Endnotes

Chapter 1

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2014. National Diabetes Education Program. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/statsreport14/national-diabetes-report-web.pdf (accessed August 8, 2014).
  2. Yang, Ronghua, and Lili A. Barouch. “Leptin Signaling and Obesity.” Circulation Research. http://circres.ahajournals.org/content/101/6/545.abstract (accessed September 4, 2014).
  3. Shapiro, Alexandra, Wei Mu, Carlos Roncal, Kit-Yan Cheng, Richard J. Johnson, and Philip J. Scarpace. “Fructose-induced Leptin Resistance Exacerbates Weight Gain in Response to Subsequent High-Fat Feeding.” National Center for Biotechnology Information. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2584858/ (accessed August 4, 2014).
  4. Bjørbæk, Christian. “Central Leptin Receptor Action and Resistance in Obesity.” Journal of Investigative Medicine 7, no. 57 (2009): 789-794.
  5. Lee, John R. What Your Doctor May Not Tell You About Premenopause. New York: Grand Central Publishing, 1999.
  6. L. Aksglaede. “The Sensitivity of the Child to Sex Steroids: Possible Impact of Exogenous Estrogens.” Human Reproduction Update 12, no. 4 (2006): 341-349.
  7. Axon, Andrew, Felicity E. b. May, Luke E. Gaughan, Faith M. Williams, Peter G. Blain, and Matthew C. Wright. “Tartrazine and Sunset Yellow are Xenoestrogens in a New Screening Assay to Identify Modulators of Human Oestrogen Receptor Transcriptional Activity.” Toxicology 298, no. 1-3 (2012): 40-51.
  8. Lucero, Jennifer, Bernard L. Harlow, Robert L. Barbieri, Patrick Sluss, and Daniel W. Cramer. “Early Follicular Phase Hormone Levels in Relation to Patterns of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Coffee Use.” Fertility and Sterility 76, no. 4 (2001): 723-729.
  9. Phrakonkham, Pascal, Say Viengchareun, Christine Belloir, Marc Lombès, Yves Artur, and Marie-Chantal Canivenc-Lavier. “Dietary Xenoestrogens Differentially Impair 3T3-L1 Preadipocyte Differentiation and Persistently Affect Leptin Synthesis.” The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 110, no. 1-2 (2008): 95-103.
  10. B. A. Lessey and Young S. L. “Homeostasis Imbalance in the Endometrium of Women with Implantation Defects: The Role of Estrogen and Progesterone.” Seminars in Reproductive Medicine 32, no. 5 (2014): 365-375.
  11. Upson, K., S. Sathyanarayana, AJ De Roos, HM Koch, D. Scholes, and VL Holt. “A Population-based Case-control Study of Urinary Bisphenol A Concentrations and Risk of Endometriosis.” Human Reproduction 29, no. 11 (2014): 2457-64.
  12. Darbre, P. D., A. Aljarrah, W. R. Miller, N. G. Coldham, M. J. Sauer, and G. S. Pope. “Concentrations Of Parabens In Human Breast Tumours.” Journal of Applied Toxicology 24, no. 1 (2004): 5-13.
  13. Arrebola, Juan P., José Pumarega, Magda Gasull, Mariana F. Fernandez, Piedad Martin-Olmedo, José M. Molina-Molina, María Fernández-Rodríguez, Miquel Porta, and Nicolás Olea. “Adipose Tissue Concentrations of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Adults from Southern Spain.” Environmental Research 122 (2013): 31-37.
  14. King, Frank J. “Anti-Aging, Homeopathy, and HGH.” The American Chiropractor. http://www.theamericanchiropractor.com/articles-special-feature/5787-anti-aging-homeopathy-and-hgh.html (accessed August 4, 2014).

