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Abbott, George Frederick 242–3
Abdul Hamid II, Sultan 145
Addison, Christopher (later 1st Viscount Addison) 545
Adrianople (Edirne) 252, 256
Adriatic Sea:
Italian-Austrian rivalries 86, 92, 93, 109, 121, 226
Serbian access 43, 80, 112, 256, 257, 265, 282, 289, 354
Aegean islands 444, 485
Aehrenthal, Count Alois, Austrian foreign minister 35, 82–3, 84, 107, 356
Agram-Friedjung treason trials 88, 89, 231
annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina 35, 83–7, 395
death 90
Libyan War (1911-12) 246
Morocco question 211
relations with Berchtold 110–111
relations with Conrad von Hötzendorf 105
relations with Izvolsky 90, 111, 188
views on Serbia 99, 279, 395
Afghan War (1878-79) 173–4
Afghanistan 87, 130, 143, 158, 174, 322
Africa, colonial rivalries in 121, 125, 128, 129, 133, 134, 135, 138, 141, 142–3, 145, 155, 158, 166, 180, 335, 336
Fashoda incident (1898) 132, 133, 164
see also Libya; Morocco; South Africa
Agadir crisis (1911) 162, 196, 204–213, 220–21, 227, 228, 233, 234, 241, 295, 326, 334, 441, 536
Agence Havas (news agency) 230, 550
Agram (Zagreb) 68, 87–8, 425
air warfare 243–4, 479
Albania:
Austro-Italian interests 93, 247
Balkan Wars (1912-13) 42, 112–13, 253, 255, 256–7, 282, 283–4
independence question 282, 283–5, 357, 461, 557
monarchy 170
Montenegrin occupation 283, 284–5, 330
Ottoman control 245
political instability 114, 452
Serbian Empire (14th century) 21
Serbian occupation 97–8, 112, 113, 253, 256–7, 282, 284, 285–8, 292, 330, 357, 393, 484
Albert I, King of the Belgians 550
Albertini, Luigi 385, 415, 459, 460, 463, 468, 522, 565n12, 575n151, 642n30
Alekseev, Evgenii Ivanovich 176–7
Alessio (Lezhë) 283
Alexandar I, King of Serbia:
assassination 3–5, 11–13, 14–15, 19–20, 79, 460
reign 7–11, 14, 17–18, 79–80
Alexandar, Crown Prince of Serbia (later King Alexandar I of Yugoslavia) 40, 46, 257, 431, 460, 461
Alexandar Karadjordjević, Prince of Serbia 6, 21
Alexander III, Tsar 127–8, 128–9, 130, 227
Alexandra Feodorovna, Tsarina 173
Alexandria 243
Alexandria (yacht) 442, 443
Algeciras conference (1906) 157, 194, 196, 199, 231
Alsace-Lorraine 124, 131, 133, 135, 294, 351, 448–9
Altai mountains 554
Ambassadors’ Conference (London 1912-13) 284–5, 321, 325, 495
peace treaty 285
Anastasia, Princess of Montenegro 447–8, 475
Anatolia 336
Anatolian Railway 145, 251, 335–6, 337
Andrássy, Gyula 66
Anglo-Congolese Treaty (1894) 145
Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902) 138–9, 545
Anglo-Russian Convention (1907) 87, 111, 123, 139–40, 158, 167, 174, 187–8, 322–4, 325–6, 363, 536, 545–6
Angola 142
Apis see Dimitrijević, Dragutin
Ardennes 494, 547
Armstrong (shipbuilders) 485
Artamonov, Victor 411–12
Asia, colonial rivalries in 121, 125, 129, 137–41, 142, 153, 158, 322, 546
see also China; India
Asquith, Herbert Henry (later 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith):
and assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 490
Irish Question 488, 489
July 1914 crisis and outbreak of war 491, 493, 494, 535, 539, 541, 542, 544, 545, 552, 561–2
and Lloyd George’s Mansion House speech (1911) 210
relations with Grey 200, 202, 203
relations with Wilson 489
Relugas Compact (1905) 202
Assad, Bashar al- 559
Associazione Nazionalista Italiana 226
Austria-Hungary:
Agram-Friedjung treason trials (1909) 88–90, 99, 231, 260, 408, 445, 454
Austro-German Dual Alliance (1879) 293, 296, 297
constitution 65–6, 69, 70, 84, 100–101, 108–9
conventions and trade treaties with Serbia 28–9, 29–30, 33, 79, 94, 228
declaration of war against Serbia (28 July 1914) 469–70, 510
economy 66, 69–70, 292, 350, 357, 578n12
elections 67, 87
impact of Balkan Wars 99–100, 281–92, 559
industrialization 69–70, 350
Mediterranean Agreement (1887) 121–2, 126
Military Chancellery 107–8
nationalities problem 66–9, 70–72, 81–2, 108–9, 292, 357
occupation and annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina 18, 24, 33–8, 62, 73–6, 79, 83–7, 109, 177, 188, 231, 258–9, 273
‘pig war’ with Serbia (1906-9) 29, 31, 276
press 88, 231, 236, 380–81, 388
Prochaska affair (1912) 231, 283, 445
role of Emperor 72–3, 100–101, 183
Three Emperors’ Leagues (1873/1881) 79, 83, 126, 128
Triple Alliance (1882) 92–3, 121–3, 125–6, 129–30, 157, 249–50
views of decline 76–8, 558
Austrian ultimatum to Serbia (July 1914) 394, 423–30, 450, 451–7, 483, 518
British reactions 456, 461–2, 468, 491–3
French reactions 471–2, 498–500
German reactions 515–24
Russian reactions 427–8, 461, 462, 463, 465, 468, 471–87, 483
Serbian response 457–69, 522
Austro-Hungarian army 65, 109, 217, 292, 357, 420, 425–6
mobilization 509–510, 514–15, 518, 522
Austro-Hungarian Compromise (1867) 65–6, 69, 70, 84, 108–9
Austro-Hungarian navy 109
Austro-Prussian War (1866) 65, 136, 292, 469
Az Est (newspaper) 60, 467
Bačka 22
Bad Ischl 468, 469
Bad Nauheim 361, 430
Baden (Austria) 376
Baernreither, Joseph Maria 73, 580n40
Baghdad Railway 251, 336–7, 338, 363
Balfour, Arthur (later 1st Earl of Balfour) 212
Balholm 520
Balkan Wars (1912-13) 251–8, 281–92, 558–9
atrocities 43–5, 112–13, 357, 495
Carnegie Foundation inquiry 25, 45, 276
French policy 297–302, 326
impact on Austria-Hungary 99–100, 112, 281–92, 559
peace treaties 258, 278, 283–5, 286, 459
press coverage 231, 232, 264–5
Russian policy and arbitration 256, 257, 258–66, 274–6, 285, 326, 340–41, 352, 484
Serbian territorial gains 43–6, 62, 99–100, 112–13, 253, 256–8, 357
Ballin, Albert 318–19
Balmoral 322, 354
Baltic Port (Paldiski), Russo-German meetings (July 1912) 314–18, 321, 510
Banat of Temesvar 425
Bardolff, Carl 117
Bark, Peter xxiii, 346, 474, 651n8
Barrère, Camille 192
Prinetti-Barrère Accord (1902) 155, 244
Barthou, Jean Louis xxi–xxii, 309
Batum 479
Bazarov, Pavel 340
Beauchamp, William Lygon, 7th Earl 493
Beck, Baron Max Wladimir von 69
Beirut 248
Belfort 548
Belgium 29, 181
German ultimatum and invasion 494, 544, 547–51
neutrality 306–7, 351, 494, 540, 541, 543
Belgrade:
coffee houses 52–3
evacuation 467, 469
National Theatre 20, 34
royal palace 3
and Serbian rural society 32
Below-Saleske, Claus von 550
Benckendorff, Count Alexander von 158, 261, 284, 322, 410–411, 491, 496, 510–511, 654n26
Benedetto Brin (Italian warship) 247
Beneš, Edvard 77
Benghazi 248
Bennett, Ernest 243–4
Berchtold, Countess Ferdinandine 396
Berchtold, Count Leopold von,
Austrian joint foreign minister 61, 101, 110, 111–12, 117, 224, 225, 290
and assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 61, 388, 392, 394, 395–6, 399, 454
audience with Emperor Franz Joseph following assassination 396–7
background, character and early career 110–111, 356, 360–61, 395–6
Balkan Wars 112, 113, 269, 291–2, 360–61, 396
Hoyos mission to Berlin (July 1914) 400, 401–2, 412, 423
‘Matscheko memorandum’ 114–15, 357–8, 400–401, 412–13, 587n147–9
memoirs 396
Moravian estate 85, 111
relations with Aehrenthal 110–111
relations with Archduke Franz Ferdinand 395–6
relations with Pašić 97–8
and Serbian occupation of Albania 97–8, 282, 284, 285, 286, 287, 396
ultimatum to Serbia (July 1914) 423–4, 426–30, 451, 452, 455, 460, 468, 518
Berlin, Congress of (1878) 6, 28, 73, 79, 83, 85, 86, 92, 125, 250, 273
Bernhardi, Friedrich von 236
Bernstein, Herman 512
Bertie, Francis, 1st Viscount Bertie of Thame:
ambassador to France 159–60, 161, 165, 209, 214, 320, 354, 356, 533–5
foreign affairs under-secretary 149, 174, 202, 359
Bessarabia 278
Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald von, German Chancellor 199–200, 207, 225, 325, 329, 333, 358, 497
army bill (1913) 218, 238, 330–32
background and character 200, 314–15, 359
and Balkan Wars 289
Baltic Port Russo-German meetings (July 1912) 314–18, 326, 510
fiscal policies 215–16
Haldane mission to Berlin (February 1912) 318–19
Hoyos mission to Berlin (July 1914) 401–2, 413, 414–15
July 1914 crisis 417, 419, 421–3, 471, 476, 515–20, 521, 523–4
Liman von Sanders mission in Constantinople 339
mobilization of army (August 1914) 525–7, 531, 532
and Morocco question 208, 211
and naval expansion 221, 222, 318, 319, 330
Reichstag speech (December 1912) 328–9, 354
