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abolitionism, 6–7, 11–16, 21–22, 36
Cincinnati riots of 1836, 12
Methodist church’s attempts to stifle, 12
Powell’s father’s adoption of, 11
Powell stoned for father’s views on, 15–16
Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains (James), 254
Adair, George W., 205
Adams, Ansel, 223
Adams, John Quincy, 253
Adams, Sam, 112
Adrenaline Alley, 158
Agassiz, Alexander, 295–96
Agassiz, Louis, 250
agriculture,
Powell’s experience with, 27–29
Powell’s views on, 32–33
Alaska, 26
Aldine, The (magazine), 228
Algonquin Indians, 118
Allison, William B., 290–91, 297–98, 316–18
Allison Commission, 290–99
Agassiz’s testimony, 295–96
final report, 296–99
Powell’s testimony, 290–94
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 299
American exceptionalism, 256–57
American Express, 77
American Fur Company, 217
artists and photographers of, 223–24, 336
federal surveys of, 212–42
Turner’s frontier thesis, 223, 336
anthropology. See ethnology
anticline, 139–40
Appalachian Mountains, 5, 8, 13
Appleton’s, 237
Aridity (arid lands), 301–2, 328–29, 340–41
Great American Desert and, 253–56
irrigation survey, 303–24
Powell’s Arid Lands report, 260–63, 270, 302, 318, 335
Powell’s National Academy address, 251–53, 260
Powell’s Senate hearings, 1, 2–4, 308–11, 313–15
“Arid Lands of the United States” (map), 2–4, 308–9
Arid Lands report (Powell), 260–63, 270, 302, 318, 335
Arizona Strip, 181–82, 193, 206–9
map, xvii
Arizona Territory, 26, 104–5, 108, 206, 220
Army Corps of Topographical Engineers, U.S., 212, 214, 215, 219–20, 255
Army of the Tennessee, 64, 68–69
Around the World in Eighty Days (Verne), 307–8
Asey, Joseph, 169–70
Ashley, William, 118, 121, 131
Ashley Falls, 122
“Ashley” inscription, 121–22
Atkins, John, 259, 269–72, 274–75, 282
Atlantic Monthly, 232, 244, 245
Baird, Spencer, 214, 216–17, 218, 230, 286
Baker, Jim, 81
Baker, John H., 270
Baker-Fancher Party, 186–87
Ballou, W. H., 307–8
Baptists, 9
Barboncito, chief, 196–98
barometers, 123, 129–30, 131, 145, 163, 180
Battle of the Little Bighorn, 245
Beagle, HMS, 20
Beaman, E. O.
publishing of photographs of expedition, 237–38, 239, 246
in second Colorado River Expedition, 201–3, 204, 207–8
Bear Lake, 306
Beauregard, P. G. T., 53–54, 57, 59
beauty vs. sublimity, 231
Beaver Dam Mountains, 172
Becker, George, 286–87
Beckworth, Jim, 81
Bee Hive Point, 121
Bell, Alexander Graham, 243
Bennett, Frank, 196–98
Bennett, James Gordon, Jr., 308
Berthould Pass, 81–82
Bierstadt, Albert, 81
Big Drop, 150–52
Billings, Josh, 311
Birney, James, 12
Bishop, Francis Marion, 188, 202, 207, 208
Black Canyon, 84
Black’s Fork, 111
Blaine, James, 277
Blizzards of 1886, 300
Bloomington Daily Pantagraph, 102
Bly, Nellie, 307–8
Bonito Canyon, 196
Bonney, William “Billy the Kid,” 336
Bourne, William Oland, 71
Bradley, George
background of, 111–12
in Colorado River Expedition, 111–12, 114, 116, 121, 132–37, 144–48, 149, 153, 154, 156, 157, 161–69
post-expedition life of, 169–70
Breckinridge, John C., 116–17
Briers Party, 220
Bright Angel Creek, 210–11
Bross, John, 95
Brower, David, 338
Brown, Joseph (Joseph Stanley-Brown), 278, 279
Brown’s Park, 111, 124–25, 139, 202
Bruinsburg Landing, 63
Buffalo, 32
bullwhackers, 113
Bunyan, John, 29–30
Bureau of Ethnology, 230, 275–76, 279, 285, 303, 335
Bureau of Indian Affairs, 248–49, 266, 276
Bureau of Reclamation, U.S., 334–35, 338, 339, 342
Burke, Edmund, 231
Burroughs, John, 312
bushwhackers, 48
Butch Cassidy’s Wild Bunch, 124
Byers, Libby, 165
Byers, William, 80–81
background of, 80–81
disappearance of Howland party, 172, 198
Powell’s Colorado River Expedition, 102, 141–42, 199
Powell’s Rocky Mountain expeditions, 81–82, 88, 93, 95–96, 100, 107
Cairo, Illinois, 48
California Water Wars, 334
Camp Sorghum, 69
Canyonlands National Park, 82, 104–5, 181
Cape Girardeau, 48–51
Capitol Reef, 82
Cárdenas, García López de, 232
Carey, Joseph M., 316
Carson, Kit, 49, 81, 86, 255, 256
Carson River, 304
Castle Rock Butte, 110
Cataract Canyon, 149, 150–54, 181, 204–5, 338
“Cataract of Lodore, The” (Southey), 126
Cataract Rapids, 150–54
Centennial Exposition (Philadelphia), 233, 243–45, 246
Central Arizona Project, 339–40
Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine, 318–22
Chase, Salmon, 15
Chasm of the Colorado, The (Moran), 233
Chenoweth, J. Q., 294–95
Cherry Creek, 79–80
Cheyenne Daily Leader, 306
Chicago Academy of Sciences, 76
Chicago and North Western Railway, 78
Chicago Tribune, 109, 141–42, 177
Chidlaw, Benjamin, 6
Chiefs Head Peak, 98
Christianity. See also Methodism
Chuarumpeak “Chuar,” 188–89
Cincinnati Riots of 1836, 12
Cincinnati Weekly and Abolitionist, 12
circuit-riding preachers, 9–11, 21
Powell’s views on, 46
Civil War Battles
Atlanta, 68
Big Black River Bridge, 64
Cape Girardeau, 48–58
Champion Hill, 64
Fredericksburg, 111
Gettysburg, 66–67
Shiloh, 1, 52–58, 168, 278, 335
The Wilderness, 290