Chapter 2

  1. Irving, Brian A., Christopher K. Davis, David W. Brock, Judy Y. Weltman, Damon Swift, Eugene J. Barrett, Glenn A. Gaesser, and Arthur Weltman. “Effect of Exercise Training Intensity on Abdominal Visceral Fat and Body Composition.” Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 40, no. 11 (2008): 1863-1872.
  2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Americans Slightly Taller, Much Heavier Than Four Decades Ago.” http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/04news/americans.htm (accessed September 10, 2014).
  3. Davis, W. J, D. T. Wood, R. G. Andrews, L. M. Elkind, and W. B. Davis. “Concurrent Training Enhances Athletes’ Strength, Muscle Endurance, and Other Measures.” Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 5 (2008): 1487-1502.
  4. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. “Lifetime of Fitness: Fountain of Youth for Bone, Joint Health?” ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140827122634.htm (accessed August 28, 2014).
  5. Heijden, Gert-Jan Van Der, Zhiyue J. Wang, Zili Chu, Gianna Toffolo, Erica Manesso, Pieter J. J. Sauer, and Agneta L. Sunehag. “Strength Exercise Improves Muscle Mass and Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Youth.” Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 42, no. 11 (2010): 1973-1980.
  6. Heydari, M., J. Freund, and S. H. Boutcher. “The Effect of High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise on Body Composition of Overweight Young Males.” Journal of Obesity 2012 (2012): 1-8.
  7. Skelly, L. E, P. C. Andrews, J. B. Gillen, B. J. Martin, M. E. Percival, and M. J. Gibala. “High-intensity Interval Exercise Induces 24-h Energy Expenditure Similar to Traditional Endurance Exercise Despite Reduced Time Commitment.” Applied Physiology, Nutrition & Metabolism 39, no. 7 (2014): 845-8.
  8. Stokes, Keith. “Growth Hormone Responses to Sub-Maximal and Sprint Exercise.” Growth Hormone & IGF Research 13, no. 5 (2003): 225-238.
  9. Little, J. P., J. B. Gillen, M. E. Percival, A. Safdar, M. A. Tarnopolsky, Z. Punthakee, M. E. Jung, and M. J. Gibala. “Low-volume High-Intensity Interval Training Reduces Hyperglycemia and Increases Muscle Mitochondrial Capacity in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.” Journal of Applied Physiology 111, no. 6 (2011): 1554-1560.
  10. Gillen, J. B., J. P. Little, Z. Punthakee, M. A. Tarnopolsky, M. C. Riddell, and M. J. Gibala. “Acute High-Intensity Interval Exercise Reduces the Postprandial Glucose Response and Prevalence of Hyperglycaemia in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.” Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 5 (2012): 575-7.

Chapter 3

  1. “Kellogg’s Nutri-Grain Fruit Crunch™ Granola Bars Strawberry Parfait.” http://www.nutrigrain.com/product-detail.aspx?product=31274 (accessed September 1, 2014).
  2. “PC Ice Cream Shop Flavours Mint Chocolate Ice Cream.”
    http://www.presidentschoice.ca/en_CA/products/productlisting/pc_mint_chocolate_ice_creamprod850053.html (accessed September 8, 2014).
  3. Profiling food consumption in America. In: US Department of Agriculture. Agriculture Fact Book 2001-2002. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 13-21.
  4. USDA Economic Research Service. “Wheat’s Role in the U.S. Diet.” http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/crops/wheat/wheats-role-in-the-us-diet.aspx#. (accessed August 8, 2014).
  5. “Sugar 101.” Sugar 101. http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/HealthyEating/Sugar-101_UCM_306024_Article.jsp (accessed August 8, 2014).
  6. Avena, Nicole M., Pedro Rada, and Bartley G. Hoebel. “Evidence for Sugar Addiction: Behavioral and Neurochemical Effects of Intermittent, Excessive Sugar Intake.” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 32, no. 1 (2008): 20-39.
  7. Howard, PhD, Barbara, and Judith Wylie-Rosett, RD, EdD. “Sugar and Cardiovascular Disease.” Sugar and Cardiovascular Disease. http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/106/4/523.full (accessed August 9, 2014).
  8. Nordestgaard, B. G., M. Benn, P. Schnohr, and A. Tybjaerg-Hansen. “Nonfasting Triglycerides and Risk of Myocardial Infarction, Ischemic Heart Disease, and Death in Men and Women.” JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 298, no. 3 (2007): 299-308.
  9. Stanhope, Kimber L, and Peter J. Havel. “Fructose Consumption: Potential Mechanisms for Its Effects to Increase Visceral Adiposity and Induce Dyslipidemia and Insulin Resistance.” Current Opinion in Lipidology 19, no. 1 (2008): 16-24.
  10. Marchese, Michelle E, Rajesh Kumar, Laura A. Colangelo, Pedro C. Avila, David R. Jacobs, Myron Gross, Akshay Sood, Kiang Liu, and Joan M. Cook-Mills. “The Vitamin E Isoforms α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol Have Opposite Associations with Spirometric Parameters: The CARDIA Study.” Respiratory Research 15, no. 1 (2014): 31.
  11. Henderson, Samuel T, Janet L. Vogel, Linda J. Barr, Fiona Garvin, Julie J. Jones, and Lauren C. Costantini. “Study of the Ketogenic Agent AC-1202 in Mild to Moderate Alzheimer’s Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Trial.” Nutrition & Metabolism 6, no. 1 (2009): 31.
  12. Siri-Tarino, P. W, Q. Sun, F. B. Hu, and R. M. Krauss. “Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies Evaluating the Association of Saturated Fat with Cardiovascular Disease.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 91, no. 3 (2010): 535-546.
  13. Wolk, A. “A Prospective Study of Association of Monounsaturated Fat and Other Types of Fat with Risk of Breast Cancer.” Archives of Internal Medicine 158, no. 1 (1998): 41-45.