on threat of Russian military build up 421
Reflections on the World War xx, 359
Bezobrazov, A.M. (timber magnate) 176–7
Bieberstein, Adolf Marschall von 610n19
Bienerth, Count Richard von 69
Bienvenu-Martin, Jean-Baptiste 498, 502, 503, 537
Biliński, Leon 60–61, 97–8, 100, 377–8, 392–4, 454
Birzhevia Vedomosti (newspaper) 232, 420, 506
Bismarck, Prince Herbert von 127, 142
Bismarck, Prince Otto von:
and annexation of Alsace-Lorraine 124
anti-Bismarck fronde 127
development of Bismarckian diplomacy 125–7, 141, 142–3, 250–51, 358, 361
Reinsurance Treaty with Russia 125–6, 127
resignation as Chancellor 129, 143, 197
Bitola (Monastir) 43, 44–5, 253, 255, 256, 257
Bittner, Ludwig xxii
Björkö, Treaty of (1905) 155, 181, 184
Black Hand (Ujedinjenje ili smrt!):
aims 38–9, 41
Austrian intelligence on 95–6, 99, 454
Balkan Wars operations 45–6
Bosnian networks 41, 58, 412
cult of secrecy 39, 40–41
formation 38
links with Serbian authorities 45–6, 47, 48, 54, 95–6, 99, 389
membership 39–40, 96
Pijemont (journal) 38, 40, 63, 96, 368–9
and plot to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand 54, 55–6, 58, 59, 62, 385–6, 390, 454, 455, 466
Black Sea, militarization of 136, 137, 419
Blondel, Camille 278
Blühnbach, Schloss 379
Boer War (1899-1902) 134, 138, 144, 147, 163, 166, 174, 217, 227
Bogičević, Miloš 64
Bohemia 68, 69, 377
Bolsheviks xxiii–xxiv
Bonham, Sir George 13–14
Bosković, Mateja 492–3
Bosnia and Herzegovina:
Croat population 25, 38, 74, 411
economy 51, 74–5, 574n137
education and literacy 75–6
Habsburg rule and Austrian annexation 18, 24, 28, 33–8, 62, 73–6, 79, 83–7, 109, 177, 188, 231, 258–9, 273
industrialization 74–5
Muslim population 25, 38, 74
Ottoman rule 16–17, 23, 24, 74
peasantry 74, 75
Serb population 23, 24, 25, 51, 74, 76, 82, 83
Serbian border control 57–9, 391
and Serbian Empire (14th century) 21
Serbian nationalist operations 35, 40, 41–2, 47, 48, 58, 62, 82, 94–5
Bosphorus see Turkish Straits
Bottomley, Horatio 492
Boulanger, Georges Ernest 295
Bourgeois, Léon 194
Boxer Rebellion (1898-1901) 137, 153, 168, 180
Bozanović, Miloš 40
Bratianu, Ion 279, 403
Brazil 180, 247
Bregalnica, River 258
Britain see Great Britain
British army:
expeditionary force 306, 351, 489, 534
expenditure 140, 217
and Irish Question 488–90
British navy:
expansion 150, 217
mobilization 521, 541
see also naval arms race, Anglo-German; naval talks, Anglo-Russian
Broqueville, Count Charles de 550
Brosch von Aarenau, Alexander 107, 108, 110, 117
Brussels, German legation 551, 552
Buchanan, Sir George, ambassador to Russia 209, 321, 345, 546
on Bulgarian monarchy 273
and July 1914 crisis 449, 471–2, 481, 495–7
and Sazonov’s Balkan policy 262, 264, 266
and winter crisis 1912-13 269, 285
Bucharest, Treaty of (1913) 258, 278, 285, 459
Buchlau, Schloss 85, 111
Budapest 32, 425
Bulgaria:
Balkan Wars (1912-13) 42, 113, 114, 252–8, 275–6, 340, 352
border disputes with Romania 91, 275–6
customs union with Serbia 80–81, 228
economy 32
end of Ottoman rule 28, 273
Macedonian territorial claims 25–6, 27, 28, 38, 256, 257, 258, 274, 452
monarchy 170, 273
post-Balkan Wars financial assistance 276–8
Serbo-Bulgarian alliance (1912) 252, 256–7, 262–3, 274, 296, 324, 352, 354
Serbo-Bulgarian War (1885) 7, 79, 126
strategic importance 272–3, 484
Bülow, Bernhard von, German Chancellor 85, 183, 198–9, 226, 358
and Austrian annexation of Bosnia 85
and Franco-German relations 134, 195
and German colonial expansion 143
Moroccan policy 157, 195, 199
and proposed alliance with Britain 145
and Treaty of Björko (1905) 181
on Weltpolitik 151, 152
Burma 134, 139
Burns, John 493, 543
Burtsev, Vladimir 512
Buxton, Noel (later 1st Baron Noel-Buxton) 211
Čabrinović, Nedeljko 49–56, 370–71, 372, 380, 382–3, 385, 386, 408
Caillaux, Eugène 205
Caillaux, Henriette, trial 406, 441, 446, 501
Caillaux, Joseph 191, 211, 219, 227, 309, 311, 444, 504
Morocco question 205–6, 207, 208, 210
wife’s trial 406, 441, 446, 501
Calmette, Gaston 406, 441
Cambon, Jules, ambassador to Germany 183, 190, 192, 194, 307, 310
and Haldane mission to Berlin (1912) 320
on Kaiser Wilhelm 183
Morocco question 194–5, 205–6
on Poincaré 295
relations with press 232
Cambon, Paul, ambassador to Britain 190, 192–4, 310, 354
and Balkan War 300
Entente Cordiale 193–4, 538–9
on Italy 250
July 1914 crisis and outbreak of war 491, 502, 505, 533, 536–42, 543, 544, 545
on Poincaré 295, 359, 537
relations with Grey 213–14
Cambridge Daily News 492
Cameroons 163
Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry 163, 202
Canal Zone, Panama 152, 161
Cape Colony 142, 145, 336
Capelle, Eduard von 416
Caprivi, Count Leo von 127, 143–4, 197
Carlsbad 517
Carnegie Foundation, Balkan Wars inquiry 25, 45, 276
Carnot, Marie François Sadi 409
Carol I, King of Romania 278, 406–7
Caroline Islands 151, 152
Cartwright, Sir Fairfax 161
Casimir-Périer, Jean 191
Castelnau, Édouard, Vicomte de 302, 358
Catholic Church 310
Cattaro 92
Cavour, Camillo Benso, Count of 361, 436, 450
Cetinje 92, 283
Chamberlain, Sir Austen 542
Chamberlain, Joseph 146
Chambrun, Charles de 507–8, 651n2
Charlotte, Princess of Prussia (later Empress of Russia) 173
Charykov, Nikolai Valerievich 189, 259, 260–61, 347
Chataldja line (First Balkan War fortifications) 253, 256, 264
Chelius, Oskar von 524
China:
Boxer Rebellion (1898-1901) 137, 153, 168, 180
British interests in 130, 131, 137–8, 166, 322
German interests in 140–41, 151, 163, 168, 180
Russian interests in 131, 137–8, 144, 153, 176, 322
Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) 137, 138, 140, 158
Chotek, Countess Sophie (later Duchess of Hohenberg) 396
assassination 367–76
marriage to Archduke Franz Ferdinand 106–7, 370, 380
Churchill, Sir Winston 210, 212, 221, 456, 493, 494, 539, 541, 542–3, 549, 552
Ciganović, Milan 53–4, 56, 383, 385, 390, 455, 465, 467, 575n151–2
Cincar-Marković, Dimitrije 4, 14
Cisleithania 65, 67–8, 69, 70, 84
Clary-Aldringen, Prince Alfons 377
Clausewitz, Carl von 486–7
Clemenceau, Georges 217, 310, 311, 441
Cleveland, Grover 161
code-breaking 427, 441
Cologne 433
Combes, Émile 217
Congo 207, 208, 209
Conrad von Hötzendorf, Baron Franz:
and assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 392, 396, 399
background, character and career 101–2, 103–4, 107, 358, 360
and Balkan Wars 288, 290, 292, 396
dismissal as Chief of General Staff 105, 110, 362
and July 1914 crisis 425–6, 451, 452, 518
recalled as Chief of General staff 115, 290–91
and Redl Affair 115–16, 117, 362
relations with civilian leadership 105–6, 109–110, 117, 224–5
relationship with Gina von Reininghaus 102–4, 360
war policies 104–6, 109–110, 115, 117, 290, 292, 333, 392, 394, 514–15
Conrad von Hötzendorf, Kurt 116
Conservative Party (Great Britain) 488, 493, 541–2
Constanta 278
Constantinople:
Balkan Wars (1912-13) 253, 275, 340–41
German military mission 338–40, 341–6, 349, 352–3, 418, 484
strategic importance to Russia 126, 137, 251, 259, 484
Constitutional Democrat (Cadet) Party (Russia) 190
Cornwall, Mark 649n35
Corradini, Enrico 226, 245
Cossacks 479, 483, 554
Crackanthorpe, Dayrell 43, 45, 47, 357, 405, 428, 457, 461, 645n76
Craców 425
Crewe, Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of 211, 539
Crimean War (1853-56) 136, 250
Croatia-Slavonia 22, 68, 70, 71, 76, 84, 86, 87–8
Croats:
in Austria-Hungary 22, 68, 70, 71, 76, 81, 84, 87–8
in Bosnia 25, 38, 74, 411
and Serb nationalism 22, 25, 26, 38
Crowe, Sir Eyre 162, 438, 497, 498, 540, 546–7
Memorandum on Present State of British Relations with France and Germany (1907) 162–4, 195
Cruppi, Jean 191, 196, 205
Cuba 152, 180
Cuban missile crisis (1962) xxiv, 240
Čubrilović, Vaso 55–6, 371–2, 384
Čurčić, Fehim Effendi 367, 372–3, 380
Curragh Incident (1914) 489
Curzon, George, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston 138
Custoza, Battle of (1866) 292
Cvijić, Jovan 35
Cyrenaica 93, 248, 249
Czechoslovakia 77
Czechs 67, 68, 70, 77, 81, 269
Czernin, Count Ottokar von 278, 379, 408–9, 641n24
Daily Mail 227
Daily News 492, 541
Daily Telegraph Affair (1908) 199, 200
Dalmatia 22, 25, 74, 86
Danilov, Yuri 348
