|
Policy Issue |
Definition |
Levers |
Evidence for country analysis |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Students: Raising outcomes |
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|
Equity and quality |
Policies to ensure that personal or social circumstances do not hinder achieving educational potential (fairness) and that all individuals reach at least a basic minimum level of skills (inclusion) |
Investing early on |
Providing quality early childhood education and care. |
|
|
Tackling system-level policies |
Avoiding grade repetition, early tracking and student selection; managing school choice; developing funding strategies to address the needs of students and schools; designing upper secondary pathways to ensure completion; fostering opportunities for all, including underrepresented population sub-groups; improving the inclusion of migrant communities. |
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|
Supporting low-performing disadvantaged schools |
Supporting school leadership; stimulating positive school climates; strengthening the quality of teachers; ensuring effective classroom learning strategies; linking schools with parents and community. |
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|
Preparing students for the future |
Policies to help prepare students for further education or the labour market |
Upper secondary |
Offering flexible choices; ensuring quality across programmes; strengthening the specific needs of the profession at this level; engaging communities, parents and the private sector; ensuring effective transition into the labour market or further education; ensuring timely access to relevant labour market information. |
Ensuring lifelong learning through relevant and accessible training opportunities and timely access to relevant labour market information; tackling evolution of skills and labour market needs. |
|
Vocational education and training (VET) |
Matching skills offered by VET programmes with labour market needs; offering adequate career guidance; ensuring quality of teachers; providing workplace training; ensuring timely access to relevant labour market information; developing tools for stakeholder engagement. |
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|
Tertiary education |
Steering tertiary education; matching funding with priorities; assuring quality and equity; enhancing the role of tertiary education in research and innovation; strengthening links with the labour market; shaping internationalisation strategies; ensuring timely access to relevant labour market information. |
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|
Institutions: Enhancing quality |
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|
School improvement |
Policies to strengthen delivery of education in schools that can influence student achievement |
High-quality teachers |
Recruitment, selection and induction; salary and working conditions; initial training; professional development opportunities and career paths. |
|
|
School leaders |
Attracting, developing and retaining school principals in the profession; developing support mechanisms or actors to distribute leadership at schools. |
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|
Learning environments |
Class size, instruction time, learning strategies and interactions in schools. |
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|
Evaluation and assessment |
Policies to support the measurement and improvement of school systems’ outcomes |
System evaluation |
Evaluation of the system as a whole, of subnational education systems, programme and policy evaluation. |
|
|
School evaluation |
Internal school evaluation, external school evaluations, and school leadership. |
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|
Teacher appraisal |
Probationary periods, developmental appraisal, performance management, appraisal for accountability and improvement purposes. |
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|
Systems: Governing effectively |
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|
Governance |
Ensuring effective planning, implementation and delivery of policies |
Formal structures |
Type of government; organisation of education system; locus of decision making. |
|
|
Setting objectives |
Definitions of national education goals or priorities. |
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|
Stakeholder process |
Relevant institutions and engagement with stakeholders at all levels of education. |
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|
Funding |
Policies to ensure effective and efficient investment in education systems |
Economic resources in the education system |