Chapter 4

  1. Neumarksztainer, D, M. Wall, J. Guo, M. Story, J. Haines and M. Eisenberg. “Obesity, Disordered Eating, and Eating Disorders in a Longitudinal Study of Adolescents: How Do Dieters Fare 5 Years Later?” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 106, no. 4 (2006): 559-568.
  2. Tomiyama, A. J., T. Mann, D. Vinas, J. M. Hunger, J. DeJager, and S. E. Taylor. “Low Calorie Dieting Increases Cortisol.” Psychosomatic Medicine 72, no. 4 (2010): 357-364.
  3. Fontana, L., J. C. Eagon, M. E. Trujillo, P. E. Scherer, and S. Klein. “Visceral Fat Adipokine Secretion Is Associated with Systemic Inflammation in Obese Humans.” Diabetes 56, no. 4 (2007): 1010-1013.
  4. Cifuentes, Mariana, Cecilia Albala, and Cecilia V Rojas. “Differences in Lipogenesis and Lipolysis in Obese and Non-Obese Adult Human Adipocytes.” Biological Research 41, no. 2 (2008): 1.
  5. Zechner, Rudolf, Robert Zimmermann, Thomas O. Eichmann, Sepp D. Kohlwein, Guenter Haemmerle, Achim Lass, and Frank Madeo. “FAT SIGNALS—Lipases and Lipolysis in Lipid Metabolism and Signaling.” Cell Metabolism 15, no. 3 (2012): 279-291.
  6. McTernan, P. G., A. L. Harte, L. A. Anderson, A. Green, S. A. Smith, et al. “Insulin and Rosiglitazone Regulation of Lipolysis and Lipogenesis in Human Adipose Tissue In Vitro.” Diabetes 51, no. 5 (2002): 1493-1498.
  7. Jensen, M. D. “Role of Body Fat Distribution and the Metabolic Complications of Obesity.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 93, no. 11_Supplement_1 (2008): s57-s63.
  8. Rippe, James M. “Adipose Tissue.” Encyclopedia of Lifestyle Medicine & Health. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 2012. 15.
  9. Matsuzawa, Yuji, Iichiro Shimomura, Tadashi Nakamura, Yoshiaki Keno, Kasuaki Kotani, and Katsuto Tokunaga. “Pathophysiology and Pathogenesis of Visceral Fat Obesity.” Obesity Research 3, no. S2 (1995): 187s-194s.
  10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Obesity and Overweight.” http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/obesity-overweight.htm (accessed September 23, 2014).

