training and use-of-force policies.

We also examined the history of use of force, including the Supreme Court cases that redefined law enforcement’s use of lethal procedures. Publications by the Police Executive Research Forum were invaluable, as was the published work of President Obama’s task force report on 21st-century policing.

We read through tons of public records to dig up information about ticketing patterns in Ferguson and the nation’s opioid crisis. We culled health department reports and cause-of-death documents to understand the correlations between health care and crime.

Finally, reportage by journalists at the Chicago Tribune, the New York Times Magazine, the Washington Post, and The Guardian provided a road map that pointed us in the right direction. The list of sources below is by no means exhaustive, but it is an example of the work that was an integral part of writing The Black and the Blue.

American Civil Liberties Union. “A Living Death; Life without Parole for Nonviolent Offenses.” (November 2013), https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/field_document/111813-lwop-complete-report .pdf.

“Baltimore: A City Defined by Falling Bodies.” Waikato Times (Hamilton, New Zealand), May 17, 2017.

Baltimore City Health Department. “Baltimore Life Expectancy, 2013.”

Baltimore City Health Department. “Baltimore Life Expectancy, 2016.” https://health.baltimorecity.gov/news/news-coverage/2017-07-07 -20-year-gap-life-expectancy-between-richer-poorer-areas -baltimore-cbs.

“Black Cop Says He Was Ordered to Look at Klan Web Sites.” Washington Examiner (March 25, 2008), http://www.washingtonexaminer .com/black-cop-says-he-was-ordered-to-look-at-klan-web-sites/article/58827.

“The Blue Ribbon Panel on Transparency, Accountability, and Fairness in Law Enforcement.” City of San Francisco (July 2016), http://sfdistrictattorney.org/sites/default/files/Document/BRP_report .pdf.

Bosman, Julie. “Journalist Who Told Laquan McDonald’s Story Faces Fight Over Sources.” New York Times (November 26, 2017), https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/26/us/chicago-police-shooting -journalist-laquan-mcdonald.html.

Bosman, Julie, and Mitch Smith. “As Chicago Murder Rate Spikes, Many Fear Violence Has Become Normalized.” New York Times (December 28, 2016), https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/28/us/chicago-murder-rate-gun-deaths.html.

Bragg, Rick. “New Orleans Is Hopeful about Police Overhaul.” New York Times (January 29, 1995), http://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/29/us/new-orleans-is-hopeful-about-police-overhaul.html.

Broadwater, Luke, and Kevin Rector. “Pugh Seeks Audit of Baltimore Police Overtime after Seven Officers Indicted.” Baltimore Sun (March 3, 2017), http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/ politics/bs-md-ci-police-ot-20170303-story.html.

Capatosto, Kelly. “Two Lenses, One Goal: Understanding the Psychological and Structural Barriers People of Color Face in the Criminal Justice System.” Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity (November 2016), http://kirwaninstitute.osu.edu/my-product/two-lenses-one-goal/.

Center for Policing Equity. “The Science of Justice: Race, Arrests and Police Use of Force.” (July 2016), http://policingequity.org/research/1687-2/.

Crepeau, Megan. “Prosecutor in Alleged Cover-Up of Laquan McDonald Shooting Moves for New Judge.” Chicago Tribune (July 13, 2017), http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-laquan -mcdonald-cops-judge-met-20170713-story.html.

Daly, Michael. “Inside Rahm Emanuel’s Vote to Silence Laquan McDonald’s Family.” Daily Beast (December 2, 2015), https://www.thedailybeast.com/inside-rahm-emanuels-vote-to-silence-laquan-mcdonalds-family.

Davey, Monica. “Officers’ Statements Differ from Video in Death of Laquan McDonald.” New York Times (December 5, 2015), https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/06/us/officers-statements-differ-from -video-in-death-of-laquan-mcdonald.html.

Davey, Monica, and Mitch Smith. “Anger Over Killing by Police Halts Shopping in Chicago.” New York Times (November 27, 2015), https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/28/us/laquan-mcdonald-jamar -clark-protests.html.