Clemens, Samuel (Mark Twain), 39–40, 110, 222, 305, 311, 318
Cleveland, Grover, 291, 303, 327–28, 329
Cloud, Preston, 283
Coal Canyon (renamed Gray Canyon), 144, 146–47
Coast and Geodetic Survey, U.S., 246, 267, 290
Cody, William “Buffalo Bill,” 336
Collodion photography process, 202–3
Colorado Daily Tribune, 88
Colorado Plateau, 104–5, 206–9, 211
environmental challenges to, 338–40
first explorations of, 83–85
merger of Green and Grand Rivers, 87, 89, 104, 143, 147–48
Newberry’s journey, 109–10
Paiute Indian run, 106
Powell’s expeditions. See Colorado River Exploring Expedition of 1869; Colorado River Exploring Expedition of 1871-1872
Powell’s initial idea to explore, 82, 86, 87, 89–90
Wheeler’s expedition, 221–22, 225
White’s alleged run, 106–8, 109
Colorado River Compact, 339–40
Colorado River Exploring Expedition of 1869, 104–69, 182
background on, 104–10
beginning of journey, 116–17
campsite fire, 134–36
in Cataract Rapids, 150–54
congressional debate, 90–92
in Desolation Canyon, 144–46
end of journey, 169–70
false reports of demise of, 140–43
funding of, 89–92
in Grand Canyon, 154–69
Howland party departure and disappearance, 162–64, 171–76, 188, 190–93, 200
journal accounts of, 137–38, 153, 165
in Labyrinth Canyon, 147–48
in Lodore Canyon, 133–36
loss of No Name, 126–31, 143, 162, 175
map, xvi
news reports of, 140–43, 173, 176, 177
overwintering, 100–102
potential waterfalls, 105, 108–9
Powell loses his temper, 152–53
Powell’s interest in his men, 153, 174–75
Powell’s planning for, 92, 93, 96–97, 104–5, 108–9
Powell’s reconnaissance, 100–102
public interest in, 236–42
scientific instruments, 123–24, 129–30, 159–60
supplies and food, 106, 143–44, 148–49, 152, 156, 158, 160, 161, 162, 165, 181
Colorado River Exploring Expedition of 1871-1872, 181–82, 200–211, 215–16
recruits for, 200–201
survey work, 206–9
Colored Infantry, U.S., 67–68
“commonwealth watershed model,” 319, 321, 333, 342
compasses, 159–60
Conchologist’s First Book, 42
Conemaugh River, 309
Conkling, Roscoe, 277
Conness, John, 323–24
Continental Divide, 3
Cook, Clarence, 232
Cope, Edward D., 263–64, 267, 271, 272–73, 307–8
Copeland, Ada, 279
Corliss steam engine, 243–44
Cosmos Club, 288–89
Crater Lake, 312
Crooker, Lucian B., 69–70
Crookham, George “Big George,” 11–13, 14–19, 21, 22, 177
Crossing of the Fathers, 181, 205
Custer, George, 245
Cuvier Prize, 327
Dakota Badlands, 77, 78–79, 82, 87, 217
Dakota Territory, 305–6
Dana, James Dwight, 213
Dana, Richard Henry, Jr., 38–39
Davis, Jefferson, 62
Davis, John (brother-in-law), 34–35, 36
Davis, Martha Powell (sister), 34–35
Dean, Harriet (mother-in-law), 44
Dean, Joseph (father-in-law), 44
Death Valley, 220
Delano, Columbus, 224–25, 226–27, 249
in second Colorado River Exploring Expedition, 201–2, 207, 210, 211
Denver City, 79–80, 86, 88, 92–93, 100–101
Denver Pacific Railway, 199
Department of Agriculture, U.S., 315, 323
Department of the Interior, U.S., 224, 236, 245, 246, 248, 266, 272, 276
Deseret Evening News, 173
Desolation Canyon, 144–46
Detroit Post, 141–42
Dewitt Courier, 35
Diamond Creek, 221–22
Dickinson, Emily, 97
dinosaurs, 17–18, 121, 217, 263
Dirty Devil River, 181, 201, 204–5, 209, 338
disabilities, 71–73
Dixon, William Hepworth, 79
Dodge, Richard Irving, 254
Donner Party, 148
droughts, 2, 4, 300–301, 340–41
Dunn, Bill
abandoning the expedition, 162–66, 174–76
background of, 94
in Colorado River Exploring Expedition, 102–3, 111, 116, 126, 145–47, 150, 152–53, 157–59, 162–65
disappearance of, 171–74, 188, 190–93, 200
Durley, Allen, 95
Dutton, Clarence, 287, 311–12, 324–25
Grand Canyon work, 312, 324–25, 327
irrigation survey, 259, 260, 303–4, 311–14
Powell survey work, 239–40, 267, 274, 295
Dynamic Sociology (Ward), 287
Eaton, A. B., 90
Ebbitt House, 284–85
Echo Cliffs, 194–95
Echo Park, 136–37
Echo Rock (Steamboat Rock), 137, 138
ecology, 44
Edison, Thomas, 243
Edmunds, George, 91
Elliott, Henry W., 218
Emma Dean
in first Colorado River Exploring Expedition, 115–16, 120, 125–26, 128, 130, 131, 134, 145–47, 150, 151, 156, 158, 165,
in second Colorado River Exploring Expedition, 201, 210–11
Emmons, Samuel, 286–87
Enlightenment, 256
Ethnology, 230, 239, 249, 265–66
Evangelical Protestantism, 9–11
Evans, John, 199
Exploration of the Colorado River of the West and its tributaries: Explored in 1869, 1870, 1871, and 1872, 240–42, 247
Explorer, USS, 84
Fairchild, Lucius, 73
Farrell, Ned, 98
federalism, 266
federal surveys, 212–42, 245–48, 263–64, 266–67
fencing the prairie, 36–37
Fifth International Geological Congress (1891), 326
Finney, Charles, 15
First Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 276
First Transcontinental Railroad, 212–13
Flad, Henry, 50
Flaming Gorge, 121
Flint, Timothy C., 39
“Flyoff,” 304
Forts
Bridger, 111
Dodge, 108
Donelson, 52
Henry, 52
Sumter, 46
Fortieth Parallel Survey (King), 214–15, 216, 219, 222, 224
Powell’s collecting of, 17–18, 41–42, 43–44, 75
Four Corners, 105
Frank, M., 32
Frémont, John C.
