Stray Visitants to the
Hawaiian Islands
To see and identify any of the stray visitants involves a much greater element of fortuitous luck than is present in the rewards of studying the resident birds. The bird student must accept the records of others and feel elated if he sees for himself a few of those listed as stragglers or chance arrivals, or can add a new one to the list.
Casual observations are to some extent uncertain and great care must be taken to be sure of the species. For instance: I have a wide experience with the akialoa of Kauai, yet in 1936 after watching a bird in a tree above me with a field glass for a considerable time I almost erroneously noted it as an akialoa. It was a young iiwi in the greenish yellow of its first plumage. Its color and actions were like those of the young akialoa sucking honey from the flowers of the ohia tree.
As an aid to observers in identifying the straggling birds listed, I have based very brief descriptions on the "Marks for Field Identification" in "The Game Birds of California," and many of them are taken from that work (GBC). Descriptions adapted from other works are noted by the name of the author in parentheses.
| PHALACROCORACIDAE | Cormorant Family |
PELAGIC CORMORANT
Phalacrocorax pelagicus pelagicus Pallas
"Head and neck violet black with changeable reflections; rest of body greenish..." (Henshaw.)
A specimen of this species was taken by Schauinsland on Laysan Island in 1896. Henshaw relates that a pair of cormorants came to Hilo Bay in November 1900, and stayed till the spring of 1901. He thinks they were possibly of this species.
| ARDEIDAE | Heron Family |
REEF HERON
Demigretta sacra (Gmelin)
"General color dark slaty grey, darker on the upper surface, tinged on the lower surface with brown..." There are two forms, a pure white and the ordinary slaty blue one. (Oliver.)
Henshaw states: "Dr. Finsch who was well acquainted with the bird in the islands further south, is quoted by Rothschild as stating that he observed the white form once at Kahului, Maui." I saw a pair of these birds in 1938 at Rose Island near Samoa. There were two together, one pure white and the other of the slaty blue form. I once visited a nesting place of this bird in the Hauraki Gulf, Auckland, New Zealand.
Rose Island is not so far from Hawaii but that one might straggle to Maul
| THRESKIORNITHIDAE | Ibis Family |
WHITE-FACED GLOSSY IBIS
Plegadis guarauna (Linnaeus)
"Curlew-like profile; bright iridescent chestnut colored plumage appearing black at a distance... down curved curlew-like bill about 5 inches in length... and long legs. Fly in orderly diagonal lines with legs and neck extended." (GBC) Length about 24 inches.
There are a number of instances of this species visiting here from the mainland. Knudsen obtained a specimen on Kauai in 1872, and G. P. Wilder shot one, probably of this species, in 1873. I preserved a fine specimen on Molokai in 1903. John Fleming told me of seeing several ibises together in the 1930's. C. S. Childs of Wailuku, Maui, reported 3 at the Kanaha pond on that island on November 18, 1937.
| ANATIDAE | Duck, Goose and Swan Family |
LESSER SNOW GOOSE
| Chen hyperborea (Pallas) | Plate 5, Fig. 14 |
This species is marked by "Large size, pure white body plumage, black flight feathers, and reddish bill and feet... Immature birds also appear white at a distance." (GBC.) Length about 27 inches.
A specimen of this goose was taken on Maui by Brother Matthias Newell. One was reported from Oahu in 1904.
AMERICAN WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE
| Anser albifrons gambelli Hartlaub | Plate 5, Fig. 9 |
Identified by "Large size, white forehead, black speckled belly, reddish feet, light brown bill and general gray body color..." (GBC.) Length about 28 inches.
Palmer secured a male of a pair of this species from a lagoon at Honokahau, near Kailua, Hawaii, in December 1891. Comparing it with the Hawaiian goose which we were collecting at the same time, it was seen to be lighter in color, of a shorter and heavier build, bill much larger and flesh colored, legs and feet finer, of a bright orange color and fully webbed. Its gizzard was much larger, indicating that its food was of a more solid nature than that of the Hawaiian goose. It measured 27 inches in length. There was one in my collection that was taken at Kaunakakai, Molokai in 1905. I have been informed of other straggling geese which I feel sure were of this species. It seems a fairly frequent visitor to this group.