Dardanelles see Turkish Straits Davidović, Ljuba 34
Davignon, Julien 550
de Broqueville, Count Charles 550
de l’Escaille, Bernard 511
de Margerie, Pierre 190, 438, 440, 501, 502, 505
de Robien, Count Louis 433–6, 437, 445, 447, 450, 472, 651n2
De Salis, John, 7th Count 161
Dedijer, Vladimir 575n151
Delagoa Bay 146
Delbrück, Hans 151
Delcassé, Théophile, French foreign minister 132–3, 191, 192, 303
dismissal as foreign minister 157, 183, 194
and Entente Cordiale 139, 193–4
plan for European league against Britain 133–5
policy on Morocco 133, 134, 135, 155–6, 157, 159–60, 208, 231
reorientation to collaboration with Britain 135, 139
Russian ambassador 307–8, 309, 343, 345, 359, 437, 438
Denmark 174, 221, 479, 501
Prussian-Danish War (1864) 174
Depage, Antoine 562
Derna 248
Dernburg, Bernard 334–5
Descos, Léon 280–81, 357, 360, 432, 461
Dibra 284
Diderot, Denis 362
Dimitriev, Radko 252
Dimitrijević, Dragutin (‘Apis’):
appointed head of Serbian military intelligence 46
assassination of the Obrenović and role in regicide network 11–13, 15, 20, 35, 38, 574n128
character and early career xxiii, 11
formation of the Black Hand 38, 40, 95
operations in Bosnia and Macedonia 45, 411–12
plot to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand 48–9, 54, 55, 58, 59, 385, 390, 454, 467, 574n128
political manoeuvrings following Balkan Wars 46, 47, 574n126
Disraeli, Benjamin, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield 136–7
Djakovica 284
Djordje, Crown Prince of Serbia 15, 34, 40
Djordjević, Dragomir 95
Djordjević, Vladan 637n57
Djuričić, Marko 463
Døbeln (steamer) 552
Dobrorolsky, Sergei 486, 506–7, 509, 512
Dobrudja 42, 274, 275–6
Dodecanese Islands 248–9, 252
Doulcet, Jean 296–7, 435
Doumergue, Gaston 309, 311
Draga, Queen of Serbia 3–4, 8–10, 11–12, 96, 460
Dreyfus affair 217, 295
Dubail, Auguste 211
Dumba, Konstantin 80, 81
Dunkirk 438, 440, 501, 502, 503
Durazzo (Durrës) 283, 289, 302
Durnovo, Pyotr Nikolayevich 363, 418, 557
Dušan, Stepan, Tsar of Serbia 21, 22, 44
Eastern Roumelia 126
Eckardstein, Baron Hermann von 149
Edirne (Adrianople) 252, 256
Edward VII, King 170, 173–4, 183, 228, 235, 528
Egypt 132, 133, 134, 135, 155, 160, 164, 243, 335
Einem, Karl von 216
Ekaterinoslav (Dniepropetrovsk) 479
Elena, Queen of Italy 92
Eliot, Sir Charles 23, 25
Elisabeth, Empress of Austria (‘Sissi’) 72
Entente Cordiale (1904) 123, 139, 140, 149, 153–4, 155, 157, 159, 174, 193–4, 204, 495, 505–6, 538–9, 545
Epinal 548
Epirus 255
Erdmann, Karl Dietrich 643n52
Ernst August, Prince of Hanover 339
Escaille, Bernard de l’ 511
Esher, Reginald Brett, 2nd Viscount 211, 237
Essad Pasha Toptani 284
Étienne, Eugène 156
Eulenburg, Count Philipp zu 195, 198 scandal 199, 200
Eurozone financial crisis (2011-12) 555
Eustis, James B. 124–5
Evans, Sir Arthur 23
Falkenhayn, Erich von 334, 414, 416, 515, 516, 525, 526–7, 531, 660n131
Fallières, Armand 94
Fashoda incident (1898) 132, 133, 164
Ferdinand I, King of Bulgaria 273, 274, 279
Ferry, Abel 60, 503, 506
Fez 196
French diplomatic mission (1905) 155, 156
Figaro (newspaper) 406, 562
First Balkan War (October 1912–May 1913) 42–3, 251–8, 265–6, 275–6, 282–3, 457, 514
Treaty of London 283–5, 286, 357
see also Balkan Wars (1912-13)
First World War:
Austrian declaration of war on Serbia (28 July 1914) 469–70, 510
British declaration of war on Germany (4 August 1914) 544
casualty totals xxi
eastern front 547, 548
German declaration of war on Russia (1 August 1914) 527
German invasion of Belgium and Luxembourg 494, 531, 544, 547–51
German invasion of France 532, 547–8
‘short war illusion’ 561–2
German declaration of war on Russia (1 August 1914) 527
Fischer, Fritz 560, 561
‘Fischer thesis’ 560, 561, 643n52
Fisher, Sir John ‘Jackie’ (later 1st Baron Fisher) 150, 160
Fitzmaurice, Edmond, 1st Baron 165–6
Flotow, Hans von 427
Fondère, Hyacinthe-Alphonse 206
Forgách, Count Johann von 89–90, 97, 359, 395, 427, 432
France:
Centrale (senior civil service) 192, 194, 195–6, 205, 309
Entente Cordiale (1904) 123, 139, 140, 149, 153–4, 155, 157, 159, 174, 193–4, 204, 495, 505–6, 538–9, 545
financial backing for Serbia 29–31, 33, 38, 43, 46–7, 100, 276, 357
foreign ministry 190–96, 230, 240, 303–4, 309
Franco-German Moroccan Agreement (1909) 167, 195, 196, 204
Franco-Russian Alliance (1892-94) 123, 127–31, 132, 138, 139, 143–4, 153–4, 191, 293–4, 304–8, 313, 350–51, 444, 475, 505–6, 548, 557, 559
German annexation of Alsace-Lorraine 124, 131, 133, 135, 294
German invasion 532, 547–8
loans to Russia 308, 312, 332, 352, 419–20
‘Nationalist Revival’ 295, 302
preparations for war 500, 502–3, 538
press 228, 229, 230–31, 232, 234–5, 406, 419–20
Prinetti-Barrère Accord (1902) 155, 244
railways 331
see also French army; French navy
France (battleship) 438, 440, 441, 442, 447, 449, 471, 498, 501
Franco-Prussian War (1870) 121, 124, 136
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria:
assassination see separate entry below
and Balkan Wars 289, 291, 292
character 370, 379, 395–6
construction of power base 107–8
declaration of war on Serbia (28 July 1914) 469
domestic reform programme 108–9
foreign policies 109–110, 112, 116–17, 183, 224, 394, 406
heir to Habsburg throne 48–9, 101, 106, 370
marriage 106–7, 370, 380
meetings with Kaiser Wilhelm 289, 291, 400
public opinion of 379–81, 406, 407
relations with Berchtold 395–6
relations with Emperor Franz Joseph 106–7, 404
requiem service 431
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, assassination 367–76
international reactions 381, 404–412, 417–18, 431, 445, 490
official investigations 381–6, 390–91, 402, 424, 445, 453–4, 465, 466
the plot 47–64, 73–4, 369, 385–6, 454–5
press coverage 380–81, 387–9, 405–6, 417, 424
reactions in Austria 376–81, 386–8, 391–403, 405, 453–4, 455
reactions in Serbia 387–91, 405, 408, 424
Franz Joseph, Emperor:
and assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 396–7, 400, 404
character and family 72
defence of Compromise of 1867 108–9
dismissal and reinstatement of Conrad von Hötzendorf 105, 110, 291
Hoyos mission to Berlin (July 1914) 400, 401, 412–13, 414, 415
and July 1914 crisis 400, 401, 468, 515, 520
public and political role 72–3, 100–101, 183
and winter crisis 1912-13 269
Frederick II, King of Prussia 143
Fremdenblatt (newspaper) 60
French army:
expenditure 217–18, 219, 331, 332, 333, 440–41
military service 217, 218, 223, 238, 292, 311
mobilization 503, 538
reorganization and redeployment 222, 223–4, 308–9
size 308, 331, 332, 350–51
see also Humbert report (1914); Three Year Law
French Indochina 134, 139
French navy 143, 144, 544
Franco-Russian Naval Convention (1912) 131, 304, 540
Frere, Sir Bartle 173
Freud, Sigmund 470
Friedjung, Heinrich, treason trial 88–90, 99, 231, 260, 408, 445, 454
Gačinović, Vladimir 42, 55
Galicia 70, 71, 266, 269, 425, 479, 499, 514
Garašanin, Ilija 21–2, 24, 26, 28
Načertanije 21, 22, 569n37
Gardiner, Alfred George 492
Geiss, Imanuel 560
Gellinek, Otto 95–6, 97, 100, 114
Genčić, Djordje 8, 12
George V, King 173, 174–5, 200, 321, 339, 528–9, 532, 533, 535
Géraud, André 537
Gerde, Edmund 367
German Empire:
annexation of Alsace-Lorraine 124, 131, 133, 135, 294
Austro-German Dual Alliance (1879) 293, 296, 297
British declaration of war against (4 August 1914) 544
declaration of war against Russia (1 August 1914) 527
economy 164–5, 216, 329–30
financial assistance to Bulgaria 277–8
foreign ministry 197–8, 230
Franco-German Moroccan Agreement (1909) 167, 195, 196, 204
Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty (1890) 129
invasion of Belgium and Luxembourg 494, 531, 544, 547–51
invasion of France 532, 547–8
investment in Ottoman lands 335–8
localization strategy (July 1914) 415–16, 480, 515–20, 524
Potsdam Accord (1910) 167, 189
preparations for war 524–7, 531, 536, 547–8
press 163, 203, 229, 230, 232, 234, 235–6, 363
railways 331, 335, 336–7
Reinsurance Treaty with Russia (1887) 121, 125–6, 127, 129, 130, 143, 181, 197
Three Emperors’ Leagues (1873/1881) 79, 83, 125, 126, 128
trade treaties with Russia 128, 144, 272
Triple Alliance (1882) 92–3, 121–3, 125–6, 129–30, 157, 249–50
unification 124, 197