background of, 49
Powell meets with, 49–50
western expeditions of, 83, 85, 118, 255
Fremont Indians, 184
From Canal Boy to President (Garfield), 278
funding of expeditions, 76–78, 89–92, 182–83
Galileo Galilei, 19
appoints Powell head of USGS, 278
assassination and death of, 279–80
election as president, 277–78
encourages Powell to publish, 236–37
Hayden’s survey work, 219, 224–25, 248, 268
interest in consolidating Federal surveys, 224
Powell’s Colorado River Expedition, 90, 236–37, 241
Powell shares assistant with, 278
Garman, Sam, 97–98
General Conference of 1836 (Methodist), 12
General Land Office, U.S., 216, 246, 262, 264–65, 266–67, 323
Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region, 275–76
Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories (Hayden), 216–19
Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel (King), 214–15, 216, 219, 222, 224
geological history of Earth, 19–20, 110, 136, 155, 177–78, 180, 341
Geological Survey, U.S. (USGS), 281–90, 326
Allison Commission, 290–99
“Arid Lands of the United States” (map), 2–4, 308–9
budgets, 275, 282, 284, 285, 289–90, 323, 328
creation of, 267, 274–75, 281–82
Hayden’s survey exhibit, 244
King at, 272–73, 276–77, 278, 281, 282
mapping work, 282–84, 291–92, 326
Powell at, 2–4, 273, 275, 283–90, 323, 328
Powell’s legacy, 335
scope of mission, 281–82
Walcott at, 335
geologic mapping, 283–84, 291–92, 341
geology, 22, 42, 125, 139–40, 185–86, 281–82
arguments over, 250–51
Powell’s contributions to, 178
revolutionary aspects of, 19–20
See also United State Geological Survey
geomorphology, 178–79
German revolutions of 1848, 51, 248
Giddings, Joshua, 15
Gila River, 304
Gilbert, Bessie, 287
Gilbert, Grove Karl “G.K.”, 273, 286
coal-gas poisoning of family, 287
Powell survey work, 239–40, 241, 250, 259, 260, 274, 304, 311
Senate hearings, 314
Wheeler survey work, 221, 222, 236, 239
Gilder, Richard Watson, 318
Gilpin, William, 255–59, 262, 328–29
attacks idea of Great American Desert, 255–56
Isothermal Zodiac theory of, 256–57
and Manifest Destiny, 258
glaciology, 42
Glen Canyon Dam, 338–39
Goodman, Frank
background of, 113
in Colorado River Expedition, 113, 115, 116, 125, 127–29, 137–38, 143
nearly drowns, 127–29
Gore Pass, 101
Gorman, Arthur Pue, 315
“Go West, young man” (Greeley), 25
Grafton, 228
Grand Canyon
Colorado River Expedition of 1869, 154–69
Colorado River Expedition of 1871-1872, 182, 201–11
first explorations of, 83–85
Moran’s paintings of, 227–29, 231–32, 233
Newberry’s journey, 109–10
Paiute Indian run, 106
Powell’s initial idea to explore, 82, 86, 87, 89–90
Powell’s last visit of 1891, 326–27
Wheeler’s expedition, 221–22
White’s alleged run, 106–8, 109
Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone (Moran), 219, 231
Grand Lake, 98
Grand Opera House (Los Angeles), 329–32
Grand River
Colorado River Expedition of 1869, 143, 147–48
junction of, with Green River, 87, 89, 104, 143, 147–48, 204
Rocky Mountain expedition, 86, 87, 98
Grand Wash Cliffs, 108
in Civil War, 50–52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 59–66, 68, 175
corruption in administration, 248–49, 268
election of 1880 and, 277
Powell’s Colorado River Expedition, 89–90, 91–92, 111
Powell meets, 50
Powell’s Rocky Mountain expeditions, 76–77
Powell’s survey work, 239, 248
Yellowstone National Park and, 219
grazing, 270–71, 318, 319, 340
Great American Desert, 253–56
Great Basin Mess, 287–88, 324, 335
Great Diamond Hoax, 222–23
Great Northern Railway, 257–58
Great Uinta Valley, 140
Greeley, Horace, 25
Green, James, 123
Green River
damming, 338
Frémont’s expedition, 83
junction of, with Grand River, 87, 89, 104, 143, 147–48, 204
Newberry’s journey, 85, 109–10
potential waterfalls, 108–9
Powell’s expeditions. See Colorado River Exploring Expedition of 1869; Colorado River Exploring Expedition of 1871-1872
Powell’s reconnaissance of, 100–101
Green River City, Wyoming Territory, 101, 105, 110–11, 113, 201
Green River, Utah Territory, 171
Gross, Samuel, 59
Guiteau, Charles J., 279
Gulf of California, 83, 104, 106, 170
Gunnison, John Williams, 83
Gunnison’s Crossing, 204
Haight, Isaac C., 205
Hale, Eugene, 292–93
Hall, Andy
background of, 113
in Colorado River Expedition, 113, 116, 117, 119, 140, 143, 153, 157, 164, 165, 166, 167
post-expedition life of, 170