Public expenditure, GDP and share by education level. |
|
|
Use of resources at the school level |
Time resources, human resources, material resources. |
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|
Source: Education Policy Outlook. |
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|
Coverage by education system |
Primary sources |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Equity and quality |
Preparing students for the future |
Chapter 6 (policyimplementation and evaluation) |
EPO Survey 2016-17 |
Country Profile |
OECD country-based work |
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|
Chapter 2 (policy priorities) |
Chapter 3 (policy trends) |
Chapter 4 (policy priorities) |
Chapter 5 (policy trends) |
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|
Australia (AUS) |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
|
Austria (AUT) |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
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|
Belgium (BEL) |
||||||||
|
Flemish Community (BFl) |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
||
|
French Community (BFr) |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
||
|
German-speaking Community (BDg) |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|||
|
Canada (CAN) |
X |
|||||||
|
New Brunswick |
X |
X |
||||||
|
Saskatchewan |
X |
|||||||
|
Ontario |
X |
X |
||||||
|
Federal view |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
||
|
Chile (CHI) |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
||
|
Colombia (COL) |
X |
X |
X |
|||||
|
Costa Rica (CRI) |
X |
X |
X |
|||||
|
Czech Republic (CZE) |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
||
|
Denmark (DNK) |
X |
X |
X |
|||||
|
Estonia (EST) |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
||
|
Finland (FIN) |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
|
France (FRA) |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
|
Germany (DEU) |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
|
Greece (GRC) |
X |
X |
X |
X |
||||
|
Hungary (HUN) |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
||
|
Iceland (ISL) |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
|
Ireland (IRE) |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
|
Israel (ISR) |
X |
X |
X |
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|
Italy (ITA) |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
||
|
Japan (JPN) |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
|
Kazakhstan (KAZ) |
X |
X |
X |
|||||
|
Korea (KOR) |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
||
|
Latvia (LVA) |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
Luxembourg (LUX) |
X |
X |
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|
Mexico (MEX) |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
|
Netherlands (NLD) |
X |
|||||||
|
New Zealand (NZL) |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
||
|
Norway (NOR) |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
|
Poland (POL) |
X |
X |
X |
|||||
|
Portugal (PRT) |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
|
Slovak Republic (SVK) |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
||
|
Slovenia (SVN) |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
||
|
Spain (ESP) |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
|
Sweden (SWE) |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
||
|
Turkey (TUR) |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
|
United Kingdom (GBR) |
X |
|||||||
|
England (ENG) |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|||
|
Northern Ireland (NIR) |
X |
X |
||||||
|
Scotland (SCT) |
X |
X |
||||||
|
Wales (WLS) |
X |
X |
||||||
|
United States (USA) |
X |
X |
||||||
|
AUSTRALIA |
|
OECD (2008), OECD Reviews of Vocational Education and Training: A Learning for Jobs Review of Australia 2008 |
|
OECD (2011), OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education: Australia 2011 |
|
OECD (2014), OECD Economic Surveys: Australia 2014 |
|
OECD (2016), Starting Strong IV : Monitoring Quality in Early Childhood Education and Care, Country Note: Australia |
|
OECD (2017), OECD Economic Surveys: Australia 2017 |
|
AUSTRIA |
|
OECD (2010), OECD Reviews of Vocational Education and Training: A Learning for Jobs Review of Austria 2010 |
|
OECD (2013), A Skills beyond School Review of Austria |
|
OECD (2015), OECD Economic Surveys: Austria 2015 |
|
OECD (2016), OECD Reviews of School Resources: Austria 2016 |
|
OECD (2017), Education Policy Outlook: Austria |
|
BELGIUM |
|
OECD (2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2017), OECD Economic Surveys: Belgium |
|
OECD (2017), Education Policy Outlook: Belgium |
