adult literacy programs, 125
affirmation, critical, 122. See also identity formation/affirmation
African American Vernacular English (AAVE), 68
“Age, Race, Class, and Sex: Women Redefining Difference” (Lorde), 123
Ahmed, Sara, 37
Ailey, Alvin, 131
Alexander, Jonathan, 41, 42, 46
#AllBlackLivesMatter, 251
analytical framework, 24–39, 47–48
ancestors, fictive kin, and elders, 1, 9, 53, 102–52; Black LGBTQ writers as, 102–3; in Black literature, 110–11; cross-generational literacy, 112–13, 115, 125–28; cyclical nature of ancestor-descendant relationship, 127; descendants as future, 125–26; elders, 106–7, 124, 138–51; fictive kin, 128–38, 152; four patterns developed through literacy, 112–28; historical erasure and, 103–5; honoring, 108–9, 115; identity formation/affirmation, 121–25; “keep my name in your mouth,” 108–9; in literacy theory and practice, 108–12; literacy used to create, discover and affirm relationships to, 114–17; location of discovery, 107; memory and, 104–5; mentors, descendants as, 128; narrative and, 105, 110–11; published writers as, 113–14, 129–30, 132; responsibility to, 124–28
Another Country (Baldwin), 136, 137
antiliteracy laws, 25, 40, 63–65
Anzaldúa, Gloria, 38
appropriation of literacy, 156–58, 174–75, 226
Armstrong, Robert Plant, 126
Au Courant, 108
authoritativeness of literacy, 30
autoethnography, 48
Baker, Ella, 158
Bakhtin, Mikhail, 126
Baldwin, James, 48, 114, 121, 136–37, 142, 144
Barnett, Timothy, 113
Barton, David, 140
Bassard, Katherine Clay, 55, 65
B-Boy Blues (Hardy), 84, 130, 133–34
Beam, Joseph, 9, 105, 107–8, 114, 266n6
bears, 220
Being Black (Williams), 180
The Believers (film), 166
Bentley, Gladys, 37
Bible: “Bible Affirmations,” 171–72, 174; biblical indictment, 162, 164; literacies, 40, 157
“BigBlackQueerLove.com,” 231–33, 235
biomythography (Lorde), 102, 266n2
Blackburn, Mollie, 63
Black Facts, 3
“Black Feminisms” course (James), 10
“Black History Month: Act Like You Know” (Beam), 108
Black Inches, 96
Black Lives Matter, 249–50; #AllBlackLivesMatter, 251; #BlackGirlsMatter, 251; #BlackTransLivesMatter, 251
Black Queer Digital Sphere: “AfricanAmericanQueerTalk.com,” 192–93, 199–219, 223, 227, 238; anti-transgender atmosphere, 215–17; “BigBlackQueerLove.com,” 231–33, 235; “FatGayGuys.com,” 230–31, 234; fatphobia, 223, 227; “Manloving.com,” 227; “ThickBoys.com,” 235–39; “Transgender People Coming Together,” 214; “Where Is the Unity?” post, 216, 218
Black Queer Literacies, 21–23, 21–24, 39, 50, 115, 130, 243–45
Black queer-feminist critique, 248–49
Black Queer Studies, 14, 21, 36–37, 240, 241–42
Blair, Kristine, 240
bookishness, 57–58, 66–67; as queer, 67–71, 97
bookstores, Black, queer, and feminist, 92–97; events at, 94, 95
Boykin, Keith, 95
Brandt, Deborah, 31, 35–36, 82
Brother to Brother: New Writings by Black Gay Men (Hemphill), 9
Brown, Rita Mae, 86
bullying, 7
Campbell, John Edward, 196
Catfish (reality series), 223
Cavallaro, Alexandra J., 81
chain of speech communion, 126
Chesebro, James W., 63
Christianity: exploitation of LGBTQ members, 163; Holy Spirit, 172; Jesus’s suffering, 161; LGBTQ churches, 165; literacy skills learned, 166–67; perspectives, 160–64; queering, 153, 156–60, 166–78
Church of Religious Science, 181–83
cisnormativity/cissexism, 139, 165, 250
civil rights movement, 118–21, 158
Clarke, Cheryl, 248
Clik, 130
coalitions, 23
co-constructing knowledge, 156–57, 247
coded dialect/literacies, 62–63, 264n7
Cohen, Cathy, 23, 198, 242, 243
Collins, Patricia Hill, 42, 237, 262n55
colonization, 104–5, 192–93, 262n55
Combahee River Collective, 117–18, 248
