The correct answer is (B). When an atom loses or donates an electron to another atom, an ion is formed. The bond that forms between 2 ions is called an ionic bond. Covalent bonds (A) form between 2 atoms where the electrons in the bond are shared nearly equally. Shared (C) and strong bonds (D) do not exist.
The correct answer is (A). A pH >7.0 is considered basic; the only 2 substances listed that are basic are blood and ammonia. Everything else is acidic.
The correct answer is (D). All the listed materials are more acidic than ammonia because ammonia has the highest pH listed and therefore is the most basic. The most acidic substance listed is vinegar.
The correct answer is (C). An increase in CO2, as a result of decreased respiratory rate or depth, will cause the buffer reaction to progress to the left as written to relieve the stress on the body of excess CO2. This will then result in an increased [H+] caused by poor respiratory status and is known as respiratory acidosis. Respiratory alkalosis (D) is caused when the patient exhales too much CO2, which might happen during hyperventilation. Exhaling too much CO2 causes the reaction to progress to the right, leading to a reduction of [H+]. Metabolic acidosis (A) is caused by a buildup of [H+] in the bloodstream as a result of metabolic processes, such as diabetic ketoacidosis. Metabolic alkalosis (B) generally occurs during times of protracted vomiting.
The correct answer is (A). During times of sugar (food) consumption coupled with an inadequate insulin regimen, the cells will shift to fat metabolism, resulting in a buildup of metabolic acids in the body. The only way the body can mitigate this acid buildup is to breathe faster and eliminate CO2. This will cause the reaction to progress to the right faster, eliminating the acids and generating more CO2. CO2 is eliminated from the body by breathing faster, known as Kussmaul respirations. Water also is produced in excess during these times and is eliminated, with symptoms that include excessive urination and dehydration. Poor CO2 exchange at the alveolar level could lead to respiratory acidosis.
The correct answer is (B). The mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell. They produce much of the ATP along the folds of the inner membrane. SER (D) is responsible for detoxification and transport. RER (C) is responsible for protein synthesis. The Golgi apparatus (A) packages cellular product for exocytosis.
The correct answer is (B). From the scant details given in the question stem, it is impossible to determine the cause of the shock, so hypovolemic shock (C) is incorrect because there are many reasons for a person to have these vital signs without actually being hypovolemic. Based on the blood pressure of 82/48, the patient is no longer able to compensate for the fluid loss or shift. Therefore, the patient is in decompensated shock. Whether it is irreversible (D) will depend on many factors once the patient’s vital signs are corrected in the hospital. A patient in compensated shock (A) will still be maintaining a normal blood pressure.
The correct answer is (D). The patient is compensating at this point but could benefit from some fluid expansion; 500 mL is an appropriate starting point. Reassessment after the bolus would lead to whether more fluid is needed. The pressor options of dopamine (B) are not yet appropriate because the hypovolemia needs to be first addressed with fluid. Two liters of fluid (C) may be required overall; however, delivering that volume all at once is seldom appropriate, especially in compensated hypovolemic shock.
The correct answer is (A). Dopamine is the medication of choice for cardiogenic shock. Its positive inotropic effects and minimal effects on peripheral circulation increase the blood pressure in a more desirable way than does epinephrine (D). Labetolol (C) would lower the blood pressure through peripheral vasodilation. Nitroglycerine (B) would lower the blood pressure as well.