|
BELGIUM (FLEMISH COMMUNITY) |
|
OECD (2011), OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education: School Evaluation in the Flemish Community of Belgium 2011 |
|
OECD (2015), OECD Reviews of School Resources: Flemish Community of Belgium 2015 |
|
OECD (2010), OECD Reviews of Vocational Education and Training: A Learning for Jobs Review of Belgium Flanders 2010 |
|
CANADA |
|
OECD (2000, 2012, 2016), OECD Economic Surveys: Canada |
|
COLOMBIA |
|
OECD (2013, 2015, 2017), OECD Economic Surveys: Colombia |
|
OECD (2016), Education in Colombia |
|
CHILE |
|
OECD (2004), Reviews of National Policies for Education: Chile 2004 |
|
OECD (2009), OECD Reviews of Vocational Education and Training: A Learning for Jobs Review of Chile 2009 |
|
OECD (2013), Reviews of National Policies for Education: Quality Assurance in Higher Education in Chile 2013 |
|
OECD (2015), OECD Economic Surveys: Chile 2015 |
|
OECD (2015), “Better Policies” Series: Chile Policy Priorities and more Equitable Growth 2015 |
|
OECD (2017), Education in Chile |
|
Santiago, P., Fizbein, A., García Jaramillo, S. and T. Radinger (2017), OECD Reviews of School Resources: Chile 2017 |
|
COSTA RICA |
|
OECD (2015), A Skills Beyond Schools Review of Costa Rica |
|
OECD (2016), OECD Economic Surveys: Costa Rica 2016 : Economic Assessment |
|
CZECH REPUBLIC |
|
OECD (2010), OECD Reviews of Vocational Education and Training: A Learning for Jobs Review of the Czech Republic 2010 |
|
OECD (2012), OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education: Czech Republic 2012 |
|
OECD (2012), Quality Matters in Early Childhood Education and Care: Czech Republic 2012 |
|
OECD (2016), OECD Economic Surveys: Czech Republic 2016 |
|
DENMARK |
|
OECD (2005), Reviews of National Policies for Education: University Education in Denmark 2005 |
|
OECD (2011), OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education: Denmark 2011 |
|
OECD (2012), A Skills beyond School Review of Denmark |
|
OECD (2016), OECD Economic Surveys: Denmark 2016 |
|
ESTONIA |
|
OECD (2012,), OECD Economic Surveys: Estonia 2012 |
|
OECD (2016), OECD Reviews of School Resources: Estonia |
|
FINLAND |
|
OECD (2003), Reviews of National Policies for Education, Finland 2003 |
|
OECD (2012), Quality Matters in Early Childhood Education and Care: Finland 2012 |
|
OECD (2016), Starting Strong IV : Monitoring Quality in Early Childhood Education and Care, Country Note: Finland |
|
OECD (2016), OECD Economic Surveys: Finland 2016 |
|
FRANCE |
|
OECD (1998, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015), OECD Economic Surveys: France |
|
OECD (2016), Starting Strong IV : Monitoring Quality in Early Childhood Education and Care, Country Note: France |
|
GERMANY |
|
OECD (1998 2004, 2010, 2013, 2016), OECD Economic Surveys: Germany |
|
OECD (2013), A Skills beyond School Review of Germany |
|
OECD (2016), Starting Strong IV : Monitoring Quality in Early Childhood Education and Care, Country Note: Germany |
|
GREECE |
|
OECD (2002, 2007, 2016), OECD Economic Surveys: Greece |
|
HUNGARY |
|
OECD (1999, 2005, 2007, 2012, 2016), OECD Economic Surveys: Hungary |
|
ICELAND |
|
OECD (1998, 2003, 2006, 2009, 2013, 2015), OECD Economic Surveys: Iceland |
|
OECD (2012), OECD-Iceland Improving Schools Review: Towards a Strategy to Prevent Dropout in Iceland, Result of the OECD-Iceland Workshop Preventing Dropout in Upper Secondary Schools in Iceland |
|
IRELAND |
|
OECD (1999, 2009, 2013,2015, 2016), OECD Economic Surveys: Ireland |
|
OECD (2006), Reviews of National Policies for Education: Higher Education in Ireland 2006 |
|
ISRAEL |
|
OECD (2009, 2013, 2016), OECD Economic Surveys: Israel |
|
OECD (2014), A Skills beyond School Review of Israel |
|
ITALY |
|
OECD (1998), Reviews of National Policies for Education: Italy 1998 |
|
OECD (2001, 2005, 2009, 2013, 2015, 2017), OECD Economic Surveys: Italy |
|
OECD (2017), Starting Strong IV : Monitoring Quality in Early Childhood Education and Care, Country Note:, Italy |
|
OECD (2017), Education Policy Outlook: Italy |
|
JAPAN |
|
OECD (2000, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2015, 2017), OECD Economic Surveys: Japan |
|
OECD (2012), Quality Matters in Early Childhood Education and Care: Japan 2012 |
|
KAZAKHSTAN |
|
OECD/The World Bank (2015), OECD Reviews of School Resources: Kazakhstan 2015 |
|
OECD (2017), Higher Education in Kazakhstan 2017 |
|
KOREA |
|
OECD (1998), Reviews of National Policies for Education: Korea 1998 |
|
OECD (2000, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2016), OECD Economic Surveys: Korea |
|
OECD (2012), Quality Matters in Early Childhood Education and Care: Korea 2012 |
|
OECD (2012), A Skills beyond School Review of Korea |