Weltpolitik 150–52, 593n95
German army:
expenditure 129, 144, 216, 217, 218, 238, 330, 330–32
military service 292
mobilization 504, 525–7, 531–3, 536, 547–51
size 129, 144, 216, 330–32, 420
German navy:
expansion 147–50, 152, 220–22, 318–19, 323, 329, 330
mobilization 521
German South-east Africa 145
Giers, Nikolai 127, 129, 130
Giesl, Baron Wladimir 114, 431–2, 457–9, 464, 467
Giolitti, Giovanni 229, 245, 246
Goltz, Colmar von der (‘Goltz Pasha’) 339
Goluchowski, Count Agenor 112
Goremykin, Ivan 346, 347, 474–5, 557
Goschen, Sir Edward 161, 165, 320, 497
Gostivar 113
Grabež, Trifko 49–56, 372, 384, 385–6
Graz 425
Great Britain:
Anglo-Congolese Treaty (1894) 145
Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902) 138–9, 545
Anglo-Russian Convention (1907) 87, 111, 123, 139–40, 158, 167, 174, 187–8, 322–4, 325–6, 363, 536, 545–6
declaration of war on Germany (4 August 1914) 544
economy 164–5
Entente Cordiale (1904) 123, 139, 140, 149, 153–4, 155, 157, 159, 174, 193–4, 204, 495, 505–6, 538–9, 545
Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty (1890) 129
Irish Question 342, 488–90, 545
Mediterranean Agreement (1887) 121–2, 126
press 129, 199, 200, 203, 227, 231, 235–6, 322, 406, 492–3, 541
see also British army; British navy
Greece:
Balkan Wars (1912-13) 42, 113, 252, 253–6, 258, 263, 459
Graeco-Turkish tensions 444, 485
Italian seizure of Dodecanese 248–9, 252
and Macedonia 25, 26
monarchy 170
Serbian Empire (14th century) 21
Thirty Days’ War (1897) 294
Grégr, Edward 72
Greig, Charles 44–5
Grey, Charles, 2nd Earl 200
Grey, Sir Edward (later 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon), British foreign secretary 140, 160, 193, 200–204, 298, 307, 359
and Agadir crisis (1911) 209–210, 211–12, 536
Ambassadors’ Conference (London 1912-13) 284, 321, 325, 357, 495
and Anglo-Russian Convention 322–3, 536
and Anglo-Russian naval talks (1914) 421, 444
anti-German stance 160, 161, 165–6, 202, 203
and assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 410–411
background and character 200–202, 222, 545
and Crowe memorandum (1907) 163
and Entente Cordiale 204, 212–13, 214, 495, 497, 539, 544
failing eyesight 490–91
and Haldane mission to Berlin (1912) 320
and Irish Question 342, 493
July 1914 crisis and outbreak of war 456, 461–2, 468, 491–8, 501, 502, 519, 522–3, 527–47, 548, 559, 656n51
and Libyan War (1911-12) 245–6
and Liman von Sanders mission in Constantinople 340, 342, 343
and Lloyd George’s Mansion House speech (1911) 210–211
memoirs and post-war interviews xxii, xxiii
on naval race with Germany 150 opposition to his policies 211–13, 227, 236, 240, 320, 323, 335, 493, 542–3, 544, 557
proposed four-power mediation (July 1914) 493, 495, 519, 559, 656n51
relations with Asquith 200, 202, 203
relations with Cambon 213–14
relations with George V 175, 200
relations with press 227, 233, 234
Relugas Compact (1905) 202
and Russian threat to India 140, 322
and Serbian occupation of Albania 286
and Turkish Sraits Question 188, 355
warning to German ambassador (December 1912) 329, 330, 354–6
Grieg, Edvard 173
Grierson, Sir James 160
Grigorovich, Ivan 344, 474, 506–7
Gruić, Slavko 390, 457, 458, 463–4
Guam 152
Guillaume, Baron (Belgian minister in Paris) 214, 229, 235, 309, 325, 351
Gustav V, King of Sweden 500
Habsburg empire see Austria-Hungary
Hadzici 386
Haldane, Richard Burdon, 1st Viscount:
and Agadir crisis (1911) 209, 212
July 1914 crisis and outbreak of war 493, 494, 534, 539, 542
and military expenditure 217
mission to Berlin (February 1912) 225, 318–21, 335
Relugas Compact (1905) 202
Hamilton, Lord George 138
Hamilton, Sir Ian 323
Hanotaux, Gabriel 132–3, 191, 294, 505
Harcourt, Lewis, 1st Viscount 211, 335, 493
Hardinge, Charles, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst 62, 150, 158, 161, 175, 202, 227, 235, 359
Harrach, Count Franz von 367, 371, 374, 375
Hartwig, Ludmilla von 431–2
Hartwig, Baron Nikolai, Russian minister in Belgrade 38, 87, 112, 189, 192, 274, 281, 347, 349, 356–7, 361
and assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 408
and Balkan League policy 257, 260, 263, 264, 265, 275
ill health and death 361, 430–32
political influence in Serbia 89, 90, 91, 97, 257, 259–60, 275, 282
Hašek, Jaroslav, The Good Soldier Švejk 378
Havas (news agency) 230, 550
Hawaii 152
Heeringen, Josias von 216, 218, 329
Heiachiro, Togo 152
Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty (1890) 129
Henry, Prince of Prussia 176, 528–9
Herbette, Maurice 190, 195–6, 205–6, 208
Herzegovina see Bosnia and Herzegovina
Hitler, Adolf 68n, 279
Hohenberg, Sophie, Duchess of see Chotek, Countess Sophie Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Prince Chlodwig von 197–8
Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Prince Gottfried von 392
Hohenzollern (yacht) 154–5, 520
Hollmann, Friedrich von 148
Holstein, Friedrich von 143, 197–9
Home Rule, Irish 342, 488–90, 493, 545
Homs 248
House, Edward 214
Hoyos, Count Alexander (‘Alek’) 395, 399, 424
mission to Berlin (July 1914) 400, 401–2, 403, 412–15, 422, 423
Humbert, Charles 440
report on French military preparedness (1914) 440–41, 443, 518, 658n
Hungary:
economy 66, 69–70
Magyarization policies 24, 66–7, 108
Romanian population 66, 71, 81–2, 91, 397, 398, 404
Serb population 22, 24, 26, 67, 82
Slovak population 67
see also Austria-Hungary
Idea Nazionale, L’ (newspaper) 226, 245
Ignatiev, Count Alexis 301–2, 307, 481–2, 506, 552
Ilić, Danilo 55–6, 383–4, 385
Ilidze 74, 369
Imperiali, Guiglielmo 245
Independent Radicals (Serbia) 19, 34, 36, 46, 47
India:
British garrison 139, 140, 322
Russian threats to 134, 136, 138, 139–40, 174, 322
Indochina 134, 139
industrialization:
Austria-Hungary 69–70, 350
Bosnia 74–5
Germany 164–5
Innsbruck 425
Innsbrucker Nachrichten (newspaper) 381
Iran-Contra affair (1980s) 99
Iraq see Mesopotamia
Ireland, Home Rule 342, 488–90, 493, 545
Istria 22, 25
Italian army 184
Italians, in Austria-Hungary 67, 70, 86, 121, 405
Italo-Turkish War see Libyan War (1911-12)
Italy:
colonial office 245
invasion of Libya (1911-12) 42, 110, 183, 242–51, 295, 352
Mediterranean Agreement (1887) 121–2, 126
monarchy 183–4
neutrality 544
peasantry 74
press 226, 229, 231
Prinetti-Barrère Accord (1902) 155, 244
Racconigi Bargain (1909) 93, 244
seizure of Dodecanese Islands (1912) 248–9, 252
Triple Alliance (1882) 92–3, 121–3, 125–6, 129–30, 157, 249–50
unification 65
Izvolsky, Alexander:
ambassador to France 189, 192, 277, 295, 298–9, 307, 359
Anglo-Russian Convention (1907) 87, 111, 158, 187–8
and Austrian annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina 35–6, 85, 86, 87, 111, 177, 188, 258–9, 298–9
and Balkan Wars (1912-13) 298–9, 340
foreign minister 35, 159, 186–8, 272, 356
meeting with King Edward VII (1906) 174
on Paléologue 437
and Poincaré’s state visit to St Petersburg (July 1914) 446
relations with Aehrenthal 90, 111, 188
relations with press 231, 233, 235
replaced as foreign minister by Sazonov 188–9
and Russian mobilization (July 1914) 480, 486, 503, 504–5, 505–6
and Serbo-Bulgarian alliance (1912) 274, 296
Turkish Straits question 158, 177, 187–8, 261, 355
Jagow, Gottlieb von, German foreign secretary 321, 325
July 1914 crisis and outbreak of war 402, 413, 421, 427, 518, 519, 520, 521–3, 531, 532
Jameson, Sir Leander Starr 146
Jameson Raid (1895) 146, 174
Jandrić, Čedomil 116
Janković, Velizar 463
Japan 144, 176, 179
Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902) 138–9, 545
Russo-Japanese War (1904-5) 81, 87, 140, 152–3, 154, 157, 159, 166–7, 177, 184, 186, 231, 323, 426, 474
Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) 137, 138, 140, 158
Jászi, Oskar 77–8
Jean Bart (battleship) 501
Jehlitschka, Heinrich 112–13
Jellinek, Georg 361
Joffre, Joseph 217–18, 218–19, 222, 224, 304–5, 306–7, 358
John Bull (magazine) 492–3
Johnson, Lyndon B. 240
Joll, James 237
Jonnart, Charles 303–4, 309
Jovanović, Jovan 60–61, 113, 286, 388, 393
Jovanović, Ljuba 56, 455, 459, 463
Jovanović-Čupa, Ljuba 39
Kafka, Franz 381
Kageneck, Count Karl 517, 658n95
Kalimantsi 258
Kaljević, Ljubomir 26
Kállay, Count Benjamin 75
