The correct answer is (B). hCG stimulates the corpus luteum to continue to produce estrogen and progesterone, which maintains the uterine lining through early pregnancy until the placenta can produce its own estrogen and progesterone. (A) is the function of GnRH. (C) is the function of LH. (D) combines the functions of 2 hormones: prolactin (production of milk) and oxytocin (let-down or release of milk).
The correct answer is (B). Of the options listed, ovarian torsion (B) is least likely to cause rebound tenderness. Rebound tenderness is caused when the patient’s peritoneum is irritated, most often from blood or infection. Ectopic pregnancy (A) is the most likely cause of those listed because of the history of increasing pain. As the zygote grows, the pain will increase and lead to bleeding. Ovarian cysts (D) most often result in a sudden onset of severe pain and rarely present slowly over days. A ruptured appendix (C) is a possibility; however, since this is caused by an infection, it will likely be accompanied by a fever as well as nausea and vomiting, and it has a longer time of onset.
The
correct answer is (D). PID is caused by any of a
variety of organisms that can be transmitted sexually, including chlamydia,
candidiasis, gonorrhea, and bacterial vaginitis. Endometriosis (A) is a
condition where the endometrial lining grows on the internal organs outside the uterus.
This may cause diffuse lower abdominal pain, but rarely is it associated with a
fever. Uterine pregnancy also could cause some mild midline or even diffuse
lower quadrant pain, particularly during implantation; however, fevers and urinary
pain are not associated symptoms. Toxic shock syndrome (C) can produce all these symptoms; however, it is strongly correlated with tampon use, not
sexual activity or organisms associated with an STI.
The correct answer is (A). The foramen ovale is a hole in the septum between the right and left atria. Blood that passes through this from right to left will bypass the pulmonary circuit. The ductus venosus (B) bypasses the liver and does not affect systemic or pulmonary circulation. The hepatic portal system (C) is the circulation of the liver. A ventricular septal foramen (D) does not normally exist. If there is a hole between the ventricles of the fetus, it is called a VSD and will be repaired surgically.
The correct answer is (C). This patient is exhibiting common signs of preeclampsia. Some additional symptoms a patient may complain of include swelling of the hands, feet, and face; syncope; and protein in the urine. The patient will have eclampsia (B) only when she has a seizure resulting from the hypertension and fluid retention. CVA (A) and migraine (D) are not likely.
The correct answer is (C). This describes placenta previa.
The correct answer is (A). The 2nd stage of labor begins after crowning and continues through completion of the delivery of the infant. (C) and (D) each occur during the first stage of labor, which begins with the onset of contractions and ends with crowning. During this stage, the bag of waters most commonly breaks. The third stage of labor is when the placenta is delivered (B).
The correct answer is (B). A newborn who has a heart rate <100 but >60 should receive blow-by O2 for approximately 30 seconds to a minute. If the infant still does not improve with O2, positive pressure ventilations with a BVM (C) would be appropriate. If the heart rate is <60, CPR should be administered (A). Deep suctioning, such as with a meconium aspirator (D), would not likely be necessary.
The correct answer is (A). Immediately when recognizing a postpartum hemorrhage situation, fundal massage can be started immediately without any equipment. (B) and (C) are appropriate next steps to complete while the fundus is being massaged. Magnesium sulfate (D) is not indicated in postpartum hemorrhage.
The correct answer is (C). The score is as follows:
The correct answer is (D). The infant needs to be thoroughly suctioned first with a meconium aspiration device, including the hypopharynx and trachea with the aid of direct laryngoscopy. As soon as the suctioning is complete and both the mouth and nose are reasonably free of meconium, ventilations should be initiated because the respiratory rate is agonal at a rate of 5. Finally, chest compressions can be initiated immediately because the heart rate is <60.