Chapter 5

  1. Liau, Kai Ming, Yeong Yeh Lee, Chee Keong Chen, and Aida Hanum G. Rasool. “An Open-Label Pilot Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Virgin Coconut Oil in Reducing Visceral Adiposity.” ISRN Pharmacology 2011 (2011): 1-7.
  2. Assunção, Monica L., Haroldo S. Ferreira, Aldenir F. dos Santos, Cyro R. Cabral, and Telma M. M. T. Florêncio. “Effects of Dietary Coconut Oil on the Biochemical and Anthropometric Profiles of Women Presenting Abdominal Obesity.” Lipids 44, no. 7 (2009): 593-601.
  3. Gavrieli, A., M. Yannakoulia, E. Fragopoulou, D. Margaritopoulos, J. P. Chamberland, P. Kaisari, S. A. Kavouras, and C. S. Mantzoros.
    “Caffeinated Coffee Does Not Acutely Affect Energy Intake, Appetite, or Inflammation but Prevents Serum Cortisol Concentrations
    from Falling in Healthy Men.” Journal of Nutrition 141, no. 4 (2011): 703-707.
  4. Bennett, Jeanette M., Isabella M. Rodrigues, and Laura Cousino Klein. “Effects of Caffeine and Stress on Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease in Healthy Men and Women with a Family History of Hypertension.” Stress and Health 29, no. 5 (2013): 401-409.
  5. Siler, R. A. Neese and M. K. Hellerstein. “De Novo Lipogenesis, Lipid Kinetics, and Whole-Body Lipid Balances in Humans After Acute Alcohol Consumption.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70, no. 5 (1999): 928-936.
  6. Venables, C. J. Hulston, H. R. Cox, and A. E. Jeukendrup. “Green Tea Extract Ingestion, Fat Oxidation, and Glucose Tolerance in Healthy Humans.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 87, no. 3 (2008): 778-784.
  7. Berlin, A. Grimaldi, C. Landault, F. Cesselin, and A. J. Puech. “Suspected Postprandial Hypoglycemia Is Associated with Beta-Adrenergic Hypersensitivity and Emotional Distress.” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 79, no. 5 (1994): 1428-1433.
  8. Mehran, Arya E., Susanne M. Clee, G. Stefano Brigidi, Nicole M. Templeman, James D. Johnson, Shernaz X. Bamji, Timothy J. Kieffer, Bradford G. Hoffman, Ali Asadi, Jose Diego Botezelli, Xiaoke Hu, Kwan-Yi Chu, and Gareth E. Lim. “Hyperinsulinemia Drives Diet-Induced Obesity Independently of Brain Insulin Production.” Cell Metabolism 16, no. 6 (2012): 723-737.

Chapter 7

  1. Ricci, Walter F. Stewart, Elsbeth Chee, Carol Leotta, Kathleen Foley, and Marc C. Hochberg. “Back Pain Exacerbations and Lost Productive Time Costs in United States Workers.” Spine 31, no. 26 (2006): 3052-3060.

Chapter 8

  1. Lovallo, William R., Noha H. Farag, Andrea S. Vincent, Terrie L. Thomas, and Michael F. Wilson. “Cortisol Responses to Mental Stress, Exercise, and Meals Following Caffeine Intake in Men and Women.” Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 83, no. 3 (2006): 441-447.
  2. Keijzers, G. B., B. E. De Galan, C. J. Tack, and P. Smits. “Caffeine Can Decrease Insulin Sensitivity in Humans .” Diabetes Care 25, no. 2 (2002): 364-369.
  3. Nettleton, J. A., P. L. Lutsey, Y. Wang, J. A. Lima, E. D. Michos, and D. R. Jacobs. “Diet Soda Intake and Risk of Incident Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).” Diabetes Care 32, no. 4 (2009): 688-694.
  4. Rong, Y., L. Chen, T. Zhu, Y. Song, M. Yu, Z. Shan, A. Sands, F. B. Hu, and L. Liu. “Egg Consumption and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke: Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.” BMJ 346, no. jan07 2 (2013): e8539-e8539.
  5. Thongprakaisang, Siriporn, Apinya Thiantanawat, Nuchanart Rangkadilok, Tawit Suriyo, and Jutamaad Satayavivad. “Glyphosate Induces Human Breast Cancer Cells Growth via Estrogen Receptors.” Food and Chemical Toxicology 59 (2013): 129-136.
  6. Koller, Verena J., Maria Fürhacker, Armen Nersesyan, Miroslav Mišík, Maria Eisenbauer, and Siegfried Knasmueller. “Cytotoxic and DNA-Damaging Properties of Glyphosate and Roundup in Human-Derived Buccal Epithelial Cells.” Archives of Toxicology 86, no. 5 (2012): 805-813.
  7. Imhof, Armin, Margit Froehlich, Hermann Brenner, Heiner Boeing, Mark B Pepys, and Wolfgang Koenig. “Effect of Alcohol Consumption on Systemic Markers of Inflammation.” The Lancet 357, no. 9258 (2001): 763-767.
  8. Yang, PhD, Zfeng Zhang, MD, PhD, Edward Gregg, PhD, W. Dana Flanders, MD, ScD, Robert Merritt, MA, and Frank Hu, MD, Phd. “Added Sugar Intake and Cardiovascular Diseases Mortality among US Adults.” JAMA Internal Medicine 174, no. 4 (2014): 516-524.
  9. Manzel, Arndt, Dominik N. Muller, David A. Hafler, Susan E. Erdman, Ralf A. Linker, and Markus Kleinewietfeld. “Role of ‘Western Diet’ in Inflammatory Autoimmune Diseases.” Current Allergy and Asthma Reports 14, no. 1 (2014): 404.
  10. Koning, L. De, V. S. Malik, M. D. Kellogg, E. B. Rimm, W. C. Willett, and F. B. Hu. “Sweetened Beverage Consumption, Incident Coronary Heart Disease, and Biomarkers of Risk in Men.” Circulation 125, no. 14 (2012): 1735-1741.
  11. Master, Rachel, Angela Liese, Steven Haffner, Lynne Wagen-knecht and Anthony Hanley. “Whole and Refined Grain Intakes Are Related to Inflammatory Protein Concentrations in Human Plasma.” The Journal of Nutrition 140, no. 3 (2010): 587-594.
  12. Simopoulos, A.P. “The Importance of the Ratio of Omega-6/Omega-3 Essential Fatty Acids.” Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 56, no. 8 (2002): 365-379.
  13. Marchese, Michelle E, Rajesh Kumar, Laura A. Colangelo, Pedro C. Avila, David R. Jacobs, Myron Gross, Akshay Sood, Kiang Liu, and Joan M. Cook-Mills. “The Vitamin E Isoforms α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol Have Opposite Associations with Spirometric Parameters: The CARDIA Study.” Respiratory Research 15, no. 1 (2014): 31.