Halleck, Henry, 52
Hamblin, Jacob, 183–85
conversion to Mormonism, 182, 183
Dirty Devil and, 201, 204, 205
Grand Canyon expedition, 163, 182
Indian relations, 183–85, 188, 190–93, 195, 196–98
Navajo powwow with Powell, 196–98
Powell’s Colorado River Expedition, 201, 204, 205
Shivwits powwow with Powell, 190–93
Hamilton, Alexander, 266
Hance Rapid, 156–57
Hancock, Winfield Scott, 277
Hanson, Knud, 172
Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, 223–24
Harrison, Benjamin, 303
Harvard University, 287, 295, 299
Hattan, Andy, 210
Hawkins, Billy
background of, 102
in Colorado River Expedition, 102, 116, 117, 134–36, 140, 143, 153, 157–58, 164–68
post-expedition life of, 169–70
Hay, John, 318
Hayden, Ferdinand
background of, 216–18
Centennial Exposition, 244
Colorado Rockies survey, 225–26
fighting among survey leaders, 215, 224–26, 234–35, 247–48, 249–51, 262, 263–64, 267, 268–69, 271–72
House testimony, 258
public relations of, 244, 246–47
“rain follows the plow” theory and, 258
survey work, 215, 216–19, 223, 224–26, 227, 236–37, 239, 240, 246–51, 260, 266, 271–72, 278, 294
Townsend Hearings, 234–36, 242
Yellowstone survey, 218–19, 233
Hayes, Rutherford, 248, 272, 277
hedgerows, 37
Heidelberg University, 299
Hell’s Half Mile, 133–34
Hemings, Sally, 14
Hennepin School, 43
Henry, Joseph, 77–78, 90, 218, 263
Herbert, Hilary, 290–91, 293–98
Hewitt, Abram, 248, 263, 268–70
Hill, J. J., 258
Hillers, John K. “Jack”
background of, 200–201
photography of, 227, 241, 275, 285
in second Colorado River Expedition, 200–201, 210–11
Hilts, Ezra, 72
Histoire Naturelle (Buffon), 42–43
Holman, W. S., 247
Holmes, William H., 218, 240, 275, 285
Homestead Act of 1862, 261, 263
Hood, John Bell, 68–69
Hooe Iron Building, 284–86, 287, 289
Hook, Theodore, 111
Hooker, Joseph, 268–69
Hoover, Herbert, 339
Hopi Indians, 194–95, 198, 208, 238
Hopkins, Johns, 335
Hornet’s Nest, 55–58
Horseshoe Canyon, 121
Hot Sulphur Springs, 100, 147–48
House Committee on Public Lands. See Townsend Hearings
Howard, O. O., 68
Howells, William Dean, 214, 245
abandoning the expedition, 162–66, 174–76
in Colorado River Expedition, 102–3, 111, 116, 117, 126–31, 135–36, 137, 140, 153, 158, 162–65
disappearance of, 171–74, 188, 190–93, 200
Powell compares to King Lear, 175
responsibility in wreck of No Name, 129–30
Howland, Seneca
abandoning the expedition, 162–66, 174–76
in Colorado River Expedition, 102–3, 111, 116, 127–28, 162–65
disappearance of, 171–74, 188, 190–93, 200
Hudson’s Bay Company, 113, 124
Hughes, Langston, 14
Humboldt, Alexander von, 3, 256
Humphreys, Andrew A., 214, 234–35, 270
Hunt, Alexander, 95
hunting
on Colorado River Exploring Expedition, 114, 143, 148
Hutchinson, C. I., 30–32
hydrographic basins, 3, 318–19
Illinois (steamer), 48
Illinois Agricultural Society Fair, 44
Illinois College, 34, 35–38, 43
Illinois Industrial University, 76
Illinois Institute, 33–34, 35, 43
Illinois Museum of Natural History, 75–76, 89, 209
Illinois Natural History Society, 44, 75–76, 258, 341
Illinois Normal University, 102
Illinois State Board of Education, 75, 89, 102, 209
Illinois State Normal University, 75–76
Illinois Wesleyan University, 74–75
Indians. See also various tribes
Mormon relationship with, 184–85, 186
Powell-Ingalls Commission, 226–27, 230
Powell’s childhood experience of, 28–29
Powell’s powwow with Navajo, 195–97
Powell’s powwow with Shivits, 190–91
Powell’s views on, 188–89, 194, 198, 229–30, 266
Powell’s Ute vocabulary, 193
Powell’s visit to Tusayan, 194–97
Powell’s visit to Uinkaret Paiute village, 189
Reservations, 227, 229, 230, 248
Inner Gorge, Grand Canyon, 156–69, 178
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 341
Interior Department, U.S., 245
Bureau of Indian Affairs, 248–49, 266, 276
Schurz appointment, 248
survey work, 224, 236, 246, 248, 250, 266–67, 271–72
irrigation, 2–3, 81, 252, 259, 301–2, 323, 328–35
“Arid Lands of the United States” (map), 2–4, 308–9
National Irrigation Congress (1893), 329–32
Powell’s Arid Lands report, 260–63, 270, 302, 318, 335
irrigation districts, 308–9
irrigation survey, 303–24
approval by congress of, 301–2
controversy over, 306–18
funding cut off, 322–24
land speculators and, 302–3, 306–7
Powell’s Century articles, 318–22
Stewart and Dutton, 311–14
Stewart and Powell, 4, 304–6, 308–11, 315–16