EMPEROR GOOSE
Philacte canagica (Sewastianov)
"Medium size and short neck. Head and neck, (except throat) white, plumage ashy blue barred with black, tail white tipped, bill and feet light colored." (GBC.) Length about 27 inches. A straggler of this species was reported from Puna, Hawaii, in 1903. A goose probably of this species landed in Makaweli, Kauai, in 1940.
BLACK BRANT
Branta bernicla nigricans (Lawrence)
"Moderately small size... with very dark coloration. Head and neck black, with white collar about front of neck, sides of rump white, bill and feet black. Flies in undulating course, close to water." (GBC.) Length about 23 inches.
A specimen obtained by Palmer from Mr. Newell which was collected at Kahului, Maui, in 1891, established this species as a straggler here in Hawaii. My brother, James G. Munro, reported 3 of these birds on Molokai on February 23, 1938. They stayed on the southeast coast of that island for some time.
CACKLING GOOSE
| Branta canadensis minima Ridgway | Plate 3, Fig. 5 |
Identification marks are "Similar to those for.Canada Goose but size considerably smaller... In hand the tarsus is seen to be much longer than the middle toe with claw, while the bill is less than 1.44 inches long... The high-pitched call-note is easily distinguished from the Canada and Hutchin's geese." (GBC) Average length 24 inches. Marks for identification for Canada goose are: "Very large size... black head, neck, bill and feet, white cheek patches and uniform-appearing gray body... Recognizable in flight by abruptly black head and neck, gray body plumage, loud trumpet-like 'honks' and slow wing strokes."
Palmer secured a specimen of this goose from the lagoons at Mana, Kauai, in March 1891. Rothschild, not knowing that mainland geese straggled to these islands, described it as a new species and kindly complimented me by calling it munroi but discovered his mistake later. In December 1902, a cowboy on the Molokai ranch, Molokai, by a lucky shot hit one of these birds in the neck with a rifle ball as it was flying past. There are other instances of this bird having been seen on these islands.
MALLARD DUCK
| Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos Linnaeus | Plate 5, Figs. 1 & 2 |
"The large size... metallic green head, white ring round neck, and violet colored speculum identify the male. The violet or purple speculum bordered along both edges with black and white distinguishes both sexes in all plumages... except... the natal. In flight the white under wing-coverts show forth. The female can be distinguished from the Black Duck, a near relative, by its much lighter color." (GBC.) Length over 22 inches.
We were told of mallards migrating here when we collected in 1891 but did not see any that we could identify. Schauinsland secured an adult male on Laysan Island in July 1895. Perkins reported it from Oahu and Molokai and shot one himself. Some are kept on private ponds on the islands. Most breeds of tame ducks are descended from this, species.
GREEN-TAILED TEAL
Anas crecea carolinensis Gmelin
"Very small size... male chestnut brown head with green patch back of eye, white bar across side of breast and bright green speculum bordered above and below by black..." (GBC.) Male averages 12.25 inches in length; female smaller.
Perkins mentions this species as known to sportsmen as an occasional visitant There are 3 recorded instances of this beautiful little teal straggling here. To Maui, 1892, Laysan, 1896 and Molokai, 1906. I collected the specimen from Molokai at Palaau of that island. There were large mud-flats out in the bay and small lagoons inshore where the migratory ducks congregated.
J. d'Arcy Northwood records in "Familiar Hawaiian Birds" that in January 1940 a flock of 14 was seen on Oahu.
BALDPATE
| Mareca americana (Gmelin) | Plate 5, Figs. 10 & 11 |
Other names: Widgeon; American Widgeon.
"Medium size, white axillars, and more or less white on forepart of wing. Males have top of head white, sides of head mixed black and white, a green patch behind eye, green speculum, white flank patch, and black under tail-coverts. Both sexes distinguished from European widgeon by pure white rather than gray axillars and male by lack of reddish brown on head... The wings make a whistling noise when the birds are in flight." (GBC.) Average length 19 inches.
Schauinsland obtained a specimen on Laysan Island in 1896 and I took one on November 3, 1902 at Palaau, Molokai. Northwood states in "Familiar Hawaiian Birds" that a flock of 15 was seen on Oahu in January 1940.
GADWALL DUCK
Chaulelasmus streperus (Linnaeus)
This rare visitor can be recognized by its "Slender appearance, long pointed wings, general gray coloration, and pure white speculum... under tail-coverts black in male." (GBC.) Average length 20.5 inches.