. “Chicago Protests Mostly Peaceful after Video of Police Shooting Is Released.” New York Times (November 24, 2015), https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/25/us/chicago-officer -charged-in-death-of-black-teenager-official-says.html.

deCourcy Hinds, Michael. “Frank Rizzo of Philadelphia Dies at 70.” New York Times (July 17, 1991), http://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/17/obituaries/frank-rizzo-of-philadelphia-dies-at-70.html.

“Disproportionate Minority Contact in the Juvenile Justice System.” The Sentencing Project (May 2014), http://www.sentencingproject .org/publications/disproportionate-minority-contact-in-the-juvenile -justice-system/.

Final Report of the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing (May 2015), https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p311-pub.pdf.

Fortin, Jacey, and Jonah Engel Bromwich. “Cleveland Officer Who Killed Tamir Rice Is Fired for Lying on Application.” New York Times (May 31, 2017), https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/30/us/cleveland-police -tamir-rice.html?mtrref=www.google.com&gwh=6331443FF7624A19A5740B33B6052B25&gwt=pay.

Gainsborough, Jenni, and Marc Mauer. “Diminishing Returns: Crime and Incarceration in the 1990s.” The Sentencing Project (September 2000), https://www.prisonpolicy.org/scans/sp/DimRet.pdf.

Guarino, Mark. “Chicago Killing Costs Prosecutor Job.” Washington Post (March 16, 2016), https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2 -39414280.html.

. “Why a Dash-Cam Video of a Police Shooting Might Not Be a Smoking Gun.” Washington Post (December 28, 2015), https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/why-a-dash-cam-video-of -a-police-shooting-might-not-be-a-smoking-gun/2015/ 12/28/9e0f8cda-ad7e-11e5-9ab0-884d1cc4b33e_story.html?utm _term=.efab2cc1131a.

Gutowski, Christy. “Laquan McDonald’s Mother Opposes Release of Son’s Juvenile Records.” Chicago Tribune (July 28, 2016), http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/laquanmcdonald/ct-laquan -mcdonald-juvenile-court-fight-met-0729-20160728-story.html.

Gutowski, Christy, and Jeremy Gorner. “The Complicated, Short Life of Laquan McDonald.” Chicago Tribune (December 11, 2015), http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-laquan -mcdonald-trouble-met-20151211-story.html.

Harvey, Thomas, John McAnnar, Michael-John Voss, Megan Conn, Sean Janda, and Sophia Keskey. “ArchCity Defenders: Municipal Courts White Paper.” (November 2014), http://www.archcitydefenders.org/ wp-content/uploads/2014/11/ArchCity-Defenders-Municipal -Courts-Whitepaper.pdf.

Husain, Nausheen. “Laquan McDonald Timeline: The Shooting, the Video and the Fallout.” Chicago Tribune (October 20, 2017), http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/laquanmcdonald/ct-graphics -laquan-mcdonald-officers-fired-timeline-htmlstory.html.

“Jury Awards Nearly $600K to Man Shot 11 Times by Police.” The Daily Record (Maryland) (March 16, 2015).

“Justice Department Cites Cleveland Police for Excessive Use of Force.” The Christian Science Monitor (December 14, 2014).

Knickerbocker, Brad. “Justice Department Cites Cleveland Police for Excessive Use of Force.” Christian Science Monitor (December 4, 2014), https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Justice/2014/1204/Justice -Department-cites-Cleveland-police-for-excessive-use-of-force.

Kohler, Jeremy, Jennifer S. Mann, and Stephen Deer. “Municipal Courts Are Well-Oiled Money Machine.” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (March 15, 2015), http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/crime-and -courts/municipal-courts-are-well-oiled-money-machine/ article_2f45bafb-6e0d-5e9e-8fe1-0ab9a794fcdc.html.

Krogstad, Jens Manuel. “Latino Confidence in Local Police Lower Than Among Whites.” Pew Research Center (August 28, 2014), http://www .pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/08/28/latino-confidence-in-local -police-lower-than-among-whites/.

Laughland, Oliver. “Tamir Rice’s Mother Calls for Apology from ‘Disrespectful’ Cleveland Police.” The Guardian (March 3, 2015), https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/mar/03/tamir-rice-mother -cleveland-apology.