Comfort, Juanita, 40
coming out, 45, 102, 153, 205, 212; as responsibility, 124
community formation, 134
Cone, James, 161
contact zones, 263n62
Cooper, Anna Julia, 41
Cornelius, Janet Duitsman, 40, 62, 63, 157, 166
counterliteracy, 156, 159, 191
Cox, Amy Meredith, 38
Cox, Laverne, 214
Creech, Jimmy, 154
criminalization of youth, 25
critical race feminist queer theory approach, 23–24
cross-generational literacy, 112–13, 115, 125–28
cultural labor, 33
cultural productions, 36–37, 51–52; creating new spiritualities, 183–91
Curtis, Marcia, 34
danger: literacy, association with, 57–59, 77–78, 101, 103, 245; writing as, 77–79, 99–100
Daniell, Beth, 34
deauthorization of texts, 156, 168, 171–74, 180
digital literacies, 44, 60; anti-transgender atmosphere, 215–17; digital undesirables, 195, 197; effemiphobia online, 197, 199, 210–11, 224–25; outsiders, 205, 224–26, 246; racism in social networks, 196–97; restorative literacies, 235–39; self-connection, 197, 202, 212, 214–15, 218, 222, 239; social networks for fat, gay, bisexual, and questioning men, 201–2, 230. See also Black Queer Digital Sphere
disciplinary knowledge making, 17–19
discredited knowledges, 110, 151
disidentification, 34–35, 74, 177
Douglas, Kelly Brown, 161
Douglass, Frederick, 64, 87–88
Dream Series No. 5: The Library (Lawrence), 10, 11–12
Driskill, Qwo-Li, 42
Dynasty, 148
E. O. Greene Junior High School (Oxnard, California), 55
An Early Frost, 148
education, 25, 59; banking concept, 182, 208–9
effemiphobia, 69, 197, 199, 210–11, 224–25
elders, 53, 106–7, 124, 138–51; Ellis, 140–41; fashioning self and, 141–48; literacy events and, 148–51; transgender, 142–48
Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA), 212
empowerment, 124
“Enlightenment,” 25
Ethnic Notions (film), 6
Everett, Anna, 239
Fairley, Nancy J., 109
family, 84; structures, Black, 27; family-sponsored literacy activities, 74–75; non–blood related, 135–36; as tool for surviving racism, 76–77
Fanon, Frantz, 38
fatphobia, 197, 199, 206, 219–39, 238; feminized features, 224–25, 236–37; health and fitness issues, 233; infiltration of sites, 237–38; race, intersection with, 230–31; systematic oppression, 222–24
feminism, Black, 40, 89, 161, 247–48; Black queer-feminist critique, 248–49
The Feminist Wire, 250
Ferguson, Roderick, 22, 23, 26–27, 220, 222–23, 227–29, 243
fictive kin, 53, 106, 128–38, 149, 152, 268n36; dissatisfactions, 136–38; life on own terms, 131; non–blood related families, 135–36
Fordham, Signithia, 268n36
Foucault, Michel, 248
Franklin, Cecilene “Babe,” 140
Frazier, E. Franklin, 157
Freire, Paulo, 4, 20, 83; banking concept, 182, 208
Gay Activists Alliance, 143
Gay Liberation Front, 143
gay male aesthetic, 220
Gee, James Paul, 19
“Gender and Genre” (Bassard), 55
gender expression, 146–47, 227
genealogy, critical, 32, 38, 39, 47
Giovanni’s Room (Baldwin), 136–37
God of the Oppressed (Cone), 161
Gomez, Jewelle, 51
Gorzelsky, Gwen, 117
Gosine, Andil, 196
Graff, Harvey, 25
Grant, Jacquelyn, 161
Griffin, Horace L., 162, 166, 270n11
grounded theory, 49, 263–64n67
guerilla praxis of literacy, 156–57
Gumbs, Alexis Pauline, 192
Hamilton, Mary, 140
Hardy, James Earl, 7, 8, 84, 95, 129–30, 131
Harlem youth, 90
Hawkeswood, William, 135
Hemphill, Essex, 9, 48, 149, 266n6; as ancestor, 114, 122–24
Herrington, Anne, 34
“A Herstory of the #Black-Lives-Matter Movement,” 250. See also Black Lives Matter
heteronormativity, 46, 123; racialized, 26–27; taxonomy of Black, 22–23, 243
heterosupremacy, 162
hiding, 62–67, 80–85; intergenerational tactic, 83