Island Park, 139
isohyet, 251–52
Isothermal Zodiac, 256
Jackass Express, 110–11
Jackson, Henry, 244
Jackson, Ohio, 5–6
views on slavery in, 12–16, 21–22
Jackson, Thomas Jonathan “Stonewall,” 60
Jackson, William H., 218, 219, 225–26, 249
James, Edwin, 254
James, Henry, 318
Janin, Henry, 222
January 1886 blizzard, 300
Jefferson, Thomas, 8, 14, 26, 32, 194, 266
Johnson, Andrew, 90
Johnson, Samuel, 12
Johnson, Willard, 314
Johnston, Albert Sidney, 53, 57
Johnstown Flood, 309
Jones, James K., 313, 314, 315
Jones, Vandiveer, 202, 204, 205–6, 210
Kaibab Paiute Indians, 184–85
Kaibab Plateau, 193–94
Kanab, Utah, 183, 187, 192, 206
Kanab Creek, 211
Kansas City Star, 256
“keeper hole,” 150
Kenosha, 30
Keplinger, Lewis, 95, 97–100, 114
Keyhole Route, Longs Peak, 98–100
King, Clarence, 213–15, 239, 264, 312
background of, 213–14
fighting among survey leaders, 224, 234, 235
Fortieth Parallel Survey, 214–15, 216, 219, 222, 224
Great Diamond Hoax and, 222–23
later life of, 278–79
Powell and, 247–48, 267, 269, 273
Powell compared with, 213, 237
secret marriage of, 278–79
survey work, 213–15, 216, 224, 237, 246
at USGS, 269, 272–73, 274, 276–77, 278, 281, 282
Kingfisher Canyon, 121
Kitty Clyde’s Sister, 116, 117, 126–27, 133, 165–68, 167
Labyrinth Canyon, 147–48, 204–5
Lakota Sioux Indians, 78–79, 217, 245, 249
land classification, 261, 266–67, 323, 341
land grants, 37–38, 234, 261, 262, 268, 270–71
land measurements, 265, 266–67
land policy, federal. See also General Land Office
irrigation survey and, 322–23
Powell’s reform efforts of, 261–62, 263, 264–65, 308, 318–20
land speculators, 302–3, 306–7
Langley, Samuel P., 286
Langston, Charles Henry, 14
Lava Cliff Rapid, 166
Lava Falls, 160
Leclerc, Georges-Louis, 42–43
Lee, John D.
execution of, 210
exile of, 209–10
Mountain Meadows Massacre, 186–87, 192, 210
on Young’s Kanab excursion, 183, 186, 187, 192
Leidy, Joseph, 217
Leithead, James, 169
Lewis and Clark Expedition, 49, 78, 82, 96, 194, 253
Lincoln, Abraham, 37, 39, 278, 318
Lincoln, Robert Todd, 280
“Lining” boats, 122
Little Colorado River, 156, 199
livestock industry. See grazing
Locke, John, 256
Lodore Canyon, 126–27, 133–36, 137, 138. See also Disaster Falls
Long Expedition of 1819, 194, 253–54
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 49, 201–2
Los Angeles Aqueduct, 334
Los Angeles Science Association, 330
Los Angeles Times, 329
Louisiana Purchase, 26, 194, 253
Lyell, Charles, 19–20, 21, 110
McClernand, John, 54–55
McKinley, William, 336
Mack Morris Mine, 170
McPhee, John, 20
Maginnis, Martin, 270
Mahan, Dennis Hart, 47–48
Maid of the Cañon, 116, 127, 134, 146, 166–67
Manifest Destiny, 2, 25–27, 215, 255, 256, 257, 258, 262, 281, 320, 336
Manual of Military Surgery, A (Gross), 59
mapping. See Topographical mapping
Marble Canyon, 156
Margerie, Emmanuel de, 327
Marsh, Othniel Charles, 298–99
exposé of Bureau of Indian Affairs by, 249
fighting with Cope, 263–64, 267, 307, 308
at National Academy of Sciences, 263, 273
survey work, 263–64, 267, 269, 281
Marshall, Lieutenant William, 226
Mason, Otis, 288
Mather, Cotton, 18
Mather, Increase, 18
Mather, William, 18–19
Matthews, Washington, 276
McGee, W.J., 287
Mead, Lake, 340
Meade, George, 66–67
Medcalfe, William H., 58–60
megafauna, 17–18
metamorphic rocks, 157
Methodist Book of Discipline, 10, 22
Michigan, Lake, 118
Midwest river systems, 38–42, 47
Millerites, 9
Milliken’s Bend, 62
Milwaukee Sentinel, 32
mining, 80, 96, 239, 281, 291–92
Mint Springs Bayou, 67
Mississippi River, 38–39
in Civil War, 47, 48, 49, 61, 62, 63
Powell travels on, 39–42
Mississippi Valley, 256–57, 282
Mitten Fault, 138
Modoc Indians, 227
Mojave Indians, 221
Möllhausen, Balduin, 84–85
Powell’s collecting efforts, 22, 41–42, 43
Powell’s collection of, 43–44, 75
Moltke, Helmuth von, 294
Monroe, James, 253
Moody, Gideon, 310, 316–18, 322
Moran, Thomas, 223, 225, 238–39
Grand Canyon paintings, 224, 227–29, 231–32, 233
Yellowstone paintings, 218–19
Morgan, Lewis Henry, 277
Mormons
disappearance of Howland party, 173
land-use practices of, 187–88
migration west of, 25, 49, 78, 182
Mountain Meadows Massacre, 186–87, 192, 205, 210
Powell and, 22, 182, 183–88, 197, 227–28
Morrill, Lot, 91
Morrill Act, 37–38
Mountain Meadows Massacre, 186–87, 192, 205
Mount Alice, 98
Mount Evans, 81