Laughland, Oliver, Jon Swaine, and Daniel McGraw. “Cleveland Officer Who Fatally Shot Tamir Rice Will Not Face Criminal Charges.” The Guardian (December 28, 2015), https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/dec/28/tamir-rice-shooting-no-charges-cleveland -officer-timothy-loehmann.

Levin, Sam. “Tamir Rice: Cleveland Says Family Owes $500 for EMS after Fatal Police Shooting.” The Guardian (February 10, 2016), https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/feb/10/tamir-rice-shooting -cleveland-police-emergency-medical-expenses?CMP=Share _AndroidApp_Gmail.

“The Lingering Damage of Ferguson’s Racism.” Editorial, New York Times (September 18, 2017), https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/19/opinion/editorials/ferguson-racism-fred-watson.html.

Mann, Jennifer S., Jeremy Kohler, and Stephen Deere. “A Web of Lawyers Play Different Roles in Different Courts.” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (March 29, 2015), http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/a-web-of-lawyers-play-different-roles-in-different -courts/article_b61728d1-09b0-567f-9ff4-919cf4e34649.html.

Marcus, Frances Frank. “Overhaul Is Planned for New Orleans Police.” New York Times (January 16, 1995), http://www.nytimes.com/1995/ 01/16/us/overhaul-is-planned-for-new-orleans-police.html.

“New Curfew in Baltimore; Parents of Violators Face Tougher Penalties.” Washington Post (July 28, 1994).

Oppel, Richard A., Jr. “Officer Who Killed Boy Had a Negative Firearms Review.” New York Times (December 3, 2014), https://www.nytimes .com/2014/12/04/us/ohio-officer-who-killed-boy-had-a-negative -firearms-review.html?mtrref=www.google.com&gwh=8689CEBB7F117E6D833B9DA789961BA2&gwt=pay&assetType=nyt_now.

. “Police Gave Boy No Aid After Shooting in Cleveland.” New York Times (January 8, 2015), https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/09/us/police-in-cleveland-boys-fatal-shooting-did-not-give-medical-aid .html?mtrref=www.google.com&gwh=35723BBE36407A44A10A9BA24889CAA9&gwt=pay.

Police Executive Research Forum. “Advice from Police Chiefs and Community Leaders on Building Trust: ‘Ask for Help, Work Together, and Show Respect.’” (March 2016), http://www.policeforum.org/assets/policecommunitytrust.pdf.

. “Defining Moments for Chiefs.” (February 2015), http://www .policeforum.org/assets/definingmoments.pdf.

. “Guiding Principles on Use of Force.” (March 2016), http://www.policeforum.org/assets/30%20guiding%20principles.pdf.

. “Integrating Communications, Assessment and Tactics: Training Guide for Defusing Critical Incidents.” (October 2016), http://www.policeforum.org/assets/icattrainingguide.pdf.

. “Re-engineering Training on Police Use of Force.” (August 2015), http://www.policeforum.org/assets/reengineeringtraining1.pdf.

“Probate Court OKs Settlement Amounts for Tamir Rice Family; 12-Year-Old’s Mother to Get Largest Share of $3.69M Portion.” Dayton Daily News (December 3, 2016).

Rector, Kevin. “Convictions Put Under Review.” Baltimore Sun (March 24, 2017), http://digitaledition.baltimoresun.com/tribune/article_pop over.aspx?guid=fada9107-8d8e-4e52-938a-328555ef709c.

Rosenwald, Michael S., and Michael A. Fletcher. “Why Couldn’t $130 Million Transform One of Baltimore’s Poorest Places?” Washington Post (May 2, 2015), https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/why -couldnt-130-million-transform-one-of-baltimores-poorest -places/2015/05/02/0467ab06-f034-11e4-a55f-38924fca94f9_story .html?utm_term=.0e0212e1f139.

Stern, Laurence. “Rizzo’s ‘Reform.’” Washington Post (October 30, 1978), https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/10/30/rizzos-reform/1e39bbe1-225d-40a8-ae87-1dc02edfd357/?utm _term=.a00eafb55740.