Kálnoky, Count Gustav 79
Karadjordjević dynasty 5–6, 14, 15, 26, 452
see also Petar I, King of Serbia
Karadžić, Vuk 22, 23, 25
Kazan, military district 475, 507
Kennedy, John F. 240
assassination 376, 379
Kennedy, Paul 560
Kerović, Mitar 54–5
Kerović, Nedjo 55
Khesapchiev, Christophor 581n56
Kiaochow (Jiaozhou) 141–2, 151, 161, 168
Kicevo 256
Kiderlen-Wächter, Alfred von 207–8, 227, 289, 321
Kiel 404, 501, 522, 528
regatta 520
Kiel Canal 160
Kiev 272
military district 267–8, 475, 479, 507
Kimberley, John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of 138
Kirk-Kilisse (Lozengrad) 252
Kisch, Egon Erwin 92
Kissinger, Henry 456
Kitchener, Herbert, 1st Earl 140
Klobukowski, Antony 550
Klotz, Louis-Lucien 218, 310
Kočani 43
Kokovtsov, Count Vladimir, Russian minister of finance and prime minister 178, 186, 189–90, 259, 272, 308, 473, 615n102
and Anglo-Russian Convention (1907) 187
Baltic Port Russo-German meetings (1912) 314–15, 316–17
dismissal 346, 363, 418, 474, 557
and Liman von Sanders mission in Constantinople 344, 345–6
rivalry with military command 215, 216, 218, 220, 223, 224, 225, 267, 305–6
and Turkish Straits question 188, 341
winter crisis 1912-13 266–8, 269, 481
Kölnische Zeitung 232
Königgrätz, Battle of (1866) 65, 292
Königsberg 524–5
Konopischte 404
Konya 145
Korea 153, 176, 186
Kosovo 24–5, 43, 51, 256, 285, 368–9, 387, 456
Kosovo Field, Battle of (1389) 21, 23, 61, 368, 387
Kovel 480
Kovno 525
Kragujevac 467
Serbian state armoury 54, 385, 408
Kraus, Karl 72, 73, 378, 380
Kresna Gorge, Battle of (1913) 258
Krivoshein, Alexander Vasilyevich, Russian minister of agriculture 220, 271, 333, 615n99, 615n102
background and character 270–71
July 1914 crisis and outbreak of war 473–4, 486, 508, 552, 557
nationalism and views on foreign policy 271–2, 473–4
political influence 272, 346, 473–4, 557
and Turkish Straits question 485–6
Krobatin, Alexander von 392, 394, 424, 425
Kronstadt 143, 442, 451, 552
Kruger, Paul 146
Kruger telegram (1896) 146, 161, 174, 235
Krupp, Gustav 522
Kudashchev, Prince Nikolai 468
Kühlmann, Richard von 335
Kumanovo, Battle of (1912) 253
Kuropatkin, Aleksei A. 176
Laguiche, Pierre, Marquis de 312, 313, 448, 482–3, 503, 507–8, 647n44
Lambach 468
Lamzdorf, Vladimir 131, 227
Lansdowne, Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of 139, 144–5, 159, 542
Lascelles, Sir Frank 161, 165
Lausanne, Treaty of (1912) 249, 252
Lauzanne, Stéphane 419–20
Law, Bonar 542
Lazarević, Vasil 390
League of Nations xxii
Lebanon 248
Lehár, Franz, The Merry Widow 91
Leo XIII, Pope 107
Leopold II, King of the Belgians 181, 182
Lescovac 460
Liberal Party (Great Britain) 140, 173, 200–201, 203, 211, 216–17, 236
Libya 93, 135, 244–5
Libyan War (1911-12) 42, 110, 183, 242–51, 259, 295, 352
Peace of Lausanne 249, 252
Lichnowsky, Karl Max, Prince, ambassador to Britain 329, 354, 421
July 1914 crisis and outbreak of war 491, 496, 497, 510–511, 519, 522, 529–34, 552
Liège 548, 551
Liman von Sanders, Otto 339, 344
mission in Constantinople 338–40, 341–6, 349, 352–3, 418, 484
Limpus, Sir Arthur 250, 342–3
Lješnica 54
Ljubljana 69
Lloyd, George (later 1st Baron Lloyd) 541–2
Lloyd George, David (later 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor) 212, 494
Mansion House speech (1911) 209–211, 328
London, Ambassadors’ Conference (1912-13) 283–5, 286, 321, 325, 357, 495
London, Treaty of (1913) 285, 286, 357
Longchamp (racecourse) 404
Loreburn, Robert Reid, 1st Earl 210–211, 212
Lorraine see Alsace-Lorraine Louis, Georges 231
Lublin 480
Lunjevica, Nikodije 4, 11, 46
Lützow, Count Heinrich von 427
Luxembourg 531, 538, 547
Lyncker, Baron Moriz von 414
Maastricht salient 547
Macchio, Baron Karl von 468
Macedonia: Bulgarian territorial claims 25–6, 27, 28, 38, 256, 257, 258, 274, 452
national identity 25
Ottoman rule 24, 26
Serb population 24, 26, 27
Serbian Empire (14th century) 21
Serbian nationalist operations 24, 25–7, 33, 35, 38, 45
Serbian territorial gains in Balkan Wars 42–5, 253, 256–8, 280, 285
Young Turk revolution (1908) 84
Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of 25
Macedonian language 25
McKenna, Reginald 210
Magrini, Luciano xxiii, 60, 461
Mahan, Alfred Thayer 147
Maklakov, Nikolai 220, 507
Malet, Sir Edward 146
Mali Zvornik 54
Malinov, Alexander 274
Mallet, Sir Louis 202, 342
Malobabić, Rade 48, 57, 58, 574n128
Malvy, Louis 504
Manchester Guardian (newspaper) 492, 541
Manchuria 131, 138, 153, 271, 323
Margerie, Pierre de 190, 438, 440, 501, 502, 505
Mariana Islands 151
Marienbad 36
Masaryk, Thomas 77, 88–9
masculinity 359–61
Matin, Le (newspaper) 230, 419
Matscheko, Baron Franz 114
‘Matscheko memorandum’ 114–15, 357–8, 400–401, 412–13, 587n147–9
Maximilian I, Emperor of Mexico 72
Mayreder, Rosa 360, 376–7
Mediterranean Agreement (1887) 121–2, 126
Mehmedbašić, Muhamed 55–6, 370, 384–5
Meinecke, Friedrich 404
Mekong valley 139, 142
Mensdorff, Count Albert von 175, 284, 467–8, 491
Mérey, Count Kajetan 568n26, 644n64
Merezhkovsky, Dmitrii Sergeyevich 376
Merizzi, Erik von 371, 374
Merry, W. Mansell 552–3
Mesopotamia 180, 251, 337, 338
Messimy, Adolphe 224, 440, 505, 518, 656n60
Metalka 405
Meteor (yacht) 404
Metternich, Count Paul 221–2, 318, 335
Metz 440
Meuse, River 494, 549
Mexico 72
Meyer, Henri 169
Mihailo Obrenović III, Prince of Serbia 6
Milan I, King of Serbia:
Milan-Alexandar duarchy 7–8, 9, 17–18, 20
reign 6–7, 10, 28–9, 29–30, 79, 82, 126
Milan Obrenović II, Prince of Serbia 6
Militärische Rundschau 104
Militza, Princess of Montenegro 447–8, 473–4
Miliukov, Pavel 34
Mill, John Stuart 14
Millerand, Alexandre 301–2, 309, 437, 621n210
Miloš Obrenović I, Prince of Serbia 6
Milovanović, Milovan 36–7, 38, 256
Mitrovitza 282
Mlada Bosna (‘Young Bosnia’) 41–2, 55
Molden, Berthold 644n72
Möllwald, Lothar Egger Ritter von 405
Moltke, Helmuth von, German Chief of General Staff 216, 222, 224, 358, 561
July 1914 crisis and outbreak of war 516, 517, 518, 522, 526, 531, 533, 547, 548, 549–50, 660n131
military expansion 216, 218, 330–31
war policies 327–8, 329, 332, 333–4
winter crisis 1912-13 288–9
Monastir see Bitola
Mongolia 162, 322, 325, 554
Monprofit, Jacques-Abroise 562
Montenegro:
Balkan Wars (1912-13) 42, 43, 252, 253, 263, 283, 284–5, 330
monarchy 170
strategic importance 91–2, 93
territorial gains 92, 283, 284–5, 330
Montenuovo, Alfred, Prince of 107
Morley, John, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn 210, 211, 493, 542, 543
Morning Post 129
Morocco:
Agadir crisis (1911) 196, 204–213, 220–21, 227, 228, 233, 234, 241, 295, 326, 334, 441, 536
Algeciras conference (1906) 157, 194, 196, 199, 231
first Moroccan crisis (1905-6) 155–7, 159–60, 162, 180–81, 194–5, 198–9, 231
Franco-German accord (1909) 167, 195, 196, 204
French plans for acquisition 133, 134, 135, 245
Morsey, Count (valet to Archduke Franz Ferdinand) 375–6
Moscow 226, 270, 480
military district 475, 507
Mountain Wreath, The (Serbian epic) 23–4, 51, 574n138
Mozambique 146
Mukden, Battle of (1905) 153
Müller, Wilhelm 329, 330, 404, 521
Musil, Robert 71
Muslims 25, 31, 38, 44, 113
Musulin von Gomirje, Baron Alexander 394–5, 452–3, 464, 465
Mutius, Max von 660n131
Načertanije (Garašanin) 21, 22, 569n37
Namibia 142
Namier, Sir Lewis 453
Nancy 548
Narodna Odbrana (Serbian National Defence) 35, 37–8, 40, 41, 46, 48, 52, 94–5, 99, 385, 454, 464
Narodno Oslobodjenje (newspaper) 17
Nathalie, Queen of Serbia 7, 8
National Service League (Britain) 237, 238
NATO 251, 456, 559
Naumann, Viktor 399
naval arms race, Anglo-German 147–50, 220–22, 318–19, 323, 593n85
Naval League (Germany) 229
naval talks, Anglo-Russian (1914) 225, 421–2, 444, 491
Nekliudov, Anatolii Vasilevich 263, 264
Nemes, Count Albert 395
Nemitz, A.V. 341, 348–9
Neratov, Anatol 259, 260, 280
Neue Freie Presse 88, 377, 381
New York 180 New York Herald 512
Nicholas II, Tsar:
and Austrian annexation of Bosnia 85, 188
and Austrian ultimatum to Serbia (July 1914) 427–8, 461, 462, 468, 475, 483
Balkan Wars arbitration 256, 275
Baltic Port meeting with Kaiser Wilhelm (1912) 314–15, 316–17
Björkö meeting with Kaiser Wilhelm (1905) 154–5, 181, 184
and Liman von Sanders mission in Constantinople 339, 345