Chapter 9

  1. “In U.S., 40% Get Less Than Recommended Amount of Sleep.”
    http://www.gallup.com/poll/166553/less-recommended-amount-sleep.aspx (accessed June 13, 2014).
  2. Van Cauter, PhD, Eve, Kristen Knutson, PhD, Rachel Leproult, PhD, and Karine Spiegel, PhD. “The Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Hormones and Metabolism.” http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/502825 (accessed June 15, 2014).
  3. Nedeltcheva, MD, MD, Arlet V., Jennifer M. Kilkus, MS, Jacqueline Imperial, RN, Dale A. Schoeller, and Plamen D. Penev, MD, PhD. “Insufficient Sleep Undermines Dietary Efforts to Reduce Adiposity.” Annals of Internal Medicine. http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=746184 (accessed June 13, 2014).
  4. Donga, Esther, Marieke Van Dijk, J. Gert Van Dijk, Nienke R. Biermasz, Gert-Jan Lammers, Klaas W. Van Kralingen, Eleonara P. M. Corssmit, and Johannes A. Romijn. “A Single Night of Partial Sleep Deprivation Induces Insulin Resistance in Multiple Metabolic Pathways in Healthy Subjects.” Endocrinology 151, no. 5 (2010): 2399-2399.
  5. University of Chicago Medical Center. “Even Your Fat Cells Need Sleep, According to New Research.” www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121015170822.htm (accessed June 13, 2014).
  6. Spiegel, Karine. “Brief Communication: Sleep Curtailment in Healthy Young Men Is Associated with Decreased Leptin Levels, Elevated Ghrelin Levels, and Increased Hunger and Appetite.” Annals of Internal Medicine 141, no. 11 (2004): 846.
  7. Leproult, R., G. Copinschi, O. Buxton, and E. Van Cauter. “Sleep Loss Results in an Elevation of Cortisol the Next Evening.” Sleep 10 (1997): 865-870
  8. “Facts about Insomnia.” http://sleepfoundation.org/insomnia/what-is-insomnia/facts/ (accessed July 2, 2014).
  9. Drake, C, T. Roehrs, J. Shambroom, and T. Roth. “Caffeine Effects on Sleep Taken 0, 3, or 6 Hours before Going to Bed.” Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 9, no. 11 (2013): 1195-1200.
  10. Wood, Brittany, Mark S. Rea, Barbara Plitnick, and Mariana G. Figueiro. “Light Level and Duration of Exposure Determine the Impact of Self-Luminous Tablets on Melatonin Suppression.” Applied Ergonomics 44, no. 2 (2013): 237-240.
  11. National Sleep Foundation. “The Sleep Environment.” http://sleepfoundation.org/sleep-news/the-sleep-environment (accessed July 5, 2014).
  12. Ebrahim, Irshaad O., Colin M. Shapiro, Adrian J. Williams, and Peter B. Fenwick. “Alcohol and Sleep I: Effects on Normal Sleep.” Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 37, no. 4 (2013): 539-549.
  13. Naismith, SC, B. Hickie, Z. Tereping, S. M. Rajaratnam, J. R. Hodges, S. Bolitho, N. L. Rogers, and S. L. Lewis. “Circadian Misalignment and Sleep Disruption in Mild Cognitive Impairment.” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 38, no. 4 (2014): 857-866.
  14. Falchi, Fabio, Pierantonio Cinzano, Christopher D. Elvidge, David M. Keith, and Abraham Haim. “Limiting the Impact of Light Pollution on Human Health, Environment and Stellar Visibility.” Journal of Environmental Management 92, no. 10 (2011): 2714-2722.

