Preface
1. All published by SPCK in London and by Fortress Press in Minneapolis.
2. Stephen Mitchell, Anatolia: Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor, vol. 2, The Rise of the Church (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993).
3. George S. Duncan, Paul’s Ephesian Ministry: A Reconstruction (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1929).
4. The New Testament for Everyone (London: SPCK, 2011); The Kingdom New Testament (San Francisco: HarperOne, 2011).
Introduction
1. Gal. 1:14.
2. Gal. 1:14; Phil. 3:6.
3. Phil. 3:20.
4. Rom. 8:30.
5. Gal. 4:4.
6. Deut. 6:4.
7. Phil. 4:8, NRSV.
8. Deut. 30.
9. See Ezra 9:9; Neh. 9:36.
10. Lev. 25.
11. Exod. 40; 1 Kings 8.
12. Isa. 52:7–12.
13. Phil. 3:6.
14. Gal. 1:14.
15. Gal. 4:17–18.
Chapter 1: Zeal
1. Num. 22–24.
2. Num. 25:6.
3. Ps. 106:30–31.
4. Gen. 15:6.
5. 1 Macc. 2:51–60.
6. 1 Kings 18–19.
7. 1 Macc. 2:49–68.
8. 2 Macc. 7.
9. Acts 5:34–39.
10. Acts 7:56.
Chapter 2: Damascus
1. John Betjeman, Uncollected Poems (London: John Murray, 1982), 68.
2. John Shelton Lawrence and Robert Jewett, The Myth of the American Superhero (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2002); Robert Jewett and John Shelton Lawrence, Captain America and the Crusade Against Evil: The Dilemma of Zealous Nationalism (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2004).
3. See, e.g., Margaret MacMillan, The War That Ended Peace (London: Profile Books), 2013, esp. chap. 9.
4. Isa. 40:1.
5. Isa. 40:4–5, my paraphrase.
6. Isa. 52:8.
7. Ezek. 43:1–5; Exod. 40:34–38.
8. Mal. 3:1.
9. Gen. 15:7–21.
10. Gen. 28:10–22.
11. Gen. 40–42.
12. Dan. 2:17–49; 7:1–28.
13. Ezek. 1:26.
14. 2 Cor. 4:6.
15. Gal. 3:28.
16. Gal. 1:17.
Chapter 3: Arabia and Tarsus
1. Gal. 1:15–17.
2. Gal. 1:12.
3. 1 Kings 19:1–9.
4. 1 Kings 19:10–15.
5. 1 Kings 19:15.
6. 1 Kings 19:18.
7. Rom. 11:3–4.
8. Gal. 1:15; Jer. 1:5.
9. Gal. 1:16.
10. Gal. 1:24, echoing Isa. 49:3.
11. Gal. 2:2, echoing Isa. 49:4.
12. 2 Cor. 11:30–33.
13. 2 Cor. 12:1–10.
14. 2 Cor. 1:20.
15. Ps. 2:7–9.
16. Ps. 47:8–9.
17. Ps. 72:8.
18. 2 Cor. 10:5.
19. Phil. 4:8.
20. Rom. 9:1–5.
21. 1 Cor. 7:7.
22. 1 Cor. 7:8.
23. 1 Cor. 9:6.
24. 1 Cor. 7:15.
25. Gal. 3:28.
26. 1 Cor. 9:26–27.
Chapter 4: Antioch
1. Rom. 9:2.
2. Acts 11:26.
3. Acts 26:28; 1 Pet. 4:16.
4. Gal. 2:10.
5. Gal. 2:2.
6. 1 Thess. 2:1; 3:5; Phil. 2:16.
7. 1 Cor. 9:26–27.
8. 1 Cor. 9:20.
9. Rom. 1:16.
Chapter 5: Cyprus and Galatia
1. Phil. 1:23.
2. Luke 23:43.
3. Acts 26:16–18.
4. Acts 13:7.
5. Luke 13:12.
6. Acts 13:9.
7. Rom. 11:1–2, quoting 1 Sam. 12:22.
8. Acts 13:16–41.
9. Pss. 2; 16; Isa. 55.
10. Isa. 49:6, my translation.
11. Acts 13:51; see Luke 10:11.
12. Acts 13:52.
13. Gal. 3:5.
14. Acts 14:5.
15. Acts 14:19.
16. Gal. 4:13.
17. Gal. 4:15.
18. Gal. 4:14.
19. 2 Cor. 4:7–12; 6:3–10; 11:21–12:10.
20. Ovid, Metamorphoses 8.618–724.
21. Acts 13:38–39.
22. 2 Cor. 11:25.