and military expenditure 218, 219, 267
mobilization of army and preparations for war (July 1914) 477, 500, 507, 508–9, 512–14
Paris visit (1896) 170
Poincaré’s state visit to St Petersburg (July 1914) 442, 443–4, 446, 450, 471, 499–500
political influence and development of foreign policy 173, 175–8, 184, 199
Potsdam Accord (1910) 167, 189, 314
Racconigi Bargain 93, 244
relations with press 235
Reval meeting with King Edward VII (1908) 235
Turkish Straits question 341, 345
visits King Carol in Romania (1914) 278
‘Willy-Nicky’ telegrams with Kaiser 512–13, 523–4, 526
and winter crisis 1912-13 267–8, 269–70
Nicolai, Walter 517, 524
Nicolson, Sir Arthur (later 1st Baron Carnock):
Agadir crisis (1911) 209
Anglo-Russian Convention (1907) 87, 158, 324, 325–6, 539, 546
diplomatic career 165, 202, 223, 227
on German rapprochement 359
Haldane mission to Berlin (1912) 320
July 1914 crisis and outbreak of war 539, 540, 541
Libyan War (1911-12) 246
relations with Grey 325, 539
on Serbo-Bulgarian alliance (1912) 354
Nikola I, King of Montenegro 92, 283, 284, 285, 291, 447
Nikolaievich, Grand Duke Nikolai 270, 447, 448, 475
Nikolaievich, Grand Duke Pyotr 270, 447
Nile, River 132, 133, 145
Niš 16, 458, 459, 464, 467 Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung 230
Norway 501, 520–21
Novaković, Milan 16
Novoye Vremya (newspaper) 230, 231, 236, 265, 389, 473, 629n94
nuclear war 562
Nušić, Branislav 18
Obilić, Miloš 23, 24, 51, 386, 387, 574n138
Oblakov ridge 253
Obrenović dynasty 5–13
see also Alexandar I, King of Serbia; Milan I, King of Serbia
Obrenović, Miloš 6
Odessa, military district 475, 479, 507, 525
official histories of First World War xxi–xxii Ohrid 43, 256
oil production 316, 317, 337, 338
Orange Book, Russian 509
Oriental Railway Company 117–18
Orlov-Davidov, Countess Thekla 111
Ottoman Empire:
Balkan Wars (1912-13) 42–3, 113, 252–6, 258, 457
control of Balkans 6, 21, 22, 23, 24, 31, 42, 78, 368
economy 69, 335–8
German military mission 338–40, 341–6, 349, 352–3, 418, 484
Graeco-Turkish tensions 444, 485
Libyan War (1911-12) 243–50
railways 145, 251, 335–7, 338, 363
Russo-Turkish War (1877-78) 125, 250, 273
Thirty Days’ War (1897) 294
Young Turks 84, 246
Ottoman army 338–9
Ottoman navy 247, 248, 250, 341, 485, 557
Oxford Chronicle 492
Paču, Lazar 458–9, 460, 461
Palacky, František 72
Pale (Bosnia) 49, 384
Paléologue, Maurice:
ambassador to Russia 190, 308, 359, 435–8, 440
and Austrian ultimatum to Serbia (July 1914) 471–2, 486
background, character and early career 303–4, 435–8
and Poincaré’s visit to St Petersburg (July 1914) 442, 443, 444–5, 446, 471
and Russian mobilization (July 1914) 480, 482–3, 484, 503, 507–8, 510, 511
writings 166, 436–7, 450
Pan-German League 228–9
Panafieu, André de 276–7, 359
Panama Canal Zone 152, 161
Panther (German gunboat) 205, 207
papacy 310
Papini, Giovanni 226
Paris 553
Serbian royal visit (1911) 94
visit of King Edward VII (1903) 170, 174, 228
visit of Tsar Nicholas II (1896) 170
Paris, Treaty of (1856) 136
Pašić, Nikola:
and assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 56–64, 385, 389–91, 411, 466–7, 575n151
and Austrian annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina 34, 35, 36, 37, 83
and Austrian ultimatum (July 1914) 428, 456, 458, 459–62, 463–4, 466–7, 649n35
Balkan Wars annexations 97–8, 256–8, 265, 286–7
and Balkan Wars atrocities 45, 113
and the Black Hand 41, 385, 466
character and early career xxi, 16–19, 24, 26, 64, 97–8, 466
and coup of 1903 18, 19–20, 460
elections (1914) 458, 459, 460
military expenditure 357
Oriental Railway Company negotiations 117–18
political crisis following Balkan Wars 46–7, 59, 364
relations with Hartwig 91, 97, 275, 280–81, 349
Paul I, Tsar 173
Pavlović, Aleksandar 572n89
Pavlović, Milovan 4
peasantry:
Bosnia 74, 75
Italy 74
Serbia 6–7, 17, 31, 32, 33
Peć 284
Périer & Cie (bank) 277
Perrier, Antoine 191
Persia:
British interests 121, 130, 142, 158, 166, 322, 444
German interests 167, 337
Russian interests 87, 121, 130, 142, 158, 167, 174, 322, 337, 444, 546
Petar I, King of Serbia:
Balkan Wars (1912-13) 252
delegation to St Petersburg (1910) 274
family 92
military career and exile 5, 24
proposed coup against 46
reign 14, 15, 29, 80, 82, 278
royal visit to Paris (1911) 94
Petar II Petrović-Njegoš, Prince-Bishop of Montenegro 24, 51
Petit Journal, Le 13, 169
Petrović, ‘Kara Djorde’ (‘Black
George’) 6
Petrović, Lazar 4
Pfeffer, Leo 381–4, 386
Philippines 76, 153, 580n41
Pichon, Stéphen 194, 196, 309, 310, 312
‘pig war’, Austro-Serbian (1906-9) 29, 31, 276
Pijemont (Black Hand journal) 38, 40, 63, 96, 368–9
Pinter, Harold 359
Plehn, Richard 335
Plessen, Hans von 414
Plunkett, Sir Francis 14
Pobedonostsev, Konstantin 175
Pohl, Hugo von 516
Poincaré, Henriette 310
Poincaré, Raymond:
and assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 404, 409
and Austrian ultimatum to Serbia (July 1914) 462, 486, 498–500
background, character and career 294–5, 302–4, 359
Balkans policy 294–302, 313
and Baltic Port Russo-German meetings (1912) 321
election as president 303, 307, 309
on Franco-German relations 209
and Franco-Russian Alliance 191, 294–5, 304–8, 355, 356, 557
and Grey’s warning to German ambassador (December 1912) 354
and Haldane mission to Berlin (February 1912) 320
marriage 310
political enemies 309–311, 441
preparations for war (July 1914) 500, 502–3
and rearmament and military redeployment 218, 219, 224, 308–9, 332, 363, 440–41
relations with foreign ministry 303–4, 309
relations with Paléologue 437–8
relations with press 420
returns to Paris after St Petersburg state visit (July 1914) 498–503, 537
and Russian mobilization (July 1914) 482–3, 503–4, 505–6
and Turkish Straits question 340
visits St Petersburg: (August 1912) 296, 305;
(July 1914) 426, 427, 433, 438–50, 451, 462, 471, 496–7, 499–500
visits Sweden (July 1914) 498–501
writings xxii, 230, 303, 504
Poland 153, 266, 270, 479, 524
Polar Star (yacht) 155
Poles 67, 70, 71, 81
Politika (Serbian newspaper) 387, 573n108
Politique Étrangère, La (journal) 230
Pomerania 421, 422
Pomiankowski, Joseph 82
Ponsonby, Arthur (later 1st Baron Ponsonby of Shulbrede) 211
Popović, Cvijetko 55–6, 372, 384
Port Arthur (Lüshun) 152, 153, 176, 426
Portsmouth 144
Portugal, colonies 142, 146, 335
Poti 136
Potiorek, Oskar, governor of Bosnia 76, 100, 393
and assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 367, 374, 386, 394, 637n47
target for Serb nationalists 48, 55, 370
Potsdam 413
war council (December 1912) 329–30, 333, 354, 517
Potsdam Accord (1910) 167, 189, 314
Pourtalès, Count Friedrich 224–5, 233, 316, 420, 511, 513, 526, 552
press:
Austrian 88, 236, 380–81, 388
British 129, 199, 200, 203, 227, 231, 235–6, 322, 406, 492–3, 541
French 228, 229, 230–31, 232, 234–5, 406, 419–20
German 163, 203, 229, 230, 232, 234, 235–6, 363
Italian 226, 229, 231
Romanian 405
Russian 226–7, 229, 230, 231–2, 235, 236, 264–5, 280, 307, 420
Serbian 228, 230, 236, 387–9, 424
press wars 203, 235–6, 363
Pressburg (Bratislava) 425
Preston, Andrew 240
Prilep 253, 256, 257
Princip, Gavrilo 49–56, 369, 372, 374–5, 381–3, 385, 386, 556
Prinetti-Barrère Accord (1902) 155, 244
Prizren 283, 284
Prochaska, Oskar 283
Prochaska affair (1912) 231, 283, 445
Protić, Stojan 46, 57, 390, 463
Prussia:
Austro-Prussian War (1866) 65, 136, 292, 469
Prussian-Danish War (1864) 174
public opinion:
Austria 378–81
Britain 227, 229, 236–8, 492–3, 541
France 227, 228, 229, 230, 233, 238, 406, 500–501
Germany 226, 228–9, 234, 404, 526–7
Italy 226, 229, 405–6
Romania 405, 406
Russia 227–8, 229, 231–2, 233–4, 238, 355
Serbia 228, 387, 405
Puerto Rico 152, 180, 183
Putnik, Radomir 58, 99, 256
Racconigi Bargain (1909) 93, 244
Radenković, Bogdan 38
Radical Party (Serbia) 7, 8, 10, 17–18, 19, 36, 39, 46
Radoslavov, Vasil 276, 278
railways:
in Africa 146, 196, 336
Anatolian Railway 145, 251, 335–6, 337
Baghdad Railway 251, 336–7, 338, 363
French 331
German 331
in Manchuria 153
Oriental Railway Company 117–18
Russian 139, 223, 305, 308, 322, 331, 352, 420, 421
Smyrna Railway 145
Rambouillet Agreement (1999) 456–7