Perkins mentions this duck as "noticed by sportsmen as rare immigrant." I collected a specimen at Palaau, Molokai, on November 11,1902.
BUFFLE-HEAD
Bucephala albeola (Linnaeus)
"Small size, chunky build, relatively large head, short bill, black (or dark) and white coloration, white patch on side of head, and white speculum separate either sex from other ducks. Female slightly smaller than male, with much of black replaced with blackish brown; distinguished by white patch on side of head behind eye, and white wing patch crossed by a black bar." (GBC) Average length of male about 14.75 inches.
Perkins mentions this chance migrant as reported from Oahu, Maui and Laysan. Northwood in "Familiar Hawaiian Birds" states that a flock of 12 was seen in January 1938 and 4 in November 1929 on Oahu.
WESTERN HARLEQUIN DUCK
Histrionicus histrionicus pacificus Brooks
"Size medium... bill very small, tail short and pointed, general coloration very dark, below as well as above. Male has several conspicuous white patches on sides of head and body, as also a white collar around hind neck, a white bar across side of chest, and a white patch on wing. Female dull brown with dull white spots on head, the most conspicuous one below and behind eye, no white on wing. Females of both Bufflehead and Oldsquaw have white streak directly behind eye." (GBC.) Length about 17.75 inches.
E. H. Bryan, Jr. notes a chance migrant reported on Laysan in 1906.
RED-BREASTED MERGANSER
Mergus senator Linnaeus
"Smaller than American Merganser... Male: Reddish brown band across breast, and two black bars across speculum. Female: Cinnamon brown of neck not abruptly ended and back brown tinted rather than blue-gray. Both sexes have head crest of two points, one behind the other, and nostril nearer base of bill than middle..." (GBC.) Average length both sexes 22.5 inches.
Perkins reports this occasional-visitant as well known to some sportsmen, and as having been reported from several of the islands.
LESSER SCAUP DUCK
| Nyroca affinis (Eyton) | Plate 5, Figs. 5 & 6 |
"Not distinguishable from Greater Scaup at gunshot range. In hand, or within a few yards, the smaller size, purplish instead of greenish gloss on the head, somewhat coarser or more distinct black undulations on back and flanks, and lack of whitish on outer webs of innermost primaries identify the male Lesser Scaup. Females can be definitely distinguished only by size differences. The Lesser Scaup averages nearly 2 inches shorter than the Greater Scaup and is proportionately smaller throughout." (GBC.) Average length of male 17.25 inches. Female is smaller.
On November 11, 1914, a group of 4 of this species (as determined by E. H. Bryan, Jr.) settled in the reservoir at Koele, Lanai. I collected specimens to prove their identity.
CANVASBACK
| Nyroca valisineria (Wilson) | Plate 5, Figs. 7 & 8 |
"Large size, reddish brown head and neck, canvas colored back and low forehead sloping down to long slender bill... Distinguished from Redhead by larger size, especially of the head, blackish coloration around base of bill, red iris, and sloping forehead and bill (which meet without evident angle between the two)." (GBC.) Average length, both sexes 21.75 inches.
Perkins mentions this species as a stray visitant. We were told of canvasbacks being among the other ducks at Mana, Kauai My notes mention seeing them but I cannot say we positively identified them as we had then little experience with the migratory ducks.
GREATER SCAUP DUCK
Nyroca marila (Linnaeus)
"Medium size, stout build, dark-colored head and neck, broad 'blue' bill, conspicuous white speculum, and white under surface. Male Greater Scaup distinguished from male Lesser Scaup in hand by larger size, greenish instead of purplish gloss on head, and by tendency to white on outer webs of innermost primaries. Female Greater Scaup separable from all other ducks (save Lesser Scaup and Ringneck) by conspicuous white area encircling base of bill. Female Greater Scaup distinguished from female Lesser Scaup only in hand, by larger size and by tendency to white on outer webs of innermost primaries; from Ringneck by greater size and by gray instead of white speculum." (GBC.) Average length of male
19.25 inches.