23. Acts 14:22.
Chapter 6: Antioch and Jerusalem
1. Acts 10–11.
2. Acts 21:27–22:22.
3. Acts 13:38–39.
4. 1 Macc. 2:46; Josephus, Antiquities 13.257–58, 318.
5. Acts 11:9.
6. Gal. 2:13.
7. Gal. 2:11, 14.
8. Gal. 2:15–16a.
9. Phil. 2:8.
10. Gal. 2:16b–c.
11. Gal. 2:17–18.
12. Gal. 2:19–20.
13. Gal. 2:21.
14. Acts 18:22.
15. Gal. 1:4–5.
16. Gal. 6:15.
17. Gen. 15:6 as quoted in Gal. 3:6.
18. 1 Macc. 2:52, 54.
19. Gal. 4:8–11.
20. Gal. 3:28.
21. Gal. 4:6.
22. Gal. 4:26.
23. Gal. 6:15.
24. Gal. 4:25.
25. Acts 15:16–17, quoting Amos 9:11–12.
26. Gal. 2:19–20.
27. Gal. 1:15–16.
28. 2 Pet. 3:16.
Chapter 7: Into Europe
1. Gal. 4:20.
2. Col. 4:10; Philem. 23; 2 Tim. 4:11.
3. 1 Cor. 9:6.
4. Esther 6:1, my translation.
5. Acts 16:3.
6. Gal. 2:3–5.
7. 1 Cor. 9:20.
8. Acts 16:10.
9. Acts 16:14.
10. Acts 16:17.
11. Acts 16:20–21.
12. Acts 16:28.
13. Acts 16:30.
14. Acts 16:31.
15. Acts 16:37.
16. 1 Thess. 1:9.
17. Acts 17:6–7.
18. 1 Thess. 2:7–8.
19. 1 Thess. 2:17.
20. 1 Thess. 3:6.
21. 1 Thess. 2:1; 3:5.
22. 1 Cor. 1:26.
23. 1 Thess. 2:8.
Chapter 8: Athens
1. 1 Thess. 3:2.
2. Acts 17:21.
3. Aeschylus, Eumenides 647–48.
4. Acts 17:19–20.
5. 2 Cor. 10:5.
6. John 19:11.
7. Col. 2:15.
8. Ps. 50:12.
9. Acts 17:27–28.
10. Acts 17:31.
11. 1 Cor. 4:3–4; see Rom. 2:14–16.
12. Ps. 2:10.
13. Acts 17:33.
Chapter 9: Corinth I
1. 1 Cor. 2:3.
2. 1 Cor. 15:3–5.
3. 1 Cor. 2:1–2.
4. 1 Cor. 1:22–25.
5. 1 Thess. 1:9.
6. Rom. 2:8–9.
7. 1 Thess. 2:10–12.
8. 1 Thess. 2:19–20.
9. 1 Thess. 1:5; 2:13.
10. 1 Thess. 4:1–8.
11. Gal. 6:10.
12. 1 Thess. 4:12.
13. 1 Thess. 4:13–14.
14. Eph. 1:10.
15. 1 Thess. 4:16.
16. 1 Thess. 5:2–3.
17. Jer. 6:14.
18. 1 Thess. 5:4–10.
19. Isa. 13:10.
20. Jer. 4:23–28.
21. 2 Thess. 2:6–7.
22. 2 Thess. 2:13–14.
23. 2 Thess. 3:10.
24. 2 Thess. 3:7–9, 12.
25. Acts 18:9–10.
26. Acts 18:13.
27. 1 Cor. 8:6.
28. Acts 18:15.
29. Acts 18:17.
30. 1 Thess. 5:17.
31. 1 Cor. 8:6.
32. Acts 18:22.
Chapter 10: Ephesus I
1. 2 Cor. 1:8.
2. Pausanias 4.31.8; 7.5.4.
3. 2 Cor. 1:8–9.
4. 2 Cor. 1:9.
5. 2 Cor. 4:8–9.
6. 2 Cor. 4:10.
7. 2 Cor. 1:3–7.
8. 2 Cor. 1:13–14.
9. 2 Cor. 2:16–17, literally translated.
10. 1 Cor. 15:32.
11. 1 Cor. 16:8–9.
12. Acts 23–26.
13. Acts 20:25, 38; Rom. 15:24, 28.
14. Acts 20:16.
15. Acts 19:19.
16. 1 Cor. 5:9–10.
17. Acts 19:1–7.
18. 2 Cor. 2:1.
19. 2 Cor. 11:24.