hip-hop culture, women in, 40, 43–44, 261n40
historical erasure, 53, 102, 103–5, 122; elders and, 150–51; fictive kin and, 129, 134–35; of LGBTQ history, 111–12; literacy implicated in, 105–6; safety and, 108. See also literacy normativity
history in the spaces left, 130
The History of Sexuality (Foucault), 248
Hobson, Janell, 195
Holmes, Ernest, 182
homophobia, 43–45, 127, 171, 263n62
hypervisibility, 16, 56, 71, 74, 76, 162, 238
“I Had a Dream” speech (King), 4
identity, 36; literacy as metaphor for, 21; memory and, 104–5; multiplicity, 117–21; shared, with ancestors, 113; single-variable notions, 119, 123, 133–34; social theories, 246–47; of students and teachers, 45
identity formation/affirmation, 1, 5, 8, 20–21; ancestors and, 121–25; literacy concealment and, 60; multiplicity of identities, 20, 117–21
In the Life, 266n6
In the Life Archives (ITLA), 50
Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (Jacobs), 65–66
“insight” affirmations, 183
interracial relationships, 234
intersectionality, 8–10, 13–14; of bookstores, 96; fictive kin and, 131–32; LCR lack of focus on, 33, 39–40; literacy concealment and, 73; multiple identities and, 117–21; race and queer technology studies, 240–41; as research methodology, 247
invisibility, 15–16, 123, 162–63
James, Stanlie, 10
Johnson, E. Patrick, 63, 162, 163
Johnson, Marcia P., 8, 143–44, 268–69n43
justice, love as force for, 38
Kelley, Robin, 33
King, Lawrence, 55–57, 59, 131–32
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 4, 153, 158
Kinloch, Valerie, 90
knowledge: co-constructing, 156–57, 247; discredited, 110, 151
Kujichagulia (Self-Determination), 211
Kwanzaa, 211
Kynard, Carmen, 40
Leap, William, 63
“Learning from the 60s” (Lorde), 118, 125
“The LGBT Civil Rights Movement, 1950–1980: Exploring History and Current Consequences,” 168–69
LGBTQ literacy history, 63
liberation theology, Black, 161, 170
library, 6–7; literacy concealment in, 74–75; in literacy stories, 10–12
Liddle, Kathleen, 92
linguistic imperialism, 25
Lister, Anne, 63
“A Litany for Survival” (Lorde), 103, 115
literacy, 12–13; activism, 92–93; danger, association with, 57–59, 77–79, 101, 103, 245; as failure, 26; fearful feelings about, 58–59; as irreconcilable with Blackness, 64–65; as meaning-making, 19–20; normativity and, 24–25; personal/intimate uses, 24, 28–29, 35; as precarious, 28, 39, 59; queer, 56; as reading the word and the world, 20, 83; social and political context, 25–26; structural/institutional uses, 24, 28; used to wound, 13, 28–30; value systems, 15–16; as White property, 13, 68, 69
literacy, composition, and rhetoric (LCR), 10, 13, 241–44; disciplinary knowledge-making, 17–19; intersectionality, lack of focus on, 33, 39–40
literacy concealment, 1, 2, 12, 52, 55–101; bookstores, 92–97; hiding, 62–67, 80–85; hiding in plain sight, 95–96; literacy, Black queerness, and danger, 67–79; literacy self-suppression, 73–74, 79; location and, 89–97; queer-themed texts, 61, 71–73, 100; reading as deviant, 57–58; sexuality and, 65–66; sponsors of literacy, 82–84; stealing literacy, 64, 85–89; strategies of, 60–61, 79–89; writing as dangerous, 77–79, 99–100
literacy events, 83, 94–95, 138, 140, 148–51; in Black churches, 166–67; sexuality as, 41–42
literacy institutions: independent Black, 92–96; literacy concealment in, 74–75; sources of opportunity and hope, 98; value judgment of, 87
literacy learning, 31, 40, 73–74, 157, 167–68, 243
The Literacy Myth (Graff), 25