Mount Nebo, 228
Mount Trumbull Wilderness, 188
Muab Saddle, 228–29
Mu-koon-tu-weap, 228
Mulholland, William, 334
Music Temple, 205
Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition (Wilkes), 254–55
NASA, 3
National Academy of Sciences, 250–53, 268–69
Allison Commission and, 291
Powell’s address to, 251–53, 260
Powell’s report to, 264–73
National Geographic Society, 299
National Intelligencer, 255, 256–57
National Irrigation Congress (1893), 329–32
National Reclamation Act of 1902, 334–35
national surveys, 212–42, 245–48, 263–64, 266–67
natural selection, 264
natural theology, 22
Nebraska, 300–301
Nebraska Geological Survey, 216, 218
Nellie Powell, 210
Newberry, John Strong, 269, 278
Grand Canyon expeditions, 84–85, 109–10
Newcomb, Simon, 279–80
Newell, Francis H., 333
Newell, N. K., 334–35
New Era for Irrigation, 342
New Jersey Volunteers, 113
Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902, 334–35
New York Herald, 117, 177, 249, 295, 307–8
New York Morning News, 25
New York Temperance League, 27
New York Times, 142–43, 227–28, 294, 297
Nichols, Francis R. T., 73
Nicolay, John G., 318
No Name, 116–16, 126–31, 143, 202
North American Review, 309
Northern Pacific Railway, 252
North Platte River, 118
Oak Cemetery (Philadelphia), 244
Oakley, Annie, 336
Oberlin College, 33, 34, 35, 43
Oberlin Evangelist, 15
Odontornithes, 328
Ogalla Aquifer, 340
Ohio
Powell’s family lives in, 5–23
underground railroad, 13–14, 21, 22
Ohio River, 6–7, 11, 13, 25, 39, 41
Omaha Herald, 140–41
100th meridian west, 223, 251–52, 261, 301
“On Slavery” (Wesley), 11
Oregon Treaty (1846), 26
Osage hedgerows, 37
O’Sullivan, John, 25
O’Sullivan, Timothy (John Samson), 221, 222, 224
Otoe Indians, 78
Overland Trail, 110
Pacific Railroad Surveys, 212–13
Paddock, Algernon, 316
Page, Horace, 271
Paiute Indians, 106, 173, 182, 184–93, 211, 227–28
paleontology, 217, 246–47, 281, 295–96
Palmer, John, 141–42
Pangwitch Canyon, 235
Panic of 1893, 327–28
second Colorado River Expedition, 181, 201, 205, 209
Parkman, Francis, 25
Patterson, Thomas, 270–71
Peace Policy, of Grant, 227, 248–49
Pennsylvanian Morgan Formation, 138–39
Perry, Matthew C., 80
Philosophical Society of Washington, 332
in second Colorado River Exploring Expedition, 202–3, 208
See also Beaman, E. O.; Fennemore, James; Hillers, John K.; Jackson, William H.; O’Sullivan, Timothy
Picturesque America (Bryant), 224
Pilgrim’s Progress (Bunyan), 29–30
Piling, James, 287
pillows, 149
Pittsburg Landing, 52, 53, 57–58, 61
Platte River, 78, 79, 80, 253–54
Pleistocene era, 5
Poe, Edgar Allan, 42
Point Sublime, 327
Pope, John, 50
Porter, David D., 63
Potts, Benjamin, 219
Powell, Emma Dean (wife)
children and family life, 200, 203, 205
Civil War and, 47, 53, 58–59, 60, 61, 67
climbs Pikes Peak, 82
coal-gas poisoning of Gilbert family, 287
Colorado River Exploring Expedition and, 141–42, 180
death of John, 336
expeditions of John and, 78, 82, 86, 92–93, 101–2, 206
Powell, Henry, 92
Powell, John Wesley “Wes”
Allison Commission, 290–99
appearance of, 1
Arid Lands report, 260–63, 270, 302, 318, 335
birth of, 7
at Bureau of Ethnology, 230, 275–76, 279, 285, 303, 335
Century Illustrated articles, 318–22
in Civil War, 46–70
Civil War injury of, 1, 56–60, 72–73
death of, 336–37
early life of, 5–11, 15–16, 22, 28–33
education of, 15–16, 17–21, 33–34, 35–38
expeditions of. See specific expeditions
fossil collecting of, 17–18, 41–42, 43–44, 75
House testimony, 259–60
irrigation survey and, 303–24
last years of life of, 335–36
legacy of, 338–42
naming of, 7
National Academy address, 251–53, 260
National Academy recommendations, 268–73
National Academy report, 264–67
National Irrigation Congress lecture of 1893, 330–33
Native Americans and, 188–98, 226–27, 229–30, 265–66
post-Civil War life of, 72–74
post-expedition journeys of, 172–73, 176–77, 183, 185–98
public land laws and, 266–73, 274
Senate hearings, 1, 2–4, 308–11, 313–15
struggles with his father, 22, 34, 35, 45
survey work, 239–42, 264–68, 280–90, 303–24
survey work funding, 245, 247–48, 249–50, 282, 289–90
Townsend Hearings and, 235–36, 251
at USGS, 2–4, 273, 275, 283–90, 303, 323, 328
Powell, Joseph (father), 5–11, 35, 44–45, 73–74
abolitionism of, 6–7, 11–15, 21–22
farming of, 27–30
move to northern Illinois, 33
move to Wisconsin, 22, 24–25, 27