20. 1 Cor. 15:32.
21. Col. 1:8.
22. Col. 1:6.
23. Acts 19:12.
24. Acts 19:15.
25. Acts 19:18–20.
26. Acts 20:21.
27. Acts 19:22.
28. Acts 20:1.
29. 1 Cor. 3:10–17.
30. 1 Cor. 3:21–23.
31. 1 Cor. 4:18–21.
32. 1 Cor. 1:18, 25; 2:5; 4:20.
33. 1 Cor. 5:7–8.
34. 1 Cor. 15:23–28.
35. 1 Cor. 8:6.
36. 1 Cor. 10:26.
37. 1 Cor. 9:19–22.
38. Gal. 2:19–21.
39. 1 Cor. 10:27.
40. 1 Cor. 13:9–13.
41. 1 Cor. 15:17.
42. 1 Cor. 15:17, 2, 58.
43. 1 Cor. 15:25, quoting Ps. 110:1.
44. 1 Cor. 15:23.
45. 2 Cor. 1:15–16.
46. 2 Cor. 1:15–17.
47. Acts 19:26.
48. Acts 19:28.
49. Rom. 16:4.
50. Matt. 10:28; Luke 12:4–5.
51. 2 Cor. 1:9.
52. 1 Cor. 8:6.
53. 2 Cor. 4:7.
Chapter 11: Ephesus II
1. Phil. 1:20.
2. Phil. 1:15–18, 21–26, 23.
3. Phil. 2:25–30.
4. Phil. 2:1–4; Phil. 2:12–18.
5. Phil. 2:6–11.
6. Phil. 2:15.
7. Phil. 2:16.
8. Phil. 3:21.
9. Isa. 45:23.
10. Phil. 3:2–3.
11. Phil. 3:7–11.
12. Phil. 3:10.
13. 2 Cor. 1:9.
14. Phil. 3:13.
15. Phil. 3:17.
16. Phil. 3:19.
17. Phil. 4:11–13.
18. 2 Cor. 4:7.
19. Rom. 8:21.
20. Pliny, Letters 9.21.
21. Gal. 3:28; 1 Cor. 12:12.
22. Eph. 4:15.
23. 2 Cor. 5:19.
24. Col. 1:9–11.
25. Col. 2:2.
26. Col. 2:3.
27. Sir. 28.
28. 1 Kings 8.
29. Col. 1:15–20.
30. John 1:14.
31. Col. 1:27.
32. Col. 2:9–10.
33. Col. 2:11–12.
34. Col. 2:13–15.
35. Col. 2:9–19.
36. Col. 2:8.
37. Col. 3:1–4.
38. Col. 3:17.
39. Eph. 1:22, echoing Ps. 8.
40. Eph. 1:21.
41. Eph. 3:18–19.
42. Eph. 1:10; 2:11–22.
43. Eph. 4:1–16; 5:21–33.
44. Col. 2:9.
45. Eph. 3:10.
46. Eph. 6:10–20.
Chapter 12: Corinth II
1. 2 Cor. 2:12.
2. Phil. 4:6.
3. 2 Cor. 7:5.
4. 2 Cor. 7:6–7.
5. 2 Cor. 7:7–9, 13–16.
6. 2 Cor. 5:21–6:2, with Isa. 49:8.
7. 2 Cor. 3:3.
8. 2 Cor. 4:4–6.
9. 2 Cor. 4:7–10.
10. 1 Cor. 15:51–52; also 1 Thess. 4:17.
11. Phil. 1:21–23.
12. 2 Cor. 1:12.
13. 2 Cor. 5:11–15.
14. 2 Cor. 5:17–18.
15. 2 Cor. 6:4–10.
16. 2 Cor. 11:7–11.
17. 1 Cor. 9:18.
18. 2 Cor. 11:11.
19. 2 Cor. 11:23–33.
20. 2 Cor. 12:2–4.
21. 2 Cor. 12:8.
22. 2 Cor. 12:9–10.
23. 2 Cor. 13:10.
24. Rom. 1:16.
25. 2 Cor. 5:14.