Perkins mentions this species as a stray visitant. I might mention that during the ten years Perkins studied the Hawaiian fauna he was in close touch with a number of sportsmen of the old school who did a great deal of shooting when migratory birds were plentiful and stragglers often accompanied them. He thus obtained much information that other collectors missed.
| ACCIPITRIDAE | Hawk and Osprey Family |
MARSH HAWK
Circus cyaneus hudsonius (Linnaeus)
"General description.. Length 19 inches'... Males have the fore and upper parts light ashy, and abdomen white; females are dark umber-brown above and brownish white below. Both sexes have the face encircled with an imperfect ruff..." (Birds of America)
Wilson reported the presence of this hawk on Oahu.
AMERICAN OSPREY
Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (Gmelin)
"General description. Length 2 feet; spread of wing AVl to 5V3 feet; upper parts dark brown; head and under parts white" (Birds of America).
Dole recounted seeing this species on the coast of Niihau. Observers have reported it in recent years on Oahu, especially one at Salt Lake which stayed there for some time. I saw on October 16, 1920, on the east coast of Lanai a bird answering this description. It was sailing back and forth inland at a good height with little movement of its wings which I judged to have a spread of about 6 feet. It floated overhead in one place for a considerable time while I examined it with a field glass. Eventually it flew put low over the water and along the coast.
Straggling hawks are reported from time to time but it is difficult to identify them. On Niihau in November 1939 I saw a hawk harrying a small bird probably a skylark high into the air. It kept below its quarry forcing the small bird to fly even higher till when tired it would begin to descend, when the hawk could pounce on it. We did not see the finish but I had seen skylarks so hunted by the harrier (Circus apfroximans) in New Zealand, and have had descriptions of the Hawaiian hawk hunting birds in the same way. The hawk was too far away to permit even a guess at the species.
| CHARADRIDDAE | Plover Family |
BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER
Squatarola squatarola (Linnaeus)
"Moderately large size... Big head, short, stout, black bill, strikingly black axillars...Almost white upper tail-coverts, and short white band on spread wing; in addition in spring, black under parts, except for abruptly white lower belly and under tail-coverts, together with the absence of any golden color on upper surface. Voice: A loud ringing 'wher-rell' of a distinctly mellow quality." (GBC) Average length 12.55 inches.
Reported from Hawaii in 1900 by Henshaw, and in recent years by Northwood on Oahu, and by Donaghho on Midway.
KILLDEER
Charadrius vociferus vociferus Linnaeus
Identified by, "Moderate size, two black bands across chest, white collar around hind neck, white bar across wing, tawny rump patch, and white tipped black banded tail. The shrill call kill-dee, is distinctive. This is our only shore bird with two black bands across breast." (GBC.) Average length about 10.2 inches.
This plover has been reported as a chance migrant to Maui.
| SCOLOPACIDAE | Snipe and Sandpiper Family |
PACIFIC GODWIT
Limosa lapponica baueri Naumann
This bird is easily recognized by its long legs and very long slightly upturned bill. Its winter plumage such as it would be in if straggling here, is mostly brown or ashy brown with varying shades and markings.
There was a specimen of this species in the Gay and Robinson collection in 1891. One is in the St. Louis College collection, Honolulu, now in the Bishop Museum. Schauinsland secured specimens on Laysan in 1896, and Helen Shiras Baldwin tells of one seen at Hilo.
The reason why this interesting migrant, which nests in the same regions as the Pacific golden plover, does not include Hawaii in its regular migration, is probably because it procures its food on tidal mudflats and there are few such foraging grounds on these islands.
WILSON'S SNIPE
Capella delicata (Ord)
Other name: Jacksnipe.
"Medium small size, long bill, longitudinally striped head and back (at all seasons), mottled breast, white belly, dusky rump, erratic flight, sharp grating note, crouching attitude and solitary rather than flocking habits; frequents grassy meadows rather than open mudflats or shores." (GBC)
This occasional migrant is reported on Hawaii by Perkins and by E. H. Bryan, Jr. on Oahu, Maui and Laysan. I collected one at Palaau, Molokai in 1902.
SHARP-TAILED SANDPIPER
Erolia acuminata (Horsfield)
"Adult in winter plumage. Above grayish brown, streaked and striped with dusky; superciliary stripe and lower parts dull white; chest and sides of breast, pale grayish buff. In summer the upper parts are brighter with rusty and black; under parts streaked with dusky, and with grayish brown V-shaped marks." Length 8.25 inches. (Henshaw.)