Chapter 10

  1. Sominsky, Luba, and Sarah J. Spencer. “Eating Behavior and Stress: A Pathway to Obesity.” Frontiers in Psychology 5 (2014): 434.
  2. Epel, Elissa, Rachel Lapidus, Bruce Mcewen, and Kelly Brownell. “Stress May Add Bite to Appetite in Women: A Laboratory Study of Stress-Induced Cortisol and Eating Behavior.” Psychoneuroendocrinology 26, no. 1 (2001): 37-49.
  3. Rada, P., N. M. Avena, and B. G. Hoebel. “Daily Bingeing on Sugar Repeatedly Releases Dopamine in the Accumbens Shell.” Neuroscience 134, no. 3 (2005): 737-744.
  4. Colantuoni, Carlo, Pedro Rada, Joseph McCarthy, Caroline Patten, Nicole M. Avena, Andrew Chadeayne and Bartley G. Hoebel. “Evidence That Intermittent, Excessive Sugar Intake Causes Endogenous Opioid Dependence.” Obesity 10, no. 6 (2002): 478-488.
  5. Epel, ES, N. McEwen, T. Seeman, K. Matthews, G. Castellazzo, K. D. Brownell, J. Bell, and J. R. Ickovics. “Stress and Body Shape: Stress-Induced Cortisol Secretion Is Consistently Greater Among Women with Central Fat.” Psychosomatic Medicine 62, no. 5 (2000): 623-632.
  6. “Stress and Eating.” http://www.apa.org. http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2013/eating.aspx (accessed June 5, 2014).
  7. Lovallo, William R., Noha H. Farag, Andrea S. Vincent, Terrie L. Thomas, and Michael F. Wilson. “Cortisol Responses to Mental Stress, Exercise, and Meals Following Caffeine Intake in Men and Women.” Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 83, no. 3 (2006): 441-447.
  8. Gragnoli, C. “Hypothesis of the Neuroendocrine Cortisol Pathway Gene Role in the Comorbidity of Depression, Type 2 Diabetes, and Metabolic Syndrome.” The Application of Clinical Genetics 7 (2014): 43-53.
  9. Björntorp. P. “Do Stress Reactions Cause Abdominal Obesity and Comorbidities?” Obesity Review 2 (2001): 73-86.
  10. Nicolaides, Nicolas C., Elli Kyratzi, Agaristi Lamprokostopoulou, George P. Chrousos, and Evangelia Charmandari. “Stress, the Stress System and the Role of Glucocorticoids.” Neuroimmunomodulation 22, no. 1-2 (2015): 6-19.
  11. Dhabhar, Firdaus S. “Enhancing versus Suppressive Effects of Stress on Immune Function: Implications for Immunoprotection and Immunopathology.” Neuroimmunomodulation 16, no. 5 (2009): 300-317.
  12. Cohen, S., D. Janicki-Deverts, W. J. Doyle, G. E. Miller, E. Frank, B. S. Rabin, and R. B. Turner. “Chronic Stress, Glucocorticoid Receptor Resistance, Inflammation, and Disease Risk.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, no. 16 (2012): 5995-5999.
  13. “Stressed in America.” http://www.apa.org/monitor/2011/01/stressed-america.aspx (accessed June 20, 2014).

Chapter 11

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “About BMI for Adults.” http://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/adult_bmi/index.html?s_cid=tw_ob064 (accessd July 11, 2014).