26. John 19:11; Rom. 13:1–7; Col. 1:15–20; 1 Pet. 2:13–17.
27. Rom. 1:1–5, 16–17.
28. Rom. 15:8–12.
29. Rom. 15:7.
30. Rom. 8:3.
31. Exod. 40.
32. Rom. 8:17–30.
33. Rom. 8:26.
34. Rom. 8:37.
35. Rom. 8:39.
36. Rom. 10:4.
37. Rom. 9:2.
38. John 1:11.
39. Rom. 10:1.
40. Rom. 10:9.
41. Rom. 10:14–15.
42. Rom. 11:23.
43. Rom. 10:1–3.
44. Rom, 11:18.
45. Rom. 11:11–15.
46. Rom. 11:14; note the similarity with “some” in 1 Cor. 9:22.
47. Rom. 11:32.
48. Rom. 12:2.
49. Rom. 13:8–10, 11–14.
50. Rom. 13:1–7.
51. Rom. 10:2.
52. Rom. 15:4–6.
53. Rom. 15:19.
54. Acts 20:2.
55. Rom. 15:31.
56. Rom. 16:22.
57. Rom. 16:25–27.
Chapter 13: Jerusalem Again
1. Gal. 2:10; 3:28.
2. 2 Cor. 8:9.
3. Rom. 15:27.
4. Rom. 11:15.
5. See Josephus, Antiquities 14.190–216; 17.313.
6. 1 Cor. 16:3–4.
7. 2 Cor. 8:19–20.
8. 2 Cor. 1:16; Acts 20:3.
9. Col. 4:10; Philem. 24.
10. Acts 20:4.
11. Acts 20:7–12.
12. Plato, Symposium 223D.
13. Acts 20:28.
14. Acts 20:32.
15. Acts 20:35.
16. Rom. 14:14, 20.
17. Mark 7:19.
18. Rom. 9:1–5.
19. Rom. 10:1.
20. Rom. 11:23.
21. Acts 22:22.
22. Acts 22:25.
23. Acts 22:28.
24. John 18:22.
25. Acts 23:3.
26. Acts 23:5.
27. In this case Exod. 22:7.
28. Acts 24:5–6.
29. Acts 24:19.
30. Acts 25:10–11.
31. Acts 25:19.
32. Acts 26:23.
33. Acts 26:14.
34. Acts 5:39.
35. Rom. 10:2–4.
36. Acts 26:18.
37. Acts 26:23.
38. Acts 26:23.
39. Luke 2:32; see also 1:78–79.
40. Isa. 49:6.
41. Isa. 49:7.
42. Isa. 52:15, quoted in Rom. 15:21.
43. Acts 26:24.
44. Acts 26:27.
45. Acts 26:28.
46. Acts 26:29.
Chapter 14: From Caesarea to Rome—and Beyond?
1. Dan. 7:3.
2. 1 Cor. 16:5–8; see also 2 Tim. 4:21.
3. Luke 22:53.
4. Acts 27:20, 31, 34, 43, 44; 28:1, 4.
5. Acts 27:20.
6. Acts 27:21–26.
7. Amos 5:19.
8. Rom. 15:6–7.
9. Josephus, Antiquities 17.219–49; Jewish War 2.80–100.
10. Luke 19:11–27.
11. Tacitus, Annals 15.44.
12. Pliny, Letters 10.97.
13. Acts 28:27.
14. Rom. 10:1; 11:23, 25–26.
15. Acts 28:31.
16. Acts 1:8.
17. 1 Clement 5:6–7.
18. 2 Tim. 1:16–18.
19. 2 Tim. 4:13.
20. 2 Tim. 4:6–8.
21. 2 Tim. 4:10.
22. 1 Tim. 1:3.
23. 1 Tim. 1:20.
24. 1 Cor. 5:5.
25. Acts 20:16.
Chapter 15: The Challenge of Paul
1. Rom. 4:25.
2. 2 Cor. 1:20; Rom. 10:4; Gal. 3:16; Rom. 15:12.
3. Isa. 65:17; 66:22.
4. Eph. 2:8–10.
5. Eph. 1:10.
6. Eph. 2:10.
7. Gal. 2:19.
8. Phil. 2:5.
9. 2 Cor. 10:5.
10. Phil. 3:10.
11. Gal. 2:19–20.
12. Rom. 6:11.
13. 2 Kings 19:35; Herodotus, Histories 2.141.
14. 1 Cor. 15:10; Col. 1:29.
15. 2 Cor. 6:12.
16. Bernard Levin, Enthusiasms (New York: Crown, 1983), 195.
17. Rom. 8:39.
18. Gal. 4:4.
19. Tacitus, Agricola 30.6.
20. Galen, Summary of Plato’s Republic, in Mary Beard, John North, and Simon Price, Religions of Rome (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998), 2.338.
21. Gal. 2:10; 1 Thess. 4:9–10; Gal. 6:10; Rom. 12:15: Phil. 2:15; Titus 2:14; Eph. 2:10.
22. Babylonian Talmud Berakoth 61b; Jerusalem Talmud Berakoth 9:14b.