Ranke, Leopold von 23
Rathenau, Walter 361
Razvechik (journal) 420
Reagan, Ronald 99
Rech (newspaper) 280
Redl, Alfred 115–16, 514
‘Redl Affair’ (1913) 115–16, 117, 362
Redlich, Joseph 377, 395
Reichspost (Austrian newspaper) 88, 380, 381
Reininghaus, Gina von (later Countess Conrad von Hötzendorf) 102–4, 360
Reininghaus, Hans von 103
Reinsurance Treaty (1887) 121, 125–6
non-renewal 127, 129, 130, 143, 181, 197
Relugas Compact (1905) 202
Remak, Joachim 385
Renoult, René 503
Reval (Tallinn) 235
Revoil, Paul 156
Rhodes, Sir Cecil 145–6, 174, 180
Rhodesia 145
Ribot, Alexandre 299, 301
Riezler, Kurt 422, 471, 517–18, 601n87, 643n52
Rijeka 92
Rivet, Charles 312
Rizov, Dimitar 81, 257
Robien, Count Louis de 433–6, 437, 445, 447, 450, 472, 651n2
Rodd, Sir Rennell (later 1st Baron Rennell) 405
Romania:
Austro-Romanian relations 81–2, 114, 115, 278–9, 400, 401, 414
Balkan Wars (1912-13) 42, 258, 275–6, 278
border disputes with Bulgaria 91, 275–6
monarchy 170
press 405
realignment towards Triple Entente 278–9, 398, 406
territorial claims in Austro-Hungary 278, 414, 424, 452
Romanians, in Hungary 66, 71, 81–2, 91, 397, 398, 404
Roosevelt, Theodore 76, 179, 182, 228, 512, 580n41
Rossiya (journal) 230, 232
Roth, Joseph, The Radetzky March 73, 378
Roumelia 126
Rouvier, Maurice 157, 194
Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria 72, 106
Rukhlov, Sergei 220
Runciman, Walter (later 1st Viscount
Runciman of Doford) 543
Russia:
Anglo-Russian Convention (1907) 87, 111, 123, 139–40, 158, 167, 174, 187–8, 322–4, 325–6, 363, 536, 545–6
Council of Ministers 177–8, 185–90, 220, 346, 418, 475
Crimean War (1853-56) 136, 250
economy 308, 311–13, 324, 326–7, 331–2
Franco-Russian Alliance (1892-94) 123, 127–31, 132, 138, 139, 143–4, 153–4, 191, 293–4, 304–8, 313, 350–51, 444, 475, 505–6, 548, 557, 559
German declaration of war against (1 August 1914) 527
loans from France 308, 312, 332, 352, 419–20
pan-Slavism 17, 78, 126, 190, 229, 236, 279–80, 418, 484
Potsdam Accord (1910) 167, 189
preparations for war 475–87, 495–6, 503–515, 524–7
press 80, 226–7, 229, 230, 231–2, 235, 264–5, 307, 420
Racconigi Bargain (1909) 93, 244
railways 139, 223, 305, 308, 322, 331, 352, 420, 421
Reinsurance Treaty with Germany (1887) 121, 125–6, 127, 129, 130, 143, 181, 197
Revolution of 1905 186
Three Emperors’ Leagues (1873/1881) 79, 83, 125, 126, 128
trade treaties with Germany 128, 144, 272
Russian air force 479
Russian army:
expenditure 215, 217, 218, 238, 267, 328, 331–2
mobilizations: (1912) 266, 267–9, 283, 477, 481; (1914) 468, 473, 475–80, 482–4, 486, 496, 503–515, 524–7, 530, 535–6, 553–4
rearmament and redeployment 31, 219–20, 223, 238, 267, 304, 311–12, 328, 331, 351–2, 419–21, 474, 547
size 331–2, 420, 468
Russian navy:
Black Sea fleet 136, 153, 340, 341, 421, 477, 485, 557
expenditure 421
Franco-Russian Naval Convention (1912) 131, 304, 540
losses in Russo-Japanese War 153
mobilization 477, 536
see also naval talks, Anglo-Russian
Russkoe Slovo (newspaper) 226
Russo-Japanese War (1904-5) 81, 87, 140, 152–3, 154, 157, 159, 166–7, 177, 184, 186, 231, 323, 426, 474
Russo-Turkish War (1877-78) 125, 250, 273
Ruthenes 67, 70, 71
Šabac 57
St Petersburg 434, 552–3
French embassy 434–5
Krasnoye Selo 447
military district 478, 483
Salisbury, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of 139, 361, 591n64
Salonika (Thessaloniki) 253, 255, 256, 459, 574n128
Salza and Lichtenau, Baron Hermann von 416
Sambre, River 494, 549
Samoa 151, 152, 163
Samouprava (Serbian newspaper) 230, 287
Samuel, Herbert (later 1st Viscount Samuel) 543
San Giovanni di Medua (Medva) 283
San Giuliano, Antonino Paternò-Castello, Marquis di 246–7, 248, 406, 427
Sanderson, Sir Thomas 139
Sanjak of Novi Pazar 28, 43, 256, 262, 300–301, 612n60
Sarajevo 367–76
Sarantaporos pass 253
Save, River 469
Savinsky, Alexander 277, 361
Sazonov, Sergei, Russian foreign minister 71, 159, 192, 225, 227, 346, 359, 389, 420, 551
and Albanian independence 282, 284, 285, 287, 461
and Anglo-Russian Convention 322, 323
and assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 408–9, 411
and Austrian ultimatum to Serbia (July 1914) 428, 462, 463, 465, 471–3, 480–81, 483, 486, 497, 499, 649n35, 656n51
background, character and career 188–9, 272
Balkan Wars and winter crisis 1912-13 260, 261–9, 275–6, 302, 323, 349–50, 481
Baltic Port Russo-German meetings (1912) 315–18, 510
and death of Hartwig 432
illness 259
and Liman von Sanders mission in Constantinople 339, 340, 341–2, 343–4, 345, 349
memoirs xxii mobilization of army and preparations for war (July 1914) 475–6, 477, 480–81, 483–4, 485, 486, 504–5, 508–511, 513–14
and Poincaré’s state visit to St Petersburg (July 1914) 445–6, 448–9
Potsdam Accord (1910) 189
and proposed financial assistance to Bulgaria 276, 277
relations with Paléologue 438
relations with press 230, 233–4
and Romania 278, 279
and Serbo-Bulgarian alliance (1912) 262, 296, 324, 620n193
and Turkish Straits question 260–61, 262, 264, 340–41, 347–9, 352, 355, 485
visits Britain (1912) 322, 354
Scavenius, Eric 479
Schelde, River 494, 549
Schleswig-Holstein 160
Schlieffen, Alfred von 216, 327
Schlieffen Plan 216, 331, 332, 531, 561
Schmitt, Bernadotte Everly xxii–xxiii, 454, 642n30
Schneider-Creusot (industrial conglomerate) 29
Schnitzler, Arthur 377, 379
Schoen, Wilhelm von 195, 359, 502
Schwarzenberg, Prince Charles 72
Schwertfeger, Bernhard xxii Scouting movement 237–8
Scutari (Shkodër) 253, 256, 283, 284, 285, 287, 330
Second Balkan War (June-July 1913) 42–3, 99, 258, 276, 285, 352
Treaty of Bucharest 258, 278, 285, 459
see also Balkan Wars (1912-13) Selborne, William Palmer, 2nd Earl of 138, 592n84
Selves, Justin de 192, 205, 206, 209, 211
Semipalatinsk 554
Semlin 469
Senden Bibran, Baron Gustav von 148
September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks xxvii
Serbia:
Austrian declaration of war against (28 July 1914) 469–70
Constitution 8, 10, 14, 43, 465
conventions and trade treaties with Austria 28–9, 33, 79, 94, 228
coup of 1903 3–5, 12–16, 19–20, 29, 79, 460
customs union with Bulgaria 80–81, 228
economy 29–33, 94, 350
education and literacy 32
elections 7, 10, 47, 388, 458–9, 460
financial backing from France 29–31, 33, 38, 43, 46–7, 100, 276, 357
independence and kingdom status 6, 79
literature and song-culture 22–4, 42, 51
militias and guerilla groups (see also Black Hand) 6–7, 17, 26, 27, 33, 35, 411–12, 456, 464
monarchy 5–11, 14, 79–80, 170, 452
Muslim population 25, 31, 44
nationalism and development of
foreign policy xxvi–xxvii, 10, 20–27, 29, 33–8, 47, 63–4, 256–7, 558
peasantry 6–7, 17, 31, 32, 33 ‘pig war’ with Austria (1906-9) 29, 31, 276
political crisis of May 1914 46–7, 59, 113–14
press 228, 230, 236, 387–8, 424
response to Austrian ultimatum
(July 1914) 457–69
Serbo-Bulgarian alliance (1912) 252, 256, 262–3, 274, 296, 324, 352, 354
Serbo-Bulgarian War (1885) 7, 79, 126
territorial annexations of Balkan Wars 43–6, 62, 99–100, 112–13, 253, 256–8, 280, 283, 284, 285–8, 292, 330, 357, 484
see also Serbian army; Serbian navy
Serbia, Yugoslav Republic 456–7
Serbian army:
funding 10, 17, 19–20, 43, 100, 357
growth and modernization 43, 99–100, 109, 357, 426
mobilization 467
relations with civilian authorities 10, 16, 33, 45–6, 97
Serbian Empire (14th century) 21, 22, 44
Serbian National Defence see Narodna Odbrana
Serbian navy 109
Serbs:
in Austria-Hungary 22, 24, 26, 67, 71, 76, 82, 84, 88
in Bosnia 23, 24, 25, 51, 74, 76, 82, 83
Seven Years War (1756-63) 143
Shcheglovitov, Ivan 220
Shebeko, Nikolai 407–8, 427, 509, 514
shipbuilding:
Austrian 109
British 150
German 147–50, 152, 318–19, 329, 330
Russian 421
Turkish 341, 485
Siberia 176
Siebert, Benno von 421
Simon, John, 1st Viscount 493, 542
Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) 137, 138, 140, 158
Škoda (industrial conglomerate) 29
Skopje (Üsküb) 44, 112, 256, 257, 299
Skutari 93
Slovaks 67, 81
Slovenes 67, 70, 81, 84
Smyrna Railway 145
Social Democratic Party (Germany; SPD) 228, 526–7
Sofia 258
Solferino, Battle of (1859) 65
Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg see Chotek, Countess Sophie