Henshaw tells of Schauinsland taking one on Laysan, A. F. Judd one on Oahu, Brother Matthias one on Maui, and I took one at Palaau, Molokai, in 1902. This sandpiper is probably a frequent visitor here.
PECTORAL SANDPIPER
Erolia melanotus (Vieillot)
"Medium small size... short bill about as long as head, white chin, buffy foreneck and breast finely streaked with dark brown (this area constituting a broad rather abruptly outlined, pectoral band), and blackish rump and upper tail-coverts. More common on meadow land and less so on open flats than other sandpipers." (GBC.) Average length about 8.81 inches.
Henshaw recorded two specimens taken by Mr. Hewitt at Kau, Hawaii. Reported also from Oahu.
| PHALAROPODIDAE | Phalarope Family |
RED PHALAROPE
Phalaropus fulicarius (Linnaeus)
"Small size, chunky form, absence of spotting, streaking or barring on under surface, white bar across wing, under surface chiefly reddish brown in spring, with white cheek-patch, mixed white and dull red in fall, and pure white in winter; neck short and thick (thicker than in Northern Phalarope); wings not markedly in color from back; spends much time in swimming on water, and, within our borders, is rarely if at all, found feeding on shore; 'spins' about rapidly from time to time while feeding on surface of water." (GBC.) Length of male 7.9 inches; female larger.
This bird has been reported from several islands. One was given me at Makaweli, Kauai, in November 1896. During 1941 a number were seen to have migrated here. Four at least were picked up dead on the windward coast of Oahu. All were preserved as specimens and were found to be very thin though in good feather. It would seem that they cannot find the sustenance they require in our waters and the of starvation. These birds are easily mistaken for the akekeke (Arenaria interpres interpret) when Hying over the water.
NORTHERN PHALAROPE
Lobipes lobatus (Linnaeus)
"Small size, needle-like bill... slender head and neck, white under-surface, and, in summer plumage, absence of conspicuous streaking or barring on back of head and back, and reddish sides of neck. Frequents open water, either salt or fresh; swims gracefully and with quick movements. Among Phalaropes, distinguished by smaller size, short slender bill, dark rump, and in summer plumage by blackish head and back. The phalarope most commonly met with on inland waters." (GBC.)
On March 15, 1893, a note in my journal says: "Mr. Gay showed me a peculiar little bird that young Knudsen had shot at Mana where he had seen a pair of them." The skin had been roughly prepared but I took a careful description of it and am sure it was this species. The tips of the slender bill were hooked, but this had evidently been done by pressure in skinning.
| LARIDAE | Gull and Tern Family |
RING-BILLED GULL
Larus delawarensis Ord
"Mantle pearl gray; lower parts white; bill greenish yellow, black banded near tip. Length about 18.2 inches." (Henshaw.)
Alanson Bryan reported an immature specimen in the collection at the St. Louis College, Honolulu. Another was secured by Mr. G. P. Wilder near Kaunakakai, Molokai on February 1,1901, during a southerly storm. Bryan describes it as an immature winter specimen with the head and neck white.
HERRING GULL
Larus argentatus smithsonianus Coues
"General description—Length 24 inches. Color, pure white with grayish blue mantle." (Birds of America.)
E. H. Bryan, Jr. in his check list records a "Chance arrival (Laysan)."
CALIFORNIA GULL
Larus californicus Lawrence
"Mantle dark gray; bill yellow with a crimson spot near end of lower mandible; scalpulars and secondaries broadly tipped with white. In winter head and neck broadly streaked with brown. Length about 20-23 inches." (Henshaw.)
A specimen of this species mounted by Brother Matthias is in the collection of the St. Louis College, Honolulu. Reported by Alanson Bryan.
FRANKLIN'S GULL
Larus pipixcan Wagler
"Head black, with white on eyelid; mantle plumbeous; quills bluish gray, white tipped. In winter similar, but head white. Length 13.50-15 inches." (Henshaw.)
Alanson Bryan reported a specimen of this gull in the St. Louis College collection, mounted by Brother Matthias.
GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL
Larus glaucescens Neumann
"Mantle pearl gray; head and under parts white; primaries with small white spots at the tips; in winter top of head and hind neck streaked with dusky. Length about 25 inches. The young are more or less variegated with white." (Henshaw.)