literacy normativity, 24–39, 50; dangers of literacy, 58–59; defined, 28; fatphobia, 225; gaze of, 73–74; older generation and, 98–99; protective and destructive aspects, 59–60; racialized heteronormativity, 26–27; spiritual violence of, 154–56, 159, 164–66; sponsorship, 31–32; undesirability, 194–200. See also historical erasure
literacy performances, 19, 33, 51, 55, 61, 66, 68, 103–7
literacy practices: by Black LGBTQ people, 16–17; historical erasure and, 105–6. See also restorative literacies
literacy suppression, 100–101; literacy self-suppression, 73–74, 79
literacy tests, 25
Living with Pride: Ruth Ellis @ 100 (film), 140–41
Livingston, Jenny, 63
location: Blackness as ungeographic, 89–90; bookstores, 92–97; discovery of ancestors, 107; literacy concealment and, 89–97; safety and, 91–92
Logan, Shirley Wilson, 40
Lorde, Audre, 48, 248; as ancestor, 102–3, 115–17, 118–20, 122–23, 126–27; works: “Age, Race, Class, and Sex: Women Redefining Difference,” 123; “Learning from the 60s,” 118, 125; “A Litany for Survival,” 103, 115; Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches, 118; “The Uses of the Erotic,” 201; Zami, 102–3
love, 24, 37–38; ancestors, elders, and fictive kinships, 53; elements of, 38–39; historical rootedness, 103; as radical praxis, 37; responsibility and, 124; self- and communal, 1, 17, 20, 33–34, 36, 52, 56, 72–74, 82, 96, 226, 246; undesirability and, 202, 207, 210–12
“Loyalty” (Hemphill), 123
Lu, Min-Zhan, 214
Malinowitz, Harriet, 46–47, 246
“Mammy” figure, 237
March on Washington, 1963, 114, 118
marginalization, 25, 28; by marginalized people, 30–31; secondary, 198; undesirability and, 195, 197
marriage rights, 158–59, 170, 173, 191
Martin, Trayvon, 249
masculinities, Black, 68–69, 73; effemiphobia, 69, 197, 199, 210–11, 224–25; normative, 206–7
McBeth, Mark, 63
McDonald, CeCe, 145
McInerney, Brandon, 55, 56, 57
McKittrick, Katherine, 89
meaning-making, 19–20, 34, 35–36
Meeting Faith, 180
Methodology of the Oppressed (Sandoval), 38
Metropolitan Community Church, 161
Minh-ha, Trinh, 38
misogyny, 206
Mock, Janet, 214
Moraga, Cherie, 38
moral economies, 25
Movement in Black (Parker), 102
“Moving toward the Ugly: A Politic beyond Desirability” (Mingus), 200–201
“The Moynihan Report,” 27
multiplicity of identities, 20, 117–21
Muñoz, José Esteban, 34–35, 74, 177
“My Brother’s Keeper,” 251
narrative performances, 95
Nash, Jennifer, 37
National Coalition of Black Lesbians and Gays (NCBLG), 107–8, 169–70, 266n5
National Transgender Discrimination Survey, 213
The New Black (Richen), 191
New Literacy Studies, 19
“A New Politics of Sexuality” (Jordan), 9–10
New York Public Library, 6–7, 265n25; 135th Street Branch, 11–13
nonheteronormativity, 22–23, 26
nonnormativity, 19, 21–23, 243; literacy linked to, 55–56, 97
normativity, literacy, 15–17, 24–25
“#NORMPORN” (Tongson), 29
Nugent, Richard Bruce, 114
Obama, Barack, 251
“the only one” complex, 121, 144, 147, 211
oppression, multiple identities and, 117–18
oppression or freedom binary, 88
“oppression then resistance” model, 35
“other literacy performances,” 19–20
outing, writing associated with, 77–79
outsiders, 19, 22, 69–71, 77, 198, 205, 224–26, 246
Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG), 153
Paris Is Burning (film), 63
Parker, Pat, 48, 252; as ancestor, 102, 103, 114, 115–17
passing, types of, 162, 270n11
pathologization, 22, 26–27, 162, 212–13; health and fitness issues, 233–34
Pavlic, Ed, 126
Personal Rights in Defense of Education (P.R.I.D.E.), 80
PHD to Ph.D.: How Education Saved My Life (Richardson), 243
pit schools, 64
Pough, Gwendolyn, 40, 43–44, 46, 261n46
Povinelli, Elizabeth, 37
pride festivities, 216–17; Sizzle, 219–20, 225