Stockwell, Jamie. “Baltimore Reeling from Shootings of Six Officers.” Washington Post (November 26, 2002), https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2002/11/26/baltimore-reeling-from-shootings-of-six -officers/b654cb7b-4007-4f38-9dab-2e0e8c4abaf2/?utm_term =.aa2f356a96ed.

Stolberg, Sheryl Gay. “Fragile Baltimore Struggles to Heal after Deadly Police Encounter.” New York Times (October 20, 2015), https://www .nytimes.com/2015/10/21/us/a-fragile-baltimore-struggles-to-heal -itself.html.

Sun-Times Staff. “$1 Million Per Shot—How Laquan McDonald Settlement Unfolded.” Chicago Sun-Times (June 24, 2016), https://chicago.suntimes.com/chicago-politics/1-million-per-shot-how -laquan-mcdonald-settlement-unfolded-after-that-initial-demand/.

Sutin, Phil. “New Attractions Notwithstanding, Baltimore Struggles to Overcome Murders, Bad Image.” St. Louis Post-Dispatch (December 27, 1998), https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/139696367/.

Swaine, Jon. “Shot in the Chest by Cleveland Police—Then Handcuffed and Fined $100.” The Guardian (December 6, 2014), https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/dec/06/cleveland-police -department-shot-black-man.

Thomas, Pierre. “U.S. Launches Investigation of New Orleans Police Force.” Washington Post (July 13, 1996), https://www.washingtonpost .com/archive/politics/1996/07/13/us-launches-investigation-of-new -orleans-police-force/ec998a1a-e0d0-4f8f-a135-f30b51177688/?utm _term=.d2cedb51a0ba.

“12 Shot, Injured at Baltimore Cookout in Drug Feud.” Deseret Morning News (Salt Lake City) (July 27, 2009), https://www.deseretnews.com/article/705319416/12-shot-injured-at-Baltimore-cookout-in-drug -feud.html.

US Department of Health and Human Services. “Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings.” (November 2014), https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUHresultsPDFWHTML2013/Web/NSDUHresults2013.pdf.

US Department of Justice Civil Rights Division. “Investigation of the Baltimore Police Department.” (August 10, 2015), https://www .justice.gov/crt/file/883296/download.

. “Investigation of the Ferguson Police Department.” (March 4, 2015), https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/crt/legacy/2015/03/ 04/ferguson_findings_3-4-15.pdf.

. “Investigation of the New Orleans Police Department.” (March 16, 2011), https://www.justice.gov/crt/file/883296/download.

US Department of Justice Civil Rights Division and US Attorney’s Office, Northern District of Illinois. “Investigation of the Chicago Police Department.” (January 13, 2017), https://www.justice.gov/opa/file/925846/download.

Valentine, Paul W. “Calif. Man Picked to Head Baltimore Police.” Washington Post (December 21, 1993), https://www.washingtonpost .com/archive/local/1993/12/21/calif-man-picked-to-head -baltimore-police/27e550a6-21da-4c39-ab5b-7b907edee12b/?utm _term=.7a7044011222.

“Voters’ Views of Baltimore Crime a Likely Key to Gubernatorial Bid.” Washington Post (December 29, 2005).

Williams, Timothy. “A Persistent Case in Ferguson Raises Doubts About Reform.” New York Times (September 4, 2017), https://www .nytimes.com/2017/09/04/us/ferguson-watson-brown.html.

Williams, Timothy, and Mitch Smith. “Cleveland Officer Will Not Face Charges in Tamir Rice Shooting Death.” New York Times (December 28, 2015), https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/29/us/tamir-rice -police-shootiing-cleveland.html?mtrref=www.google.com&gwh=FF9E7FAAAC84ED7FDDA0F5A29EF14F54&gwt=pay.

Baltimore Police Department website, https://www.baltimorepolice.org/.

Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice

FBI Uniform Crime Report

Gallup Polls

New Orleans Police Department, https://nola.gov/nopd/.

Philadelphia Inquirer, http://www.philly.com/.

St. Louis Police Department website, http://www.slmpd.org/.

Statistica website

US Census