Henshaw reported this species as an occasional visitor to Hawaii. Schauinsland reported it from Laysan, and E. H. Bryan, Jr. lists it on Oahu.
POINT BARROW GULL
Larus hyperboreus Gunnerus
Other name: Glaucous Gull. Hawaiian name: Koleaaumoku.
"Head, neck, tail and underparts white; mantle pale pearl gray. In winter, head and neck streaked with brownish. Length about 25-28 inches." (Henshaw.)
There was a specimen of this gull in the Gay and Robinson collection in 1891. I saw one on the beach at Mana, Kauai, on March 18, 1891. I saw one on Hawaii in 1936 and have had a number of reports of its being seen at Hilo and on Maui. On December 30, 1931, I found one on the beach at Manele, Lanai. It was in good plumage but so thin and weak that it could not rise from the sand. It had the remains of a crab in its stomach. A flock of four or five had been reported on the coast of Lanai some time before and I saw the remains of one on the shore. The birds I saw were probably immature. This gull is evidently a frequent visitor here but for some reason does not thrive. The Hawaiians knew it as Mr. Gay gave me its Hawaiian name.
BONAPARTE'S GULL
Larus Philadelphia (Ord)
"Head plumbeous; mantle pearl gray; underparts white; feet orange red. Adult in winter has a white head and flesh colored feet. Length 12-14 inches." (Henshaw.)
Palmer took a specimen of this bird at a lagoon at Polehale, Mana, Kauai, on March 14, 1891. This seems to be the only instance of this species being recorded here.
PACIFIC KITTIWAKE
Rissa tridactyla pollicaris Ridgway
"Head and neck white in summer, in winter crown and sides of head streaked with dark gray and back of neck gray like the back; underparts, under surface of wings and slightly forked tail white; mantle pearl gray... bill greenish yellow; feet dusky. Length 15.5-16 inches." (Alexander.)
There seems to be only one instance of this bird being identified in the Hawaiian group and that at Laysan.
ARCTIC TERN
Sterna paradisaea Pontoppidon
"General description. Length 14 to 17 inches. Color, pale bluish gray, lighter below." (Birds of America.)
This wonderful traveller which nests far north in the Arctic and migrates to the Antarctic experiencing a maximum of daylight hours, has been recorded from Hilo Hawaii, and Oahu. Included in E. H. Brayan, Jr. check list.
1. Golden Pheasant, male
2. Golden Pheasant, female
3. Pea Fowl, male
4. Pea Fowl, female
5. Silver Pheasant, male
6. Silver Pheasant, female
7. Chinese Pheasant, male
8. Chinese Pheasant, female
9. Guinea Fowl, white
10. Guinea Fowl, pearl
11. Lady Amherst's Pheasant, male
12. Lady Amherst's Pheasant, female
13. Japanese Blue Pheasant, male
14. Japanese Blue Pheasant, female
15. Button Quail
1. Shell Parrakeet
2. Sulphur-crested Cockatoo
3. Rose-breasted Cockatoo
4. Pale-headed Parrakeet
5. 'Red and Blue Macaw
6. Shell Parrakeet
7. Shell Parrakeet
8. Shell Parrakeet
9. Shell Parrakeet
BLACK-NAPED TERN
Sterna sumatrana sumatrana Raffles
"Head and neck white, with a triangular, black spot before the eye and a black band on the nape; mantle and rump pearl gray; outer web of first primary black gray; tail long, deeply forked, white, the central feathers grayish... underparts white with a rosy tinge; bill black with a yellowish tip; feet black." (Alexander.)
E. H. Bryan lists this bird as reported from Hawaii and Kauai.
| ALCEDINIDAE | Kingfisher Family |
WESTERN BELTED KINGFISHER
Ceryle alcyon caurina Grinnell
"Adult male. Above bluish plumbeous; tail with transverse white markings primaries with spots of same; forehead with white spot, below white, with band of plumbeous across breast; white of throat encircling hind-neck. Female similar, but sides and flanks rufous, with interrupted band of same across belly. Length 11.00-14.5 inches." (Henshaw.)
Henshaw reported the presence of a pair at the mouth of Hakalau Gulch on the Island of Hawaii, in November 1901.