preaching of, 5, 6, 8–11, 21–22, 28
struggles with his son, 22, 34, 35, 45
Powell, Julietta (sister), 21
Powell, Lake, 154, 338–39, 340
Powell, Mary (mother), 6, 8, 16, 24, 28, 34, 44–45, 61
Powell, Mary Dean (daughter), 205, 336
Powell, Walter Clement “Clem,” 188
Powell, Walter Henry (brother)
in Colorado River Expedition, 92, 112, 116, 140, 143, 146, 153, 164, 166, 168
post-expedition journey of, 172–73
in Rocky Mountain expeditions, 97–98, 101
in second Colorado River Expedition, 202–3, 206, 210
Powell, William “Bram” (brother), 28, 324
Powell Geographic Expeditions. See Colorado River Exploring Expedition of 1869; Colorado River Exploring Expedition of 1871-1872
Powell-Ingalls Commission, 226–27, 230
Powell Plateau, 228–29
Prang, Louis, 246
Prentiss, Benjamin, 54
Principles of Geology (Lyell), 19–20, 21
progressivism, 287
Promontory, 101
Ptarmigan Mountain, 98
Townsend Hearings, 234–36, 238, 242, 246, 251
Purgatory, 16–17
Quartzite, 122
100th Meridian, 251–52
causing flashfloods, 151
“Rain follows the plow” theory, 258–59
shaping landscape, 140
and watersheds, 151
“Rain follows the plow” theory, 258–59
Ransom, Thomas E. G., 65–66
Reagan, John Henninger, 313, 315, 316–18
Recession of 1892, 327–28
Red Canyon, 122
Red Cloud, 249
Red Creek, 122
“Red-eye years,” 32
Reno Gazette, 320–21
Report of the Exploration of the Colorado River of the West and Its Tributaries, 240–42, 247
Report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the United States, 260–63, 270, 302, 318, 335
Report Upon the Colorado River of the West (Ives), 84–85
Report upon United States Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian, 223, 251–52
reservations, Indian, 227, 229, 230, 248
reservoirs, 302, 306, 308, 332, 338, 340
Richardson, Frank, 202
Rideing, William H., 71
Rio Grande River, 304
Risdon, John A., 141–43
river formation, 125, 139–40, 178–79
Robinson, Ezekiel G., 272–73
Rock Island Railroad, 46–47
Rocky Mountain expeditions of 1867 and 1868, 78–82, 86–88, 114, 182
funding, 76–78
Longs Peak climb, 93–100
Pikes Peak climb, 81–82
Powell’s idea for, 75–76
Powell’s report on, 88–89
Rocky Mountain News, 80, 88, 140, 141–42, 199, 271, 306
Roosevelt, Theodore, 71, 300, 318, 336
rooster tails, 149
Roughing It (Twain), 305
rowing stroke, 119–20
“Runoff,” 304
Sabine River, 253
St. Francis Dam, 334
salting (food), 17
Salt Lake Basin, 306
Salt Lake City, 129, 173, 208, 226
salt licks, 17–18
Samuel Hale, 31
San Fernando Valley, 334
San Francisco Chronicle, 329
San Francisco Morning Bulletin, 222–23
San Juan River, 107
San Román, Francisco, 327
Savage, Charles R., 208
scalping, 88–89
Schiel, James, 83
Schott, Charles A., 260
Schurz, Carl, 248–50, 260, 263, 269, 272, 277
science, 215
federal role in, 237, 266, 279, 283, 287, 289, 291, 298, 299
Powell’s views on, 242, 293–94, 296
See also Geology
Scotch-Irish immigrants, 13
Scott, Walter, 201
Scouting boat. See Emma Dean
Scribner’s Monthly, 187, 195, 218, 219, 238–39
Second Colorado River Exploring Expedition. See Colorado River Exploring Expedition of 1871-1872
sedimentary rocks, 157
Seminole Wars, 256
Senate Select Committee on Irrigation and Reclamation of Arid Lands, 1, 2–4, 303, 308–15
Separation Canyon, 190
Separation Rapid, 165–66, 171, 174–75, 182, 189
Sevier River, 204
Sevier River Valley, 259
Sherman, John, 277
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 277
in Civil War, 53, 54, 59, 62, 67, 68, 95
in the West, 78–79
Shipping News, 80
Shivwit Paiute Indians, 173, 189–93, 198
Shivwits Plateau, 190
Shoshone Indians, 227
Shreve, Henry Miller, 40
Sioux Indians, 78–79, 217, 245, 249
skiffs, 40–41
Skull Creek, 122
slavery, 6–7, 11–16, 21–22, 46–47
Smith, John Q., 249
Smithsonian American Art Museum, 233
Smithsonian Institution, 77, 217, 245
Bureau of Ethnology, 230, 275–76, 279, 285, 335
Smythe, William, 328–29, 332, 333
snag boats, 40
Snake River, 304
Snow, Erastus, 173, 183, 186–87, 192
Sockdolager Rapid, 158
Soil Conservation Service, 340
Southern Pacific Railroad, 301
Southern Railway, 64
Southey, Robert, 126
South Fork Dam, 309
Split Mountain Canyon, 139–40
Spriggs, Tolly, 336
Stanley, Henry Morton, 55–56, 308
Stanley-Brown, Joseph, 278, 279
Stanton, Edwin, 77, 90, 112, 214
Stanton, Robert Brewster, 107
steamboats, 40–41
Steer Ridge Canyon, 145
Stewart, William M.