print culture, LGBTQ, 98–99, 115
protective and destructive environments, 59
“Punks, Bulldaggers, and Welfare Queens: The Radical Potential of Queer Politics?” (Cohen), 23
Queen Latifah, 43
Queen Pen, 43
Queer of Color Literacies, 23, 54, 243
queer rhetorical pedagogies, 81
queer technology studies, 203, 239–40
queer theology, 161
queer theory, 161
queerness: bookishness as, 67–71, 97; radical potential, 23; taxonomy of Black heteronormativity, 22–23
queer-themed texts, 61, 71–73, 100; stealing, 86
quotidian, everyday life, 36–37, 90, 242–43; historical erasure and, 104
racial profiling, 76
racialization, 22
racialized heteronormativity, 26–27
racialized sexuality, 10, 15–16, 17, 22–23
racism, in social networks, 196–97
Rainey, Gertrude “Ma,” 37
Rawson, K. J., 42
reading: as deviant, 57–58; as discernment, 42, 83; the word and the world, 20, 83, 120, 173
reading and writing utensils, 87
Reagon, Bernice Johnson, 125
religious and theological texts, 30; challenges to, 153, 156, 178–79; slave literacies, 40; used to wound, 153–55, 159. See also spiritual violence; spirituality and religion
respectability politics, 31–33
responsibility, 47, 124–28, 265–66n1
restorative justice, 260n16
restorative literacies, 24, 33, 50, 246, 260n16; appropriation of literacy, 156–58, 174–75, 226; creation of safe spaces, 84–85, 96; deauthorization of texts, 156, 168, 171–74; digital, 235–39; erotic interventions in blogosphere, 207–12; ethical imperative, 35; fictive kin and, 137–38; historical erasure and, 105, 152; multiple identities and, 120–21; risks, 103; safety, 60–61; spiritual texts, referencing, 153–54, 156, 161, 168; strategies of literacy concealment, 79–89; transgender education, 217–18; undesirability, rewriting, 200–204
Reynolds, Nedra, 90
rhetorical invention, 114
Rhodes, Jacqueline, 46
Richardson, Elaine, 25, 34, 40, 243
Richen, Yoruba, 191
rites of passage, 5
Rivera, Sylvia, 8, 143–44, 268–69n43
Ross, Marlon, 162
Royster, Jacqueline Jones, 17–18, 48, 109–10, 114, 139
Rubyfruit Jungle (Brown), 86
Rustin, Bayard, 9, 114, 118–20, 126–27
safety, 52, 60–61, 108; creation of, 84–85; loss of spaces for, 94–95; writing and, 77–79, 82, 88–100
Saint, Assotto, 149
Sandoval, Chela, 38
#SayHerName, 251
Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, 11, 50
scrapbook metaphor, 21
2nd Time Around (Hardy), 84, 133
self-connection, 197, 202, 212, 214–15, 218, 222, 239
self-definition, 10, 24, 34, 246
self-designed curriculum, 70
self-reflexivity, 48, 134, 136, 137–38, 247
Sesame Street, 2
sexuality, 41–45; Black as nonheteronormative, 26; Black churches and, 161–62; economy of American slavery, 42; literacy concealment and, 65–66; as literacy event, 41–42; racialized, 10, 15–16, 17, 22–23; social and political contexts, 45–46; surveillance of Black, 76
Sista Souljah, 43
Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches (Lorde), 118
slave literacies research, 39–40, 62–65, 157, 166–67, 264n6; reappropriation of Bible, 174; slave writings, 42–43; stealing literacy, 85
Smith, Barbara, 51
Smith, Katharine Capshaw, 32–33
Smitherman, Geneva, 62, 63, 115, 264n7
social networks, 114, 192–94; digital restorative literacies, 235–39; erotic interventions in blogosphere, 207–12; for fat, gay, bisexual, and questioning men, 201–2, 230; fat-affirming sites, 229, 231–39; studies, 203–4; transphobia, 212–19. See also undesirability
spatialities, 62–63; alternative spaces for literacies, 81–82; literacy concealment and, 89–97
Spelman College, 109