|
OECD (2016), Starting Strong IV : Monitoring Quality in Early Childhood Education and Care, Country Note: Korea |
|
LATVIA |
|
OECD (2001), Reviews of National Policies for Education: Latvia 2001 |
|
OECD (2015, 2017), OECD Economic Surveys: Latvia |
|
OECD (2015), Investing in Youth: Latvia |
|
OECD (2017), Education Policy Outlook: Latvia |
|
LUXEMBOURG |
|
OECD (2001, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2015, 2017), OECD Economic Surveys: Luxembourg |
|
OECD (2012), OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education: Luxembourg 2012 |
|
OECD (2017),Starting Strong IV : Monitoring Quality in Early Childhood Education and Care,Country Note: Luxembourg |
|
MEXICO |
|
OECD (2002, 2005, 2007, 2015, 2017), OECD Economic Surveys: Mexico |
|
OECD (2010), Improving Schools : Strategies for Action in Mexico |
|
OECD (2012), OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education: Mexico 2012 |
|
NETHERLANDS |
|
OECD (2000, 2004, 2008, 2016), OECD Economic Surveys: Netherlands |
|
OECD (2014), OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education: Netherlands 2014 |
|
OECD (2014), A Skills beyond School Review of the Netherlands, The Netherlands, 2014 |
|
OECD (2016), Starting Strong IV : Monitoring Quality in Early Childhood Education and Care: Country Note: the Netherlands |
|
NEW ZEALAND |
|
OECD (2000, 2004, 2005, 2015), OECD Economic Surveys: New Zealand |
|
OECD (2011), OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education: New Zealand 2011 |
|
OECD (2012), Quality Matters in Early Childhood and Care: New Zealand 2012 |
|
NORWAY |
|
OECD (2002), Reviews of National Policies for Education: Lifelong Learning in Norway 2002 |
|
OECD (2011), Reviews of National Policies for Education: Improving Lower Secondary Schools in Norway 2011 |
|
OECD (2011), OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education: Norway 2011 |
|
OECD (2013), Quality Matters in Early Childhood Education and Care: Norway 2013 |
|
OECD (2015), Early Childhood Education and Care Policy Review: Norway |
|
OECD (2016), OECD Economic Surveys: Norway 2016 |
|
POLAND |
|
OECD (2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016), OECD Economic Surveys: Poland |
|
PORTUGAL |
|
OECD (2001, 2004, 2014, 2017), OECD Economic Surveys: Portugal |
|
OECD (2007), Reviews of National Policies for Education: Tertiary Education in Portugal 2007 |
|
OECD (2012), OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education: Portugal 2012 |
|
OECD (2012), Quality Matters in Early Childhood and Care: Portugal 2012 |
|
SLOVAK REPUBLIC |
|
OECD (2002, 2005, 2007, 2010, 2014), OECD Economic Surveys: Slovak Republic |
|
OECD (2012), Quality Matters in Early Childhood Education and Care: Slovak Republic 2012 |
|
OECD (2014), OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education: Slovak Republic 2014 |
|
OECD (2015), OECD Reviews of School Resources: Slovak Republic 2015 |
|
SLOVENIA |
|
OECD (2009, 2011, 2013, 2015), OECD Economic Surveys: Slovenia |
|
SPAIN |
|
OECD (2003, 2007, 2010, 2014, 2017), OECD Economic Surveys: Spain |
|
SWEDEN |
|
OECD (2001, 2004, 2007, 2011), OECD Economic Surveys: Sweden |
|
OECD (2011), OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education: Sweden 2011 |
|
OECD (2013), Quality Matters in Early Childhood Education and Care: Sweden 2013 |
|
OECD (2015), Improving Schools in Sweden: An OECD Perspective |
|
OECD (2015), Education Policy Outlook: Sweden |
|
OECD (2016), Getting Skills Right: Sweden |
|
SWITZERLAND |
|
OECD (2003), Reviews of National Policies for Education: Tertiary Education in Switzerland 2003 |
|
OECD (2013), A Skills beyond School Review of Switzerland |
|
OECD (2015), OECD Economic Surveys: Switzerland 2015 |
|
TURKEY |
|
OECD (2001, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016), OECD Economic Surveys: Turkey |
|
UNITED KINGDOM |
|
OECD (2000, 2004, 2007, 2011, 2015), OECD Economic Surveys: United Kingdom |
|
UNITED KINGDOM (ENGLAND) |
|
OECD (2012), Quality Matters in Early Childhood Education and Care: United Kingdom (England) 2012 |
|
OECD (2013), A Skills beyond School Review of England |
|
UNITED KINGDOM (ENGLAND & WALES) |
|
OECD (2009), OECD Reviews of Vocational Education and Training: A Learning for Jobs Review of England and Wales 2009 |
|
UNITED KINGDOM (NORTHERN IRELAND) |
|
OECD (2014), OECD Reviews of Evaluation and Assessment in Education: Northern Ireland, United Kingdom |
|
UNITED KINGDOM (SCOTLAND) |
|
OECD (2007) Reviews of National Policies for Education: Scotland 2007 : Quality and Equity of Schooling in Scotland |
|
OECD (2015), Improving Schools in Scotland: An OECD Perspective |
|
UNITED KINGDOM (WALES) |