Sösemann, Bernd 643n52
South Africa:
Boer War (1899-1902) 134, 138, 144, 147, 163, 166, 174, 217, 227
Transvaal 145–7, 149, 159, 163, 164, 174, 180
Soviet Union xxii, xxiii–xxiv, 69, 251
Spain 135, 152, 157, 205, 231
Spalajković, Miroslav: and Agram-Friedjung treason trials 89–90
and assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 389, 405, 407, 411, 455
and Austrian ultimatum to Serbia (July 1914) 461, 462–3, 468–9, 649n35
background, character and career 90, 359
on Libyan War 244
minister in St Petersburg 280, 359, 389, 395
minister in Sofia 260
and Russian mobilization (July 1914) 483
and Serbian occupation of Albania 286
SPD (German Social Democratic Party) 228, 526–7
Speck von Sternburg, Hermann 182
Spicer, G.S. (Foreign Office clerk) 161
Spring-Rice, Sir Cecil 202
Srinagar 322
Stampa, La (Italian newspaper) 226
Stampa (Serbian newspaper) 388
Standard (British newspaper) 129, 541
Standart (yacht) 316
Stanley, Venetia 490, 542
Steed, Henry Wickham 70, 77, 281, 492
Stepanović, Raiko 57
Stepanović, Stepa 58, 96
Stern, Fritz xxi Štip 43
Stockholm 498–500
Stockmar, Christian Friedrich, Baron 174
Stolberg, Prince 518
Stolypin, Pyotr Arkadyevich 177–8, 186, 187, 188–9, 215, 270, 271
assassination 177, 189, 218, 259, 475
Storck, Wilhelm Ritter von, Austrian minister in Belgrade 287, 387, 390, 392
Strandmann, Basil 430–31, 460–61
Stumm, Wilhelm von 399
Stürgkh, Count Karl von 68, 69
Sudan 132, 133, 164
Südekum, Albert 526
Suez Canal 134
Sukhomlinov, Vladimir, Russian minister of war 215, 346, 514, 557
and July 1914 crisis 474, 506–7
and Liman von Sanders mission in Constantinople 344
relations with press 232
reorganization and redeployment of army 219–20, 223, 304, 352, 473
rivalry with finance ministry 215, 216, 218, 220, 223, 224, 267, 557
Turkish Straits question 340, 353
war policies 220, 420
winter crisis 1912-13 266–8, 272
Sumadija 31
Sunarić, Josip 369
Svechin, Mikhail Alekseevich 116, 587n150
Sverbeyev, S.N. 406
Sweden 305
neutrality 500
Poincaré visits (July 1914) 498–501
Sykes, Sir Mark 342
Syria 342, 559
Szapáry, Count Frigyes (‘Fritz’),
ambassador to Russia 290, 395, 399, 409
July 1914 crisis 427, 444–5, 452, 472, 483, 652n39
Szczakowa 479
Széchényi, Count Dionys 479
Szécsen, Count Nikolaus 404
Szögyényi, Count László 392, 401–2, 412–13, 414–15, 417, 422, 618n163
Tangier 156, 196
Tankosić, Voja 35, 46, 49, 52, 53–4, 55, 385, 455, 465
Tardieu, André 234–5
Tatishchev, Ilya Leonidovich 236, 363, 508–9
telegraphy 336, 442, 480, 498
Temesvar (Timisoara) 425
Temps, Le (newspaper) 230–31, 234–5, 312, 406 ‘tension travellers’, German 524–5
Teschen 360
Theodorović, Belimir 4
Thesiger, Wilfred 15, 16
Thessaloniki see Salonika Thirty Days’ War (1897) 294
Thrace 42, 252, 253, 259, 264
Three Emperors’ Leagues (1873/1881) 79, 83, 125, 126, 128
Three Year Law (France) 223, 238, 308, 311, 350, 440, 443–4
Thurn, Count Douglas 112
Tibet 87, 158, 166, 322
Times, The 12, 70, 281, 329, 406, 492, 541
Times Literary Supplement 77
Timok rebellion (1883) 7, 17
Tirpitz, Alfred von:
July 1914 crisis and outbreak of war 516, 520, 528, 531, 549
naval expansion programme 148, 149, 150, 318
war council (December 1912) 329
Tisza, István, Hungarian prime minister 72, 97, 397
and assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 397–9
and Balkan Wars (1912-13) 291, 292
and July 1914 crisis 400, 402, 423, 424–5, 426, 429–30, 451–2, 518
Tittoni, Tomaso 93
Tobruk 248
Togo Heiachiro 152
Toshev, Andrey 259–60, 275
Transvaal 149, 163, 164, 180
crisis (1894-95) 145–7, 159, 174
Transylvania 66, 67, 71, 81–2, 91, 115, 278, 398, 404, 414, 424, 425
Tribuna, La (newspaper) 226
Trieste 22, 93
Triple Alliance (1882) 92–3, 114, 121–3, 125–6, 129–30, 157, 249–50
Tripoli 247, 248
Tripolitania 93, 248, 249
Tschirschky, Baron Heinrich von 195, 199, 394, 399, 407–8, 412, 523, 525
Turkestan 322
Turkey 251
see also Ottoman Empire
Turkish Straits:
British naval mission 250, 342–3, 485
British policy on Russian access 158, 187–8, 250–51, 258–9, 342, 355
closed during Libyan and Balkan Wars 248, 249, 262, 340, 341
German interests in 250–51, 340–41, 345
Italian policy on Russian access 244, 262
and Russian Balkan policy 259, 260–61, 264, 347–8, 353, 484–6
strategic importance to Russia 36, 78, 85, 86, 87, 126, 127, 128, 137, 176, 177, 340–41, 348–9, 353, 484, 653n49
Turnovo 273
Tuzla 50, 54
Tyrrell, Sir William (later 1st Baron Tyrrell) 202, 323, 325, 530, 535, 536, 626n36
U-boats 329, 330
Uganda 145
Ugron, Stefan von 95–6
Ujedinjenje ili smrt! see Black Hand Ulster Question 342, 488–90, 493, 545
Union of the Russian People (nationalist organization) 229
United States of America 76, 99, 142, 166, 179, 214
economy 165
imperialism 76, 151–2, 161
twentieth-century foreign relations 239–40
Upper Nile 132, 133, 145
Üsküb see Skopje
Varešanin, Marijan 41, 48
Vatilieu 554
Vecherneye Vremya (newspaper) 389
Vemić, Velimir 96–7
Venezuela 142, 161
Verdun 440, 548
Verneuil, Maurice de 311–12, 326
Versailles, Treaty of (1919) xxi, xxii, xxvii, 560
Vesnić, Milenko 60, 263
Vickers (shipbuilders) 485
Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy 92, 93, 183–4, 244
Victoria, Queen 173, 174
Victoria Louise, Princess of Prussia 339
Vienna:
parliament building 67
Schönbrunn Palace 117, 291, 396
Vietnam War 240
Vignal, Colonel 299
Vilna (Vilnius), military district 478, 483, 525
Viviani, René, prime minister 311, 313, 361, 446, 501–3, 505, 508, 651n2
state visit to St Petersburg (July 1914) 426, 427, 438–40, 441–2, 444, 446–7, 448–9, 451, 498, 499, 500
and Three Year Law 311, 440, 443
Vogelsang, Heinrich 142
Vojvodina 24, 26, 67, 76, 82
Waldersee, Count Alfred von 151, 516
Warsaw 524
military district 266, 267–8, 478, 483
Weltpolitik 150–52, 593n95
Wermuth, Adolf 215–16, 218
West, Dame Rebecca 555
Whitehead, J.B. 34–5
Whitlock, Brand 551
Widenmann, Wilhelm 220–22
Wiesner, Friedrich von 453–4
Wilhelm II, Kaiser: anti-British statements 134
and assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 404, 408
and Balkan Wars 289–90, 330
Baltic Port meeting with Tsar Nicholas (1912) 314–15, 316–17
Baltic summer cruises 414, 501, 516, 520
Björko meeting with Tsar Nicholas (1905) 154–5, 181, 184
character 170–73, 179–80, 182
Daily Telegraph Affair (1908) 199, 200
on Entente Cordiale 154
and Hoyos mission to Berlin (July 1914) 401, 412–13, 414, 415
July 1914 crisis 414, 415–17, 418, 501, 515, 516, 520–24, 525–7
Kruger telegram (1896) 146, 161, 174, 235
and Liman von Sanders mission in Constantinople 339–40, 345
and marriage of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 107
meetings with Franz Ferdinand 289, 291, 400
mobilization of army (August 1914) 527, 531–3, 660n131
and Morocco question 195, 199, 207, 208
and naval expansion 147–8, 221–2, 318, 319, 329, 330
political influence and development of foreign policy 129, 143, 173, 178–83, 184, 198, 199–200, 334, 363, 400
Potsdam Accord (1910) 167, 189, 314
relations with press 227, 234
on threat of Russian military build up 420–21
views on Britain 527–8
visits Britain (1891) 129
visits Morocco (1905) 156–7, 181
visits Ottoman Empire (1889 & 1898) 251
war council (December 1912) 329–30, 333, 354, 517
‘Willy-Nicky’ telegrams with Tsar 512–13, 523–4, 526
Wilkinson, Henry Spenser 237 ‘Willy-Nicky’ telegrams (Kaiser Wilhelm-Tsar Nicholas) 512–13, 523–4, 526
Wilson, Sir Arthur Knyvet 150
Wilson, Sir Henry:
director of military operations 209, 222–3, 306, 332–3, 358, 489, 494, 541
Wilson-Dubail memorandum (1911) 213
Wilson, Keith 166
Wilson, Woodrow 214
Wirballen (Kybartai) 433–4
Witte, Sergei 176, 177, 178, 186, 272, 355, 363, 418, 444
Yalu, River 176
Yanina 255, 256
Yannitsa 253
Yanushkevich, Nikolai, chief of Russian General Staff 462, 472–3, 475, 476, 478, 506, 507, 508, 509, 512, 651n7
Yellow Book, French 510
Yorkshire Post 492
‘Young Bosnia’ see Mlada Bosna
Young Turks 84, 246
Yugoslavia xxiv, 108, 456–7
Zach, František 21n
Zagreb see Agram
Zaječar 18
Zanzibar 129, 163
Žerajić, Bogdan 41–2, 48, 51, 573n108
Zhilinsky, Yakov 267, 304–5, 306, 344, 348, 353, 358
Zimmermann, Arthur 210, 399–400, 402, 413–14, 423, 520
Zweig, Stefan 376