spiritual violence, 153–59; biblical indictment, 162, 164; challenging, 166, 169–71, 178–79; deauthorization of texts counters, 156, 168, 171–74; of literacy, 164–66; sin as central to, 177. See also violence
spirituality and religion, 53, 153–91; ancestor veneration, 109, 115; appropriation of literacy, 156–58, 174–75; Buddhism, 179–80; Christian identity, queering, 153, 156–60; Christianity, 160–64; Church of Religious Science, 181–83; creating new, in organized religions, 155, 156, 166, 168, 178–83; creating new spiritualities, 183–90; fashioning the spirit queer, 190–91; guerilla praxis of literacy, 156–57; Holy Spirit, 172; invisible institution, 157; Judaism, 180–81; organized religions, 153, 155, 156–57, 178–83; ritual, 187; vernacular divinities, 157, 185–87; writing, 189–90
Spiro, Jaye, 141
sponsors of literacy, 31–32, 82–84, 98; in churches, 167; elders, 138–39
stability/instability, 16–17. See also literacy concealment
Stonewall Movement, 8, 142–43, 268–69n43
Stono Rebellion of 1739, 63
“Stories Take Place: A Performance in One Act” (Powell), 1
Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR), 143, 144
surveillance of literacies, 12; bookstores, 96–97; library borrowing record, 75–76, 85–86
survival literacies, 34
syndesis, 126
taxonomy of Black heteronormativity, 22–23, 243
tenacious reading, 107, 113, 122
texts, co-constructing, 156–57
Textual Orientations: Lesbian and Gay Students and the Making of Discourse Communities (Malinowitz), 46–47
“thug,” 199
Tongson, Karen, 29
Traces of a Stream: Literacy and Social Change among African American Women (Royster), 48, 109–10
Trans* H4ck, 214
transgender people, 8, 30–31, 42, 251; elders, 139, 141–44, 142–48; historical erasure of, 142–43; restorative literacies, 217–18; spiritual violence against, 165–66, 176; undesirability and transphobia, 212–19; violence against, 144–46, 212–13
Tsemo, Bridget Harris, 22
Uhle, Sarah, 141
undesirability, 54, 192–240; digital undesirables, 195; eroticization of, 201; fatphobia, 197, 199, 219–39, 238; internalized, 200; interventions, 225–39; life stories, 205–12; literacy normativity and, 194–200; rewriting, 200–204. See also social networks
ungeographic, Blackness as, 89–90
United Church of Christ, 173
Unity Fellowship Church: Baltimore, 168–71, 174; Los Angeles, 169; Movement (UFCM), 169–70
unwritten ideologies, 159
U.S. nation-state, 25; nationalism project, 26–27; pervasive racism, 197
Valentine’s Day card, 55–56, 58, 60
vernacular divinities, 157, 185–87
victim blaming, 57
violence: anti-transgender, 144–46; historical erasure, 103–5, 142–43; justification in Newsweek, 56–57; literacy practices targeted, 28; nonnormative literacy and, 55–56; against perceived bookishness, 57–58, 66–71, 97. See also spiritual violence
The Violence of Literacy (Stuckey), 25–26
visual literacy, 6
Voices of the Self: A Study of Language Competence (Gilyard), 40–41
Walker, Sirdeaner, 69
Walker-Hoover, Carl Joseph, 69
Wallace, David, 46
Watkins, S. Craig, 195
Weston, Kath, 135
“When My Brother Fell” (Hemphill), 9
White, Marvin K., 102, 265–66n1
White Crane: Gay Wisdom and Culture, 111
White House Initiative, 251
Whitesel, Jason, 220, 221, 224
#WhyWeCantWait, 251
Williams, Angel Kyodo, 180
Williams, Heather Andrea, 40, 63, 64, 166
Williams, Jean C., 130
womanist theology, 161
Woodland, Randall, 204
wounding text, 13, 28–30; scripture, 153–55, 159
writing: as dangerous, 77–79, 82, 99–100; journals, 6, 8, 77, 78, 91; personal, ancestors and, 113; as spiritual activity, 189–90; as therapeutic, 225
Yoruba ritual aesthetics, 126
Young, Vershawn Ashanti, 22, 41, 68
Ziegler, Kortney Ryan, 214
Zimmerman, George, 249