background of, 304–5
irrigation views of, 301–2, 304–5, 321–22
Powell and, 4, 304–6, 308–11, 315–16, 323–24, 328
Storm in the Rocky Mountains (Bierstadt), 81
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 6–7
Sublime, the, 231, 233, 238–39
Sumner, Jack
background of, 86–87
in Colorado River Expedition, 86–88, 102–3, 111, 112, 114, 116, 120, 122, 123, 126, 127–28, 130–32, 134, 136–38, 140–41, 145–46, 148, 150, 153, 154, 157–58, 159, 161–68
guilt over Howland party leaving Colorado River Exploring Expedition, 171–72
post-expedition life of, 170–72, 192, 198–200
in Rocky Mountain expeditions, 87, 93–94, 96, 98–100
self-mutilation, 172
as symbol of the Old West, 171
William Byers and, 86, 198–99, 200
Surprise Rapids, 145
Tavaputs Plateau, 144
Taylor, J. B., 74
Taylor Grazing Act of 1934, 340
Tenney, Ammon, 195–96
Tertiary History of the Grand Canyon District (Dutton), 312, 324–25
32nd Iowa Volunteer Infantry, 87
Thomas, Cyrus, 258
Thomas, George H., 68–69
Thompson, Almon Harris, “Prof,” 78
background of, 200
Powell’s survey work, 228, 240, 241, 303, 314
in second Colorado River Expedition, 200, 202–11
Thompson, Ellen Powell “Nellie,” 78, 200
Thompson, John, 72
Thoreau, Henry David, 44
Tibetan Plateau, 105
Tooele Valley, 183–84
topographical mapping, 270, 282–84, 291–92, 309–10, 312, 313–14, 315, 341
Townsend Hearings, 234–36, 238, 242, 246, 251
“Tragedy of the commons,” 319–20
Treatise on Field Fortifications (Mahan), 47–48
Triassic period, 121
Truckee River, 304
Trumbull, Lyman, 91
Truth and Error, or the Science of Intellection (Powell), 335–36
Tuba (chief), 198
Tubman, Harriet, 6
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 223, 336
Turner, Jonathan B., 36–38, 44
Tusayan, 194–95
Twain, Mark. See Clemens, Samuel
Two Years Before the Mast (Dana), 39
20th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment, 46–67
Uinkaret Paiute Indians, 189–93
Uinkaret Plateau, 188
Uinta Fault, 122
Uintah Valley Indian Agency, 140, 143, 181
Uinta Indian Reservation, 140, 143
Uinta Mountain Quartzite, 122
Uinta Mountains, 102, 116, 120, 121
Uinta Plateau, 144
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 6–7
Underground Railroad, 13–14, 21, 22
uniformitarianism, 20
Union Pacific Railroad, 110, 111, 112, 199, 213
United States Exploring Expedition, 213, 254–55
United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, 216–19
United States Geological Survey. See Geological Survey, U.S.
University of Pennsylvania, 58–59, 216, 217
University of Wisconsin, 287
Utah Territory, 26
Colorado River Exploring Expeditions, 104–5, 121–22, 154, 181–82
map, xvii
Mormon migration to, 25, 49, 78, 182, 186
Ute Indians, 83, 95, 97, 101–2, 143, 182, 184, 193, 227
Vauban, Sébastien Le Prestre de, 47–48
Veléz de Escalante, Silvestre, 109
Verne, Jules, 307–8
Vicksburg, Siege of, 61–66, 87
Virgin River, 162–64, 169, 228
Vishnu Schist, 157
Von Egloffstein, F. W., 84–85
Vulcan’s Throne, 160
wagon trains, 24–25
Walcott, Charles, 281, 287, 324, 335
Walden Pond, 44
Wallace, W. H. L., 55, 56–57, 59–60
Walnut Bayou Road, 62
Washington, DC, 209, 284–85, 288
Washington Territory, 113
water issues
fight with Senator Stewart over irrigation,
modern politics of, 338–42
See also Aquifers, Aridity, Commonwealth watershed model, Irrigation, Rainfall, Watersheds
water rights, 305, 306, 308, 332
watersheds, 3, 308–9, 319–20, 342
water shortage, 4, 252, 261–62, 300–301
Wells Fargo & Company, 77, 170, 211
Wesleyan Methodist Church, 21, 33
Western Union, 285
West Tavuts Plateau, 204
West Temple of the Virgin, 228
Wheaton College, 33. See also Illinois Institute
Wheeler, George Montague, 215, 219–22
fighting among survey leaders, 215, 224–26, 234–35, 238, 242, 269
Grand Canyon expedition, 221–22, 225
survey work, 219–21, 227, 234–36, 239, 240, 246, 247, 259, 260, 266
Townsend Hearings and, 234–36, 242
Whirlpool Canyon, 139
White, Charles, 246
Whitehall boats, 117–20, 133, 201
whitewater
boating techniques in, 119–20
conditions causing, 122
whitewater rafting, 119–20
Whitman, Walt, 244
Whitney, Joseph, 214
Wilber, C. D., 341–42
Wilson, Henry, 91
Winnebago Indians, 28–29
Winnie’s Rapid, 126
Powell’s family lives in, 24–33
Wisconsin Glaciation, 42
Wisconsin Territory, 24–31
Wood, John Tyler, 116–17
Wood, Rev. W.C., 93–94
Yale University, 36, 74, 212, 213, 214, 249, 263, 264, 287
Yellowstone, 218–19
Yellowstone National Park, 219, 233
Young, Brigham
migration west, 25, 49, 78, 182
Mountain Meadows Massacre, 186–87, 192–93, 205
Powell and, 182, 183, 185–88, 197, 227–28
Zion National Park, 228